Frog Farm Faq

8/2/2019 Frog Farm Faq

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TheFrogFarmFAQMarch4th,1994

"Lawsaremadeforus;wearenotmadeforthelaws."-WilliamMilonoff

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TABLEOFCONTENTS

1....Introduction2....Disclaimer3....RevisionHistory4....ListofTopics5....ActualTopics

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INTRODUCTION

ThepurposeoftheFrogFarmistodiscussissueswhichinvolveaFreePeopleandtheirPublicServants,andhowtodealwiththevariousproblemsthatcanarisebetweenafreepersonwhoexercisesanddemandsRightsanderrantpublic

servantswhoexceedthescopeoftheirpowers.TopicscoveredincludetherightsofManandsubsequentobligations,thenatureofthecontractforgovernment,theFederalandStateConstitutionsoftheUnitedStatesandtheirAmendments,varioustypesofJurisdiction,anddefendingrightsinthecourtroom.

Thenewsgroupalt.society.sovereignhasrecently(May1993)becomerelativelyactiverecentlyinprovidingrelevantinformation.Thoseinterestedinthetopicspresentedarehighlyencouragedtothoroughlyreadthisdocumentbeforepostingorrequestingsubscriptionstothemailinglist.

TheFrogFarm'sFAQisuniqueamongFAQ'sinthattheanswersconsistof

informationderivedalmostentirelyfromasinglesource,thatbeingthecourtsofthefiftyStatesandthefederalSupremeCourt(andthustheonlyauthoritativesourceregardingthesubjectmatter).Theinformationinquestionisalsointheformoflegalcitations,ratherthanaquestionandanswerformat.TheSupremeCourtandthelesserappellatecourtshaverepeatedlyruledonmanypoints,andthesearerightfullydescribedas"wellsettled".Unfortunately,mostofthetimethisestablishedlawgoesunusedoutoffearorignorance.

TheFrogFarmisaclearinghouseforallinformationregardingdefendingone'srightsinthecourtroomsofAmerica.WiththerecentexpansionsoftheInternet'ssizeandscope,andthemillionsofparticipantsnowdiscoveringitsvast,untappedpotentialwhichisevennowstrugglingtothrowoffthe

lastvestigesofitsgovernmentalumbilicalcords,itishopedthatthisinformationwillfindanappreciativeaudience.

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DISCLAIMER

TheFrogFarmwascreatedtoprovideparticipantswithaforumwithwhichtosharetheirfindingsandopinionsbasedonresearchandanalysisofthesubjectmattercovered,drawingfrompersonalexperiencewhereapplicable.


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Informationisnotprovidedforthepurposeofprovidinglegaloranyotherprofessionalservices,whichcanonlybeprovidedbyprofessionals.Thematerialwrittenbythehostandotherprivateparticipantsonthismessagebaseisnotintendedtobeconstruedaslegaladvice.Informationcontainedhereinthatmaypertaintotaxorlegalsituationsisforinformationalordescriptivepurposesonlyandnoattempttoadviseisintendedorimplied.Informationrelativetosuchareasmaybeusedincooperationwithcompetentjuristsorotherwiseatthediscretionofthereader.Asthereisalwaysanelementofris inexercisinganddefendingone'slawfulrightsregardlessofthecountryonechoosestolivein,neitherthemoderator,authorofanypostedmessageortheadministratorofanysiteinvolvedinthetransmissionofanymessagesposted,assumesanyresponsibilityorliabilityforanylossordamageincurredeitherdirectlyorindirectly,asaconsequenceoftheuseofanyinformationhereinprovidedthroughtheFrogFarm.

Allinformationprovidedisapplicable,firstly,onlytothoselivingwithinthegeographicalboundariesofoneofthefiftyStatesofNorthAmerica.(ThoselivinginothercountrieswouldbewelladvisedtoeducatetheirfriendsandneighborsregardingAmerica'suniquelegalfoundation,andperhapsloo intothepossibilityofmovinghere.)

Afterthat,whetherornotyoucanexerciseanddefendRightswilldependonwhetherornotyouhavethefollowingthings:

oPencilandpaper.Atypewriterhelps;acomputermayalso.oAccesstoagoodlawdictionary.(Bouvier'sisthebest;useBlac 'sonlyifyouhavenootherchoice.)oTheabilitytocompetentlyreadandwriteatleast10%oftheEnglishlanguage.oThewilltolearn,changeyourStatusappropriatelyanddefendyourposition.Thefirstismuchmoreeasilyacquiredthantheothers.

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REVISIONHISTORY

1.0:ReleasedMay10,1993.Uploadedtouglymouse.css.itd.umuch.eduin/pub/Politics/FrogFarm.

1.1:ReleasedJuly4th,1993.AddednewinformationonJurisdictionandVenue;miscellaneouscleaningupandreorganizing.

1.2:ReleasedSeptember1st,1993.Cleanedupandreorganizedabitmore;addednewcitationsontheFirstAmendmentandCivilLiability;addedfirst-everFrequentlyAs edQuestion,towit,"Whythehec isitcalledtheFrogFarm?"

1.21:October28th,1993.FTPhostisnowetext.archive.umich.eduinthe

directory/pub/Legal/FrogFarm.

1.3:Betaversion,November1st,1993.Addedasecondactualtraditionalquestion-and-answer,somemorecitationsandanewsectionon"JudgmentProofing".

1.4:March25th,1994.Addedoversixtycitationsonvarioustopics;reorganizedandrelabeledtopicheaders;addedsectionson"Strategy","Property"and"Boo s".


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LISTOFTOPICS

Thebestwaytoviewthisfileistosearchforagivenstring.Eachentryinthelistoftopicsshowswhatstringyoushouldsearchforinordertofindthebeginningofeachtopicentry.Alltopicsarelistedintheordertheyarepresentedin.

TofindinformationaboutSearchforthis--------------------------------------------------------------------SOWHYTHEHECKISITCALLEDTHEFROGFARM,ANYWAY?:whyfrogWHATSHOULDIDOIFI'MARRESTED?:arrestJUDGMENTPROOFING:jproofBASICOVERALLSTRATEGY:stratPUBLICSERVANT'SQUESTIONAIRE:psqASHWANDERRULES:QUALIFYINGFORTHESUPREMECOURT:ashwandWHATISPROPERTYANDWHYISITSOIMPORTANT?:propertyRIGHTTOTRAVELVS.PRIVILEGETODRIVE:driveRIGHTSOFJURIES,ANDRIGHTTOJURYTRIAL:juryRIGHTSOFINDIVIDUALSVS.RIGHTSOFTHESTATE:stateSOMEFOURTHAMENDMENTSPECIFICCASES:4th

SOMEFIFTHAMENDMENTCASES:5thHALEVS.HENKEL:INDIVIDUALSARESOVEREIGN:haleWHATISSOVEREIGNTYANDWHOARESOVEREIGNS?:sovWHATISJURISDICTIONANDWHATAREITSLIMITS?:jurisWHATISMONEY?:moneySOMEQUICKNOTESONTHE2NDAMENDMENT:2ndINCOMETAXATIONANDTHEINFERNALREVENUESERVICE:irsWHATABOUTTHEFIRSTAMENDMENT?:1stTHERIGHTOFPARENTALEDUCATIONOFCHILDREN:educateMISCELLANEOUS:miscFORFURTHERREADINGONTHESEANDOTHERTOPICS...:boo s

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TOPICS

:whyfrog

Thereisatale,possiblyapocryphalormetaphorical,attributedbymosttoMar Twain,ofhowtocoo afrog.Ifyoudropafroginapotofboilingwater,sothestorygoes,he'lljumprightbac outjustasquic ly.Butifyouputhiminapotofcoldwater,andslowlyheatitup,he'llstayrightthere...untilit'stoolate,andhe'sboiledalive.

Thetaleisusuallymentionedinthecontextofgradualism,orthetendencyofgovernmenttoalwaysincreaseitspowerattheexpenseofthegoverned.

Aboutfouryearsago,Imetsomeoneonanelectronicbulletinboardwhocalledhimself"FrogFarmer",whointroducedmetothetopicsdiscussedherein.(AlthoughIusethemasculine,itshouldbenotedthatInevermetFFinperson,anditisequallyli

elyforFFtobefemale.)WhenIas

edhimwhyhechosethatparticularhandle,hetoldmetheabovestory.

Inhonorofhis/hertirelesssenseofhumor,andeverythings/heintroduced


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meto,thisFAQisdedicatedtohim/her.

:arrest

QUESTION:"WhatdoesFrogFarmeradvisethatIshoulddo(ornotdo)ifIamarrested--i.e.,whatcasesshouldIcite?WhatrightsshouldIdemand?Basically,whatshouldIsayandnotsay?"

ANSWER:Ananswertothesequestionsmightbeconstruedaslegaladvice.TheFrogFarmdoesnotprovidelegaladvice,nordoanyofitsparticipants,whomerelyspea fromtheirownexperienceand/or nowledge.

However,itispossibletobelesscrypticthanthis.

Thereisfartoomuchmaterialunderthisheadingtofithere,unlesscondensedgreatly.Anexamplemightbe:

-LearnhowtoreadandcomprehendapercentageoftheEnglishlanguage,asdescribedearlierinthisFAQ.

-Obtaintherelevantlawboo s(yourstate'sCodeofCivilProcedure,PenalCode,RulesofCourtandEvidenceCode,ortheappropriatefederalboo s

forafederalcase)andreadtherelevantsections.

-TypeupandsendConstructiveNoticesandNoticeofDishonortoallconcernedpartieswithin3daysofreceivingyourtic etorbeingarrested.

-Typeupsubpoenasforallarrestingofficersandthepersonwhosignedthecomplaintandscheduleamotionhearingwhereyouwillma eaMotionToQuashtheSummons,atwhichtimeyouobtainyourdepositionsfromthearrestingofficer.

Youshouldprepareyourlistofquestionstoas thewitnesseswhenyouhavethemonthestandatthemotionhearing.Theiranswerswillcausethejudgetodismissthecharges,ifyourquestionsaretherightones.Yourquestionshave

tobebaseduponthecodes,andtheanswerswillgotoshowthattheproceduresfollowedbythepolicewereallinvalidandthatthepersonsyousubpoenaedareallguiltyofperjury.Thebeautyofitisthatyoudon'tevenhavetotestifyyourself,andthecopsaresouneducatedinlawthattheywillnoteven nowthattheyareconvictingthemselvesoutoftheirownmouths.

However,thisONLYWORKSwhenthereisnoVICTIMorINJUREDPARTY.Italsoonlywor

swhenyouUNDERSTANDWHATTHEHECKYOUAREDOING,andarepreparedtoFOLLOWTHROUGHtotheutmost(seeWisconsinv.Yoder,summarizedbelow).Wewillassumethatthesetwoconditionsaretrue,forthepurposesofthisanswer.

Everyarrest,detention,stopandconfrontationwithgovernmentofficialsis

different,anditisimpossibletoimagine(inordertopretend)allthedifferentthingsthatmightbesaid,andwhen.Eachandeverysituationisunique,andthisiswhythequestioncannotbeanswered.However,ageneralconsensushasdeveloped,whichcanbesummarizedrelativelyeasilyasfollows:

-:-Neveras ,"AmIunderarrest?";rather,alwaysas ,"AmIfreetogo?".Anarrestisacertainprocedurethatmustmeetcertaincriteriainordertobedonelawfully.Youshouldnot"helpout"withyourownarrestbymerelyleavingituptothemtosay"Yes",butforcethoseresponsibletogothroughallofthedueprocessyoudemand.


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-:-Don'thasslepeopleaboutyourrights.Respecttheirpointofview,andwheretheyletyou,educatethemaboutthelaw.Ma eyourdemandswithaquietvoiceandafriendlysmile.Ifsomeoneisinsensitiveaboutyourrights,havethepatiencetowaituntilyougettothecourtroomtoreclaimthem.Alwaysbefriendly,regardlessofhowtheytreatyou...you'llgeteveninthecourtroom.Itcanbeveryris ytotheirfinancialhealthtoignoreorabuseyourrights.Butitcanjustaseasilyberis

ytoyourphysicalhealthifyouignoreorabusetheiroverlyinflatedsenseofimportance.There'snosenseintauntingbulls;justwaitforthemtogetoutofbreathchargingaroundbeforestic ingitto'em.

-:-Beforeas ingifyouarefreetogo,trytoascertainjustwhoitiswhoisaccostingyoubyas

ingtheiridentity.Iftheansweristhatit'sagovernmentagentofsome ind,as iftheywillfullyidentifythemselves.Theanswerisusually"yes",sopulloutyourPUBLICSERVANTQUESTIONAIRE(includedelsewhereinthisFAQ)andas themto indlyfillitout.Theywillusuallydecline,sooffertofillitoutforthemiftheywillanswerthequestions.Iftheyrefuse,informthemthattheirrefusaltofullyidentifythemselvesandcooperateinyourinvestigationwillbereportedtotheirsuperior,andsuggestatthattimethattheycallforbac -up,forseveralreasons:

1)Theyhaveviolatedyourrighttotherequestedinformation

2)Theyhaveproventhemselvesincompetenttounderstandthelaw3)Younowhavereasontodoubtwhatevertheysayregardingtheirbeinganofficerofthelaw(theycouldbeahighwayrobber,tryingtogetyoutodropyourguard).Iftheycanmanagetogetafewmorepeopleinpolicecarstothescene,youcanprobablyruleouttheirbeingarobberincostume.

Whenthesuperiorofficerarrives,gothroughthewholethingagain.Ifthingsgetnasty,youcoulddemandtheirprobablecauseforbelievingyouguiltyofcommittingacrime,anddemanda4thamendmentwarrantandcounselpresentbeforeyouansweranyin-custodyinterrogation.Thiswouldinvo etheexclusionaryrule.

-:-CarrycopiesofDavisv.Mississippi,394U.S.721,toma

esurethey'veallbeeninformedregardingthefactthatyourfingerprintsareprivatepropertywhichcannotbeta enoveryourobjectionwithoutavalidcourtorder.

-:-Don'trefusetheirofferof"counsel"straightoff.Itcanbeusefultogetthecounseltorefusetohelpyouontheirown,oryoucanfiretheminopencourtforrefusingtoobeyyourinstructions,orforattemptingtowaiveanyofyourrights,li etherighttoaspeedytrial.Alwaysma eitclearthattheyarenotrepresentingyou,butmerelyservingascounsel.

Whenyoufinallydogotocourt,ma

efriendswiththecler

byconformingasmuchaspossibletothecler 'sdemandsforformat,timeliness,etc.(provided

thatyoudon'tgiveupanysignificantrightsintheprocess).Respectthelegalmaxim,"Thelawdoesnotbotherwithtrifles."

Don'tnecessarilyexacttheSha espearianpoundofflesh.Li ethegovernmentcourts,youcanputabusersonprobation.Theythen nowthatwhenyoucouldhaveputtheminjailfortheir"whitecollar"offenses,youdidn't.Whendealingwitherrantpublicofficials,youcanrefertothosesituations,andletthem nowthatalthoughyouwereeasythen,theyshouldn'tpushtheirlucnow.:-)


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Butthemostimportantthingisattitude.Ifyou'reafreeperson,ifyou'verescindedallcontractswithgovernment,thenactli

eit.Exerciseyourrights,andwhennecessary,defendthemaspassionatelyasyouexercisethem.

ArelevantcaseisWisconsinv.Yoder,406U.S.205(1972),whichestablishedthetestsnecessarytodistinguishabeliefbasedonCONVICTIONratherthanPREFERENCE.TheimportanceofthedistinctionisthataccordingtotheCourt'sdecision,onlyCONVICTIONSareprotectedbytheConstitution.Thetestconsistsoffivemajorcircumstancesyoumustmaintainyourbeliefinthefaceof,whichare:

1)Peerpressure2)Familypressure3)Threatoflawsuit4)Threatofjail5)Threatofdeath

Soonemustbesmartenoughtounderstandalltheresponsibilitiesinvolvedinhavingsovereignstatus,andmaintainone'sbeliefsinthefaceofallopposition.Otherwisethecourtwillviewyourstanceasaconvenientexcuse(preference)togetoutofthe"legalduties"incurredbysubjects("incometax","licensefees",etc)--i.e.,theywillassumeyouarelying,andthatyoureallyAREasheeple,onewhoissubjecttotheirjurisdiction.

Finallyandmostimportantly,beforeengaginginanysortofhazardousconductsuchasthis,youmustbecome"judgmentproof".Formoreinformationonthistopic,seetheheading,":jproof".

:jproof

[ThissectionbyA.Nonnymous]

QUESTION:"Ihearalotabout'judgmentproofing'.Whatthehec doesitmean,andwhyisitsoimportant?"

ANSWER:ThetopicofjudgmentproofingpracticallydeservesitsownFAQ,but

untilthatdaycomes,herearethebasicelements.

Judgmentproofingistheprocessofprotectingyourpropertyfromthieves.Itisafundamentalandnecessaryprocessthatshouldalwaysbefollowedbeforeunderta inganypotentiallyhazardousactivity(suchasdefendingRightsinthecourtroom).Tobejudgmentproof(proofagainstalegaljudgment)meansthatevenifyouarefinedorsubjecttoaciviljudgment,nothingcanbecollectedfromyou.

OneessentialaspectisLiquidity.Asanexample,ifyougooutandbuytenbagsofjun silvercoins,dividethemupintotenparcels,andburytheminvarioussecretlocationsinyourarea,youwillhavethe

indofliquiditywhichtheJewishpeoplefoundsohelpfulinEuropeinthe1930's.Withtheir

wealthsecureandmobile,thosewithgoldandsilverweremuchmoreabletostayonestepaheadofthosewhowouldhavedestroyedtheirlivesandstolentheirproperty.

Asidefromthenormalprivacyprotectionstrategies(youallreceiveallyourmailatmailreceivingservices,orhaveasmallnetwor ofabout10or15friendsthatcanreforwardmailforeachother,don'tyou?),thereareanumberofstepsthatcanbeta entoreduceyourvulnerabilitytojudgments.

1)Liveinrentedaccommodations.Homeownershipisabadidea.Itcanbe


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*Liquidity.Getridofattachableproperty,andasCharlesDic

enssaysinGreatExpectations,"Getholdofportableproperty."Mostpropertyshouldeitherbemobileandconcealable(e.g.,preciousmetals),inthenameofanotherentitywithbetterpoliticalconnectionsorprotection,oroffshore.Don'ttieupyourlifesavingsinvulnerablepropertyli

eanexpensivehouse;leaseorrent,orsellyourhousetoyourchildrenortofriends,andwriteupacontractstipulatingthatthenewownerisn'tallowedto

ic

youoffthepropertyaslongasyou'realive.(Politicalextortioncanta emanyforms--don'tinvestinrealestatewithoutlocalpoliticalconnections.)AsGeorgeGordonputsit,"Getridofyourtoys."

*"Poisonpills"thatrenderattachablepropertyworthlessuponconfiscation,ortriggerharmtotheconfiscatorinsomeway.Thesecanta

eawidevarietyofphysicalorlegalformsdependingonthepropertyinquestion.

*Avoidfutureblac mailbyminimizingpotentiallyharmfulinformationaboutyourpersonalhabitsgoingintothesystem.Useprivatemeansofpayment.Aren'tyouamazedathowmanypeoplerentX-ratedvideoswiththeircreditcard,lettheirban havetheirpersonalbudget,etc?

*Ta estepstochangeyouandyourfamily'sphysicaljurisdiction,andevenyour"TrueName"identityifnecessary.(Cf._HowtoDisappearCompletelyandNeverBeFound_,availablefromLoompanicsorsomesurvivalistmail-order

places).

*Cultivatetheloyaltyofclosefriendsandrelatives,and eepdamaginginformationawayfrompotentiallydisloyalones.MostIRSturns-insarebydisgruntledspouses.

Therearemanythingsthathavenotbeentouchedonhere.Atthispoint,beingjudgmentproof,li eclaimingsovereignstatus,isoutofreachformostpeople,bothpracticallyandasanintellectualexercise(rememberhowfewpeoplecanevenprogramtheirVCRs?),butascrypto-anarchymatures,itwillbecomebotheasierandmorenecessary.Thelessintelligentwhoareincapableofprotectingthemselveswillbehitquitehard.

Thepoorarecompletelyjudgmentproof.Itisharderfortherich,buttheycanbe*effectively*judgmentproof,inthesamewaythatdataencryptioncanbeeffectivelyunbrea

ablewithoutbeingabsolutelyunbrea

able.

Li eotheraspectsofclaimingsovereignstatus,judgmentproofingreliesmoreonourta ingtheinitiativetorestructureourownpartoftheworld,ratherthanonfutileattemptstoget"society"todoitforus.

:strategy

[ThiswasoriginallyfoundonBillThornton'snow-defunctBBS,Sovereign's

Paradise.Alladditionsandeditingarebythemoderator.ShouldyoudecidetoclaimandexerciseyourRights,thefollowingmayhelpyoumaintainaconsistentfocusuponyourultimateobjective,i.e.,minimizinganypossibledamagetoyourself.]

ELEMENTSOFAPREFERREDCOURTROOMSTRATEGY

Researchallpertinentstatutes,rules,regulations,legislativehistory,courtcases,andtreatises;inshort,becomeanexpertonthenarrowpoints


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refusedtoprovidetherequestedinformation,it'sprobablybetterforyourcasethaniftheyhadcooperatedinthefirstplace.

PUBLICSERVANT'SQUESTIONAIRE

PublicLaw93-579statesinpart:"ThepurposeofthisActistoprovidecertainsafeguardsforanindividualagainstinvasionofpersonalprivacybyrequiringFederalagencies...topermitandindividualtodeterminewhatrecordspertainingtohimarecollected,maintained,used,ordisseminatedbysuchagencies."

Thefollowingquestionsarebaseduponthatactandarenecessaryinorderthatthisindividualmayma

eareasonabledeterminationconcerningdivulgenceofinformationtothisagency.

1.Nameofpublicservant...............

2.Residence......City.....State......Zip......

3.Nameofdepartment,bureau,oragencybywhichpublicservantisemployed........supervisor'sname......

4.It'smailingaddress...........City......State....Zip......

5.WillpublicservantupholdtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates?

6.Didpublicservantfurnishproofofidentity?

7.Whatwasthenatureofproof?..............

8.Willpublicservantfurnishacopyofthelaworregulationwhichauthorizesthisinvestigation?

9.Willthepublicservantreadaloudthatportionofthelawauthorizingthequestionshewillas ?

10.Aretheanswerstothequestionsvoluntaryormandatory?

11.Arethequestionstobeas edbaseduponaspecificlaworregulation,oraretheybeingusedasadiscoveryprocess?

12.Whatotherusesmaybemadeofthisinformation?

13.Whatotheragenciesmayhaveaccesstothisinformation?

14.WhatwillbetheeffectuponmeifIshouldchoosenottoansweranypartorallofthesequestions?

15.Nameofpersoningovernmentrequestingthatthisinvestigationbe

made...............

16.Isthisinvestigation'general'orisit'special'?

17.Haveyouconsulted,questioned,interviewed,orreceivedinformationfromanythirdpartyrelativetothisinvestigation?

18.Ifso,theidentityofsuchthirdparties..........

19.Doyoureasonablyanticipateeitheracivilorcriminalactiontobe


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initiatedorpursuedbaseduponanyoftheinformationwhichyousee ?

20.Isthereafileofrecords,information,orcorrespondencerelatingtomebeingmaintainedbythisagency?Ifyes,which?

21.Isthisagencyusinganyinformationpertainingtomewhichwassuppliedbyanotheragencyorgovernmentsource?

22.MayIhaveacopyofthatinformation?

23.Willthepublicservantguaranteethattheinformationinthesefileswillnotbeusedbyanyotherdepartmentotherthantheonebywhomheisemployed?Ifnot,whynot?

Ifanyrequestforinformationrelatingtomeisreceivedfromanypersonoragency,youmustadvisemeinwritingbeforereleasingsuchinformation.Failuretodosomaysubjectyoutopossiblecivilorcriminalactionasprovidedbytheact.

Iswear(affirm)thattheanswersIhavegiventotheforegoingquestionsarecompleteandcorrectineveryparticular.___________Date:____/_____Witness:____________Witness:_______________

AuthoritiesforQuestions:

1,2,3,4Inordertobesureyou nowexactlywhoyouaregivingtheinformationto.Residenceandbusinessaddressesareneededincaseyouneedtoserveprocessinacivilorcriminalactionuponthisindividual.

5Allpublicservantshaveta enaswornoathtoupholdanddefendtheconstitution.

6,7Thisisstandardprocedurebygovernmentagentsandofficers.SeeInternalRevenueManual,MT-9900-26,Section242.133.

8,9,10Title5USC552a,paragraph(e)(3)(A)

11Title5USC552a,paragraph(d)(5),(e)(1)

12,13Title5USC552a,paragraph(e)(3)(B),(e)(3)(C)

14Title5USC552a,paragraph(e)(3)(D)

15PublicLaw93-579(b)(1)

16Title5USC552a,paragraph(e)(3)(A)

17,18Title5USC552a,paragraph(e)(2)

19Title5USC552a,paragraph(d)(5)

20,21PublicLaw93-579(b)(1)

22Title5USC552a,paragraph(d)(1)

23Title5USC552a,paragraph(e)(10)


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:ashwand

THEASHWANDERRULES:QUALIFYINGYOURCASEFORTHESUPREMECOURT

TheSupremeCourthasdevelopedsevenrules,calledthe"AshwanderRules"(Ashwanderv.TennesseeValleyAuthority297US288,346(1935))forqualifyingacasetobeheardthere.AccordingtoJusticeBrandeis:

"TheCourtdeveloped,foritsowngovernanceinthecasesconfessedlywithinitsjurisdiction,aseriesofrulesunderwhichithasavoidedpassinguponalargepartofalltheconstitutionalquestionspresseduponitfordecision.Theyare:

1.TheCourtwillnotpassupontheconstitutionalityoflegislationinafriendly,non-adversary,proceeding,decliningbecausetodecidesuchquestions'islegitimateonlyinthelastresort,andasanecessityinthedeterminationofreal,earnestandvitalcontroversybetweenindividuals.Itwasneverthoughtthat,bymeansofafriendlysuit,apartybeateninthelegislaturecouldtransfertothecourtsaninquiryastotheconstitutionalityofthelegislativeact.'Chicago&GrandTrun RRv.Wellman,143U.S.339,345.

2.TheCourtwillnot'anticipateaquestionofconstitutionallawinadvanceofthenecessityofdecidingit.'WilshireOilCo.v.US,295US188'ItisnotthehabitoftheCourttodecidequestionsofaconstitutionalnatureunlessabsolutelynecessarytothedecisionofacase.'Burtonv.US,196US283,295.

3.TheCourtwillnot'formulatearuleofconstitutionallawbroaderthanisrequiredbytheprecisefactstowhichitistobeapplied.'LiverpoolN.Y.&P.S.S.Co.v.EmigrationCommissioners,113US33,39.

4.TheCourtwillnotpassuponaconstitutionalquestionalthoughproperlypresentedbytherecord,ifthereisalsopresentsomeothergrounduponwhichthecasemaybedisposedof.Thisrulehasfoundmostvaried

application.Thus,ifacasecanbedecidedoneitheroftwogrounds,oneinvolvingaconstitutionalquestion,theotheraquestionofstatutoryconstructionorgenerallaw,theCourtwilldecideonlythelatter.Lightv.US,220US523,538.

5.TheCourtwillnotpassuponthevalidityofastatuteuponcomplaintofonewhofailstoshowthatheisinjuredbyitsoperation.Tylerv.TheJudges,179US405Amongthemanyapplicationsofthisrule,noneismorestri ingthanthedenialoftherightofchallengetoonewholac sapersonalorpropertyright.

6.TheCourtwillnotpassupontheconstitutionalityofastatuteattheinstanceofonewhohasavailedhimselfofitsbenefits.GreatFallsMfg.Co.

v.AttorneyGeneral124US581.

7.'WhenthevalidityofanactofCongressisdrawninquestion,andevenifaseriousdoubtofconstitutionalityisraised,itisacardinalprinciplethatthisCourtwillfirstascertainwhetheraconstructionofthestatuteisfairlypossiblebywhichthequestionmaybeavoided.'Crowellv.Benson,285US22,62."

:property


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"Acitizenmayhavetheright,underthe14thamendmenttotheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,totravelandtransporthispropertyuponthepublichighwaysbyautovehicle,buthehasnorighttoma ethehighwayshisplaceofbusinessbyusingthemasacommoncarrierforhire;suchusebeingaprivilegewhichmaybegrantedorwithheldbythestateinitsdiscretion,withoutviolatingthedueprocessorequalprotectionclauses."InReGraham93CalApp88."Thelicensechargeimposedbythemotorvehicleactisanexciseorprivilegetax,establishedforthepurposeofrevenueinordertoprovideafundforroadswhileunderthedominionofthestateauthorities,itisnotataximposedasarentalchargeoratollchargefortheuseofthehighwaysownedandcontrolledbythestate."-PG&Ev.StateTreasurer,168Cal420."Thesameprinciplesoflawareapplicabletothemastoothervehiclesuponthehighway.Itistherefore,theadaptationanduse,ratherthantheformor indofconveyancethatconcernsthecourts."IndianaSpringsCo.v.Brown,74N.E.615."Theautomobileisnotinherentlydangerous."Moorev.Roddie,180P.879,Blairv.Broadmore93S.E.632.

"Theuseoftheautomobileasanecessaryadjuncttotheearningofa

livlihoodinmodernliferequiresusintheinterestofrealismtoconcludethattheRIGHTtouseanautomobileonthepublichighwaysparta esofthenatureofalibertywithinthemeaningoftheConstitutionalguarantees..."Berberianv.Lussier(1958)139A2d869,872"Truc driver'sfailuretobelicensedaschauffeurdoesnotestablishhimorhisemployerasnegligentasamatteroflawwithrespecttoaccidentinwhichdriverwasinvolved,inabsenceofanyevidencethatlac ofsuchlicensehadanycasualorcausalconnectionwiththeaccident."Bryantv.TulareIceCo.(1954)125CA2d566

"TheRIGHTofthecitizentoDRIVEonthepublicstreetwithfreedom

frompoliceinterference,unlessheisengagedinsuspiciousconductassociatedinsomemannerwithcriminalityisaFUNDAMENTALCONSTITUTIONALRIGHTwhichmustbeprotectedbythecourts."Peoplev.Horton14Cal.App.3rd667(1971)"TheRIGHTtoTRAVELonthepublichighwaysisaconstitutionalright."TecheLinesv.Danforth,Miss.12So2d784,787."Therighttotravelispartofthe'liberty'thatacitizencannotbedeprivedwithoutdueprocessoflaw."Kentv.Dulles357U.S.116,U.S.v.Laub385U.S.475"Acitizenmayhavetheright,underthe14thamendmenttothe

ConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,totravelandtransporthispropertyuponthepublichighwaysbyautovehicle,buthehasNOrighttoma ethehighwayshisplaceofbusinessbyusingthemasacommoncarrierforhire;suchusebeingaprivilegewhichmaybegrantedorwithheldbythestateinitsdiscretion,withoutviolatingthedueprocessorequalprotectionclauses."InReGraham93CalApp88."OnewhoDRIVESanautomobileisanoperatorwithinmeaningoftheMotorVehicleAct."Pontiusv.McClean113CA452


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"Theword'operator'shallnotincludeanypersonwhosolelytransportshisownpropertyandwhotransportsnopersonsorpropertyforhireorcompensation."StatutesatLargeCaliforniaChapter412p.833

"Therightofacitizentotraveluponthepublichighwaysandtotransporthispropertythereon,byhorse-drawncarriage,wagon,orautomobileisnotamereprivilegewhichmaybepermittedorprohibitedatwill,butacommonrightwhichhehasunderhisrighttolife,liberty,andthepursuitofhappiness."Slusherv.SafetyCoachTransitCo.,229Ky731,17SW2d1012,andaffirmedbytheSupremeCourtinThompsonv.Smith154S.E.579."CVC17459.Theacceptancebyaresidentofthisstateofacertificateofownershiporacertificateofregistrationofanymotorvehicleoranyrenewalthereof,issuedundertheprovisionsofthiscode,shallconstitutetheCONSENTbythepersonthatserviceofsummonsmaybemadeuponhimwithinorwithoutthisstate,whetherornotheisthenaresidentofthisstate,inanyactionbroughtinthecourtsofthisstateuponacauseofactionarisinginthisstateoutoftheownershiporoperationofthevehicle."CaliforniaVehicleCode"CVC17460.Theacceptanceorretentionbyaresidentofthisstateofadriver'slicenseissuedpursuanttotheprovisionsofthiscode,shallconstitutetheCONSENTofthepersonthatserviceofsummonsmaybemadeupon

himwithinorwithoutthisstate,whetherornotheisthenaresidentofthisstate,inanyactionbroughtinthecourtsofthisstateuponacauseofactionarisinginthisstateoutofhisoperationofamotorvehicleanywherewithinthisstate."CaliforniaVehicleCode

"Whenapersonappliesforandacceptsalicenseorpermit,heineffect nowsthelimitationsofit,andta esitattheris andconsequencesoftransgression."Shevlin-CarpenterCo.vMinnesota,218U.S.57.

:jury

INFORMEDJURIESOFBOTHLAWANDFACT"Itmaynotbeamisshere,gentlemen,toremindyouofthegoodoldrule,thatonthequestionoffact,itistheprovinceofthejury,andonthequestionoflaw,itistheprovinceofthecourttodecide....itispresumed,thatjuriesarethebestjudgesoffacts;itis,ontheotherhand,presumedthatthecourtsarethebestjudgesoflaw.But,itmustbeobservedthatbylaw...youhaveneverthelessarighttota

eituponyourselvestojudgeboth,incontroversy...bothobjectsarelawfullywithinyourpowerofdecision."JusticeJohnJaytothejury,Georgiav.Brailsford,3Dall1(1794)

"Thejuryhasanunreviewableandirreversiblepower...toacquitindisregardoftheinstructionsonthelawgivenbythetrialjudge."U.S.vDougherty,

473F2d1113,1139(1972).OtherinforelatedtoDoughertycase:16AmJur2d,Sec.177."Jurylawlessnessisthegreatestcorrectiveoflawinitsactualadministration.Thewillofthestateatlargeimposedonareluctantcommunity,thewillofamajorityimposedonavigorousanddeterminedminority,findthesameobstacleinalocaljurythatformerlyconfronted ingsandministers."Dougherty,citedabove,note32,at1130.

"Thepagesofhistoryshineoninstancesofthejury'sexerciseofits


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prerogativetodisregarduncontradictedevidenceandinstructionstothejudge.Mostoftencommendedarethe18thcenturyofPeterZengerofseditiouslibel,onthepleaofAlexanderHamilton,andthe19thcenturyacquittalsinprosecutionsunderthefugitiveslavelaw."Dougherty,citedabove,at1130.

"Thewaythejuryoperatesmayberadicallyalteredifthereisalterationinthewayitistoldtooperate."(Dougherty,citedabove,at1135.)Thejury'soptionsarebynomeanslimitedtothechoicespresentedtoitinthecourtroom...Thejurygetsitsunderstandingastothearrangementsinthelegalsystemfrommorethanonevoice.Thereistheformalcommunicationfromthe'judge'.Thereistheinformalcommunicationfromthetotalculture-literature;currentcomment,conversation;and,ofcourse,historyandtradition."Dougherty,citedabove,at1135.

"...thejuryhasthepowertobringinaverdictintheteethofbothlawandfacts."OliverWendellHolmes,1920HorningvDC.254US135

"...nofacttriedbyajuryshallbeotherwisereexaminedinanycourtoftheUnitedStates,thanaccordingtotherulesofthecommonlaw."U.S.Constitution,7thAmendment.[Onlyanothercommonlawjurycanreviewadecisionofajury.Thereisnootherappeal.NoteventheSupremeCourtcanreviewajury'sdecision.]

"Werecognize,asappellantsurge,theundisputedpowerofthejuryto

acquit,evenifitsverdictiscontrarytothelawasgivenbythejudge,andcontrarytoevidence.Thisisapowerthatmustexistaslongasweadheretothegeneralverdictincriminalcases,forthecourtscannotsearchthemindsofjurorstofindthebasisuponwhichtheyjudge.Ifthejuryfeelsthatthelawunderwhichthedefendantisaccusedisunjust,orthatexigentcircumstancesjustifiedtheactionsoftheaccused,orforanyreasonwhichappealstotheirlogicorpassion,thejuryhasthepowertoacquit,andthecourtsmustabidebythedecision."U.S.vs.Moylan,417F2d1002,1006(1969)."ThePeoplethemselveshaveitintheirpowereffectuallytoresistusurpation,withoutbeingdriventoanappealinarms.Anactofusurpationisnotobligatory:itisnotlaw;andanymanmaybe

justifiedinhisresistance.Lethimbeconsideredasacriminalbythegeneralgovernment,yetonlyhisfellowcitizenscanconvicthim,theyarehisjury,andiftheypronouncehiminnocent,notallthepowersofCongresscanhurthim;andinnocenttheysurelywillpronouncehim,ifthesupposedlawheresistedwasanactofusurpation."2Elliot'sDebates,94;2Bancroft,HistoryoftheConstitution,297.Trialbyjuryisaright:HillvPhilpott,445F2d144;JuliardvGreenmen,110U.S.421;KansanvColorado,206U.S.46(1907);ReismanvCaplan,375U.S.440(1964);USvMurdoc ,290U.S.389(1933);USvTarlows i,305F.Supp112(1969);DairyQueenvWood,369U.S.469.

"Thecommonlawrightofthejurytodeterminethelawaswellasthefacts

remainsunimpaired."StatevCroteau,23Vt.14,54Am.Dec.90(1849).

"Itseemsthatthecourtinstructsjuries,incriminalcases,nottobindtheirconsciences,buttoinformtheirjudgments,buttheyarenotdutyboundtoadoptitsopinionastheirown."LynchvState,9Ind.541,1857Ind.

"Aninstructionthatthejuryhavenorighttodeterminewhetherthefactsstatedintheindictmentconstituteapublicoffenseisanerror."HuddlestonvState,94Ind.426,48Am.Rep.171.


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"Thejuryhavearighttodisregardtheopinionofthecourt,inacriminalcase,evenonaquestionoflaw,iftheyarefullysatisfiedthatsuchopinioniswrong."PeoplevVideto,L.Par erCr.R.603,NY125.

"Defendantcannotcomplainofaninstructionthatitisthedutyofthecourttoinstructitastothelawofthecase,buttheinstructionsareadvisorymerely,andithastherighttodisregardthem,anddeterminethelawforitself."Wal

ervState,136Inc.663,36NE356.

"Incriminalcases,thejuryarejudgesofthelawaswellasofthefacts;anditiserrorinthecourttorestrictthemto'thelawasgiveninchargebythecourt.'"McGuthrievState,17Ga.497(1855).

:stateINALIENABLERIGHTSANDSTATES'RIGHTS"TherecanbenosanctionorpenaltyimposedupononebecauseofhisexerciseofConstitutionalrights."Sherarv.Cullen481F.946"WhererightssecuredbytheConstitutionareinvolved,therecanbenorule-ma ingorlegislationwhichwouldabrogatethem."U.S.SupremeCourtinMirandav.Arizona380U.S.436(1966)

"Constitutionalrightsmaynotbeinfringedsimplybecausethemajorityofthepeoplechoosethattheybe."Westbroo v.Mihaly2C3d756"Therighttocounselexistsnotonlyatthetrialthereof,butalsoateverystageofacriminalproceedingwheresubstantialrightsofacriminalaccusedmaybeeffected."Memphav.Rhay389U.S.128"Aconvictionobtainedwheretheaccusedwasdeniedcounselistreatedasvoidforallpurposes."Burgettv.Texas389U.S.109

"Foragovernmentofficialtomouthinaritualisticwaypartofthewarningabouttherighttocounsel,whileexcludingthepersonrelieduponascounsel

is,ineffect,toreversethemeaningofthewordsused...Whenafederalofficer'sinterferencewiththerightoffreeassociationta estheformoflimitingtheabilityofacriminalsuspecttoconsultwithandbeaccompaniedbyapersonuponwhomhereliesforadviceandprotection,hegravelytransgresses..."USvTarlows i,69-2U.S.T.C.&D.C.EA.Dist.N.Y.,305F.Supp112(1969).

"Ifthereisanytruthtotheoldproverbthat'Onewhoishisownlawyerhasafoolforaclient,'theCourt,byitsopiniontoday,nowbestowsaconstitutionalrightononetoma eafoolofhimself."FarettavCalifornia,422US806(1975).

"Lac ofcounselofchoicecanbeconceivablyevenworsethannocounselat

all,orhavingtoacceptcounselbeholdentoone'sadversary."BurgettvTexas,389US109.

"Uponthetrialofcriminalcases,counsel,intheirargument,mayreadlawtothejuryinthehearingofthecourt,subjecttothecorrectionofthecourtinitscharge."McMathvState,55Ga.303.

"Inacriminalcase,counselmay,insummingup,arguethelawofthecasetothejury."LynchvState,9Ind.541;CommonwealthvPorter(?),HannahvState,79Tenn.201.


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"Counselwillnotbepermittedtoarguebeforeajuryquestionsoflawnotinvolvedintheinstructionas edandsubmittedtothecourt."USvWat ind,Fed.Case.No.16,649(3Cranch,C.C.441).[Soalwayssubmitinstructionstothejury!]

"Aplaintiffwhosee sdamagesforviolationofconstitutionalorstatutoryrightsmayovercomethedefendantofficial'squalifiedimmunityonlybyshowingthatthoserightswereclearlyestablishedatthetimeoftheconductatissue."Davisv.Scherer,82L.Ed.2d139,151."AlllawswhicharerepugnanttotheConstitutionarenullandvoid."Marburyv.Madison,5US(2Cranch)137,174,176,(1803)"TheBillofRightswasprovidedasabarrier,toprotecttheindividualagainstarbitraryexactionsofmajorities,executives,legislatures,courts,sheriffs,andprosecutors,anditistheprimarydistinctionbetweendemocraticandtotalitarianprocesses."STANDLER.SupremeCourtofFloridaenBanc,36So2d443,445(1948)"Governmentmaynotprohibitorcontroltheconductofapersonforreasonsthatinfringeuponconstitutionallyguaranteedfreedoms."Smithv.U.S.502F2d512CATex(1974)

"Whererightssecuredbytheconstitutionareinvolved,therecanbenorule-ma ingorlegislationwhichwouldabrogatethem."Mirandav.Arizona(U.S.SupremeCourt)380US436(1966)"TherecanbenosanctionorpenaltyimposedupononebecauseofhisexerciseofConstitutionalrights."Sherarv.Cullen481F2d946(1973)"Wefinditintolerablethatoneconstitutionalrightshouldhavetobesurrenderedinordertoassertanother."Simmonsv.US,390US389(1968)"TheclaimandexerciseofaConstitutionalrightcannotbeconvertedtoacrime."Millerv.US,230F486at489

"Whenanycourtviolatesthecleanandunambiguouslanguageoftheconstitution,afraudisperpetratedandnooneisboundtoobeyit."Statev.Sutton63Minn167,65NW262,30LRA630"Thestatecannotdiminishrightsofthepeople."Hurtadov.California110US516."AstatemaynotimposeachargefortheenjoymentofarightgrantedbytheFederalConstitution."Murdoc v.Pennsylvania,319U.S.105(1943)

"JusticeDouglasmaintainedthattheprivilegesandimmunitiesclausewastheproperbasisfortheholdingandfurtherinsistedthatfreedom

ofmovementwasarightofnationalcitizenshipbindinguponthestatesandrecognizedassuchbyCrandallv.Nevada(73US35)beforethe14thAmendmentwasratified."inEdwardsv.California314US160"Moreover,adistinctionmustbeobservedbetweenaregulationofanactivitywhichmaybeengagedinasamatterofrightandonecarriedonbygovernmentsufferenceorpermission.Inthelattercasethepowertoexcludealtogethergenerallyincludesthelesserpowertoconditionandmayjustifyadegreeofregulationnotadmissableintheformer."Pac ardv.Banton264US140


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"Failuretoobeythecommandofapoliceofficerconstitutesatraditionalformofbreachofthepeace.Obviously,however,onecannotbepunishedforfailingtoobeythecommandofanofficerifthecommanditselfisviolativeoftheconstitution."Wrightv.Georgia373US284"Constitutionalrightsmaynotbeinfringedsimplybecausethemajorityofthepeoplechoosethattheybe."Westbroo

v.Mihaly2C3d756

"Constitutionsarenotprimarilydesignedtoprotectmajorities,whoareusuallyabletoprotectthemselves,butrathertopreserveandprotecttherightsofindividualsandminoritiesagainstarbitraryactionsofthoseinauthority."HoustonCountyv.Martin,232A1511.

"...fundamentalrightsdonothangbythetenuousthreadofalayman's

nowledgeofthenicetiesofthelaw.Itissufficientifitappearsthatheisattemptingtoasserthisconstitutionalprivilege.Theplea,ratherthantheforminwhichitisasserted,determineswhethertheprivilegeagainstself-incriminationistobeupheld."USvSt.Pierre,128F2dat980.

"...goodfaithisnotenoughtoconstituteprobablecause.Thatfaithmustbegroundedonfactswithin nowledgeofthe...agent,whichinthejudgmentofthecourtwouldma ehisfaithreasonable."DirectorGeneralvKastenbaum,263U.S.25.

"Constitutionalrightsmaynotbedeniedsimplybecauseofhostilitytotheirassertionandexercise.Vindicationofconcededconstitutionalrightscannotbemadedependentuponanytheorythatitislessexpensivetodenythemthantoaffordthem."WatsonvMemphis,375U.S.526.

:4thSOMEFOURTHAMENDMENTSPECIFICCASES

"...wheneverapoliceofficeraccostsanindividualandrestrainshisfreedomtowal away,hehas'seized'thatperson."TerryvOhio,392US1(1968);

alsorecognizedinBrownvTexas,443US47.

BrownvTexas,443U.S.47(1979):"Twopoliceofficers,whilecruisingnearnooninapatrolcar,observedappellantandanothermanwal ingawayfromoneanotherinanalleyinanareathathadahighincidenceofdrugtraffic.Theystoppedandas edappellanttoidentifyhimselfandexplainwhathewasdoing.Oneofficertestifiedthathestoppedappellantbecausethesituation'loo

edsuspiciousandwehadneverseenthatsubjectinthatareabefore.'Theofficersdidnotclaimtosuspectappellantofanyspecificmisconduct,nordidtheyhaveanyreasontobelievethathewasarmed.Whenappellantrefusedtoidentifyhimself,hewasarrestedforviolationofaTexasstatutewhichma esitacriminalactforapersontorefusetogivehisnameand

addresstoanofficer'whohaslawfullystoppedhimandrequestedtheinformation.'Appeallant'smotiontosetasideinformationcharginghimwithviolationofthestatuteonthegroundthatthestatuteviolatedtheFirst,Fourth,Fifth,andFourteenthAmendmentswasdenied,andhewasconvictedandfined."

HELD:TheapplicationoftheTexasstatutetodetainappellantandrequirehimtoidentifyhimselfviolatedtheFourthAmendmentbecausetheofficerslac edanyreasonablesuspiciontobelievethatappellantwasengagedorhadengagedincriminalconduct.Detainingappellantto


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requirehimtoidentifyhimselfconstitutedaseizureofhispersonsubjecttotherequirementoftheFourthAmendmentthattheseizurebe'reasonable.'Cf.Terryv.Ohio,392U.S.1;...Delawarev.Prouse,440U.S.648.Here,thestatedoesnotcontendthatappellantwasstoppedpursuanttoapracticeembodyingneutralcriteria,andtheofficer'sactionswerenotjustifiedonthegroundthattheyhadareasonablesuspicion,basedonobjectivefacts,thathewasinvolvedincriminalactivity.Absentanybasisforsuspectingappellantofmisconduct,thebalancebetweenthepublicinterestincrimepreventionandappellant'srighttopersonalsecurityandprivacytiltsinfavoroffreedomfrompoliceinterference.Pp.50-53.

Mr.ChiefJusticeBurgerdeliveredtheopinionofthecourt;"Thisappealpresentsthequestionwhetherappellantwasvalidlyconvictedforrefusingtocomplywithapoliceman'sdemandthatheidentifyhimselfpursuanttoaprovisionoftheTexasPenalCodewhichma

esitacrimetorefusesuchidentificationonrequest."

"Appellantrefusedtoidentifyhimselfandangrilyassertedthattheofficershadnorighttostophim."

"TheFourthAmendment,ofcourse,`appliestoallseizuresoftheperson,includingseizuresthatinvolveonlyabriefdetentionshortoftraditionalarrest.'Davisv.Mississippi,394U.S.721(1969);Terry

v.Ohio,392U.S.1,16-19(1968).'[W]heneverapoliceofficeraccostsanindividualandrestrainshisfreedomtowal away,hehas'seized'thatperson...andthefourthAmendmentrequiresthattheseizurebe'reasonable'.'U.S.v.Brignoni-Ponce,422U.S.873,878(1975)"

"Butevenassumingthatpurpose(preventionofcrime)isservedtosomedegreebystoppinganddemandingidentificationfromanindividualwithoutanyspecificbasisforbelievingheisinvolvedincriminalactivity,theguaranteesoftheFourthAmendmentdonotallowit..."

"WeneednotdecidewhetheranindividualmaybepunishedforrefusingtoidentifyhimselfinthecontextofalawfulinvestigatorystopwhichsatisfiesFourthAmendmentrequirements.SeeDunawayv.New

Yor

,442U.S.200,210n.12(1979);Terryv.Ohio...thecountyjudgewhoconvictedappellantwastroubledbythisquestion,asshownbythecolloquysetoutintheappendixtothisopinion."

"Accordingly,appellantmaynotbepunishedforrefusingtoidentifyhimself,andtheconvictionisReversed."

"APPENDIXTOTHEOPINIONOFTHECOURT"THECOURT:...Whatdoyouthin aboutifyoustopapersonlawfully,andthenifhedoesn'twanttotal toyou,youputhiminjailforcommittingacrime?"

"MR.PATTON[prosecutor]:Wellfirstofall,Iwouldquestionthedefendant'sstatementinhismotionthatthefirstamendmentgivesanindividualtherighttosilence."

"THECOURT:...I'mas ingyouwhyshouldtheStateputyouinjailbecauseyoudon'twanttosayanything?"

"MR.PATTON:Well,Ithin there'scertainintereststhathavetobeviewed."


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"THECOURT:O ay,I'dli eyoutotellmewhatthoseare."

"MR.PATTON:Well,theGovernmentalinteresttomaintainthesafetyandsecurityofthesocietyandthecitizenstoliveinthesociety,andtherearecertainlystrongGovernmentalinterestsinthatdirectionandbecauseofthat,theseinterestsoutweightheinterestsofanindividualforacertainamountofintrusionuponhispersonalliberty.Ithin

theseGovernmentalinterestsoutweightheindividual'sinterestsinthisrespect,asfarassimplyas inganindividualforhisnameandaddressunderthepropercircumstances."

THECOURT:Butwhyshoulditbeacrimetonotanswer?"

"MR.PATTON:Again,Icanonlycontendthatifananswerisnotgiven,ittendstodisrupt."

"THECOURT:Whatdoesitdisrupt?"

"MR.PATTON:Ithin ittendstodisruptthegoalofthissocietytomaintainsecurity_over_itscitizenstoma esuretheyaresecureintheirgainsandtheirhomes."

"THECOURT:Howdoesthatsecureanybodybyforcingthem,underpenaltyofbeingprosecuted,togivingtheirnameandaddress,even

thoughtheyarelawfullystopped?"

"MR.PATTON:WellI,you now,underthecircumstancesinwhichsomeindividualswouldbelawfullystopped,it'spresumedthatperhapsthisindividualisuptosomething,andtheofficerisdoinghisdutysimplytofindouttheindividual'snameandaddress,andtodetermineexactlywhatisgoingon."

"THECOURT:I'mnotquestioning,I'mnotas ingwhethertheofficershouldn'tas questions.I'msuretheyshouldas everythingtheypossiblycouldfindout.WhatI'mas ingiswhat'stheState'sinterestinputtingamaninjailbecausehedoesn'twanttoanswersomething.Irealizelotsoftimesanofficerwillgiveadefendanta

Mirandawarningwhichmeansadefendantdoesn'thavetoma

eastatement.Lotsofdefendantsgoaheadandconfess,whichisfineiftheywanttodothat.Butiftheydon'tconfess,youcan'tputtheminjail,canyou,forrefusingtoconfesstoacrime?"

Davisv.Mississippi,394U.S.721(1969):"Ourdecisionsrecognizenoexceptiontotherulethatillegallyseizedevidenceisinadmissibleattrial,howeverrelevantandtrustworthytheseizedevidencemaybeasanitemofproof.""Fingerprintevidenceisnoexceptiontotherulethatallevidenceobtainedbysearchesandseizuresinviolationoftheconstitutionisinadmissibleinastatecourt.Pp.723-724.TheFourthAmendmentappliestoinvoluntarydetentionoccurringattheinvestigatorystageaswellasat

theaccusatorystage.Pp.726-727.DetentionsforthesolepurposeofobtainingfingerprintsaresubjecttotheconstraintsoftheFourthamendment..P.727."Norcanfingerprintdetentionbeemployedrepeatedlytoharassanyindividual,sincethepoliceneedonlyonesetofeachperson'sprints...thegeneralrequirementthattheauthorizationofajudicialofficerbeobtainedinadvanceofdetentionwouldseemnottoadmitofanyexceptioninthefingerprintingcontext."


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:5th

SOMEFIFTHAMENDMENTSPECIFICCASES

"Youcan,andmust, eepyourmouthshutforprotectionundertheFifthAmendment."BelnapvUS,Etal,DistrictCourt(Utah),NoC.149-71.

"Theconstitutionalprivilege[oftheFifthAmendment]wasintendedtoshieldtheguiltyandimprudent,aswellastheinnocentandforesighted."MarchettivUS,390U.S.39,51.

"Governmentsee

ingtopunishindividualmustproduceevidenceagainsthimbyitsownindependentlabors,ratherthanbythecruel,simpleexpedientofcompellingitfromhismouth...Privilegeagainstself-incriminationisfulfilledonlywhenpersonisguaranteedrighttoremainsilentunlesshechoosestospea

inunfetteredexerciseofhisownwill...Defendant'sconstitutionalrightshavebeenviolatedifhisconvictionisbased,inwholeorinpart,oninvoluntaryconfession,regardlessofitstruthorfalsity,evenifthereisampleevidenceasidefromconfessiontosupportconviction...Fifthamendmentprivilegeisavailableoutsideofcriminalcourtproceedingsandservestoprotectpersonsinallsettingsinwhichtheirfreedomofactioniscurtailed,frombeingcompelledtoincriminatethemselves...Prosecutionmaynotuseattrialfactthatdefendantstoodmuteorclaimedhisprivilegeinfaceofaccusations...Anystatementta enafterpersoninvo esfifthamendment

privilegecannotbeotherthanproductofcompulsion...Anyevidencethataccusedwasthreatened,tric edorcajoledintowaiverwillshowthathedidnotvoluntarilywaiveprivilegetoremainsilent."MirandavArizona,384U.S.468.

"Theprivilegeagainstself-incriminationisneitheraccordedtothepassiveresistant,northepersonwhoisignorantofhisrights,nortooneindifferentthereto.Itisafightingclause.Itsbenefitscanberetainedonlybysustainedcombat.Itcannotbeclaimedbyanattorneyorsolicitor.Itisvalidonlywheninsisteduponbyabelligerentclaimantinperson."USvJohnson,76F.Supp538.

:haleHALEVS.HENKEL:INDIVIDUALSEXISTFORTHEIROWNSAKEANDARESOVEREIGNSOVERGOVERNMENT

Halev.Hen el,201U.S.43:

"...weareoftheopinionthatthereisacleardistinctioninthisparticularbetweenanINDIVIDUALandaCORPORATION,andthatthelatterhasnorighttorefusetosubmititsboo sandpapersforanexaminationatthesuitofthestate.Theindividualmaystanduponhisconstitutionalrightsasacitizen.Heisentitledtocarryonhisprivatebusinessinhisownway.Hispowertocontractisunlimited.He

owesnodutytothestateortohisneighborstodivulgehisbusiness,ortoopenhisdoorstoaninvestigation,sofarasitmaytendtocriminatehim.Heowesnosuchdutytothestate,sincehereceivesnothingtherefrom,beyondtheprotectionofhislifeandproperty.Hisrightsaresuchasexistedbythelawofthelandlongantecedenttotheorganizationofthestate,andcanonlybeta enfromhimbydueprocessoflaw,andinaccordancewiththeConstitution.Amonghisrightsarearefusaltoincriminatehimself,andtheimmunityofhimselfandhispropertyfromarrestandseizureexceptunderawarrantofthelaw.Heowesnothingtothepublicsolongashedoesnottrespassupontheir


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rights.Upontheotherhand,thecorporationisacreatureofthestate....""Therightofapersonunderthe5thAmendmenttorefusetoincriminatehimselfispurelyapersonalprivilegeofthewitness.Itwasneverintendedtopermithimtopleadthefactthatsomethirdpersonmightbeincriminatedbyhistestimony,eventhoughheweretheagentofsuchperson."

AndthiscasealsogivesusoneoftheFrogFarm'sGoldenRules:

"Rightsareonlyaffordedthebelligerentclaimantinperson."

Someotherlinesofdefensecanbeseeninthefollowingcases:

Powellv.Alabama,287U.S.45:"Inthiscourtthejudgementsareassaileduponthegroundsthatthedefendants,andeachofthem,weredenieddueprocessoflawandtheequalprotectionofthelaws,incontraventionoftheFourteenthamendment,specificallyasfollows...(2)theyweredeniedtherightofcounsel,withtheaccustomedincidentsofconsultationandopportunityofpreparationfortrial;""Howeverguiltydefendants,upondueinquiry,mightprovetohavebeen,theywere,untilconvicted,presumedtobeinnocent.Itwasthedutyofthecourthavingtheircasesinchargetoseethattheyweredeniednonecessaryincidentofafair

trial,withanyerrorofthestatecourtinvolvingallegedcontraventionofthestatestatutesorconstitutionwe,ofcourse,havenothingtodo.Thesoleinquirywhichwearepermittedtoma eiswhetherthefederalConstitutionwascontravened...andastothat,weconfineourselves,asalreadysuggested,totheinquirywhetherthedefendantswereinsubstancedeniedtherightofcounsel...""Itishardlynecessarytosaythat,therighttocounselbeingconceded,adefendantshouldbeaffordedafairopportunitytosecurecounselofhisownchoice.Notonlywasthatnotdonehere,butsuchdesignationofcounselaswasattemptedwaseithersoindefiniteorsocloseuponthetrialastoamounttoadenialofeffectiveandsubstantialaidinthatregard.""Inanyevent,thecircumstancelendsemphasistotheconclusionthatduringperhapsthemostcriticalperiodoftheproceedingsagainstthesedefendants,thatisto

say,fromthetimeoftheirarraignmentuntilthebeginningoftheirtrial,whenconsultation,thoroughgoinginvestigationandpreparationwerevitallyimportant,thedefendantsdidnothavetheaidofcounselinanyrealsense,althoughtheywereasmuchentitledtosuchaidduringthatperiodasatthetrialitself.Peopleexrel.Burgessv.Risley,66How.Pr.(N.Y.)67;Batchelorv.State,189Ind.69,76;125N.E.733."

"Itisnotenoughtoassumethatcounselthusprecipitatedintothecasethoughttherewasnodefense,andexercisedtheirbestjudgementinproceedingtotrialwithoutpreparation.Neithertheynorthecourtcouldsaywhatapromptandthoroughgoinginvestigationmightdiscloseastothefacts.Noattemptwasmadetoinvestigate.Noopportunitytodosowasgiven.Defendantswereimmediatelyhurriedtotrial."

"Underthecircumstancesdisclosed,weholdthatdefendantswerenotaccordedtherightofcounselinanysubstantialsense.""Itisvaintogivetheaccusedadayincourt,withnoopportunitytoprepareforit,ortoguaranteehimcounselwithoutgivingthelatteranyopportunitytoacquainthimselfwiththefactsorlawofthecase."

"Asearlyas1798itwasprovidedbystatute,intheverylanguageoftheSixthamendmenttotheFederalConstitution,that'Inallcriminalprosecutions,theaccusedshallenjoytheright...tohavetheassistanceof


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counselforhisdefence;"

"What,then,doesahearinginclude?Historicallyandinpractice,inourowncountryatleast,ithasalwaysincludedtherighttotheaidandassistanceofcounselwhendesiredandprovidedbythepartyassertingtheright.""TheUnitedStatesbystatuteandeverystateintheUnionbyexpressprovisionoflaw,orbythedeterminationofitscourts,ma eitthedutyofthetrialjudge,wheretheaccusedisunabletoemploycounsel,toappointcounselforhim."

[FrogFarmersez:Becareful!Usethedueprocessprovisionsofthe5thamendment,nottheunlawful14th!Powellclaimed14thamendmentcitizenship.]

Almeida-Sanchez,413U.S.266:Petitioner,aMexicancitizenandholderofavalidwor

permit,challengestheconstitution-alityoftheBorderPatrol'swarrantlesssearchofhisautomobile25airmilesnorthofthemexicanborder.Thesearch,madewithoutprobablecauseorconsent,uncoveredmarihuana,whichwasusedtoconvictpetitionerofafederalcrime...

Held:Thewarrantlesssearchofpetitioner'sautomobile,madewithoutprobablecauseorconsent,violatedtheFourthAmendment.Pp269-275.(a)Thesearchcannotbejustifiedonthebasisofanyspecial

rulesapplicabletoautomobilesearches,asprobablecausewaslac

ing;norcanitbejustifiedbyanalogywithadministrativeinspections,astheofficershadnowarrantorreasontobelievethatpetitionerhadcrossedtheborderorcommittedanoffense,andtherewasnoconsentbypetitioner.Pp269-272.

"ThesearchinthepresentcasewasconductedintheunfettereddiscretionofthemembersoftheborderPatrol,whodidnothaveawarrant,probablecause,orconsent.ThesearchthusembodiedpreciselytheevilthecourtsawinCamarawhenitinsistedthatthe'discretionoftheofficialinthefield'becircumscribedbyobtainingawarrantpriortotheinspection."

"Twootheradministrativeinspectioncasesrelieduponbythegovernmentareequallyinapposite.ColonnadeCateringCorp.v.U.S.,397U.S.72,andU.S.v.Biswell,406U.S.311,bothapprovedwarrantlessinspectionsofcommercialenterprisesengagedinbusinessescloselyregulatedandlicensedbytheGovernment...Acentraldifferencebetweenthosecasesandthisoneis...petitionerherewasnotengagedinanyregulatedorlicensedbusiness."

Justincaseourrightsareviolatedbysomewell-meaningbuterrantpublicservant,wehavethishandylittlelawtoassistusinobtainingredressofourgrievances:

Title42USC)1983:

"Everypersonwho,undercolorofanystatute,ordinance,regulation,custom,orusage,ofanyStateorterritory,ortheDistrictofColumbia,subjects,orcausestobesubjected,anycitizenoftheUnitedStates,orotherpersonwithinthejurisdictionthereof,tothedeprivationofanyrights,privileges,orimmunitiessecuredbytheConstitutionandlaws,shallbeliabletothepartyinjuredinanactionatlaw,suitinequityorotherproperproceedingsforredress."Noticethatthisstatuterecognisesthefactthat"statutes,ordinances,andregulations"togetherwith"custom",canbe


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unconstitutionalandviolateourrights.Wheretheydoso,itisuptoustochallengetheirjurisdictionoverus.Failuretochallengejurisdictionatthefirstinstanceofarightsviolationcanbefataltoyourcase,andwillbeseenasanadmissionthatthelawinquestiondoesindeedhavejurisdictionoveryou.Soyoubetter nowyourrights,right?"Tomaintainanactionunder42USC1983,itisnotnecessarytoallegeorprovethatthedefendantsintendedtodepriveplaintiffofhisConstitutionalrightsorthattheyactedwillfully,purposefully,orinafurtheranceofaconspiracy...itissufficienttoestablishthatthedeprivation...wasthenaturalconsequencesofdefendantsactingundercoloroflaw...."Ethridgev.Rhodos,DCOhio268FSupp83(1967),Whirlv.KernCA5Texas407F2d781(1968)Title18UnitedStatesCode,Section241,providesthat..."anypersonwhogoesonthehighwayindisguisetopreventorhinderthefreeexerciseandenjoymentofanyrightsosecuredbylaw...shallbefinednotmorethan$10,000.00orimprisonednotmorethantenyearsorboth.Further,Title18,UnitedStatesCode,Section242,providesforoneormorepersonswho,undercoloroflaw,statute,ordinance,regulation,orcustom,willfullysubjectsanyinhabitantofanystate,territory,ordistricttothedeprivationofrights,privileges,orimmunitiessecuredbytheConstitution,orlawsoftheUnitedStates...shallbefinednotmorethan$1,000.00orimprisonednotmorethanone

yearorboth.Title18,UnitedStatesCode,Section242,withitscoloroflawprovision,givesacauseofactiontoapplyTitle18,UnitedStatesCode,Section241,becauseSection241needstwopersonsindisguiseandSection242providesthesecondpersonundercoloroflawasthe"QUASISUMMONS"mentionedhereinimpliesthatajudgeintheMunicipalCourtisactinginconcerttocommitanovertactoffraudandextortionforconversion.Further,UnitedStatesCode,Title18,section242providesforoneormorepersonswho,undercoloroflaw,statute,ordinance,regulation,orcustom,willfullysubjectsanyinhabitantofanystate,territory,ordistricttothedeprivationofrights,privileges,orimmunitiessecuredorprotectedbytheConstitutionorlawsoftheUnitedStates...shall

befinednotmorethan$1,000orimprisonednotmorethanoneyearorboth.Usually,itcanbephrasedsomethingli

e:

"DemandisuponyoutowithdrawtheinvalidNotice#_____withinten(10)daysfromreceiptofthisNoticeandDemandorActionwillcommenceintheUnitedStatesDistrictCourtpursuanttoRule7(a)and(c)ofthecriminalrulesofprocedurebythejurisdictionprovidedinTitle42,UnitedStatesCode,sections1983and1985;Title28,U.S.C.sections1331and1343andotherswithTitle18,U.S.C.,sections241,242,872,1621,1622,and1623providingfortheadministrationofthepenalties."

"...an...officerwhoactsinviolationoftheConstitutionceasestorepresentthegovernment."Broo fieldCo.vStuart,(1964)234F.Supp94,99(U.S.D.C.,Wash.D.C.)

"...anofficermaybeheldliableindamagestoanypersoninjuredinconsequenceofabreachofanyofthedutiesconnectedwithhisoffice...Theliabilityfornonfeasance,misfeasance,andformalfeasanceinofficeisinhis'individual',nothisofficialcapacity..."70AmJur2ndSec.50,VIICivilLiability.


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"Decency,security,andlibertyali edemandthatgovernmentofficialsbesubjectedtothesamerulesofconductthatarecommandstothecitizen.InaGovernmentoflaws,existenceofthegovernmentwillbeimperiledifitfailstoobservethelawscrupulously.Crimeiscontagious.Ifgovernmentbecomesalawbrea er,itbreedscontemptforthelaw...itinviteseverymantobecomealawuntohimself...andagainstthatperniciousdoctrine,thiscourtshouldresolutelysetitsface."OlmsteadvU.S.,277US348,485;48S.Ct.564,575;72LEd944.

"Lawandcourtproceduresthatare'fairontheirfaces'butadministered'withanevileyeoraheavyhand'wasdiscriminatoryandviolatestheequalprotectionclauseoftheFourteenthAmendment."Yic

Wov.Hop

ins,Sheriff,118US356,(1886).

"Judgesmustmaintainahighstandardofjudicialperformancewithparticularemphasisuponconductinglitigationwithscrupulousfairnessandimpartiality."28USCA2411;Pfizerv.Lord,456F2d532;certdenied92SCt2411;USCtAppMN,(1972).

"StateJudges,aswellasfederal,havetheresponsibilitytorespectandprotectpersonsfromviolationsoffederalconstitutionalrights."Grossv.StateofIllinois,312F2d257;(1963).

"Governmentimmunityviolatesthecommonlawmaximthateveryoneshallhavea

remedyforaninjurydonetohispersonprproperty."FiremensIns.Co.ofNewaw ,N.J.v.WashburnCounty,2Wisc2d214(1957)

"Nofreemanshallbeta en,orimprisoned,ordisseised,oroutlawed,orexiled,oranywisedestroyed...butbylawfuljudgmentofhispeersorbythelawoftheland."MagnaCharta,Chapter39.(SometimesreferredtoasChapter29?)

:sov

WHOARESOVEREIGNS?

"...attheRevolution,thesovereigntydevolvedonthepeople;andtheyaretrulythesovereignsofthecountry,buttheyaresovereignswithoutsubjects..withnonetogovernbutthemselves;thecitizensofAmericaareequalasfellowcitizens,andasjointtenantsinthesovereignty."CHISHOLMv.GEORGIA(US)2Dall419,454,1LEd440,[email protected].

"Thewords'sovereignpeople'arethosewhoformthesovereign,andwhoholdthepowerandconductthegovernmentthroughtheirrepresentatives.Everycitizenisoneofthesepeopleandaconstituentmemberofthissovereignty."Scottv.Sandford,Mo.,60US393,404,19How.393,404,15L.Ed.691.

"Sovereigntyitselfis,ofcourse,notsubjecttothelaw,foritisthe

authorandsourceoflaw,butinoursystem,whilesovereignpowersaredelegatedtotheagenciesofgovernment,sovereigntyitselfremainswiththepeople,bywhomandforwhomallgovernmentexistsandacts...For,theveryideathatonemanmaybecompelledtoholdhislife,orthemeansofliving,oranymaterialrightessentialtotheenjoymentoflife,atthemerewillofanother,seemstobeintolerableinanycountrywherefreedomprevails,asbeingtheessenceofslaveryitself."Yic

Wov.Hop

ins,Sheriff,118U.S.356.

"'Sovereignty'ingovernmenttothatpublicauthoritywhichdirectsororders


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whatistobedonebyeachmemberassociatedisrelationtotheendoftheassociation.Itisthesupremepowerbywhichanycitizenisgovernedandisthepersonorbodyofpersonsinthestatetowhomthereispoliticallynosuperior.Thenecessaryexistenceofthestateandthatrightandpowerwhichnecessarilyfollowis'sovereignty'.By'sovereignty'initslargestsenseismeantsupreme,absolute,uncontrollablepower,theabsoluterighttogovern.Thewordwhichbyitselfcomesnearesttobeingthedefinitionof'sovereignty'iswillorvolitionasappliedtopoliticalaffairs."CityofBisbeev.CochiseCounty,28P.2d.982,986,52Ariz.1.

"'Sovereignty'isatermusedtoexpressasupremepoliticalauthorityofanindependentstateornation.Whateverrightsareessentialtotheexistenceofthisauthorityarerightsofsovereignty.Therightstodeclarewar,toma etreatiesofpeace,tolevytaxes,andtota

epropertyforpublicuses,termedthe'rightofeminentdomain,'areallrightsofsovereignty.Inthiscountrythisauthorityisvestedinthepeople,andisexercisedthroughthejointactionofthefederalandstategovernments.Tothefederalgovernmentisdelegatedtheexerciseofcertainrightsorpowetrsofsovereignty,andwithrespecttosovereignty,'rights'and'powers'aresynonymousterms;andtheexerciseofallotherrightsofsovereignty,exceptasexpresslyprohibited,isreservedtothepeopleoftherespectivestates,orvestedbythemintotheirlocalgovernment.Whenwesay,therefore,thatastateoftheUnionissovereign,weonlymeanthatshepossessessupremepoliticalauthority,exceptastothosemattersoverwhichsuchauthorityisdelegatedtothefederal

governmentorprohibitedtothestates."Moorev.Smaw,17Cal.199,218,79Am.Dec.123.

"The'sovereignpowers'ofagovernmentincludeallthepowersnecessarytoaccomplishitslegitimateendsandpurposes.Suchpowersmustexistinallpracticalgovernments.Theyaretheincidentsofsovereignty,ofwhichastatecannotdivestitself."Boggsv.MercedMin.Co.,14Cal.279,309.

"Inallgovernmentsofconstitutionallimitations'sovereignpower'manifestsitselfinbutthreeways.Byexercisingtherightoftaxation;bytherightofeminentdomain;andthroughitspolicepower."UnitedStatesv.Douglas-WillanSartorisCo.,22P.92,96.3Wyo.287.

"Theterm'sovereignpower'ofastateisoftenusedwithoutanyverydefiniteideaofitsmeaning,anditisoftenmisapplied.PriortotheformationofthefederalConstitution,thestatesweresovereignintheabsolutesenseoftheterm.TheyhadestablishedacertainagencyundertheArticlesofConfederation,butthisagencyhadlittleornopowerbeyondthatofrecommendingtothestatestheadoptionofcertainmeasures.Itcouldnotbeproperlydenominatedagovernment,asitdidnotpossessthepowerofcarryingitsactsintoeffect.Thepeopleofthestates,bytheadoptionofthefederalConstitution,imposedcertainlimitationsintheexerciseoftheirpowerswhichappertaintosovereignty.Butthestatesarestillsovereign.Thesovereigntyofastatedoesnotresideinthepersonswhofillthedifferentdepartmentsofitsgovernment,butinthepeople,fromwhomthegovernmentemanated;andtheymaychangeitattheirdiscretion.Sovereignty,then,in

thiscountry,abideswiththeconstituency,andnotwiththeagent;andthisremar istrue,bothinreferencetothefederalandstategovernments."Spoonerv.McConnell,22Fed.Cas.939,943.

"Sovereigntymeanssupremacyinrespectofpower,domination,orran ;supremedominion,authorityorrule."Brandesv.Mitteriling,196P.2d464,467,657Ariz349.

"'Government'isnot'sovereignty.''Government'isthemachineryorexpedientforexpressingthewillofthesovereignpower."CityofBisbeev.Cochise


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County,78P.2d982,986,52Ariz.1.

"The'sovereignty'oftheUnitedStatesconsistsofthepowersexistinginthepeopleasawholeandthepersonstowhomtheyhavedelegatedit,andnotasaseperatepersonalentity,andassuchitdoesnotposssessthepersonalprivilegesofthesovereignofEngland;andthegovernment,beingrestrainedbyawrittenConstitution,cannotta epropertywithoutcompensation,ascantheEnglishgovernmentbyactof

ing,lords,andParliament."FilbinCorporationv.UnitedStates,D.C.S.C.,266F.911,914.

"'Sovereignty'istherighttogovern.InEuropethesovereigntyisgenerallyascribedtotheprince;hereitrestswiththepeople.Therethesovereignactuallyadministersthegovernment;here,neverinasingleinstance.Ourgovernorsaretheagentsofthepeople,andatmoststandinthesamerelationtotheirsovereigninwhichregentsinEuropestandtotheirsovereign.Theirprinceshavepersonalpowers,dignities,andpre-eminences.Ourrulershavenonebutofficial,nordotheyparta einthesovereigntyotherwise,orinanyothercapacitythanasprivatecitizens."Chisholmv.StateofGeorga,Ga.,2.U.S.(2Dall.)419,471,1L.Ed.440.

"Statesandstateofficialsactingofficiallyareheldnottobe'persons'subjecttoliabilityunder42USCSsection1983."Willsv.MichiganDept.ofStatePolice,105L.Ed.2nd45(1989).

"Statutesemployingtheword'person'areordinarilyconstruedtoexcludethesovereign."56L.Ed.2d.895

"AforeignsovereignpowermustincourtsofUnitedStatesbeassumedtobeactinglawfully,themeaningof'sovereignty'beingthatdecreeofthesovereignma eslaw."EasternStatesPetroleumCo.v.AsiaticPetroleumCorporation,D.C.N.Y.,28F.Supp.279,281.

"Theverymeaningof'sovereignty'isthatthedecreeofthesovereignma eslaw."AmericanBananaCo.v.UnitedFruitCo.,29S.Ct.511,513,213U.S.347,53L.Ed.826,19Ann.Cas.1047.

"'Sovereignty'meansthatthedecreeofsovereignma eslaw,andforeign

courtscannotcondemninfluencespersuadingsovereigntoma

ethedecree."MoscowFireIns.Co.ofMoscow,Russiav.Ban ofNewYor &TrustCo.,294N.Y.S.648,662,161Misc.903.

:juris

JURISDICTIONANDLAWSVOID_abinitio_"WhenanycourtviolatesthecleanandunambiguouslanguageoftheConstitution,afraudisperpetratedandnooneisboundtoobeyit."Statev.Sutton,63Minn.147,65N.W.262

"Nooneisboundtoobeyanunconstitutionallaw...Sinceanunconstitutionallawisvoid,thegeneralprinciplesfollowthatitimposesnoduties,confersnorights,createsnooffices,bestowsnopowerorauthorityonanyone,affordsnoprotection,andjustifiesnoactsperformedunderit...andnocourtsareboundtoenforceit."16AmJur2d177.

"Thegeneralprinciplethatlegaleffectshouldnotbegiventounconstitutionallawshasbeenappliedtostatutescreatingcriminal


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offenseswhichareinviolationoftheConstitution.Ithasbeendecidedthatanoffensecreatedbyanunconstitutionallawisnotacrime.Aconvictionunderitisnotmerelyerroneous,butisillegalandvoidandcannotbealegalcauseofimprisonment;thecourtsmustliberateapersonimprisonedunderitjustasiftherehadneverbeentheformofatrial,convictionandsentence.Thus,oneimprisonedbythejudgmentofacourtunderanunconstitutionallawmaybedischargedbythewritofhabeascorpus."11Am.Jur.,Sec150."Itcannotbeassumedthattheframersoftheconstitutionandthepeoplewhoadoptedit,didnotintendthatwhichistheplainimportofthelanguageused.WhenthelanguageoftheConstitutionispositiveandfreeofallambiguity,allcourtsarenotatliberty,byaresorttotherefinementsoflegallearning,torestrictitsobviousmeaningtoavoidthehardshipsofparticularcases.Wemustaccepttheconstitutionasitreadswhenit'slanguageisunambiguous,foritisthemandateofthesovereignpower."Coo ev.Iverson122N.W.251"Underourformofgovernment,thelegislatureisnotsupreme...li eotherdepartmentsofgovernment,itcanonlyexercisesuchpowersashavebeendelegatedtoit,andwhenitstepsbeyondthatboundary,itsacts,li ethoseofthemosthumblemagistrateinthestatewhotranscendshisjurisdiction,areutterlyvoid."Billingsv.Hall7CA1

"Thepowersofstategovernmentarelegislative,executive,andjudicial.PersonschargedwiththeexerciseofonepowermaynotexerciseeitheroftheothersexceptaspermittedinthisConstitution."ArticleIII,Section3,ConstitutionoftheStateofCalifornia

"IfthelegislatureclearlymisinterpretsaConstitutionalprovision,thefrequentrepetitionofthewrongwillnotcreatearight."Amosv.Mosley,77SO619.AlsoseeKingsleyv.Merril,99NW1044

"WherethemeaningoftheConstitutionisclearandunambiguous,therecanbenoresorttoconstructiontoattributetothefoundersapurposeorintentNOTMANIFESTINITSLETTER."Norrisv.Baltimore192A531

"NolegislativeactcontrarytotheConstitutioncanbevalid.Todenythiswouldbetoaffirmthatthedeputyisgreaterthanhisprincipal;thattheservantisabovethemaster;thattherepresentativesofthepeoplearesuperiortothepeople;thatmen,actingbyvirtueofpowersmaydonotonlywhattheirpowersdonotauthorize,butwhattheyforbid.ItisnottobesupposedthattheConstitutioncouldintendtoenabletherepresentativesofthepeopletosubstitutetheirwilltothatoftheirconstituents.AConstitutionis,infact,andmustberegardedbyjudgesasfundamentallaw.Ifthereshouldhappentobeanirreconcilablevariancebetweenthetwo,theConstitutionistobepreferredtothestatute."A.Hamilton,FederalistPapers#78

SeealsoWarningv.TheMayorofSavannah,60Georgia,P.93;First

TrustCo.v.Smith,277SW762,Marburyv.Madison,2LEd60;andAm.Juris.2dConstitutionalLaw,section177-17816Am.Jur.2d256:"Thegeneralruleisthatanunconstitutionalstatute,whetherfederalorstate,thoughhavingtheformandnameoflaw,isinrealitynolaw,butiswhollyvoid,andineffectiveforanypurpose;sinceunconstitutionalitydatesfromthetimeofitsenactment,andnotmerelyfromthedateofthedecisionsobrandingit,anunconstitutionallaw,inlegalcontemplation,isasinoperativeasifithadneverbeenpassed...sinceanunconstitutionallawisvoid,the


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generalprinciplesfollowthatitimposesnoduties,confersnorights,createsnooffice,bestowsnopowerorauthorityonanyone,affordsnoprotection,andjustifiesnoactsperformedunderit...NOONEISBOUNDTOOBEYANUNCONSTITUTIONALLAW[myemphasis],andnocourtsareboundtoenforceit."

"Toconstitute[jurisdiction]therearethreeessentials:First,thecourtmusthavecognizanceoftheclassofcasestowhichtheonetobeadjudicatedbelongs;second,theproperpartiesmustbepresent;andthird,thepointdecideduponmustbeinsubstanceandeffectwithintheissue."ReynoldsvStoc ton,140U.S.254,268.

"Oncejurisdictionischallenged,itmustbeproven."HagensvLavine,415U.S.533,note3.

"Wherejurisdictionisnotsquarelychallenged,[it]isresumedtoexist."Bur svLas er,441U.S.471.

"Nosanctioncanbeimposedabsentproofofjurisdiction."StandardvOlsen,74S.Ct.768.

"...meregoodfaithassertionsofpowerandauthority(jurisdiction)havebeenabolished."OwensvTheCityofIndependence(CITEMISSING!Pleasesendmailifyoucantrac thisonedown!)

"TheConstitutionwaswrittentobeunderstoodbythevoters;itswordsandphraseswereusedintheirnormalandordinary,asdistinguishedfromtechnicalmeaning;wheretheintentionisclear,thereisnoroomforconstruction,andnoexcuseforinterpolationoraddition."Martinv.Hunter'sLessee,1Wheat304;Gibbonsv.Ogden,9Wheat419;Brownv.Maryland,12Wheat419;Craigv.Missouri,4Pet10;Tennesseev.Whitworth,117U.S.139;La eCountyv.Rollins,130U.S.662;Hodgesv.UnitedStates,203U.S.1;Edwardsv.CubaR.Co.,268U.S.628;ThePoc etVetoCase,279U.S.655;(Justice)StoryontheConstitution,5thed.,Sec451;Cooley'sConstitutionalLimitations,2nded.,p.61,70.

"Itcannotbepresumedthatanyclauseintheconstitutionisintendedtobe

withouteffect;..."Marburyv.Madison,5U.S.137,174(1803)

"TheConstitutionisawritteninstrument.Assuch,itsmeaningdoesnotalter.Thatwhichitmeantwhenitwasadopted,itmeansnow."SouthCarolinav.UnitedStates,199U.S.437,448(1905)

"HistoryisclearthatthefirsttenamendmentstotheConstitutionwereadoptedtosecurecertaincommonlawrightsofthepeople,againstinvasionbytheFederalGovernment."Bellv.Hood,71F.Supp.,813,816(1947)U.S.D.C.--So.Dist.CA

"Thenecessitieswhichgavebirthtotheconstitution,thecontroversieswhichprecedeitsformationandtheconflictsofopinionwhichweresettled

byitsadoption,mayproperlybeta

enintoviewforthepurposesoftracingtoitssource,anyparticularprovisionoftheconstitution,inorderthereby,tobeenabledtocorrectlyinterpretitsmeaning."Polloc

v.Farmers'Loan&TrustCo.,157U.S.429,558.

"ThevaluesoftheFramersoftheConstitutionmustbeappliedinanycaseconstruingtheConstitution.InferencesfromthetextandhistoryoftheConstitutionshouldbegivengreatweightindiscerningtheoriginalunderstandingandindeterminingtheintentionsofthosewhoratifiedtheconstitution.Theprecedentialvalueofcasesandcommentatorstendsto


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increase,therefore,inproportiontotheirproximitytotheadoptionoftheConstitution,theBillofRights,oranyotheramendments."Powellv.McCormac ,395U.S.486,547(1969)

"Todisregardsuchadeliberatechoiceofwordsandtheirnaturalmeaning,wouldbeadeparturefromthefirstprincipleofconstitutionalinterpretation.'InexpoundingtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,'saidChiefJusticeTaneyinHolmesv.Jennison,14U.S.540,570-1,'everywordmusthaveitsdueforceandappropriatemeaning;foritisevidentfromthewholeinstrument,that,nowordwasunnecessarilyused,orneedlesslyadded.Themanydiscussionswhichhaveta enplaceupontheconstructionoftheConstitution,haveprovedthecorrectnessofthisproposition;andshownthehightalent,thecautionandtheforesightoftheillustriousmenwhoframedit.Everywordappearstohavebeenweighedwiththeutmostdeliberationanditsforceandeffecttohavebeenfullyunderstood.'"Wrightv.UnitedStates,302U.S.583(1938)

"ThelanguageoftheConstitutioncannotbeinterpretedsafely,exceptwherereferencetocommonlawandtoBritishinstitutionsastheywerewhentheinstrumentwasframedandadopted.Thestatesmenandlawyersoftheconventionwhosubmittedittotheratificationofconventionsofthethirteenstates,werebornandbroughtupintheatmosphereofthecommonlawandthoughtandspo einitsvocabulary...whentheycametoputtheirconclusionsintotheformoffundamentallawinacompactdraft,they

expressedthemintermsofcommonlaw,confidentthattheycouldbeshortlyandeasilyunderstood."ExParteGrossman,267U.S.87,108.

"Thecourtsarenotboundbymereforms,noraretheytobemisledbymerepretences.Theyareatliberty---indeed,areunderasolemnduty---toloo atthesubstanceofthings,whenevertheyenterupontheinquirywhetherthelegislaturehastranscendedthelimitsofitsauthority.Iftherefore,astatutepurportingtohavebeenenactedtoprotectthepublichealth,thepublicmorals,orthepublicsafety,hasnorealorsubstantialrelationtothoseobjects,orisapalpableinvasionofrightssecuredbythefundamentallaw,itisthedutyofthyecourtstosoadjudge,andtherebygiveeffecttotheConstitution."Muglerv.Kansas,123U.S.623,661

"Constitutionalprovisionsforthesecurityofpersonandpropertyshouldbeliberallyconstrued.Itisthedutyofthecourtstobewatchfulofconstitutionalrightsagainstanystealthyencroachmentsthereon."Boydv.U.S.,116U.S.635.

"Wherethewordsofaconstitutionareunambiguousandintheircommonlyreceivedsenseleadtoareasonableconclusion,itshouldbereadaccordingtothenaturalandmostobviousimportoftheframers,withoutresortingtosubtleandforcedconstructionforthepurposeoflimitingorextendingitsoperation."AStateExRel.Torrysonv.Grey,21Nev.378,32P.190.

"Alonganduniformsanctionbylawrevisersandlawma

ers,ofalegislativeassertionandexerciseofpower,isentitledtoagreatweightinconstruing

anambiguousordoubtfulprovision,butisentitledtonoweightifthestatuteinquestionisinconflictwiththeplainmeaningoftheconstitutionalprovision."Kingsleyv.Merril,122Wis.185;99NW1044

"Economicnecessitycannotjustifyadisregardofcardinalconstitutionalguarantee."Rileyv.Carter,165O al.262;25P.2d666;79ALR1018

"Disobedienceorevasionofaconstitutionalmandatemaynotbetolerated,eventhoughsuchdisobediencemay,atleasttemporarily,promoteinsomerespectsthebestinterestsofthepublic."Slotev.BoardofExaminers,


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theaccusation.Hearsayevidencemaynotbeprovided.Anyoneelsetestifyingthattheyheardthatanotherpartywasinjureddoesnotqualifyasdirectevidence.

5.Theaccusationmustbemadeunderpenaltyofperjury.Ifperjurycannotreachtheaccuser,thereisnoaccusation.Otherwise,anyonemayaccuseanotherfalselywithoutris .

6.Tocomplywiththefiveelementsabove,thatisfortheaccusationtobevalid,theaccusedmustbeaccordeddueprocess.Accusermusthavecompliedwithlaw,procedureandforminbringingthecharge.Thisincludescourt-determinedprobablecause,summonsandnoticeprocedure.Iflawfulprocessmaybeabrogatedinplacingacitizeninjeopardy,thenanymeansmaybeutilizedtodepriveamanofhisfreedom,andalldissentmaybestifledbyutilizationofdefectiveprocess.

"Theessentialelementsofdueprocessarenoticeandanopportunitytodefend."SimonvCraft,182US427.

"...oneisnotentitledtoprotectionunlesshehasreasonablecausetoapprehanddangerfromadirectanswer.Themereassertionofaprivilegedoesnotimmunizehim;thecourtmustdeterminewhetherhisrefusalisjustified,andmayrequirethatheismista eninhisrefusal."HoffmanvUS,341U.S.486.

7.Thecourtmustbeoneofcompetentjurisdiction.Tohavevalidprocess,thetribunalmustbeacreatureofitsconstitution,inaccordwiththelawofitscreation,i.e.,ArticleIIIjudge.

Lac inganyofthesevenelementsorportionsthereof,(unlesswaived,intentionallyorunintentionally)alldesignedtoensureagainstfurtherprosecution(doublejeopardy);itisthedefendant'sdutytoinformthecourtoffactsallegedfordeterminationofsufficiencytosupportconviction,shouldonebeobtained.Otherwise,thereisnolawfulnotice,andchargemustbedismissedforfailuretostateanoffense.Withoutlawfulnotice,thereisnopersonaljurisdictionandallproceedingspriortofilingofapropertrialdocumentincompliancewiththesevenelementsisvoid.Alawfulactisalways

legalbutmanylegalactsbygovernmentareoftenunlawful.Mostbureaucratslac elementary nowledgeandincentivetocomplywiththemandatesofconstitutionaldueprocess.Theywillma emista es.Numbersbeyondcounthavebeenconvictedwithoutbenefitofgovernmentaladherencetothesesevenelements.Today,informationsarebeingfiledandprosecutedby"acceptedpractice"ratherthandueprocessoflaw.

SeeCorpusJurisSecundum(CJS),Volume7,Section4,Attorney&client:Theattorney'sfirstdutyistothecourtsandthepublic,nottotheclient,andwhereverthedutiestohisclientconflictwiththoseheowesasanofficerofthecourtintheadministrationofjustice,theformermustyieldtothelatter.Clientsarealsocalled"wards"ofthecourtinregardtotheirrelationshipwiththeirattorneys.

CorpusJurisSecundumassumescourtswilloperateinalawfulmanner.Iftheaccusedma

esthisassumption,hemaylearn,tohisdetriment,throughexperience,thatcertainquestionsoflaw,includingthequestionofpersonaljurisdiction,mayneverberaisedandaddressed,especiallywhentheaccusedisrepresentedbythebar.(Sometimeslicensedcounselappearstota eonthecharacteristicsofafoxguardingthehenhouse.)

Jurisdiction,oncechallenged,istobeproven,notbythecourt,butbythepartyattemptingtoassertjurisdiction.Theburdenofproofofjurisdiction


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lieswiththeasserter.Thecourtisonlytoruleonthesufficiencyoftheprooftendered.SeMcNuttv.GMAC,298US178.TheoriginsofthisdoctrineoflawmaybefoundinMaxfield'sLesseevLevy,4US308.

DIFFERENTKINDSOFJURISDICTION

INPERSONAM:Powerwhichacourthasoverthedefendant'sperson.Itisabsolutelyrequiredbeforeacourtmayenterapersonaljudgment.Jurisdictionoverapersonmaybewaivedbyconsent.

InPersonamjurisdictionmaybeacquiredbyanactofthedefendantwithinajurisdictionunderalaworstatutebywhichthedefendantimpliesconsenttothejurisdictionofthecourtoverhisperson.

Examplesofhowacourtmayacquirepersonaljurisdiction:Entryofappearance,properservice,orimplication(e.g.,theoperationofamotorvehicleonthehighwaysofaStatemayconferjurisdictionoftheoperatorandowneronthecourtsofthatState).

Formoreinfo,seeHessvPawlos i,274US352.

INREM:Powerofacourtoverathing,sothatitsjudgmentisvalidagainsttherightsofeverypersoninthething.Anactioninremisaproceedingthat

ta

esnocognizanceoftheowner,butdeterminestherightinspecificpropertyagainstalloftheworld,equallybindinguponeverybody.

Inthisaction,thecourtisrequiredtohavecontrolorpoweroverthething.Examples:Aboatorothervehicleinsideofwhichnarcoticsarediscovered;ajudgmentofregistrationoftitletoland.

Formoreinfo,seeCaleroToledovPearsonYachtLeasingCo.,416US663.Alsoloo atanycaseswhichareintheformof"UnitedStatesvX",whereXisathinginsteadofaperson,e.g.,"$20,000inUnitedStatescurrency"or"FortyBarrelsandTwentyKegsofCoca-Cola".

QUASIINREM:Thepowerofacourtoverthedefendant'sinterestinproperty,

realorpersonal,withinthegeographicallimitsofthecourt.Thecourt'sjudgmentordecreebindsonlythedefendant'sinterest,andnotthewholeworld,asinthecaseofinrem.Thistermisappliedtoproceedingswhicharenotstrictlyinrem,butarebroughtagainstthedefendantpersonally,thoughtherealobjectistodealwithparticularproperty,ortosubjectpropertytothedischargeofassertedclaims.

Examples:Foreclosureofamortgage,quietingtitle,effectingapartition.

Formoreinfo,seeFreemanvAlderson,119US185.

SUBJECTMATTER:Thepowerofaparticularcourttohearatypeofcase.Threeelementsmustbepresentforacourttohaveproperjurisdictionoverthe

subjectmatter:

1)Thecourtmusthavecognizanceoftheclassofcases.2)Theproperpartiesmustbepresent.3)Thepointdecideduponmustbe,insubstanceandeffect,withintheissue.SeeReynoldsvStoc ton,140US254.

"ThecriminaljurisdictionoftheUnitedStatesiswhollystatutory."U.S.vFlores,289US137,,151(1933).


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"ThelegislativeauthorityoftheUnionmustfirstma eanactacrime,affixapunishmenttoit,anddeclarethecourtthatshallhavejurisdictionoftheoffense."U.S.vHudson,7Cranch32,34(1812).

Subjectmatterjurisdiction,unli epersonamandvenue(seebelow),mayNOTbewaivedorconferredbyconsentofthepartiesandthecourt.

VENUE:Venuedoesnotactuallyrefertojurisdictionatall."Jurisdiction"meanstheinherentpowerofthecourttodecideacase."Venue"designatesthePARTICULARGEOGRAPHICALAREA(county,city,district,state,etc)inwhichacourtwithjurisdictionmayproperlyhearacase.

Infederalcases,theprosecutor'sdiscretionregardingthelocationoftheprosecutionislimitedbyArticleIII,Section2ofthefederalConstitution,whichrequirestrialintheStatewheretheoffense"shallhavebeencommitted",andtheSixthAmendment,whichguaranteesanimpartialjury"oftheStateanddistrictwhereinthecrimeshallhavebeencommitted".

Theaddressingofvenueinreferencetoanaccusationoffailingto"fileadocument"canbeseeninU.S.vLombardo,241US73,76-7.Here,interestingly,thecourtstatedthat"filingisnotcompleteuntilthedocumentisdeliveredandreceived...totheofficeandnotsentthroughtheUnitedStatesmails."

Achallengeofvenuemaybewaived,soasalways,itiscrucialthatifa

challengeistobemade,thatitbetimely.

[FurtherreviewofthetopicsofjurisdictionandvenueshouldbemadepriortosubmittinganyMotions.Goodsourcesthatwillleadtoothersourcesarethelawencyclopedias_AmericanJurisprudence_and_CorpusJurisSecundum_.]

Thingstothin aboutandta ecareofinatypicalcase:(partiallist)

Theactoromissioninquestion:Isitdeclaredbylawtobeacrime?Researchthelaw/code/ordinanceThevictim:Who?WhatLife,LibertyorPropertywasharmed?

IsthepersonNaturalorJuristic?IsheAtLaw,orinEquity?Isthepersoncompetenttotestify?Thecomplaint:Verifiedbyaffidavitsignedbyvictim?Ifnovictim,serve&fileconstructivenoticeongov'tagentandjudgeTendayslater,fileSuitGrandjuryindictment/informationGrandJuryrepresentsthePeopleDistrictAttorney=TheStateObjecttoprosecutionbyinformation,DemandGrandJuryIndictment.Warrant-Madeoutforthepartyarrested?Chec

spelling-JoeBlowisnotJoBloe!Signedbyajudge?

Chec

"judge's"OathofOffice/comparewithrequiredoathinConstitutionArrest-YouhavetherighttoremainsilentYouhavetherighttocounselpresentNotrequiredtogivefingerprints[Davisv.Mississippi]GiveMiranda/Titles18,42warningWritofHabeasCorpusArraignment-StartscalendarforspeedytrialAppearspecially,notgenerallyDemandallrightsatalltimesDisclaimequityjurisdiction


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GiveMiranda/Titles18,42warningDemandtoseeaverifiedcomplaint-Mustbesworntobycomplainantwithin15daysofNoticetoAppearMusthavethesealofthecourtDefendentcannotunderstandchargeswithoutcounselDemandcounselofchoiceObjecttodenialbyjudgeCitecasesFilewrittenDemandforCounselofChoiceIfjudgeappointsPublicDefender,object!Youhavetotal withPublicDefenderbeforeyoucanaccepthimascounsel.Youcannotrelatetohim.YouhavenoconfidenceinhimYoucannotbeforcedtoemploycounselbeholdentoyouradversaryStand"mute"Judgewillenter"Notguilty"pleaObject!LettherecordshowthatdefendantstandsmuteFile"Arraignment&Plea"FileDemandforPlaintifftoShowConstrainingNeedorintheAlternativetoDismissFileDemandforJuryTrialinwhichthejurydecidesboththelawandthefactsAtLawFileNoticeofintentiontotaperecordtheproceedingsperRule980(f)"unlessotherwiseorderedforcause"

FileDemandforcourtreportertota

etranscriptsatallhearingsFileDemandfortranscriptsofallproceedingsFileDemandforEvidentiaryHearingFile/serveDeclaration-PetitionforRedressofGrievancesThePreliminary(Evidentiary)HearingAppearspecially,notgenerallyClaimallrightsatalltimesChallengejurisdiction

ADMINISTRATIVEANDPROCEDURALMATTERSDemandformal,verifiedcomplaintYouintendtochallengejurisdictionbutyouneedcounseltoadequatelyarguejurisdiction

Appearingproper,notproseGetjudicialnoticeofdemandforcounselofchoiceandsupportingbriefGetjudicialdeterminationfortherecordthatthecourtisdenyingunfetteredcounselofchoice[finaljudgementonthematter]DemandthathearingbepostponedsothatdenialofcounselmaybeappealedtohighercourtDoescourthonordemandforrightssuasponte?Demandthatthecourtprovebothagency'sandcourt'sjurisdictionontherecord."Jurisdictioncannotbeassumed&mustbedecided"Mainev.Thiboutot100S.Ct.2502(1980)"Jurisdictioncannotbepresumed"Smithv.McCullough46S.Ct.338(1926)Examine/cross-examinewitnesses

Discovery:File/serveDemandSuppressionhearingfileDemandtoSupressEvidenceFormulatejuryinstructionsTheymusthavefoundationintherecordintheEvidenceExhibitsintheTestimonyofWitnessesFormulatequestionsforwitnessesForCross-examForDirectexam


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KeepProposedJuryInstructionsinmindSubpoenaWitnessesExpertwitnessesGov'tagentsWitnessesatsceneofarrestAlibiMotion[Demand]HearingGiveequitydisclaimer/DemandrightsChallengeensignv.flagGiveMiranda/Title18warningFileConstructiveNoticeDemandCounselofchoiceFilepaperDemandDismissalforLac

ofJurisdictionFilejurisdictionbriefsonStatus,StatusofCitizens,MerchantAtLaw,Rights,MemorandumofLaw,Equity,TheMonetarySystemDemandRightsSuaSponteFilepaperDemandjurytrialw/12jurorsFileNotice&DemandJurySelectionQuestionsforJurorsProsecution'sOpeningStatementDefenseOpeningStatement(maywait)

ProsecutionExaminesWitnessesObject!Object!Object!DefenseCross-examinesDefensemaytestifyNotrequiredtota eOathProsecutionClosingStatementProsecutionrestsDefensechallengesPrimaFacieCaseCodePleadingDefensemovesfordirectedverdictofaquittalDefenseOpeningStatementifdelayedDefenseExaminesWitnessesProsecutioncross-examines

Object!Object!Object!DefenseClosingStatementDefenserestsProsecution2ndClosingStatementJudge'sInstuctionstoJuryObject!Object!Object!JuryDeliberationsJuryVerdictDefenseMotionforVerdictofAquittalNotwithstandingJuryVerdictMotionforNewTrialifappropriateNoticeofAppealDemandforStayofExecutionPendingAppealandOrderIfdenied,fileWritofHabeasCorpus

Demandfortranscriptsatgov'texpenseProposedstatementonAppealUsecourt'sformasacoversheetFillblan swith"seeProposedSettledStatement[Attached]Don'tputsignatureonformProsecution'sAmendmentsDefenseRevisedProposedStatementSettlementconferenceOpeningBriefonAppealProsecution'sRebuttaltoabove


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Prosecution'sOpeningBriefDefenserebuttalDefenseClosingBrief

:money

THEFEDERALRESERVE,MONEY,ANDDEBTCurrentLaw:NoStateShallMa

eAnyThingButGoldAndSilverCoinATenderInPaymentOfDebt.(U.S.Constitution,Art.1,sec.10)CurrentLaw:31UnitedStatesCode371:"ThemoneyofaccountoftheUnitedStatesshallbeexpressedindollarsorunits,dimesortenths,centsorhundredths,andmillsorthousandths,adimebeingthetenthpartofadollar,acentthehundredthpartofadollar,amillthethousandthpartofadollar,andallaccountsinthepublicofficesandallproceedingsinthecourtsshallbe eptandhadinconformitytothisregulation."Thequestionwasputtoanattorney:IsArticle1,section10,oftheUnitedStatesConstitution,particularlythewords"Nostateshall...ma eanyThingbutgoldandsilvercoinatenderinpaymentofdebt..."stillbindingonaState?

Hereplied,inwriting,"...theonlylawfulanswerisYes.Meantto'crushpapermoney'byunanimousconsentoftheconstitutionalConventionof1787,thissectionprohibitstheStatesfromimposinguponthepeopleapapercurrency,papermoney,oranythingelseotherthangoldorsilvercoinasamediumofexchangeinthedischargeofdebts.SincetheConstitutioncanbechangedbyamendmentonly,andsincenoamendmenthaschangedthissection,nofederalactioncanexcuseaStateofthisprohibition.

Theeffectofthissectionisthus:

IfapaperFRNisdeliveredto,orreceivedfromaState-authorized

partywithoutparticularobjectiontoitsbeinganunlawfultenderunderArticle1,Section10,noConstitutionalquestionhasarisen,andthepayor/payee,inremainingsilent,hasrenouncedhisindividualrightsflowingfromtheConstitutionalprohibition.

Thoserightsarethefollowing:

A.Dischargeofthedebtingoldorsilvercoin,ifprovidedforinthedebt;

B.Dismissalorforgivenessofthedebtaltogether,ifthedebtisnotdenominatedingoldorsilvercoin,sinceanyruleorjudgementthatisrepugnanttotheConstitutionisvoid,invalid,andwithouteffect.

Aswithotherrights,therighttogoldandsilvercoin,andtherighttobeforgivenofanydebtnotdenominatedinsame,areconsideredwaivedunlessproperlyandtimelyasserted."Specificallyregarding"notes"andsuch,thecourtshavehadsomeequallyinterestingthingstosay:

"Theyhadacertaincontingentvalue,andwereusedasmoneyinnearlyallthebusinesstransactionsofmanymillionsofpeople.They


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mustberegardedtherefore,asacurrencyimposedonthecommunitybyirresistableforce."75U.S.11

"Consideredinthemselves,andinthelightofsubsequentevents,thesenoteshadnorealvalue,buttheyweremadecurrentasdollarsbyirresistableforce.Theyweretheonlymeasureofvaluewhichthepeoplehad,andtheirusewasamatterofalmostabsolutenecessity.Andthisusegavethemasortofvalue,insignificantandprecariousenoughitistrue,butalwayshavingasufficientlydefiniterelationtogoldandsilver,theuniversalmeasureofvalue,sothatitwasalwayseasytoascertainhowmuchgoldandsilverwastherealequivalentofasumexpressedinthiscurrency."75U.S.13"Oneissaidtoactinafiduciarycapacitywhenthebusinessthathetransacts,orthemoneyorpropertywhichhehandles,isnothisown..."A"fiduciaryrelation"caninclude"informalrelationswhichexistwheneveronemantrustsandreliesuponanother--itexistswherethereisspecialconfidencereposedinonewhoinequityandgoodconscienceisboundtoactingoodfaithandwithdueregardtointerestsofonereposingtheconfidence."Blac 'sLawDictionary,4thed.

TheFederalReserveitselftellsyouthatitis"confidence"thatisthereasonthatanyoneatallacceptsFRNs!Byacceptingthegovernment'sobligationsin

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