FROM ATOMS TO QUANTUM MACHINES · borderland? • applications to metrology and quantum information...
Transcript of FROM ATOMS TO QUANTUM MACHINES · borderland? • applications to metrology and quantum information...
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CHAIR OF MESOSCOPIC PHYSICS
Michel Devoret
"FROM ATOMS TO QUANTUM MACHINES"
Inaugural LectureMay 31, 2007
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This College de France document is for consultation only. Reproduction rights are reserved.
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"SEEING" ATOMS
Jean Perrin Albert Einstein Paul Langevin
Measurement and analysis ofbrownian motion (1908)
YESTERDAY....
.... AND TODAY
Iron atomsarranged on a copper surface(Eigler et al.)
5µm
Surface Review and Letters 2 (1), 127-137 (1995) 07-0-2
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ATOM
ELECTRONS NUCLEUS
PROTONS, NEUTRONS
QUARKS
STRINGS?
THE ATOM IS ITSELFA WORLD OF PARTICLES
GRAVITONS?
10-10m
10-15m
10-35m
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YET,ATOMS ARE
NOTMINIATURE
SOLAR SYSTEMS
IN QUANTUM MECHANICS, BASIC NOTIONS LIKETRAJECTORIES AND EVENTSLOSE THEIR USUAL MEANING
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Classical Mechanics
100 102 104 106 108 1010 1012
QuantumMechanics
MACROSCOPIC WORLDmicro-scopicworld
numbersof atoms
100 102 104 106 108 1010 quantas perdegrees offreedom
TWO WORLDS
(complexity)
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SEPARATING THE BORDERLANDS
ClassicalMechanics
100 102 104 106 108 1010 1012
Quantum Mechanics
10-4 10-2 100 102
MESOSCOPIC DOMAIN
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MACROSCOPIC WORLDmicro-scopicworld
numbersof atoms
quantas perdegrees offreedom
(complexity)
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WHY EXPLOREMESOSCOPIC SYSTEMS?
ADVANTAGES OFMACRO SYSTEMS:
MODULARITY,FLEXIBILITY,
ACCESSIBILITY
ADVANTAGES OFQUANTUM SYSTEMS:
ORDER,DISCRETENESS,ENTANGLEMENT
QUANTUMLEGO SET
QUANTUMMACHINES?
MESOSCOPIC SYSTEMS:- PARTIALLY CONFINED QUASIPARTICULES- ARTIFICIAL ATOMS
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• WHAT ARE THESE QUANTAS DEFINING THE CLASSICAL-QUANTUMBORDERLAND?
• APPLICATIONS TO METROLOGY AND QUANTUM INFORMATIONPROCESSING : METROLOGICAL TRIANGLE AND SUPER-CONDUCTING QUANTUM CIRCUITS
• CHALLENGES OF MESOSCOPIC SYSTEMS: HOW DO WE MAKE, MEASURE AND CALCULATE THEM?THE QUANTUM POINT CONTACT
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• WHAT ARE THESE QUANTAS DEFINING THE CLASSICAL-QUANTUMBORDERLAND?
• APPLICATIONS TO METROLOGY AND QUANTUM INFORMATIONPROCESSING : METROLOGICAL TRIANGLE AND SUPER-CONDUCTING QUANTUM CIRCUITS
• CHALLENGES OF MESOSCOPIC SYSTEMS: HOW DO WE MAKE, MEASURE AND CALCULATE THEM?THE QUANTUM POINT CONTACT
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cosα sinα
we measure:i) angular position αii) angular velocity dα/dt
example:
A COMPLEX SYSTEM WITH THE SIMPLESTDEGREE OF FREEDOM
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ANGLE
ANGULARMOMENTUM
QUANTUM LAWS RESTRICTINFORMATION ACQUISITION
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ANGLE
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ANGULARMOMENTUM
QUANTUM LAWS RESTRICTINFORMATION ACQUISITION
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ANGLE
AREA ≥ h
PLANCK'S CONSTANT SETSTHE ACTION QUANTUM....
h ≈ 10-34 J•s Measurement of angular position of hard drive with 16 bits→ velocity fuzz: thousandth of a turn per billion years!
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ANGULARMOMENTUM
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TIME
ENERGY AREA ≥ h
ENERGY→TEMPERATURE: 10mK ¥ 1nsh ≈ 10-34 J•s
... THE TRUE INDIVISIBLE QUANTITYOF NATURE
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ANGLE
AREA ≥ h
DISCRETENESS OF CYCLIC SYSTEM
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ANGULARMOMENTUM
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ANGLE
INTERFERENCE!
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ANGULARMOMENTUM
DISCRETENESS OF CYCLIC SYSTEM
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ENERGY QUANTIZATION
ENERGY OF INCIDENT PARTICLE
SYSTEMENERGY
QUANTUM LIMIT
CLASSICAL LIMIT
∆E=hf
00
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• WHAT ARE THESE QUANTAS DEFINING THE CLASSICAL-QUANTUMBORDERLAND?
• APPLICATIONS TO METROLOGY AND QUANTUM INFORMATIONPROCESSING : METROLOGICAL TRIANGLE AND SUPER-CONDUCTING QUANTUM CIRCUITS
• CHALLENGES OF MESOSCOPIC SYSTEMS: HOW DO WE MAKE, MEASURE AND CALCULATE THEM?THE QUANTUM POINT CONTACT
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THE QUANTUM POINT CONTACT
GaAs
AlGaAs
two-dimensionalelectron gas
WEAKMASS
SPEED
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GaAs
AlGaAs
~ 100 nm
NANOMETRICDIMENSIONSmetallic
electrodes
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THE QUANTUM POINT CONTACT
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- -
- -
consider chargehaving traversedcontact in time T
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THE QUANTUM POINT CONTACT
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d
ELECTRONIC MODES
FB
hvk Td
LOWTEMPERATURES
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d'
WAVEGUIDE ANALOG
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ELECTRONIC MODES
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OF MHOS AND ELECTRONS
22 2
ET eVTNh h
I eN eGV TV h
= =
= = =
number of packets:
conductance: 2
26 kΩ≈
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Energy
Time 0 T
∆E = eV
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2
hGe
2
4
8
6
12
10
0
Ug
d
CONDUCTANCE QUANTIZATION
ACCESS TO A QUANTUM PHENOMENONWITH A SIMPLE VOLTMETER!
van Wees et al.1988
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• WHAT ARE THESE QUANTAS DEFINING THE CLASSICAL-QUANTUMBORDERLAND?
• APPLICATIONS TO METROLOGY AND QUANTUM INFORMATIONPROCESSING : METROLOGICAL TRIANGLE AND SUPER-CONDUCTING QUANTUM CIRCUITS
• CHALLENGES OF MESOSCOPIC SYSTEMS: HOW DO WE MAKE, MEASURE AND CALCULATE THEM?THE QUANTUM POINT CONTACT
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IV
Josephsoneffect
quantumHall effect
2hV n fe
= I mef=
2eI p Vh
=
FLUXQUANTIZATION
f
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CHARGEQUANTIZATIONsingle electron
pump
CONDUCTANCEQUANTIZATION
TRIANGLE OF METROLOGICAL MESOSCOPIC EFFECTS
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IV
Josephsoneffect
quantumHall effect
2hV n fe
= I mef=
2eI p Vh
=
TRIANGLE OF METROLOGICAL MESOSCOPIC EFFECTS
f
single electronpump
2eI p Vh
=
revisionof SI system
ATOMIC CLOCK
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UNIVERSAL AND MICROSCOPICCONSTANTS
UNIVERSALQUANTUM
CONSTANTSEMERGE
ROBUSTLY IN METROLOGICAL
TRIANGLE
from S. Harris
ARTIFICIAL ATOMS?
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AN ARTIFICIAL ATOM:THE COOPER PAIR BOX
U
GATEELECTRODE SUPERCONDUCTING
ELECTRODE(“ISLAND”)
SUPER-CONDUCTINGRESERVOIR
TUNNEL JUNCTION(1nm thick)
WITH n PAIRSOF EXCESSELECTRONS
V. Bouchiat et al. 1997
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MECHANICALANALOG
dα/dtdβ/dt
nU
ELECTRICITY MECHANICS
current force
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0
2
1
4
3
STATE 0
STATE 1
COHERENTSUPER-
POSITIONOF
0 AND 1
QUBIT : QUANTUM BINARYINFORMATION UNIT
ENERGY
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time
"NOT"force
"(NOT)1/2 "
WRITINGA SUPER-POSITION
"(NOT)-1/2 "
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THE PRINCIPLE OF INFORMATIONRESTRICTION TAKES ITS TOLL
DURING READOUT,QUANTUM INFORMATION
REDUCES TO0 OR 1
0
1
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gate
1 QUBIT NANO-CIRCUIT
500 nm
island
box junction
electrontrap
readout junction
gate
siliconsubstrate
Vion et al., 2002
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mK GHz07-0-36
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QUBIT MANIPULATION
• RESET• IRRADIATION WHILE t• MEASUREMENT
AP
P. P
OLA
RIZ
ATI
ON
t (ns)
Rabi oscillations ofatomic physicsand nuclear
magnetic resonanceoberved on a
single spin!
(Siddiqi et al., 2006)
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CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVESNEW CHALLENGES : NANOMETER SCALE FABRICATION,
MEASUREMENT OF INDIVIDUAL QUANTAS, THEORY OF COMPLEXQUANTUM SYSTEMS
DISCOVERY OF A NEW COMPLEXITY AXISTOWARDS WHICH QUANTUM MECHANICS
WOULD PRESENT ANOMALIES?
APPLICATIONS: REDEFINITION OF BASIC UNITS, DETECTION OFPARTICLES AND WEAK FORCES, INFORMATION PROCESSING
MESOSCOPIC SYSTEMS OPEN THE WAY TO THEQUANTUM MACHINES IMAGINED BY RICHARD FEYNMAN
NEW QUANTUM EFFECTS : FRACTIONAL CHARGES STRONG COUPLING BETWEEN CHARGE AND FIELD,
LOCAL MANIPULATION OF ELECTRONIC AND NUCLEAR SPINS,NON-GAUSSIAN NOISE, ENTANGLEMENT OF COLLECTIVE VARIABLES....
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MY MENTORS AND CLOSE COLLEAGUESUniversity of Orsay
John ELANDSydney LEACH
Maurice CHAPELLIER
CEA-SaclayAnatole ABRAGAM
Neil SULLIVANMaurice GOLDMANAndré LANDESMAN
U.C. BerkeleyJohn CLARKE
TU DelftHans MOOIJ
Cees DEKKER Sander TANS
Quantronics Group
Daniel ESTEVECristian URBINAEmmanuel TURLOTHugues POTHIERPhilippe JOYEZPief ORFILAPhilippe LAFARGEDenis VION
Vincent BOUCHIATSophie GUERONFrédéric PIERRERonald CRONAbdel AASSIMEAudrey COTTETAnne ANTHOREPatrice BERTET
YaleIrfan SIDDIQIRajamani VIJAYFrédéric PIERREChad RIGETTIEtienne BOAKNINMichael METCALFE
Rob SCHOELKOPFDan PROBERSteve GIRVINDoug STONELuigi FRUNZIOVlad MANUCHARIAN
FreiburgHermann GRABERT U.C. Santa Barbara : John MARTINIS
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W.M. KECK
Research sponsored by :