From: Carter R (1998) Mapping the Mind. Seven Dials, London.
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Transcript of From: Carter R (1998) Mapping the Mind. Seven Dials, London.
From: Carter R (1998) Mapping the Mind. Seven Dials, London.
EMOTIONSPRIMARY SECONDARY(reflexive) (cognitive)
• fear• anger• happiness• sadness• disgust• surprise
• envy• shame• guilt• et cetera, et cetera,
et cetera
INDICES OF FEARIN ANIMAL MODELS IN GENERALISED ANXIETY
heart rate salivation• stomach ulcers• respiration change• scanning & vigilance startle• urination• defecation• grooming• freezing
• heart pounding• dry mouth• upset stomach respiration• scanning & vigilance• jumpiness, easy startle• frequent urination• diarrhoea• fidgeting• apprehensive expectation
From: www.cns.nyu.edu/home/ledoux
See: LeDoux JE (2002) Emotion, memory & the brain.In: “The Hidden Mind”, Scientific American.
“The subcortical visual pathway may transmit low-frequency images (left) that arouse the amygdala better than high-
frequency ones (right)”
From: Helmuth L (2003) Fear & trembling in the amygdala.
Science 300, 568-569.
From: Dolan RJ (2000)Emotional processing in the
human brain revealed throughfunctional neuroimaging. In:
Gazzaniga MS (Ed) The NewCognitive Neurosciences, 2nd
Edn, MIT Press. Pp 1115-1131.
Blood flow ( neuronal O2
consumption) increases in the right amygdala as
the facial expression becomes more fearful and
decreases as the facial expression becomes
happier.
Paquette V, et al. (2003) “Change the mind & you change
the brain”: effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on the neural
correlates of spider phobia. NeuroImage 18, 401-409.
DEFICITS OF FEAR CONTROL
• Anxiety (social, generalized, situational)
• Phobias (e.g. dogs, air travel)
• Post-traumatic stress disorder
• Panic disorder
http://www.iac-usnc.org/Lectures/Symposium1/index.html
Patients with lesions that include the amygdala show:
• Deficits in fear conditioning
• Deficits in the perception of fear in facial expressions & voices