From digital to social collections. A short story of collections online.
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Transcript of From digital to social collections. A short story of collections online.
From Digital Collections & Digital From Digital Collections & Digital CurationCuration
to Social Collections & Citizen Curatorsto Social Collections & Citizen Curators
Elena LagoudiElena LagoudiSeptember 2012September 2012
Digital collectionsDigital collections have a 50+ years history have a 50+ years history
1960s-1980s: digitization and 1960s-1980s: digitization and cataloguingcataloguing
1990s: first collections online1990s: first collections online
CharacteristicsCharacteristicsof digital collections 1960-2000of digital collections 1960-2000
►National standardization National standardization ►National catalogues National catalogues ►Communities of interestCommunities of interest►PersonalizationPersonalization►User participationUser participation►Virtual exhibitionsVirtual exhibitions►Early metrics Early metrics
Even in the beginning, digital Even in the beginning, digital culture was about the people:culture was about the people:
►From object oriented to people From object oriented to people orientedoriented
► Interest in communities of usersInterest in communities of users►Searchability and findability was a key Searchability and findability was a key
issueissue
Example 1Example 1
►Digital collections are people orientedDigital collections are people oriented
Even though the early Web was ‘read-only’, Even though the early Web was ‘read-only’, museum technologists experiment with: museum technologists experiment with:
►PersonalizationPersonalization SAGRESSAGRES system (Bertoletti and Costa, 1999) system (Bertoletti and Costa, 1999)
►Crowdsourcing + User ParticipationCrowdsourcing + User Participation InTouchInTouch exhibition, Science Museum, 1998 exhibition, Science Museum, 1998
►Communities of interestCommunities of interest Los Angeles Culture NetLos Angeles Culture Net (LACN), (LACN), one of the firstone of the first
crowdsourcing crowdsourcing projects, 1997 projects, 1997
User-centric User-centric even with web 1.0 technologyeven with web 1.0 technology
SAGRES system, Brazil, 1999
Example 2Example 2
►Digital collections are organized in Digital collections are organized in such way as to be searchable and such way as to be searchable and findable by peoplefindable by people
Documentation standards Documentation standards even with web 1.0 technologyeven with web 1.0 technology
CIDOC Board Members, 1995 ICOM’s CIDOC 1ICOM’s CIDOC 1stst newsletter, 1989 newsletter, 1989
Even though in the early Web 1.0 data did Even though in the early Web 1.0 data did not interact with each other much, museum not interact with each other much, museum technologists discuss: technologists discuss:
►National standardizationNational standardization CHIN (Canada) CHIN (Canada)
► International standardizationInternational standardization ICOM’s CIDOCICOM’s CIDOC
►National cataloguesNational catalogues National Inventory ProgramNational Inventory Program (Canada), (Canada), Inventaire Inventaire
General General (France)(France)
Example 3Example 3
►Digital collections are to be studied, Digital collections are to be studied, improved and developedimproved and developed
Metrics Metrics even with web 1.0 technologyeven with web 1.0 technology
Museum pages in WWW Virtual Library, 1995
12 sites in 1995630 sites in 1996
1200 sites in 1997
Professional bodies Professional bodies even with web 1.0 technologyeven with web 1.0 technology
1st museum technologists’ conference, 1995
Even in the early Web 1.0 museums understood the Even in the early Web 1.0 museums understood the importance of sharing expertise and nurturing communities of importance of sharing expertise and nurturing communities of interest: interest:
► 1967: MCN (Museum Computer Network) USA, 1967: MCN (Museum Computer Network) USA, MDA MDA (Museum Documentation Association) (Museum Documentation Association) UKUK
► 1987: Museums and the Web conference, 1987: Museums and the Web conference,
discussing innovative ideas: discussing innovative ideas:
1997 Museums and the Web presentation: 1997 Museums and the Web presentation: ‘ ‘The Anatomy of a Web Raising: The Anatomy of a Web Raising: Building CommunitiesBuilding Communities in in
the Digital Frontier by David Jensen,Getty Information the Digital Frontier by David Jensen,Getty Information Institute‘Institute‘
about about Los Angeles Culture Net (LACN), Los Angeles Culture Net (LACN), one of the firstone of the first crowdsourcing crowdsourcing projects referred to as projects referred to as 'web raising‘'web raising‘
2000-2012:2000-2012:The rise of The rise of web 2.0web 2.0 culture culture
The social web: it’s about The social web: it’s about connectionsconnections
►Sharing content: blogs, wikis, podcastsSharing content: blogs, wikis, podcasts►Self-publishing content: YouTube, FlickrSelf-publishing content: YouTube, Flickr►Adding to existing content: WikipediaAdding to existing content: Wikipedia►Discussions: forums, chatsDiscussions: forums, chats►Tailoring information: RSS feeds, email Tailoring information: RSS feeds, email alertsalerts
►Bringing people together: Facebook, Bringing people together: Facebook, MySpaceMySpace
What are the characteristics What are the characteristics of the web 2.0?of the web 2.0?
►Social networks make the web a Social networks make the web a social social interaction platforminteraction platform
►Sharing is easy: Sharing is easy: everyone is a everyone is a broadcasterbroadcaster
►Multi-mediaMulti-media win over simple text win over simple text►Participatory culture calls for Participatory culture calls for user user
involvementinvolvement from design to evaluation from design to evaluation
Digital collections develop Digital collections develop rapidlyrapidly
► Digitization standards improveDigitization standards improve► Documentation standards developDocumentation standards develop► International depositories growInternational depositories grow► Digital curation emergesDigital curation emerges► Interpretation for digital platforms gets more Interpretation for digital platforms gets more
sophisticatedsophisticated► E-learning platforms developE-learning platforms develop► Mobile content and m-learning become Mobile content and m-learning become
biggerbigger
► Traditional Traditional collectionscollections
AuthorityAuthority
Closed narrativesClosed narratives
ExclusiveExclusive
Object orientedObject oriented
ObscureObscure
Invitation-onlyInvitation-only
► Digital collectionsDigital collections
ExperiencesExperiences
StoriesStories
InclusiveInclusive
People orientedPeople oriented
FindableFindable
Open and accessibleOpen and accessible
Digital collections are more Digital collections are more visitedvisited
0 10000000 20000000 30000000 40000000 50000000
onsite visitors
online visitors
MOMATATEMetropolitan
47 million
18 million22 million
6m4.5m
2.2m
Museums become socialMuseums become social
Collections go mobileCollections go mobile
Digital collections need digital Digital collections need digital curatorscurators
►Digital curation: Digital curation: the active the active management and appraisal of digital management and appraisal of digital information over its entire life cycle. (information over its entire life cycle. (PennockPennock) )
Digital curators:Digital curators:
►manage the context of digital manage the context of digital collections, collections,
►define their semantic context, define their semantic context, ►facilitate data exchangefacilitate data exchange►fulfill the ‘5 rules for cultural fulfill the ‘5 rules for cultural heritage content’heritage content’
5 rules for cultural heritage 5 rules for cultural heritage content content
1.1. Discoverable-Discoverable- it is where I am and where I it is where I am and where I look for itlook for it
2.2. Meaningful-Meaningful- I can understand it I can understand it
3.3. Responsive-Responsive- to my needs, moods, location to my needs, moods, location
4.4. Useable, shareable-Useable, shareable- I can pass it on and I can pass it on and shareshare
5.5. Available at all 3 locations-Available at all 3 locations- onsite, online onsite, online and offsite and offsite
Seb Chan, 2009Seb Chan, 2009
5 steps for digital collections 5 steps for digital collections infrastructureinfrastructure
1.1. Great Great digitization-digitization- so that they are preserved so that they are preserved
2.2. Great Great documentation-documentation- so that they are so that they are interpretedinterpreted
3.3. Great Great content-content- so that they are engaging so that they are engaging
4.4. Great Great collections management-collections management- so that they so that they are structuredare structured
5.5. Great Great open, linked data-open, linked data- so that they are so that they are searchable and findablesearchable and findable
Digital collections of digital Digital collections of digital assetsassets
► What makes a What makes a digital file into a digital file into a digital asset? digital asset? Re-Re-usabilityusability
► The life-cycle of a The life-cycle of a digital asset: digital asset:
Interlinking
Distributing Creation/authoring
Preservation
Good documentation depends Good documentation depends on good standardson good standards
► Conceptual models for documentation:Conceptual models for documentation:CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRMCIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM))EDM Conceptual ModelEDM Conceptual ModelFRBROOFRBROO
► Metadata schemasMetadata schemasCataloguing Cultural Objects (CCO)Cataloguing Cultural Objects (CCO)Categories for the Description of Works of Art (CDWA) Categories for the Description of Works of Art (CDWA) MARCMARCDublin CoreDublin CoreSPECTRUMSPECTRUMMIDASMIDASVRA CoreVRA CoreLightweight Information Describing Objects (LIDO) Lightweight Information Describing Objects (LIDO)
Why are standards Why are standards important?important?
►So that authenticity can be guaranteedSo that authenticity can be guaranteed►So that documentation can be So that documentation can be
homogenoushomogenous►So that data can be semantically linked to So that data can be semantically linked to
each othereach other►So that interoperability is achievedSo that interoperability is achieved►So that users can search for cultural data So that users can search for cultural data
across many collections, in many across many collections, in many countries, in many wayscountries, in many ways
From web 2.0 to web 3.0From web 2.0 to web 3.0
►The ‘web of data’ or the ‘semantic The ‘web of data’ or the ‘semantic web’ is a web where:web’ is a web where:
►Data relates to each otherData relates to each other►Searches produce meaningful Searches produce meaningful
connectionsconnections►New research is facilitatedNew research is facilitated
The semantic web is The semantic web is datadata and and peoplepeople oriented oriented
► ontologiesontologies ► taxonomiestaxonomies► standardization of standardization of
metadatametadata ► conceptual conceptual
reference modelsreference models► interoperabilityinteroperability► depositoriesdepositories► contextual authoritycontextual authority
► social discoversocial discoveriesies ► folksonomfolksonomiesies► semanticsemantic searches searches ► immersive immersive
experiencesexperiences► crowd-sourcingcrowd-sourcing► user generated user generated
content +community content +community generated contentgenerated content
Digital collections and Digital collections and the semantic web today:the semantic web today:
3 facts that underpin 3 facts that underpin everything we doeverything we do
FACT 1FACT 1
Digital collections today facilitate new, Digital collections today facilitate new, open and distributed open and distributed
contextualization structurescontextualization structures
FACT 2FACT 2
Socially-oriented Socially-oriented cultural heritage cultural heritage contentcontent create createss inter-connections inter-connections across groups and communities across groups and communities
FACT 3FACT 3
The social role of cultural heritage The social role of cultural heritage organizations andorganizations and
the culture of openness that Linked the culture of openness that Linked Open Data advocate presentOpen Data advocate present
opportunities for creating new and opportunities for creating new and collective knowledgecollective knowledge
Examples of new projects that Examples of new projects that have to do with have to do with peoplepeople
(‘social discovery’)(‘social discovery’)and and mapsmaps
(‘deep mapping’) (‘deep mapping’)
Crowd-sourcingCrowd-sourcing: :
the act of taking work once performed the act of taking work once performed within an organisation and outsourcing within an organisation and outsourcing it to the general public in an open call it to the general public in an open call
(Howe 2006) (Howe 2006)
Old Weather Project: Old Weather Project: crowdsourced documentationcrowdsourced documentation
The public hThe public helpelpss scientists recover weather scientists recover weather observations made by United States’ ships observations made by United States’ ships since the mid-19th century. since the mid-19th century.
These transcriptions will contribute to These transcriptions will contribute to climate model projections and will improve climate model projections and will improve knowledge of past environmental conditions. knowledge of past environmental conditions.
Historians will use Historians will use thisthis work to track past work to track past ship movements and tell the stories of the ship movements and tell the stories of the people on board. people on board.
http://http://www.oldweather.orgwww.oldweather.org//
►National Maritime Museum UK in National Maritime Museum UK in collaboration withcollaboration with Zooniverse Zooniverse
Old Weather Project: Old Weather Project:
logbooks and the people that kept themlogbooks and the people that kept them
Ancient Lives: crowdsourced Ancient Lives: crowdsourced archaeologyarchaeology
Ancient Lives is putting hundreds of Ancient Lives is putting hundreds of thousands of images of Greek papyri thousands of images of Greek papyri fragments onlinefragments online and asking the public to and asking the public to transcribe and catalogue them.transcribe and catalogue them.
ItsIts goal is to increase the momentum by goal is to increase the momentum by
which scholars have traditionally identified which scholars have traditionally identified known and unknown literary texts, and the known and unknown literary texts, and the private documents and letters that open up private documents and letters that open up a window into the ancient lives of Graeco-a window into the ancient lives of Graeco-Roman Egypt. Roman Egypt.
www.ancientlives.org www.ancientlives.org
►Zooniverse + Zooniverse + researchers, researchers, papyrologists andpapyrologists and Egypt Exploration Egypt Exploration SocietySociety
‘‘Deep Maps’Deep Maps’
digital cultural mappingdigital cultural mapping
geo-narrativesgeo-narratives
spatial narrativesspatial narratives
Deep mapsDeep maps: : A dynamic virtual environment that allows A dynamic virtual environment that allows
users to identify and experience the users to identify and experience the reciprocal influences ofreciprocal influences of space on human space on human
culture and human events for the purpose of culture and human events for the purpose of constructing constructing spatial narrativesspatial narratives and making and making
spatial arguments. spatial arguments.
A deep map contains geolocated information A deep map contains geolocated information from multiple sources that convey their from multiple sources that convey their
source, contingency and context of creation; source, contingency and context of creation; it is both integrated and queryable through it is both integrated and queryable through
indexes of time and space. indexes of time and space.
The Polis Centre Blog, 2012The Polis Centre Blog, 2012
Deep mappingDeep mapping
is an epistemology for studying spatial is an epistemology for studying spatial patterns, processes, or phenomena through patterns, processes, or phenomena through the integration of a wide-range of spatially the integration of a wide-range of spatially
and temporally enabled sourcesand temporally enabled sources..
From the Summer Institute ‘Spatial Narratives and Deep Maps: Explorations in Advanced Geo-spatial Technologies and the
Spatial Humanities’, June 2012
HyperCities: exploring urban HyperCities: exploring urban historyhistory
►HyperHyperCitiesCities is a collaborative research is a collaborative research and educational platform for traveling and educational platform for traveling back in time to explore the historical back in time to explore the historical layers of city spaces in an interactive, layers of city spaces in an interactive, hypermedia environment. hypermedia environment.
HyperCities: Rome base map
HyperCities: 1659 map of central Europe
ArchAtlas: mapping ArchAtlas: mapping archaeologyarchaeology
►ArchAtlas is a web-orientated ArchAtlas is a web-orientated archaeological mapping and research archaeological mapping and research project, founded by the late Prof. project, founded by the late Prof. Andrew Sherratt, which continues to Andrew Sherratt, which continues to be developed at the be developed at the DepartmentDepartment ofof ArchaeologyArchaeology, , UniversityUniversity ofof SheffieldSheffield, UK., UK.
ArchAtlasArchAtlas
ArchAtlasArchAtlas
CivilWarData150: deep mapping CivilWarData150: deep mapping historyhistory
►AA collaborative project to share and collaborative project to share and connect Civil War related data across connect Civil War related data across local, state and federal institutions local, state and federal institutions during the four year sesquicentennial of during the four year sesquicentennial of the American Civil War. the American Civil War.
►The project will utilize Linked Open Data The project will utilize Linked Open Data to find and create connections between to find and create connections between archives and help increase the discovery archives and help increase the discovery of these resources by researchers and of these resources by researchers and the general public alike. the general public alike.
ConflictHistory.com utilizes the Freebase ConflictHistory.com utilizes the Freebase API and Google Maps Flash to present a API and Google Maps Flash to present a
dynamic view of the history of war. dynamic view of the history of war.
CultureSampo: a national deep CultureSampo: a national deep mapmap
►CultureSampo is a CultureSampo is a Finnish Finnish national national communal publishing conduit for both communal publishing conduit for both institutional memory organizations as institutional memory organizations as well as private citizens. well as private citizens.
Finnish Culture on the Semantic Finnish Culture on the Semantic Web Web
Historypin: a community Historypin: a community curated map of the worldcurated map of the world
►Historypin is a way for millions of Historypin is a way for millions of people to come together, from across people to come together, from across different generations, cultures and different generations, cultures and places, to share small glimpses of the places, to share small glimpses of the past and to build up the huge story of past and to build up the huge story of human history. human history.
historypinhistorypin
historypinhistorypin
The Megalithic Portal: funded The Megalithic Portal: funded and run by volunteersand run by volunteers
►A community contributed portal with A community contributed portal with maps identifying megalithic maps identifying megalithic monuments in the UK, Europe and the monuments in the UK, Europe and the World.World.
The The Megalithic Megalithic Portal, UKPortal, UK
LookBack Maps: LookBack Maps: historic photographs on a maphistoric photographs on a map
►AA simple, yet robust way of visually simple, yet robust way of visually organizing, exploring and engaging in organizing, exploring and engaging in history and historical photographs history and historical photographs through web and mobile-based maps.through web and mobile-based maps.Through the online mapping of high-Through the online mapping of high-resolution public photo collections and resolution public photo collections and geotagging technology, Lookbackmaps geotagging technology, Lookbackmaps creates collaborative, standardized creates collaborative, standardized views into the past.views into the past.
LookBack MapsLookBack Maps
Historic Churches of Great BritainHistoric Churches of Great Britain
The future of digital The future of digital collectionscollections
► From cFrom closed websites to integrated open losed websites to integrated open web presenceweb presence
► AApproaching digital content differently to pproaching digital content differently to
the physical museum: new models,the physical museum: new models,newnew structures structures
► PPutting digital content where audiences are utting digital content where audiences are and ensuring findability and ensuring findability
► LListening to and building collaborative istening to and building collaborative communities with audiencescommunities with audiences