From Gen I to Gen III

14. 9. 2010 1

Gabriel Farkas

Slovak University of Technology in BratislavaIlkovicova 3, 81219 Bratislava

gabriel.farkas@stuba.sk

Evolution of Nuclear Reactors

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� Generation I - demonstration reactors� Generation II - working in the present� Generation III - under construction � Generation IV - R&D

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Figure 1Replacement staggered over a 30-year period (2020 - 2050)

Rate of construction : 2,000 MW/year

Lifetime prolongation50000

60000

70000

Expected development in nuclear technologies� Prolongation of lifetieme of existing nuclear reactors� Construction of new reactors in frame of Gen. III and IV.

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Generation III+

Generation IVActual reactors

prolongation

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

197519801985199019952000200520102015202020252030203520402045205020552060

Average plant life : 48 years

Nuclear in EuropeNuclear in Europe

(Nuclear ~ 32% of total EU electricity production)

FI, 2.4%

CZ, 2.5%BE,4.8%

SP, 5.8%

SE, 7.3%

UK, 7.9%

GE, 16.3%

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NL, 0.4%

RO, 0.5%

SI, 0.6%

LT, 1.1%

HU, 1.4%

SK, 1.7%

BU, 1.8%Other 12.4%

FI, 2.4%

FR, 45.5%

Source PRIS

Central & Eastern Europe - Nuclear Landscape

Romania2 Candu PHW

Nuclearelectrica

Ukraine2 VVER440

13 VVER1000NNEGC State owned

Lithuania1 RBMK 1300Min. of Energy

Czech Republic4 VVER440

2 VVER1000CEZ/ 67% State

owned

Russia6 VVER440

8 VVER100011 RBMK1 BN600

4 Graph Mod BWRRosenergoatom State

owned

Poland

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Bulgaria2/4 VVER1000

NEC State owned

NuclearelectricaState owned

Slovak Republic4/6 VVER440

ENEL 67% owned

Hungary4 VVER 440

MVM State owned

Armenia1 VVER440

Armatomenergo,State owned

New Build

� CEZ: Temelin 3 & 4 – 2019/2020 – 2026 (plus 3 plants)� Dukovany

� Bohunice (Slovak Republic)

� Hungary: 2 units

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� Hungary: 2 units

� Poland: 6 units 2020 first unit

� Lithuania: 2 units 2018

� Bulgaria: 2 units

� Romania: 2013/2014 (Candu Units at Cernavoda)� New greenfield units (non Candu) being assessed

� Slovenia: 1 unit

World chart of countries with nuclear power and countries considering seriously about built of NPP.

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Reactors in operation worldwide (2006)

265

94

44

PWR

BWR

CANDU/D2O-PWR

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44

18

16

2

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

CANDU/D2O-PWR

GGR/AGR

RBMK

FBR

Distribution of reactors according to regions and types

LWGR

3.1%GCR

2.4%PHWR

6.0%

FBR

0.2%

Asia

111

L. America

6

Africa

2

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BWR

22.9%

PWR

65.4%

N. America

122

Europe

198

Number of reactors in built.

25

4

PWR

PHWR

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2

2

1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

BWR

FBR

LWGR

Gen 3 reactors in built (2007).

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Reactor evolution

� Gen 1 developed in the period of 1950 – 60, practically shut down except reactors built and operated in the England. Ordinarily prototype NPP.

� Gen 2 represents mainly operated reactors in France, Russia and the other European countries, Japan, USA.

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Russia and the other European countries, Japan, USA. Life time extension from 30-40 years to 50-60 years.

� Gen 3 (and Gen 3+) represents advanced reactor types. The first advanced reactors built in Japan, another under construction or prepared for order.

� Gen 4 – always under development, estimated commissioning in ∼ 2020, commercial use in ∼ 2030.

Characteristics of the Gen 2

� Evolutionally connected with Gen 1� Emphasis on the safety� Use of the passive safety elements

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� At present – they create the base of nuclear power industry in the world, significantly prolonged lifetime from 30-40 to 50-60 years

� Always in offer CPR 1000, VVER 440

Evolution of VVER reactors

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1963 at Novovoronezh - The first unit, known as WWER-210 1969 - second prototype, a 365 MW(e) From these prototypes, a standardized 440

MW(e) nuclear power plant, called WWER-440, was developed. 1972 - The first WWER-440s use the standard plant design referred to as model V-230

(Novovoronezh Unit 3).A later model of WWER-440 designated as V-213 was commercially introduced in

1980/81 in Rovno (Units 1 and 2). In 1980 first unit of next generation and higher capacity of 1000 MW(e) was

commissioned in former USSR in Novovoronezh, unit 5.

Ningde – 4 units of Gen 2 (China)

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� Standardized design of all the reactor types: - licensing, minimization of the investment costs and constructions time

� More simple and robust structural design, more easy operation, less sensitivity to operating parameters change

� Higher load factor and longer life time appr. 60 years,� Significantly reduced failure probability with the consequence

Characteristics of the Gen 3

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� Significantly reduced failure probability with the consequence of a core melting

� Resistance to the serious damage with radiological consequences, also in the case of airplane fall

� Higher burnup – which reduces the amount of nuclear fuel, as well as the spent fuel

� Use of burnup absorbers to extend the reactor campaign � Use of recycled fuel (MOX)

Differences of the Gen 3+

� Simplified structural design� Lower capital costs� Effective fuel exploitation

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� Effective fuel exploitation� Enhanced passive/inherent safety elements� Flexibility of power operation (EPR from

25% Nnom to 60% Nnom by trend of 2,5% andto 100% Nnom by trend of 5% ).

Additional requirements for Gen 3

1. No evacuation of people needed in case of accident

Better utilization of uranium

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2. Better utilization of uranium and less production of waste

3. Designed for 60 years life-time

4. Comparable national contribution

Simplification and Standardization are Key to Future Nuclear Plant Construction

� Simplicity and standardization in Design through reduced number of components and bulk commodities

� Simplicity in Safety through use of passive safety systems

Simplicity in Construction through modularization

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� Simplicity in Construction through modularization

� Simplicity in Procurement through standardization of components and plant design

� Simplicity in Operation and Maintenance through use of proven systems and components, and man-machine interface advancements

Improved Safety, Competitive Economics and Good Per formance

� EPR – AREVA� AES 92 (now 2006) – GIDROPRESS� SWR 1000 – AREVA (SIEMENS)

Reactors accomplishing European Utility Requirements

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� SWR 1000 – AREVA (SIEMENS)� AP 1000 - WESTINHOUSE

NRC licensed or close before obtaining the license

� ESBWR- Hitachi-GE� US EPR –AREVA� US APWR – Mitsubishi

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� US APWR – Mitsubishi� ACR – AECL, IRIS – Westinghouse,

PBMR – ESKOM (project strictly restricted in February 2010), S4 –Toshiba, GT MHR - GA

EPR

� Standardized project for F from 1995� Net power: 1600 - 1760 MWe� Flexible operation � Enables to follow the daily consumption diagram

Burnup 65 MWd/kg

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� Burnup 65 MWd/kg� Thermal efficiency 36%� Core loading with MOX� Design life time 60 years� Under construction – Olkiluoto, Flamanville, plan Penly,

at the beginning of construction in Taishan� Loss of 4 units for Abu Dabi, won South Korea concept

CPR 1000 (Gen 2) (February 2010)� One the variants for CEZ a.s.

RPV - EPR OlkiluotoDelivered in January 2009

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AP 1000

� Net power 1000 MWe� Standardized project� Modular concept

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Modular concept� Design life time 60 years� 2 units under construction in China� in selection: ČEZ a.s. for ETE3&4, EDU5

(Bohunice 5)

Modular System of AP 1000

Module Type

Structural

Piping

Mechanical Equipment

Electrical

Number

122

154

55

Pump/Valve Module

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Electrical Equipment

TOTAL

11

342

Structural ModuleDepressurization Module

Raceway Module

AES 2006-Gidropress

� Based on VVER 1000� Net power 1150 – 1200 MWe� Thermal efficiency 36,55 %� Design life time 50 year� Use of MOX fuel,� Extended safety standards: improved seismic resistance, enhanced

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� Extended safety standards: improved seismic resistance, enhanced passive safety elements, posilnené pasívne prvky bezpečnosti, double containment, frequency of a core melting of 1x10-7 year-1

� Double unit conception� Investment costs per installed 1kW – 1200 US$,� Construction time: 54 months� Under construction: AES92 Novovoronež II, Leningrad II

(commissioning in 2013 a 2014), China, India, two units planned forBelene Bulgaria, in selection ČEZ a.s.

� Variant MIR 1200 – interest of ČR

Global challenges and constraints

New countries which have declared to develop nuclear

89

195

North America

34

4556

Europe

7

65 29

163Asian and Pacific region

9

Middle East and Northern Africa

minimum

maximum

173

526

Forecast of the new NPP demand till 2030, GW

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Countries with the nuclear power which have decided to construct new NPPs

develop nuclear power

334

South and Middle America

South Asia

Source: inhouse Rosatom research, 2007

4 SAR

� NPP technologies should be developed that provides sustainability

� Increase of scopes of NPP construction – resource ba se should be increased in according scale

� Development of localization and technology transfer

� Considerable investments are required for nuclear po wer infrastructure

� Flexible financing mechanisms as well as schemes of investors attraction are necessary to develop

� Yesterday – ЕРС / ЕРСМ; today – ВОТ / ВОО (new comers to the nuclear club!)

NEA scenario - increase in numbers of reactors in the world

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