Fritz Paolo V. Casama 2013-20448
Transcript of Fritz Paolo V. Casama 2013-20448
University of the Philippines Manila
College of Arts and Sciences
Ang Aking PAMANA sa Inyo: A Case Study on the Effectiveness of PAMANA program as
an Empowerment tool in Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya, Catanauan, Quezon Province
Fritz Paolo V. Casama
2013-20448
I have adhered to University policy regarding academic honesty in completing this assignment
Submitted to Professor Josefina Tayag of the Department of Social Sciences in partial fulfillment
of the degree requirements for Bachelor of Arts in Political Science 2nd Semester 2017
APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfillment of the course requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts Major in
Political Science, this seminar paper entitled Ang Aking PAMANA sa Inyo: A Case Study on
the Effectiveness of PAMANA program as an Empowerment tool in Barangay Tagbacan
Ilaya, Catanauan, Quezon Province prepared and presented by Fritz Paolo V. Casama to the
Political Science Program under the Department of Social Sciences of the College of Arts and
Sciences – University of the Philippines Manila.
This undergraduate thesis has been examined and is recommended for acceptance and approval
by:
_________________________________
Professor Josefina Tayag
Thesis Adviser
University of the Philippines Manila
Wherefore, this undergraduate thesis is hereby accepted and approved by:
___________________________________ ___________________________________
Professor Jerome A. Ong Dr. Leonardo Estacio, PhD
Chairman – Department of Social Sciences Dean – College of Arts and Sciences
University of the Philippines Manila University of the Philippines Manila
Acknowledgement
First of all, I would like to thank God for helping me get through the difficult times while
I was doing my thesis.
I would also like to thank my adviser, Professor Josefina Tayag, for her expert advice and
encouragement throughout this very challenging research. This would have been impossible to
accomplish without her help.
I also wanted to thank Ms. Ella Oplas, my practicum adviser for giving her insights and
suggestions in finalizing my thesis. She assisted me in finding a community to conduct my study.
I would also want to thank the Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process for
supporting my study and giving me aid in my data gathering.
I wanted to express my deepest gratitude to all participants who cooperated with me
throughout the study. I dedicate this research to them and wish that it would contribute to their
situation.
Lastly, I would like to thank my family and friends for their extraordinary support in this
thesis process. When I was struggling, they never failed to comfort and encourage me to believe
that I can get this done.
Abstract
The PAMANA program, as a complementary tract to the peace process in the Philippines, aims to
provide peace and development projects to conflict-affected and conflict-vulnerable areas. One of
its objectives is to build resilient communities by providing empowering activities and
mechanisms for the beneficiaries. The study wanted to assess and analyze the experiences of the
beneficiaries with the PAMANA program as an empowerment tool. Empowerment is multi-
dimensional social process that helps people gain control over their own lives. The study was
guided by the theory that empowerment is achieved if opportunity and power presents itself to the
people. To integrate the literature and theories provided, the research adopted the case study
method focusing on the experiences of the beneficiaries gathered through in-depth interviews and
observation. Key informant interviews and secondary data were used in the process of
triangulation, which tests the validity and reliability of data collected. The data showed that the
PAMANA program was an effective empowerment tool because of its emphasis on the
beneficiaries’ role in its implementation. The PAMANA program succeeded in the area of
Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya because of the combination of its empowering activities and the good
and well-integrated working relations between the beneficiaries and the implementers. The culture
of “bayanihan” in the barangay further strengthened the bond among the beneficiaries and
implementers. Although it was a success, the problem of sustainability of projects and lack of long-
term program was raised.
Keywords: PAMANA program, Empowerment, Peace and Development, Beneficiaries
Table of Contents
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………1
Main Research Question………………………………………………………………..…3
General Objective………………………………………………………………….……...3
Specific Objectives………………………………………………………………...……...3
Purpose of the Study…………………………………………………………….………...4
Scopes and Limitations….…………………………………………………….….…….....4
Theoretical Framework……………………………...………………………….................5
Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………………............8
Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………………......9
Review of Related Literature………………………………………………….…….......12
Research Methodology…………………………………………………….…………....27
Barangay Profile: Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya……………………………….…………….......33
PAMANA Program…………………………………………………………………………….37
Objectives of PAMANA program….……………………………………………………39
PAMANA Results Framework………………………………………………………….39
Pillars of PAMANA Program…………………………………………………………...41
Program Management and Coordinating Mechanisms (Beneficiaries) …………………42
Impediment and Promotion of Empowerment ………………………………….42
Improvement of Economic Conditions ……………………………………...….44
Data Presentation...………………………………………………………………………...…...46
Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………….52
Summary……………………………………………………………………………………...…56
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………57
Recommendation…………………………………………………………………………...…...59
References ………………………………………………………………………………………60
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………….…..62
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Introduction
One of the most pressing issues that the Aquino and Duterte Administration is facing is the
issue of peace between the government and the so called ‘enemies of the state’ or the rebels who
are against the government. The P.noy Aquino administration focused on the passing of the
Bangsamoro Basic Law with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) which could have
produced promising results if Mar Roxas continued the works of Aquino (Basman, T. & Rood, S.,
2016). Although the efforts of Aquino to achieve peace with the MILF remains uncertain and
unaccomplished, he did recognize the problems of the conflict-affected areas which are always
affected by the war between the government and the rebels. One of his efforts to alleviate the
situation in these areas is the formulation of the PAMANA program.
The PAMANA or the Payapa at Masaganang Pamayanan is the P.noy Aquino
administration’s convergence program which provides development interventions to isolated,
hard-to-reach and conflict-affected communities, ensuring that the government is taking action to
provide their needs. This served as a complementary track to peace negotiations through forging
strategic partnerships with national government agencies in implementing coherent efforts to
deliver goods and services and address regional development challenges. The PAMANA adopted
the conflict-sensitive and peace-promoting initiatives to prevent recurrence of conflicts in the area
specified. (PAMANA.net)
Although the PAMANA program in theory provided a sophisticated design to implement
its projects, the application of the program itself should be evaluated and assessed to understand
what really is happening on the ground. For instance, according to Katribu National Secretariat
Jessie Barcelon (2017), the PAMANA served as a way of pacifying the stakeholders as the military
uses it to get into the community to look for NPAs and rebels. According to Kakai Tolentino of
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Katribu National (2017), her relatives who encountered the PAMANA program did not really
solve their problems in their area as the primary needs are still not addressed. As Professor Dennis
Quilala (2017) stated, these areas show different realities that cannot be addressed as a whole
unless local peace negotiations are considered and achieved. Thus, this case study will provide an
example of assessing the effects of the PAMANA program and how this empower people to take
part in achieving peace in their areas and at the same time, and enrich their capabilities to do their
part in improving their livelihood and quality of life.
The indigenous people are currently facing conflicts and problems which persist because
of the government's negligence according to them (KATRIBU reports, 2016). The militarization
of schools and large scale mining are the main issues that exacerbates the living conditions of the
IPs. On the other hand, the previous administration was ineffective according to the Mamanwas of
Surigao Del Norte. Together with my orgmates, the researcher was able to interview members
from a tribe who faced the aforementioned issues today because of the Pambansang Lakbayan
2016 which is a collective movement of the national minorities to appeal to the Filipinos the issues
and struggle that they are currently experiencing. These issues are the same issues historically
during the Cory Aquino's administration.
On November 13, 2015, the Mamanwas evacuated their lands since they had been caught
in the crossfire between the military forces and communist rebels. According to Roel Catoto of
MindaNews (2015), 211 Mamanwas were afraid of going home even if the firefights were
occurring far from their places. The government according to them, refused to recognize them as
“bakwits” and thus, limited help were provided. On the other hand, a multi-sectoral group called
Surigao Cares delivered sacks of relief goods to the evacuees to help them get back on their feet.
Earlier in the same year, they also faced mining firms by barricading in front of the milling plants
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of Greenstone Resources Corporation. They invoked the Memorandum of Agreement with the
firm in 2002 to “negotiate the terms and conditions for the exploration of natural resources in the
areas for the purpose of ensuring, ecological, environmental protection and the conservative
measures, pursuant to national and customary laws” which entitles them under Section 7-b of the
Indigenous People’s Rights Act of 1997. This is only one of many cases which are happening in
the present.
Main Research Question
How do the beneficiaries and volunteers in Barangay Tagbacan Ilagaya assess PAMANA
program as a political empowerment tool?
Tentative Answer
Theoretically, the PAMANA program was able to empower to a certain degree the
beneficiaries by defining their roles in implementing peace and development programs and at the
same time, the local government units were empowered as well in bringing the projects the
beneficiaries needed. The challenge lies on whether the projects needed by the beneficiaries and
stakeholders were actually being provided or not and whether they were sustainable.
General Objective:
To analyze the beneficiaries and volunteers’ assessment of PAMANA program as a
political empowerment tool
Specific Objectives:
1. To give a background on what is a peace and development program and what is the current
situation of the people on the ground
2. To describe the peace and development framework of PAMANA and the ideology behind it.
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3. To analyze the processes and mechanisms of the PAMANA program that empower the
beneficiaries and the local government units
4. To explore the manner of implementing the PAMANA program as an empowerment tool
5. To examine the problems in PAMANA program that impede empowerment as well as those
operations that promote empowerment
6. To conceptualize the results of PAMANA program as an empowerment tool from the
perspective of the beneficiaries and local government units.
7. To give recommendations in improving PAMANA implementation as an empowerment tool
in building resilient communities
Purpose of the Study
The research aims to examine and analyze the experiences and assessment of the
beneficiaries and local government units in regard with the PAMANA program in building
resilient communities and empowering the stakeholders and implementers. This also aims to
describe the ideological framework behind PAMANA and conceptualize the roles and
relationships of the beneficiaries with the implementers. The researcher also intends to contribute
to the literature for proper and appropriate strategies in implementing government programs as
well as to recommend in improving PAMANA implementation and an approach regarding
empowering the people to facilitate the programs’ implementation.
Scopes and Limitation
The research will focus on the empowerment activities of PAMANA program and its
implementation. It will also take into account the ideological framework of PAMANA program
and its objectives. It will serve as an evaluation of the results of the program in Barangay Tagbacan
Ilaya and consider their perceptions and experiences in the program implementation. Other
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information related to the PAMANA program will be used as a secondary data. The study will not
intend to generalize as it will focus only on one barangay. It will serve as an evaluation of the
participants regarding their experiences with the PAMANA program as an empowerment tool.
Theoretical Framework
The New Public Administration theory emerged during the late 1960s by Dwight Waldo
and will be the theoretical framework to be tested in this paper. It was during the Great Wars and
the agencies in charge of alleviating human suffering such as UNO, WHO and UNICEF had
failed to accomplish their tasks because of ineffective and inefficient systems in various
countries. It was believed that these inefficiencies keep the public administration as maintainer of
the status-quo which protects the interest of the elite classes. While the Old Public
Administration focuses on the “administration, principles and procedures”, the New Public
Administration concentrates on the “public, values and philosophy”. The New Public
Administration has several important aspects:
1. Change – it is change-oriented rather than maintenance to respond to the various socio-
eco-political changes occurring in the society.
2. Relevance – it acknowledges the differences of problems among each society. It
considers only the country-specific, area-specific, culture-specific, ethno-centric changes,
or only the socially relevant changes. People must know that changes are relevant for the
needs of other people.
3. Equity, Fairness, and Justice – it finds social equity a vehicle to development. Public
administration then, must represent and serve the marginalized and underprivileged
sections of society. It should redress the grievances of the minorities and thus, must
promote harmony and integration in the society
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4. Values – it gives emphasis on the values and philosophy of the state. It rejects the idea of
the public administration being value-neutral. It stresses central role of the personal and
organizational values or ethics and personal commitment of administrators towards the
goals.
5. Client-oriented – it welcomes the idea of a positive, proactive and responsible
administrators which adopts the point of view of the government and the citizens as well.
If they fail to improve the quality of life of the stakeholders, that means that they failed
and no rationality or efficiency can override their ineffectiveness.
The manifestation of New Public Administration in the Philippines is significant in analyzing
the dynamic relationship between the government and the beneficiaries which gives light to the
undertakings considered in formulating peace and development projects.
Empowerment Theory
For this study, the researcher adopts the theory of structural empowerment by Rosabeth
Moss Kanter (1977). According to her, implementers become empowered when their work
environments provide them access to information, resources, support and the opportunity to learn
and develop. The structural component of the working environments deeply affects the
implementers’ attitude and behaviors towards program implementation. Kanter (1977) believed
that structural supports cause individuals to show different behaviors.
There are two structural components that empower people. One is opportunity.
Opportunity refers to growth, mobility and the chance to increase knowledge and skills. The
second component is the structure of power. The structure of power enables people to access and
utilize resources, information and support from the organization to accomplish a job.
Opportunity and power provides implementers capabilities to maximize resources, disseminate
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information, and mobilize their organization. Erickson et al. (2003) operationalizes this theory by
suggesting that the process of empowerment will occur if the organization sincerely engages
people and progressively responds to this engagement with mutual interest and intention to
promote growth.” He further added that this process develops over time as people tend to hold
greater control over their lives and become more active in the decision-making. Kluska et al.
(2004) stated that this feeling of empowerment is characterized by competence, autonomy, job
meaningfulness, and the ability to impact society.
Batson (2004) and Porter-O’Grady, Hawkins & Parker, 1997) provided that in adherence
to empowerment, there are four guiding concepts to achieve a successful shared governance
structures.
1. Equity – this refers to the integration of roles to achieve common goals and willingness
of each member to contribute collectively toward a common goal
2. Ownership – this refers to the individual’s recognition of the connection between his/her
individual job performance and the success of the organization.
3. Partnership – this refers to the development of relationships to promote mutual respect,
enhanced communication and collaboration to achieve organizational objectives
4. Accountability – this refers to the willingness to invest in decision making and sharing of
responsibility for individual and collective outcomes
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Conceptual Framework
By having a good and well-integrated relationship between the government, and
beneficiaries, the implementation of PAMANA program would run smoothly and effectively
which would empower the community to act independently and responsibly on how they would
be able to improve their well-being in the social, political and economic aspect, provided that, the
people in the community are organized, educated, and informed and the local government and
implementers are accountable and transparent especially in the procurement of funds. This would
lead to social (cohesive and collaborative community), political (increased participation, voting
behavior, representation, influence on political decision-making and process), and economic
(improved livelihood and sustainable agricultural activities) empowerment.
Contributing factors:
A good working and well-
integrated relationship
between the government,
and beneficiaries (defining
roles in program
implementation, building
trust among the parties
involved, understanding
the situation of the
beneficiaries and taking
into consideration the
demands and needs of the
people for development)
Outcomes:
The beneficiaries would be
empowered politically by
virtue of increased
participation and voting
behavior, representation,
influence on decision-making
in program implementation;
economically by virtue of
improved livelihood and
agricultural activities for the
farmers; socially by virtue of
cohesive and collaborative
community aiming to develop
Desired Effect:
PAMANA program would be
effective as an empowerment
tool for the beneficiaries
Under the circumstance that:
The people are organized and informed.
The local government and implementers are accountable and
transparent especially in the transferring of funds.
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Definition of Key Terms and Analytical Frameworks
1. PAMANA program: embodied in the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) for 2011-
2016, is the national government’s peace and development program that extends
development interventions to isolated, hard-to-reach, and conflict-affected communities,
ensuring that they are not left behind. (PAMANA Guidebook, 2016)
2. Government: the governing body of a nation, state, or community who enforce laws and
implement policies (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)
3. Local Government Units: institutional units whose fiscal, legislative and executive
authority extends over the smallest geographical areas distinguished for administrative
and political purposes. (OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms, 2001)
4. Effective: producing a decided, decisive, or desired effect (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)
5. Empowerment: a multi-dimensional social process that helps people gain control over
their own lives. (Page & Czuba, 1999)
6. A good working and well-integrated relationship among the government, and
beneficiaries: means defining roles in program implementation, building trust among the
parties involved, understanding the situation of the beneficiaries and taking into
consideration the demands and needs of the people for development
7. Community Driven Development: an approach that gives control over planning
decisions and investment resources for local development projects to community groups
World Bank)
8. Bayanihan – refers to the spirit of community unity, work, and cooperation to achieve a
particular goal (themixedculture.com)
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9. Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process (OPAPP): the office
mandated to oversee, coordinate, and integrate the implementation of the comprehensive
peace process (archive. peace.gov.ph).
10. Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD): the primary government
agency mandated to develop, implement, and coordinate social protection and poverty-
reduction solutions for and with the poor, vulnerable, and disadvantaged.
(http://www.gov.ph/section/department-of-social-welfare-and-development/)
11. Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan – Comprehensive Integrated Delivery of Social
Service (KALAHI-CIDSS) - a community-driven development project implemented by
the Department of Social Welfare and Development. (www.mcap.ph/kalahi-project)
12. Barangay Local Government Units – barangay level of Local government units (Local
Government Code of 1991)
13. Municipal Local Government Units – municipal level of Local government units (Local
government code of 1991)
Synthesis
The importance of the theories provided is to adopt lenses and perspectives that will
guide the researcher in examining the underlying principles and factors influencing the parties
involved. These will help the researcher understand the way government and beneficiaries work
together to implement the program and fully equip the beneficiaries and implementers.
The New Public Administration theory would aid the researcher to understand the
formulation of PAMANA program and its ideology. As the PAMANA provides its objectives,
values, and approaches, the theory seeks the question how these are actually practiced and
applied during the implementation. Does it really concern the public interest (beneficiaries)? The
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PAMANA program, in theory, follows the New Public Administration model as it upholds the
values needed in order to provide peace and development benefits.
On the other hand, Kanter’s theory of structural empowerment would guide the
researcher to analyze the mechanisms and operations provided by the PAMANA program to
empower the beneficiaries and the community to implement its projects.
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Review of Related Literature
This literature review covers the significant elements of the research that will aid in
analyzing the data that will be gathered. Human rights will be highlighted to pave the way in
understanding people’s conceptualizations and experiences as some of them continue to suffer
from poverty. The relationship of culture and development in theory will be discussed to
emphasize the importance of their way of life in introducing community development programs
like the PAMANA. PAMANA program and the Mindanao 2020 will also be introduced as
sources on how the government theorize their approach in solving the problems of the society
especially the marginalized sector like the indigenous people. The case studies of Sierra Lone
and Mozambique are two examples of explaining the dynamics on how a government implement
their peace and development programs.
Human Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) acknowledges the “inherent dignity
and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family as the foundation of
freedom, justice and peace in the world.” The indigenous people have managed to voice out their
right to self-determination. According to the Charter of the United Nations and the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights, right to self-determination means a right that freely allows a group of people to
determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural
development” According to Richard Falk (n.d.), “the tragedies of Chechenia and Kashmir,, as
well as the plight of many indigenous peoples, underscore the suffering that arises from denials
of self-determination which arise in setting where satisfaction would entail territorial
dismemberment.” These tragedies concerns cultural and religious differences that bolstered
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insurgencies. This highlighted the importance of right to self-determination. The indigenous
people needed an integrated approach from the government to advance their right to self-
determination and acknowledge their distinct cultural identities, languages, and connections with
traditional lands. Anaya (2010) said that “Self-determination in the development process is a
matter of basic human dignity” which coincides with the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights.
In order to address the human rights issues of the indigenous people, an approach is
needed in order to consider factors crucial in scrutinizing human interactions. The human rights
based approach deals with the freedoms and entitlements of the IPs that should be protected and
promoted by the government. It pertains to the relationship between the claimholders and duty
bearers who are interacting on the basis of human rights and are also obliged to recognize and
practice human rights activities and principles (Diokno, 2009). This will integrate human rights
as a standard of complying with one’s duty. In this case, the IPs are engaged with difficult
challenges and their character as a marginalized character needs to be guided and prioritized to
embody the principles of human rights. In the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues of United
Nations (2010), James Anaya of UN Special Rapporteur said that “the violations of indigenous
peoples are deep, systemic and widespread” as they are continually deprived of fundamental
freedoms and development because of “mega-projects” which persistently ignored indigenous
people’s rights and the government’s major setbacks in providing social services in terms of
education, health, and justice.
The indigenous people’s rights would present a good example of a community who
continue to struggle because they themselves are beneficiaries of the PAMANA program. The
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essence of its discussion supplements the importance of providing a peace and development
program to the people who experience conflict and underdevelopment.
Culture and Development
Since the indigenous people are diverse in nature, their culture has a major impact on
how they perceive and act. Thus, there is a need to discuss the relationship of culture and
development. According to the UN, culture has become an interesting factor to hose analyzing
development. The development that is pointed out here is the sustainable human development in
which intersects with the cultural sphere. Culture itself is a complex issue which may have
impacts to its inclusion into the development policies proposed by the government. According to
Anna Geli, culture is an all-encompassing word that its meaning is usually taken for granted by
the people. It is theoretically lacking in definition and interpreted differently and that is why the
problem of what is included and what is excluded arise. Mondicault (1982) defined “culture as
that which offers the context, values, subjectivity, attitudes and skills on which the development
process must take place.” This definition includes the complementary nature of cultures, their
dynamism and the generation of culture identities which are not mutually exclusive. It is not a
static set of values and practices but a constant recreated concept of the people.
Development must be broad and holistic which must incorporate the concept of cultural
development. The potential of cultural wealth provides vision of wealth to communities which
are always seen as poor from the international cooperation perspective. In line with this,
cooperation is also a factor in cultural approach to society’s problems.
“Culture: a Bridge to Development” by Director General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova
proposed initiatives to promote innovative and creative approaches which will lead to sustainable
social, economic, and human development. These developments will give way to job-creation
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opportunities, social cohesion, education and mutual understanding that will bring new
opportunities for international cooperation.
Schech and Haggis (2000) formulated a critical introduction on culture and development
and how they relate. They suggested that a “temporal and place-specific cultural analysis is both
a useful and necessary to understand the interplay of processes of globalization and development.
They emphasized that its assimilation into different cultures which articulates varying meanings
is important to understand how the processes work. Their conclusion supports the idea that
place-based experiences inform a more inclusive development. Furthermore, they insist the
readers “to recontextualize development debates, acknowledge the complexities of diverse group
of people who in turn make meaning of both development and globalization to produce results
that are marked by difference and hybridity.” Using this as a reference to understanding the
relationship of culture and development. The researcher wants to know how does the government
evaluate the people involved and their culture and area and how they construct their frameworks
and approaches in delivering development projects. Given the information provided, the
component that the researcher want to examine is the significance of culture in development and
the considerations and procedures orchestrated by the government to approach the indigenous
people.
The relevance of this discussion calls for an integration and contextualization of a policy
that the government wish to provide to those people who need help in their areas. It reminds the
government that culture is related to development and in order to give an effective program, the
government must take into consideration the situation, background, and the way of living of the
people in the area.
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Mindanao 2020
Before the PAMANA program, the government had introduced a peace and development
framework which aims to lead a long, productive and happy lives to the Mindanao society. Its
aims include promotion of “definite and lasting peace with all combatants and private armies
demobilized and rendered non-existent within a gunless Mindanao society” (Mindanao 2020, p.
85), offer good health services, sufficient education and social cohesion manifested through easy
access to social services like health care systems and education, respect Mindanawons’ personal
and communal dignity by acknowledgement of their cultural and equal rights and recognize and
uphold cultural diversity in Mindanao. It is also designed to create “a unified, dynamic, and
sustainable Mindanao economy that is technology enabled, characterized by synergy and
complementation among its various economic centers and true to its appellation as food basket in
the country and the Asia-Pacific region” (Mindanao 2020, p. 85). In sum, this framework desires
Mindano in 2030 as a place where Mindanawons, collectively and individually, can sustain
development pursuant to good living and working conditions which in turn attracts visitors and
investors in large numbers from the rest of the country and the world.
The framework consists of guiding principles, strategies and initiatives which will
efficiently boost the program in attaining its goals and objectives. First, it focuses on key
strategic economic drivers which will deliver high, inclusive, and sustainable growth in the
Mindanao economy. Second, it formulates area development plans based on watersheds,
riverbasins and other ecosystems as units of planning which will utilize the use of natural
resources for hosting investments. Third, it addresses gaps and weaknesses in the value chain
which will reduce costs, diffusing market concentration, improving producer prices, linking
lagging areas to growth centers and broadening the rural economy. Fourth, it pursues massive
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enterprise development in support with government and non-government sectors. Fifth, broaden
and deepen the agriculture/agribusiness to promote greater diversity and increased value-adding
in the range of agricultural and fishery products produced in Mindanao. Sixth, it promotes a
vibrant services sector via trade, tourism and ICT-based services to generate jobs and drivers for
inclusive growth. Seventh, it widens the industries of Mindanao to increase efficiency in the
production. Lastly, it pursues win-win approaches towards ecological integrity and economic
development which is both environmentally-friendly and sustainable. Looking at this peace and
development project, The researcher want to answer the question why the people or the
stakeholders continue to experience poverty and conflicts in their area.
Figure 1. The Mindanao Problem (Mindanao 2020 Peace and Development Framework Plan)
2011-2030
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Figure 1 shows the roots of the problem in Mindanao that is injustice. It portrays the
connections of each conflict such as social exclusion and marginalization, land and natural
resources dispossession, ineffective/imposed institutions of governance, law enforcement and
service delivery, extreme poverty, deprivation of basic amenities and perceived suppression of
Islamic practices, traditional customs and indigenous institutions. It also includes the effects of
several factors relevant in dealing with these problems such as local election disputes,
competition for scarce resources and opportunities, declaration of all-out war against MILF, clan
war, inter-tribal and inter-ethnic conflicts and the proliferation of armed groups/militarization.
Given the concept of culture, development, human rights and the ideology and
framework behind the Mindanao 2020, the relationship of the beneficiaries and the government
needs emphasis. The principles behind PAMANA highlighted the role of the beneficiaries in the
program. The challenge arises in the implementation of the projects and how the government
will be able to empower the people in various communities to cooperate since they continue to
struggle and remain poor. The problem also arises to how the people in the government behave
and how the existing institutions shape their interaction with the beneficiaries. The government
needs to review the existing laws that are in place in order to resolve the problem arising from
their relationship with the people in conflict-affected areas. The problems may arise on the actual
implementation of the PAMANA program because of the government who has the resources and
the institutions to provide services is not integrated and immersed to the people’s needs and
wants
Peace and Development: The Case of Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone was one of the poorest country in the world which pushed the United
Nations to focus development discourses and assistance. They have a worsening economy as
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well as widening social inequalities among other countries. According to this study, the country
has been at the bottom of the Human Development index and more than half of the people suffer
in poverty from 2008 to 2010 (Human Development Report, 2010). The predicaments were
exacerbated by long civil war between the rebel Revolutionary United Front and the government
that ravaged the whole country because of its conflict over corrupt mining resources and illegal
diamond sales. Due to little revenue, the government failed to alleviate poverty and provide
minimum social services. This is further exacerbated by the increased diamond earnings from
$24 million to $141 million because of the Kimberly certification process. The government only
earned $3.7 million just 3 per cent of the total export value. Local miners are cheaply paid and
the foreign mine owners took over the elites. The United Nations offered aid and assistance to
the country but it failed because of its hubris to understand and contextualize local peace in the
country (Duffield, 2001; Richmond, 2005 as stated in Pemunta, 2012). They underestimated the
impacts of indigenous cultural institutions, norms, values, and specific historical configurations
of individual conflicts in post-conflict transformation, whereas, local influences can seriously
affect the prospect of peacebuilding initiatives. A manifestation of this is highlighted through the
partnership of local NGOs with foreign NGOs which hindered the convergence of concepts and
programmatic approaches that eventually led to narrow and ineffective service deliveries. Forbes
Ann Armbreccht studied the issues observing the degrading “local-ness” of the NGOs. She said
that “[...] the label of “local” may often have as much to do with how much power any given
individual or party has as it does with the fact that any particular group has a more privileged
relationship to a particular place” (Forbes, 1999, p. 324).
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This paper by Ngambouk Pemunta (2012) argued that aid without the necessary local
institutional structure for effective coordination and stringent aid conditionality has stifled
sustainable socio-economic development initiatives. As the findings provided:
The international community’s narrow definition and support for liberal peace, in tandem
with the overarching neoliberal economic paradigm and failure to embrace an inclusivist
approach to peacebuilding, has further stonewalled effective reconstruction, growth and
development (Pemunta, 2012)
This explained power relations among the members of the society and how every
decision made affects each member. The importance of effective coordination and good
relationship among the members is valued by the study in terms of implementing peace and
development projects. The government needs to be fully equipped and at the same time prepared
for challenges brought by external pressures such as globalization and neoliberalization since
these have managed to influence state affairs and movements. Furthermore, they need to attend
the needs of the people by integrating and understanding the people mindsets. As Pemunta urged,
“To foster development from below, development actors need to “wear native spectacles” –
prioritize what communities need, coordinate their activities and avoid “development as
dependence”. This calls for self-reflexivity among local and international development actors in
Sierra Leone.”
Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment (PCIA) in Community Development: A Case Study
from Mozambique
The PAMANA program has undergone an interdepartmental monitor and evaluation to
assess whether its objectives were obtained or not and to evaluate the performance of the
implementers in bringing peace and developmental projects. The importance of having an
assessment is highlighted in the case study conducted in Mozambique. A case study from
Mozambique (2010) was conducted to examine the quality of development works with the use of
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the Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment in Community Development. According to Lisa
Bornstein (2010), the author of the said study, “PCIA functioned well as a tool for situational
analysis, richly documenting sources of conflicts, competing claims over resources, and rights,
and problematic policies on the part of development organizations, government and private
actors.”
According to this case-study, there is a potential for a peace and development program to
exacerbate tensions between two parties in conflict-prone environments. Thus, even during the
post-war situations, the conflicts between the two can lead to new tensions which can also turn to
more violent behavior. As stated by Klingbiel (2001), this concern in conducting development
programs in conflict-affected areas must consider systematically “the peace and conflict aspects
of existing international aid programmes and projects.” Sustainable peace can be attained if new
forms of intervention will be formulated. Galtung (1975) added that neither the “absence of
peace nor the absence of structural inequalities” means sustainable peace. Sustainable peace is
complex and there are several aspects that need to be considered such as the cultural and social
impacts of the conflict. In the case of Mozambique, the PCIA served as monitoring and
evaluation system that entails “assessing the peace-building environment (situation analysis and
trends), identifying the conflict parties and peace-builders (stakeholder analysis), defining
objectives and activities (project design and planning), and placing these elements in a project
planning and monitoring evaluation framework).” Here, the PCIA is an inclusive approach that
gives emphasis not only in the situation and trends of a conflict-prone environment but also the
stakeholders’ experiences. The research findings show that “post-war reconstruction and
development processes left some critical areas of conflict unaddressed while exacerbating
tensions in other areas.” These tensions are widely associated with access to and control over
22 | P a g e
resources and legal rights and governance. This proves that despite the peace and development
program projects, sustainable peace is not acquired. The people recounted the uneven and
divisive effects of the developmental projects concerning their resources and legal rights.
Bornstein (2010) concluded that PCIA has significant contributions in improving
developmental practice. It can enhance “mutual learning” between professionals and other
project stakeholders. This means that in bringing developmental projects to conflict-prone
environments, it is important for the parties involved to adopt each other’s perspectives in order
to formulate coherent projects. As Bornstein (2010) stated:
“In looking at the outcomes of the project itself, PCIA feeds into wider
processes of professionals becoming more reflective and self-aware. In looking
at the wider environment, and collecting input from diverse sources, it is part of
learning to listen, attending to the unexpected and reacting with sensitivity to
diverse perceptions and understandings. It takes the development worker and
manager out of the ‘project box’ to examine, seriously, overall project or
programme impact on long-term development prospects.”
Measurement of Community Empowerment
The health promotion policies is usually delivered efficiently by different community
empowerment approaches but these approaches remain to be unclear and open to disputes.
Empowerment is a “principal theory in community psychology and it is a key concept for
communities aiming to achieve a better quality of life (Kasmel, A. & Andersen, T., 2011).
Zimmerman (1995), in his Empowerment Theory, Research and Application, viewed
empowerment as a complex issue which has three levels: individual, organizational, or
community. These three are not mutually exclusive thus, they are interlinked in order to clarify
the existing empowerment phenomenon among these three. The community is empowered if the
members of the community is empowered as well. Community empowerment can be viewed as a
process or as an outcome. By process, it means that empowerment allows the community to
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assume power to act, decide and participate in changing their lives. This promotes “the
participation of the people, organizations and communities for increased individual and
community control, political efficacy, improved quality of life and social justice” (Kasmel, A. &
Andersen, T., 2011). As an outcome, it manifests as the learned ability of the members of the
community to decide and voice out their suggestions and opinions on how to improve their lives.
This calls for the operationalization of the empowerment to enable the community
members to initiate and sustain activities that will improve their quality life. Laverack and
Wallerstein (n.d.) designed the Organizational Domains of Community Empowerment which
describes the factors and domains that will describe the level of community empowerment
There are several authors who elaborated the organizational domains that will evaluate
and operationalize the level of empowerment.
The table above provided several authors with different contributions in measuring
empowerment. Several factors, according to these authors, should be taken into account before
evaluating whether the people are empowered or not. Laverack (1999) in his work “Addressing
the contradiction between discourse and practice in health promotion”, believes that
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participation, leadership, problem assessment, organizational structures, resource mobilization,
links to others, asking why, program management, and role of outside agents are the themes to
measure community empowerment. Smith et al. (2003) in their work “Measuring Community
Capacity”, constructed that participation, knowledge, skills, resources shared vision, sense of
community, and communication would comprise the measurement of empowerment. Hawe et al.
(2000) in their work “Indicators to Help with Capacity Building in Health Promotion”, believes
that building infrastructure for health services, partnerships and organizational environment and
problem solving can operations of empowerment. Bopp et al. (2004) in their work “Why
assessing community capacity is fundamental to Ecohealth work?”, added ongoing learning from
Smith’s organizational domains. Gibbon (2002) in his work “Evaluating community capacity”,
overlapped entirely with the authors and also added representation and implementation. Lastly,
Bush et al. (2002) in their work “Community Capacity Manual”, identified community capacity
index, network partnerships, knowledge transfer, problem solving and infrastructure
development as the measure for empowerment. In general, these organizational domains that
were identified produced common themes and intersect with each other on how one will measure
the level of empowerment of individuals or communities.
In order to materialize the essence of these empowerment tools and domains, there is a
need for a technique to understand and analyze the data to be gathered well. By virtue of
empowerment evaluation, the use of concepts, techniques, and findings to foster improvement
and self-determination will be determined. According to Kasmel & Andersen (2011),
empowerment evaluation is an internal process where the participants and the health promotion
practitioners would analyze their own program which emphasizes their roles as stakeholders and
beneficiaries. This is to give people power to help themselves through self-evaluation and
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constant reflection. In this case, the people have more to say to the projects that they need and
provide their own programs to improve their lives and sustain development.
Summary
This chapter talks about relevant literature that will aid the understanding of the research.
It includes the human rights approach that gives emphasis to the entitlements of the stakeholders.
The cultural and developmental factor is also explored to emphasize the significance of
contextualizing the study. PAMANA program and Mindanao 2020 were also included here to
present the current projects formulated by the government which will provide information that
will supplement the framework adopted by the government. The case of Sierra Lone and
Mozambique are examples of studies that introduce the idea of reflexivity and strong institutions
leading to effective implementation.
The gap of the literature includes the actual process of how the government formulate the
PAMANA program. The opinions of its framers will be very helpful on how the government
perceive and approach a problem. Another gap is the operationalization of culture and
development as an important factor in formulating peace and development programs like
PAMANA. It does not answer the specific way of living that the government should consider
and there is a need for looking at the experiences of the implementers and the beneficiaries as
well.
The citizens’ rights encompass their right to their own culture and their right to freely
express their demands to the government. The government, on the other hand, has the
responsibility to act on those demands resulting to formulation of various development programs
like the Mindanao 2020 and the PAMANA program. In the case of Sierra Lone, it calls on the
government to look at the situation on the perspective of the indigenous people. It posits the
26 | P a g e
question, “What should be done first or what should be prioritize before we implement our
development programs?” What’s happening today is that even though there are development
programs introduced by the government, it does not always show positive results. Sometimes, it
is not effective. There is a need for integration of the government in the community to
understand their struggles and from there, it should be able to formulate an effective
development program. The intentions of the government as well should be scrutinize as it will
prove what is really happening as they implement their programs. Moreover, there is a need for
evaluation regarding community empowerment to materialize the effects of their programs.
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Research Methodology
In this chapter, the research methodology used in the study is described. The geographical
area where the study was conducted, the study design and the population and sample are described.
The instrument used to collect the data, including methods implemented to maintain validity and
reliability of the instrument, are described
The research method involved in this study comprises the qualitative method using the
research design of a case study. According to Stake (1995) in his the Art of Case Study Research,
a case study becomes one of the most common ways to do qualitative inquiry. Yin (2003) pointed
out that case studies focuses on understanding complex social phenomena that allows investigators
to extract holistic and meaningful traits of real-life experiences. It raises the hows and whys of
each phenomenon the researcher wish to analyze and explain. A case study then is defined as a
detailed investigation giving much importance on the context of the area over a period of time
without clear boundaries between a specific phenomenon and context. In this case, the researcher
would like to study, analyze and understand the context of the PAMANA program in Barangay
Tagbacan Ibaba in Catanauan, Quezon Province. To explain the answers to the research question,
he will need to delve into the meaning of participants’ answers and consider the local context of
their barangay and their personal motivations as beneficiaries of the PAMANA program.
Data Matrix
The selection of informants was according to their expertise in the field and those who
were involved in the implementation of the PAMANA program including the beneficiaries in a
selected barangay in Quezon-Province in coordination with OPAPP and barangay local
government units. The researcher coordinated with OPAPP coordinators, consultant and local
28 | P a g e
area managers to seek their assistance in conducting the research. In order for the researcher to
gain entry into the research context, he coordinated with his practicum advisers in DLSU who
had a contact with OPAPP to help him interview people who handled the community’s
PAMANA benefits. He asked for the barangay profile to provide descriptive statistics and
information about the barangay. Letters were also sent containing the aims and objectives of the
interviews. Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya was chosen because the PAMANA projects there were
already done and the prospect of their results coincided with the objectives of the research.
Objectives Data Source Method of
Collection/How
Analyzed
Ethical Aspects
To give background to
what is a peace and
development program and
what is the current
situation of the people on
the ground
News Articles
NGOs records
Experts
In-depth interviews
Key informant
One expert, searching
for themes and
subthemes
Acknowledging
all are borrowed
Informed
Consent Forms
To describe the peace and
development framework
of PAMANA and the
ideology behind it
PAMANA
Guidebook
Document Content
Analysis
- Ideological
foundation and
frameworks
Acknowledging
borrowed ideas
Citations
To analyze the processes
and mechanisms of the
PAMANA program that
empower the beneficiaries
and the local government
units
OPAPP
PAMANA
Guidebook
DSWD Manual
Beneficiaries
Local Government
Units
In-depth interviews
Content Analysis
Key Informant
Interviews
- Mechanisms,
Processes, Principles,
Procedures, Rules
and Regulations
Acknowledging
all are borrowed
Informed
Consent Forms
and
Confidentiality
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The data collection methods included in-depth interviews, key informant interviews and
observation.
In-depth interview is a qualitative research technique that is intensive and holistic to
explore the perspectives of the participants on a particular idea, program or situation. In this case,
the researcher would ask the beneficiaries of the PAMANA program regarding their experiences,
To explore the manner of
implementing the
PAMANA program as an
empowerment tool
OPAPP
PAMANA
Guidebook
DSWD Manual
Beneficiaries
Local Government
Units
In-depth interviews
Key Informant
Interviews
Content Analysis
- Role of the
beneficiaries,
Experiences of the
beneficiaries,
Perception of the
beneficiaries
Acknowledging
all are borrowed
Informed
Consent Forms
and
Confidentiality
To examine the problems
in PAMANA program that
impede empowerment as
well as those operations
that promote
empowerment
OPAPP
Beneficiaries
Local Government
Units
In-depth interviews
Content Analysis
Key Informant
Interviews
- Political and
cultural values
embedded in their
relationships
Informed
Consent Forms
and
Confidentiality
To conceptualize the
results of PAMANA
program as an
empowerment tool from
the perspective of the
beneficiaries and local
government units.
Beneficiaries
Local Government
Units
Document Content
Analysis
Key Informant
Interviews
Citations
To give recommendation
in improving PAMANA
implementation as an
empowerment tool in
building resilient
communities
Researcher
Beneficiaries
Local Government
Units
Thesis Analysis and
Findings
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perception and results. He would also ask for their assessment and recommendation to improve
the implementation of the PAMANA program.
Key informant interviews on the other hand are an in-depth interview with the people
who have first knowledge about what is going on the community. The researcher conducted KII
interviews with a barangay official and an OPAPP local area manager and consultants.
Lastly, observation is a method that involves looking and listening to the natural setting
of the barangay. In this case, the researcher emphasized the impact of the PAMANA program as
an empowerment tool and its results by observing the routines of the stakeholders. This was done
by evaluating the impact of the PAMANA projects. The researcher walked around the area and
observe the way of living of the community. He informally had conversations with his
participants after the interview, examining their responses and experiences.
The data collected included audio tapes of interviews with informants to check whether
something was missed with the transcripts of their conversations to serve as a backup as he
analyze the content and context of each texts and information. The researcher used existing
documents such as the PAMANA Guidebook and Accomplishments and KALAHI-CIDDS
reports to clarify data and serve as a reference in validating the data that the informants had
provided.
The data collection procedures included contacting the OPAPP to ask for assistance in
the community. The researcher prepared the informed consent forms and used phones or
recorders to record his interviews and conversations with them and. The researcher conducted
key-informant interviews with in-depth conversations to aid in understanding the totality and
background of their answers. He used his laptop in transcribing and used meta-analysis to
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consolidate their answers. In search for themes and subthemes, the researcher categorized their
answers and begin his content analysis from there. This helped him figure out his initial findings
and guided him to his conclusions by virtue of categorizing patterns and making valid inferences
through his own interpretations and understanding. In addition to this, by cross-referencing and
triangulating existing literatures as secondary data, and key informant interviews, the researcher
was able to validate the findings and conclusions which this study produced.
In every interview, he listened to each and made notes to guide him as he analyzed their
answers. Knowing their motivations and experiences gave him ideas on how to approach the
information that they gave. In order to check his knowledge, he considered his thoughts and
reactions in these interviews. The researcher provided a checklist in order to track his progress
The organization, formatting and presentation of data, interpretations, and conclusion were
in the form of a table showing the sequence of data and findings that consisted of 4 major parts:
questions, data, themes and subthemes and remarks. Diagrams were also provided to show the
relationship and flow of the information gathered applying the theories and literature involved.
The validity of the research was examined by the method of triangulation and cross-
references using secondary data. Interviews of the process of PAMANA implementation were
conducted with parties involved and checked for the consistencies of their answers to make valid
inferences. The use of secondary data helped him validate the interviewees’ answers. By checking
on the approaches adopted by the government agencies responsible in handling peace and
development projects in conflict-affected areas, it checked whether the answers of each party
sufficed or not. Examples of secondary data were Expert interviews, Accomplishment Reports,
PAMANA Guidelines Workbook and other researches and studies pertinent to the phenomenon
being examined.
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D. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
In order to protect the rights of his informants, the proponent also asked for their
informed consents and approvals to safeguard them from information which may be sensitive or
must be kept confidential (please see Informed Consent Form). The purpose and significance of
the study were presented in the letters to be sent. The risks and benefits were taken into account
as well to fully protect the interest of the informants. The risk included the sharing of personal
and confidential information and experiences which may show sensitive content. The benefits
included the improvement of policy implementation which would help the participants enhance
their capabilities.
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Chapter 2
Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya
Descriptive Statistics
Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya is one of the first barangays in Catanauan, Quezon province
which received PAMANA funds worth Php 300,000. It is composed of 6 sitios and has been
coordinating with the KALAHI CIDDS since 2010. The number of households in the barangay is
377. The number of female is 871, 39 greater than the number of males which is 832. The voting
population is 1039 where 490 are males and 549 are females. The labor force of the barangay
constitutes 501 males and 434 females. (Barangay Profile provided by KALAHI-CIDDS)
Table 2. Population profile
Total number of Households 377
Total number of Families 377
Number of Males 832
Number of Females 871
Total male voting population 490
Total female voting population 549
Total male labor force 501
Total female labor force 434
Source: Barangay Profile provided by KALAHI-CIDDS
The number of Pantawid Pamilya household beneficiaries in the barangay is 144 while
the number of Pantawid Pamilya family beneficiaries in the barangay is 350. The Sustainable
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Livelihood Program beneficiaries consists 100 members each respectively. (Barangay Profile
provided by KALAHI-CIDDS)
Table 3. Pantawid Pamilya and SLP Beneficiaries
No. of Pantawid Pamilya household
beneficiaries
144
No. of Pantawid Pamilya family beneficiaries 350
No. of SLP household beneficiaries 100
No. of SLP family beneficiaries 100
Source: Barangay Profile provided by KALAHI-CIDDS
Area Profile
Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya is an upland barangay which is 6 kilometers away from the
poblacion. It would take at least 25 minutes to get to the poblacion. Environmentally critical
areas include Sitio Central and Capinay 2 which are both prone to flood and landslide. (Barangay
Profile provided by KALAHI-CIDDS)
Empowerment
There are two organizations operating within the barangay. These are the BBSTI or the
Barangay Bayanihan Sa Tagbacan Ilaya, a worker sector and the KALIPI or the Kalipunan ng
Liping Pilipina, a women organization. They both represent the livelihood sector advocating for
both savings and women domain/ The organization meets quarterly to discuss important matters
relating to the barangay. In BBSTI, there are 70 female members and 30 male members.
Notwithstanding that females are greater than male, it seems evident to conclude that females are
empowered and participative in the barangay. (Barangay Profile provided by KALAHI-CIDDS)
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In 2016, barangay assemblies were conducted 5 times where 80 percent were present, 30
percent were males and 50 percent were females. The Barangay Development Council on the
other hand met 24 times. The number of male Barangay Local Government Units (BLGU)
present in the meeting is 2 while the number of female BLGU is 9. The number of male Project
Organization (PO)/Community Based Organization (CBO) representatives is 70 while the female
PO/CBO representatives is 30. The barangay local government units and the community, from
my analysis, are both empowered as they continue coordinate and discuss barangay issues during
their meetings. Their institutions are active on managing their development projects. (Barangay
Profile provided by KALAHI-CIDDS)
Facilities, Services and Establishments
Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya has access to facilities, establishments and services but there
are essential facilities which are absent in their community. They have barangay halls, stores,
daycare centers, elementary and secondary school, health station, electricity, telecommunication
access, and law enforcers. They are also equipped with capacity and skills trainings related to
health, organizational development and agriculture and enterprise. From my experience, there is
a presence of active organization in their community that implements PAMANA projects. Their
barangay also have water station business which are owned by several volunteers to provide
good and clean water. (Barangay Profile provided by KALAHI-CIDDS)
One thing that I noticed there is the absence of an irrigation system. As they are farmers
as well, there is a need for a good irrigation system. Their access to such facility would take 2
hours for them to utilize it. There is also an absence of pre and post-harvest facilities, water
supply system, drainage system, and waste facility. On the average, access to these facilities
would take 45 minutes and would cost them PHP 20-65. These are all necessary facilities which
36 | P a g e
I think should be prioritized by the local and municipal government as the community is
composed of farmers who rely their livelihood to agricultural means. According to the Barangay
profile provided, the main problems of the barangay includes absence of comfort room and land
ownership, and lack of agricultural services and electrical supplies. (Barangay Profile provided
by KALAHI-CIDDS)
Poverty Profile
In terms of nutrition, 6 out of 236 children aged 0-5 are malnourished. In terms of access
to basic amneties, 369 out 377 households have potable water and 225 out of 377 have sanitary
toilet facilities. These two factors constitute the health conditions of the community. Contrary to
the health aspect, housing remains a pressing issue in the community. 290 out 377 households
are squatting. In peace and order aspect, 15 households were victimized by crimes in 2016. In
terms of income, there are 250 households living in less than the poverty threshold. 25
households suffer from food poverty and 10 households eats less than 3 meals a day. From the
information provided, poverty still dominates the lives of this community. More than half of the
households are unable to reach at least the poverty threshold which should be addressed
immediately as it affects the health and living conditions of the families. (Barangay Profile
provided by KALAHI-CIDDS)
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Chapter 3
PAMANA program
The PAMANA program or the PAyapa at MAsaganang PamayaNAn is a peace and
development program formulated by the Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process
(OPAPP) for the isolated, hard-to reach and conflict-affected communities. It is implemented
through national government’s convergence initiatives partnering with different national
government agencies and forging strategic relationships to enhance goods and service delivery
and address regional development challenges. It is also included in the Philippine Development
Plan 2011-2016 of the Aquino administration under the following guideposts: 1) Anti-
Corruption/Transparent/Accountable and Participatory Governance, 2) Poverty Reduction and
Empowerment of the Poor and Vulnerable, 3) Rapid, Inclusive, and Sustained Economic
Growth, 4) Just and Lasting Peace and the Rule of Law, 5) Integrity of the Environment and
Climate Change 6.) Mitigation. Its primary sector outcome is declared by Chapter 8 of the PDP
on Peace and Security to have a sustainable and stable national security. It aims to have a
peaceful closure of all armed conflicts, and safer environment. This is considered as a
complementary track to peace negotiations undergoing from the previous administration to the
current administration.
PAMANA projects and objectives coincides with Sustainable Development Goals and
poverty reduction promoted by the United Nations in ensuring sustainable peace and
development. They emphasized three areas: human capital, infrastructure and human rights
(social, political, economic). Human capital refers to nutrition, healthcare and education.
Infrastructure refers to access to safe drinking water, energy, modern information and
communication technology, increased farm outputs applying sustainable inputs and practices,
38 | P a g e
transportation and environment. Human rights refers to empowerment, less violence, political
voice, access to public service and security of property rights. These constitute individual’s
human capabilities and advance the means to a productive life (Philippine Development Plan
2017-2022).
Under the Duterte Administration, they plan to enhance and strengthen the
implementation of the PAMANA program. According to the Philippine Development Plan 2017-
2022, the PAMANA has extended development projects effectively to hard-to-reach and
conflict-vulnerable areas by providing PhilHealth insurance, scholarship grants and livelihood
opportunities. As of 2016, the PAMANA program had reached 16 regions, 50 provinces, 6
highly-urbanized cities, and 523 municipalities (Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022). These
are all affected by conflicts among the military, CPP-NPA-NDF, and MNLF. The funds
allocated amounted to PHP36 billion from 2011-2016. Results of the program provided access to
basic social services such as health and education. Socioeconomic and security conditions are
improved as well making prices affordable and raising wages of workers. Response of security
forces became efficient when conflict arises.
The beneficiaries are not the only ones who benefit from PAMANA but the PAMANA
implementers as well such as the national government agencies and the local government units.
The competence of such implementers on good governance and peace-building agenda were
improved. They were able to get along with the communities and understand the situation and
context of their living conditions. They developed a heightened sense of belonging and respect
for diversity among otherwise polarized individuals, groups and sectors within among
communities. All of their efforts strengthened cooperation, volunteerism, and collaboration of
39 | P a g e
the marginalized and vulnerable groups in peace-building and development activities (Philippine
Development Plan 2017-2022).
However, the challenge remains on how to sustain and improve PAMANA program.
Although this is not the case to all areas as according to Kakai of Katribu. The indigenous people
continue to struggle in achieving peace and development in their areas. The importance of land
ownership is taken for granted by the government as this was not prioritized by the PAMANA
program. Although there are successes achieved by the PAMANA program, it should not be
underestimated that some areas continue to suffer from poverty, harassment and oppression.
Objectives of the PAMANA program
PAMANA’s objectives are the following:
“(1) improve the socio-economic conditions of areas affected by, and vulnerable to armed
conflict;
(2) enhance the institutional capacities of local government units (LGUs) and key
national government agencies (NGAs) so they
can effectively pursue local peace and development plans and programs in conflict
affected areas/ conflict vulnerable areas
(CAAs/CVAs); and
(3) enhance the capacities of communities to mitigate if not
address the conflict-triggers in their respective areas” (PAMANA Guidebook, 2016)
PAMANA opens an opportunity for the community to take charge of their own concept
of development. It provides a platform for the people to improve their quality of life, manage
conflict on the ground.
PAMANA Results Framework
Figure 2 specifies the details of how PAMANA program generates peace and
development in conflict-affected and conflict-vulnerable areas. The activities of PAMANA
implementation, oversight, monitoring and coordination includes facilitation of PAMANA
programming, establishment and implementation of PAMANA coordinating mechanisms,
40 | P a g e
mobilization of resources for PAMANA implementation, formulation of policy and program
documents on PAMANA to guide implementation of PAMANA interventions, Development and
implementation of capacity building interventions for implementing partners on conflict
sensitivity and peace promotion (CSPP), conduct of regular program monitoring and evaluation
initiatives and development of communications and advocacy plan for PAMANA. The expected
outputs include completed PAMANA projects through CSSP, implemented and established
PAMANA policies and mechanisms, enhanced CSSP knowledge, skills and attitudes of
PAMANA implementers, established transparency and accountability, increased awareness and
appreciation of PAMANA as a peacebuilding framework. The outcomes pursued by PAMANA
is peace and development which means improved socio-economic conditions, enhanced
PAMANA communities in adddressing conflict and engaging in peace, and peacebuilding
agenda adopted and implemented in NGAs, RLAs, and LGUs.
Figure 2. PAMANA Results Framework
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Pillars of PAMANA program
There are three pillars of PAMANA program. Pillar 1 aims to lay foundations for peace.
Pillar 2 intends to build resilient communities. Lastly, Pillar 3 promotes sub-regional economic
development.
Pillar 1: Laying the Foundations for Peace
“These are policy and program interventions on the macro-level that hope to address
governance issues, human rights, threats to marginalization issues, security guarantees,
transitional support especially for internally-displaced persons (IDPs), and reintegration
support to former rebels. Among the key strategies to ensure that peacebuilding
programs are sustained is the mainstreaming of conflict sensitive and peace promoting
policies and guidelines among government agencies at both the national and local levels.
These include enhancing conflict sensitive planning and strengthening peace promoting
mechanisms in LGUs.”
Pillar 2: Building Resilient Communities
“These are micro-level interventions that aim to promote the convergent delivery of
services and goods focused on households and communities. A distinct component of this
Pillar is the PAMANA Peace and Development Fund (PDF), which is a block grant of
PhP300,000 per barangay that will be provided to targeted barangays every year for a
period of three years. PAMANA Pillar 2 implementation follows the steps and
mechanisms of Community-Driven Development (CDD) programs which include
processes such as community consultations, sub-project identification, prioritization and
approval, implementation, and community monitoring and evaluation as well as
opportunities for improving the relationship between affected communities and
government institutions both local and national. Through the PAMANA Pillar 2
mechanisms, the beneficiary communities are empowered to plan and implement priority
community projects designed to improve basic services, access, security and social
cohesion. PAMANA Pillar 2 allows beneficiary communities an open menu guided by a
negative list. “
Pillar 3: Promoting Sub-Regional Economic Development
“These are meso-level interventions that address sub-regional development challenges. It
aims to contribute to high-impact connectivity and value chain development,
infrastructure support and economic integration, entrepreneurial development and
employment generation. The end-of-plan target is to achieve the economic integration of
conflict affected areas with more prosperous areas through physical and economic
connectivity improvements such as production areas expansion, post-harvest support,
42 | P a g e
and infrastructure for agri-development, eco-tourism, and halal industry development.”
(PAMANA Guidebook, 2016)
As the research aims to evaluate and assess the PAMANA program as an empowerment
tool, the focus will be on pillar 2 which builds resilient communities. This follows the
implementation practices and guidelines of community driven development (CDD) projects. The
KALAHI CIDDS under the supervision of DSWD, or the Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan –
Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services is responsible for the scaling up of
CDD operations all over the country covering 846 poor municipalities. From 2011, the KALAHI-
CIDDS, in partnership with OPAPP, has adopted CDD strategy in implementing PAMANA
projects. It covers micro-level intervention in delivering goods and services. KC-PAMANA
provided guidelines on how to apply the CDD approach.
Program Management and Coordination Mechanisms (Beneficiaries)
According to Paul Escobar, Local Area Manager of OPAPP in the Bicol-Quezon-
Mindoro region, the social preparation treats the people as the center of the entire process. To
ensure that the necessary projects and interventions are chosen, it is crucial for the members of
the community to get involved and directly participate in the identification of projects. These
mechanisms provides a sense of ownership of the community. It means that these projects are not
others’ to take and control. In essence, social preparation facilitates the “buy-in” of the
community beneficiaries. If done properly, it assures the beneficiaries the consultation,
information, ownership, and control over the project cycle. As this process gives people the
power over the PAMANA implementation, there is a need for the researcher to seek the
challenges and successes of these empowerment activities.
Impediment and Promotion of Empowerment
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Escobar (2017) cited many examples of how empowerment of communities is inhibited.
He said that when LGU does not conduct social preparation, it prevents the community to get
involved. Thus, the consultation process is not conducted and major decisions in identifying
projects are delayed. Another impediment includes the direct implementation of the LGUs and
implementers without the support of communities. It bypassed the CSPP approach as inclusion,
participation, and accountability values were not mobilized. In connection with this, he further
stated that sometimes, the PAMANA agency acted on its own bypassing all the CSPP processes
and the beneficiaries’ involvement in the implementation. There are also cases where the CNN
rebels stop construction of the project because of extortion.
On the other hand, he also stated events where the PAMANA program promotes
empowerment. When the LGU complied with the CSPP processes, it considers the role of the
community in the implementation. They became more active because the projects determined are
decided by the stakeholders. Another instance where PAMANA empowers the community is when
the community felt a sense of ownership where they themselves took the initiative to sustain the
PAMANA project beyond PAMANA. Furthermore, a united LGU and community who supports
each other allows successful integration and effective participation achieve the common goal of
peace and development.
Judging from the expert’s perspective, he acknowledged the actual experience of a failed
and successful community empowerment provided by the PAMANA program. Failed
empowerment includes the situation of the indigenous people as the PAMANA program was used
as an instrument by the military regarding their operations against the rebels. According to Kakai
of Katribu, the indigenous people rather experienced negative results from the program. The
implementers of PAMANA in their areas provided a false leader to control the movements of the
44 | P a g e
indigenous people, given the fact that they have their own leader to follow. In her experience, this
fake leader was used to report favorable comments and situations to the government so it can
justify its use of PAMANA program. As the indigenous people are beneficiaries under the pillar 1
which is laying the foundation of peace, she added that the situation worsened and the benefits
from PAMANA were not well-received. By looking at the experience of the indigenous people,
one must be aware of the background of the conflict in their area and one must look first on the
perspective of the IPs and asked for what they really need which is land ownership and reduction
of large-mining around their areas.
Improving Economic Conditions
Escobar (2017) presented the general accomplishments and progress of the PAMANA
program in Bicol-Quezon-Region. He said that the PAMANA program increases access to basic
services such as water, electricity, health and education. 141 water projects benefitting 32,748
households were implemented. 194 electrification projects provided electricity to 40,681
households. 127 schools and classrooms were constructed by DepEd and DSWD after the needs
have been endorsed to them. Livelihood opportunities were also provided. 240 livelihood
projects were implemented creating income for 4,451 households and 9,980 farmer beneficiaries.
The PAMANA program improved the connectivity between barangays and municipals. 541.91
kilometers of roads were constructed resulting to the decreased cost of transportation cost in area
were roads have been completed.
Summary
This chapter discussed the situation of the PAMANA program in the national level. It
also gave information regarding the principles behind the PAMANA program. The theoretical
45 | P a g e
framework and approach were also explained in this chapter. It sought to provide information
about the different pillars of PAMANA program which aims to lay foundation of peace, build
resilient communities and provide sub-regional economic development. It also showed the
mechanisms and activities of the PAMANA program which promotes empowerment to the
beneficiaries. Affirmed by interview with Paul Escobar, the results of the PAMANA program
were also discussed to show the success and failure of PAMANA, specifically in Bicol-Quezon-
Mindoro region.
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Chapter 4
Data Presentation and Analysis
This chapter contains the primary and secondary data gathered from various in-depth
interviews, key informant interviews, expert interview, and observation of the researcher with
the participants. The findings were organized thematically. The analysis of these findings were
based on the literature, theories, and concepts provided from the previous chapters. The method
of analysis is content analysis characterized by establishing themes, validity, and reliability of
the data. The data provided aimed to answer the research question, “How will the beneficiaries
and volunteers in Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya assess the PAMANA program as an empowerment
tool?” Other objectives such as the background, empowering activities and mechanisms of the
PAMANA program, and the analysis were also accomplished.
PAMANA program
All participants concurred that the PAMANA program is DSWD-KALAHI CIDDS peace
and development program intended to provide development projects for the barangay. It grants
Php 300,000 to barangays targeted by the PAMANA to aid the local government in providing
goods and services and economic opportunities. DSWD-KALAHI CIDDS reached out to the
people by conducting orientations and seminars to inform them about the PAMANA program
which included what projects would be implemented, how these would be implemented, and
who would benefit. The projects implemented in their barangays were farm to market roads and
school buildings.
PAMANA Conflict-Sensitivity and Peace Promotion approach
According to the expert, Paul Escobar of OPAPP who handles PAMANA in Bicol-Quezon-
Mindoro region, the approach adopted is Conflict-Sensitivity and Peace Promotion (CSPP), which
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differentiates PAMANA interventions from other development interventions of the government.
CSPP allows stakeholders to understand the interaction between the context and roots of conflict,
and the proposed peacebuilding interventions in view of avoiding negative impacts and
maximizing positive impacts of these interventions on the peace and conflict situation in an area.
Through PAMANA, the mainstreaming of the CSPP approach in the government planning,
programming, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, and communications and advocacy
systems and processes is advocated.
CSPP seeks to ensure that practices that will enhance social cohesion, strengthen
community resilience and build peace are mainstreamed in national and local governance
processes and structures, thereby making these more effective in addressing the root causes and
impacts of armed conflict and other issues that affect the peace process.
Other than CSPP, PAMANA is also guided by the principles of inclusion, participation,
transparency and accountability. Inclusion is defined as the provision of equal rights and
opportunities with special focus on empowering marginalized individuals and groups in the
community. Participation is the active involvement of all stakeholders in all aspects and stages
of governance especially in processes that directly affect the quality of their relations and way of
life. Transparency and Accountability is the sharing of information and acting in an open manner
whereby government and other institutions live up to their mandates and their overall commitment
to peace and development.
Volunteer and Decision-makers
The PAMANA program in Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya was implemented by the
community themselves with the help of barangay local government units. The volunteers assume
roles in the implementation to maintain transparency and accountability. The first interviewee in
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the barangay served as the leader of Barangay Bayanihan sa Tagbacan Ilaya or BBSTI. He led
the PAMANA implementation of the barangay by representing the community in seminars and
orientations and administrating jobs and responsibilities to other volunteers. The second
interviewee in the barangay functions as the monitoring and inspection leader which oversees the
works of the community, interaction of the community with the engineer, the measurement of
materials needed, and the participation of the barangay. He passed quarterly a budget
accountability report to the DSWD to ensure transparency and accountability about the usage
and procurement of funds and the detailed and itemized list of materials. Another role is the
public relations officer who ensured the attendance and collaboration of the community with
their volunteers and local government units. The third interviewee went to the houses of the
people of the barangay to attend the barangay assembly and explain the importance of the
assembly. By emphasizing on the benefits of the PAMANA program, people were encouraged
and persuaded to comply with the required attendance. As decision-makers, all of them
embodied this role as their votes bear importance to the identification of projects that will be
approved and funded by the PAMANA program and the counterpart of the barangay local
government units.
Process of PAMANA implementation in the Barangay level
The process of PAMANA implementation in the barangay consisted of 9 steps according
to the answers of the participants. First, the Barangay Development Council would meet with
municipal local government and representatives from the BBSTI to discuss the PAMANA
program and its objectives and the projects needed by the barangay. Second, in this meeting, they
would identify the projects by means of a participatory situation analysis. The participatory
situation analysis is an approach for ensuring community participation in identification of
49 | P a g e
community needs and the determination of priority PAMANA projects. After the needs of the
community are identified, barangay assembled requiring 80 percent of attendance from the
community members to ensure that more than half of the community are informed. In this
assembly, members of the BBSTI would present the projects identified based on the participatory
situation analysis conducted by the BBSTI volunteers. There would be discussions and open
forum for the projects presented to the barangay. This is the process of consultation where
suggestions, opinions and dissents were heard and considered before making decisions. After this
process, people would vote regarding the projects that need prioritization. The next step is the
approval of three projects. These would only be approved by the DSWD and after approval, the
necessary documents and reports would be made to keep record of important matters concerning
the PAMANA implementation. Then, the community represented by the volunteers would
procure funds from DSWD-KC PAMANA through a trust account to insulate the process from
political motivations. After all these, it would be the beginning of the implementation of projects
by the community.
Empowerment
There are two components of empowerment that were mentioned by the participants. The
first component is the capacity-building activities introduced by DSWD-KC PAMANA to fully
equip the community in implementing PAMANA projects. Three interviewees who were
volunteers expressed the same answers on the capacity-building activities. OPAPP provided
seminars, trainings and workshops regarding peace and development analysis and manual labor
skills. They emphasized the workshops that taught them how to select appropriate materials, how
to measure the materials, and how much materials to get and how to use equipment needed for
public works and highways, which in this case, farm to market road and school buildings.
50 | P a g e
The second component of empowerment is the political empowerment. Political
empowerment encompasses the participation, representation, resources, skills and knowledge,
sense of community, and the ability to influence decision-making. All participants were able to
voice out their opinions, make suggestions, and disagree on projects which in their opinion, must
not be prioritized. Participants were able to cooperate in the decision-making during the
implementation process through consultation and voting. The barangay assembly gave them an
arena to give their concerns about the projects that are presented to them. They believe that their
attendance would make an impact on the decision-making of the PAMANA implementers.
Another factor of empowerment was the ability of the barangay to assemble an organization that
would lead the PAMANA implementation. The BBSTI facilitated the guidelines and rules and
procedures for the implementation to run smoothly.
Motivation
When asked about their motivation about their participation in the PAMANA program,
all participants stressed their culture of “bayanihan” and camaraderie. The word “pagkakaisa”
and the phrase “sino bang gagawa at magtutulungan kundi tayo lang naman, ito naman ay para
sa ating kaunlaran” are the frequent answers of the participants. Poverty as well is mentioned
by four participants as their motivation why they volunteer and participate. Because of their
difficult lives, if the PAMANA projects such as the roads and school buildings were
implemented properly and quickly, their lives would be made easier. Participants also said that
their efforts in the PAMANA implementation would be for the well-being of their family
especially their children who are the future generation. Another answer is also the feeling of an
obligation to help because they are beneficiaries of 4Ps or the Pantawid Pamilya Program and
Sustainable Livelihood program.
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Results of PAMANA program
All participants expressed positive attitudes regarding the results of the PAMANA
program. They said that the program provided good and quality farm to market roads for
comfortable transportation. They were able to go from one barangay to another without any
transport concerns. They are able to transport their agricultural products to the market efficiently.
Before, it would take longer time for them to transport these because their roads were not
concreted. Their livelihood routines were also alleviated. One participant who worked as an
animal hunter and buyer said that what took half day during his travels were reduced to one to
two hours. In short, it made their life easier.
The well-being of the students were also improved. Before, the students struggled going
to schools because of muddy and tippy roads. Now, they are able to walk towards their school
without getting their legs and feet dirty. Complement to the improvement of the well-being of the
students, the PAMANA program also provided school buildings which are sturdier than the other
school buildings.
Lastly, participants also mentioned that participation increased when the results were
presented. It strengthened the “bayanihan” spirit of the community because of the aftermath of
the PAMANA projects. They said that some people became active because of the benefits that
PAMANA brought to their daily routines.
On the bad results of the PAMANA program, the answers of the participants are basically
none. Just few minor damages to the property because of PAMANA projects, less time with
family, and slow movement of documents are the common answers of the participants. They
agreed that the PAMANA program was an effective program and it brought only good results to
their barangay.
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Analysis
The nature of data analysis dwells on the explanation and implications of the study. In the
light of data presented, the new public administration theory guided the data analysis. Jocelyne
Bourgon in her work, “Responsive, responsible and respected government: towards a New
Public Administration (NPA) Theory”, discussed the transforming role of the government and
citizens in the modern society. This role is guided by four values provided by NPA: citizenship,
public interest, public policy and its implementation. Thus, the analysis would be divided into
four discussions.
Citizenship means integration of individuals and communities. The individuals belong to
a community through which they help each other ‘to work out their personal interests in the
context of community concerns.’(Putnam, 2000) The beneficiaries of the PAMANA program
served as the PAMANA implementers as well. The PAMANA program adopted the community
driven development approach wherein the community themselves received the PAMANA funds
and used these to implement the prioritized projects chosen by the people. Greater involvement
of the citizens of the barangay means better policy decisions for the volunteers of BBSTI which
is materialized in this case-study. From being a beneficiary, citizens of the barangay became
more involved in public discussion and integration.
Public interest, according to a consensualist school of thought, is defined as a policy
debate to achieve ‘public value consensus’ (Appleby, P, 1950; Stone, D., 1997). It is never an
aggregate of individual interests but a common or shared interests of the citizens. It is all about
communities being united to achieve something as communities. Participants were able to reach
a consensus with other people through the consultation and voting process during the barangay
assembly. Their votes are accounted by the volunteers to ensure one decision for all. The culture
53 | P a g e
of “bayanihan” in their community strengthen the consensual tendencies of the individuals to act
and decide together as one community.
Developments regarding the service to citizens was made by the proponents of New
Public Administration theory. The implementation and policy formulation are not separate
processes but rather an integrative and interactive one (Pressman and Wildavsky, 1973). The
Pillar 2, which is building resilient communities, of the PAMANA program gives importance to
citizen participation in service design and delivery by providing peace and development
workshop and seminars. The decisions do not lie on the hands of the government but in the hands
of the beneficiaries as well. The role of the local government is to support the community in the
implementation and assist them whenever hard decisions are to be made. According to the
participants, the citizens of the barangay chose the projects based on their needs and interests.
Furthermore, the first participant mentioned that the physical projects brought by PAMANA are
considered the sub-project. According to him, the main project of the PAMANA program is to
bring knowledge to the beneficiaries and volunteers to capitalize people in implementing
projects. This statement is supported by the ‘new’ services which arose from the 1990s, the year
of modernization and advancement of technology (Bourgon, 2007). The knowledge-based
method takes into account the experiences and struggles of the people in the barangay as a basis
of what kind of services is needed. Participants mentioned about how low-quality roads
diminished their efficiency in transporting goods and services. The barangay assembly served as
an arena of inquiry and consultation for the people to prioritize farm to market roads. The role of
the citizens changed from non-interference towards participation and co-production of projects.
Aside from the knowledge-based approach, the holistic approach of the NPA presented
the idea of collaboration of multiple agencies among the levels of the government. The
54 | P a g e
PAMANA program is implemented with multiple agencies involved depending on the kinds of
projects that a community needs. In this barangay, the DSWD Kalahi and OPAPP partnership
focused on public works and highways and buildings. The decentralization of duties and
responsibilities were followed by the OPAPP to ensure efficiency and integration. According to
Paul Escobar (2017), the levels of government including the beneficiaries are activated and
guided by procedures and guidelines appropriate to the situation of the barangay and the local
government.
The New Public Administration theory supports the existing literature of OECD or the
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. It suggests that citizen involvement
in policy development have three primary characteristics:
Information – A one-way relationship in which governments provide information to
citizens
Consultation – A two-way relationship in which citizens provide feedback to
governments.
Active participation - An ongoing exchange in which governments and citizens are
involved in the content of policy making
These three characteristics are manifested on the process of implementation of the PAMANA
program in the barangay. The information of the program is made public by the DSWD Kalahi.
The citizens are welcomed to speak, suggest, and dissent on projects funded by the PAMANA
during the barangay assembly. There is a continuous and responsive exchange between the
beneficiaries and the implementers during the implementation where they ask for more funds
with the barangay local government, for volunteers and for participation of the citizens.
55 | P a g e
On the other hand, the data’s manifestations are supported by the theory of structural
empowerment made by Kanter (1977). The opportunity for the beneficiaries to acquire
knowledge and skills to implement PAMANA projects were provided, according to the
participants. By virtue of conducting seminars and workshops, the DSWD-KALAHI managed
provide beneficiaries access to information, resources and support. Erickon et al. (2003) would
agree that the participants are empowered because based from the answers of the participants, the
agency encouraged collaboration among the members of the community and insisted that the role
of the organization of the ‘bayanis’ to take control of the implementation. With the help of the
barangay local government unit, the gaps were filled in terms of resources and manpower.
In terms of the result of the PAMANA program, the four guiding concepts of
empowerment were affirmed. The roles of the BBSTI, BLGU and DSWD-KALAHI were
integrated and they successfully implemented farm to market roads and school buildings. The
sense of ownership of these projects were felt as the participants mentioned several benefits (e.g.
transportation and convenience). The partnership between the agency and the community
showed good outcomes. Accountability was given importance by the presence of the monitoring
and inspection team.
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Chapter 5
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
Summary
This research sought to explain and understand how the beneficiaries and volunteers of
the Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya assess the PAMANA program as an empowerment tool. The
PAMANA program involved in this case aimed to build resilient communities by bringing
development projects to the area considered to be isolated, hard-to-reach or conflict-vulnerable
and conflict affected areas. The researcher used the case-study approach as methodology
characterized by 6 in-depth interviews, 3 key informant interviews, 2 expert interviews, and
observation. He tested the validity and reliability of the data by means of the triangulation
method. The collection secondary data which includes journals, books, internet articles, reports,
barangay profile, and related guidebooks were deemed important and necessary to support the
data gathered.
The assessment of the participants from the barangay posits positive results regarding the
PAMANA program implementation. The beneficiaries’ experiences were satisfactory given the
outcomes of the PAMANA program. The process of implementation promoted transparency,
accountability and citizen participation based on the interpretation and observation of the
researcher on the participants’ answers and actions. The strong culture of ‘bayanihan’ is the main
reason why people in the barangay participated on the implementation. In the researcher’s
analysis, the theoretical framework complements the hows and whys of the participants’ answer.
To sum up, the thesis statement, that people became empowered because of the PAMANA
program, was proven and the question of sustainability needs to be addressed. According to the
participants, the PAMANA projects made a huge impact on their lives by improving their roads
57 | P a g e
and providing school buildings. The modes of transportation and daily routines became easy and
convenient. The only problem in these projects is lack of funds for their maintenance. The
culture of bayanihan and the well-integrated beneficiaries and local government units
contributed to the success of the PAMANA program.
Conclusion
It is well-established in the analysis that the community of Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya
worked hand-in-hand as a community to deal with the implementation and results of the
PAMANA program. They became truly empowered in terms of personal, political and economic
aspect. Instead of just being bearers of rights, they became integrated and involved on the
formulation and implementation of public policy. Thus, It cannot be denied that the case of
Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya is a successful one in terms of empowerment and outcomes of the
PAMANA program. Existing literatures suggest that in order to effectively execute programs,
one must wear the spectacles of the people on the ground to contextualize the setting of the
community. The adoption of community driven development projects fits the situation of the
barangay. In addition to this, the strong sense of solidarity paved the way to the successful
outcome of the PAMANA program.
Although the PAMANA provided good results, the question of sustainability arises.
According to the key informant interviewee Rodrigo Brana, the PAMANA program was finished
in their barangay and funds were expected to stop. They added that they needed more funds to
sustain and maintain their roads and school buildings. Based on his statement, the concern for
development does not stop. The PAMANA program served as a short-term development policy
for them which ignored the long-term effect of such policy. There is a need for sustainable policy
with regards to the development of the barangay
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Another concern that should be taken into consideration is that not every community can
experience the same success. There are many cases where PAMANA program worsened living
conditions in the area. The indigenous people, for example, perceived PAMANA program as a
negative policy. According to Jesse Barcelon of Katribu, the PAMANA program serves as a
pacifying instrument of the military to intrude into ancestral lands where the alleged New
People’s Army are said to be staying. He further added that the PAMANA program made the
indigenous people more vulnerable as they are caught in between the military and insurgents’
strife. Because of this, there is a need for studies and researches concerning the effects of the
PAMANA program to the indigenous people as according to Jesse and Kakai, the PAMANA
program disrupts the lives of the indigenous people.
Nevertheless, this research promotes the objective evaluation of policies. The PAMANA
program can be an effective policy of development but it can also contain ulterior political
motives that can oppress people especially the marginalized sector such as the indigenous
people. This also calls for a vigilant evaluation of other cases because there are many lessons that
can be applied to other cases to improve the implementation of public policy. The citizens’
involvement in the policy-making and decision-making can be the key to a successful program.
Recommendation
The recommendations provided by the participants includes the continuation of funds for
development projects. This is for sustainability purposes of their farm to market roads and
highways and school buildings and also for more development projects to come. They also urged
the government to provide several small group discussions for a clear and comprehensive
understanding of the peace and development program. The volunteers want the local government
to provide activities that will encourage other inactive members to participate and increase
59 | P a g e
awareness. The researchers’ recommendation includes further studies regarding the situation of
other beneficiaries such as the indigenous people. There is a need for an intensive study and
evaluation of the PAMANA program as a policy. As the peace process remains a relevant issue
today, more researches should be conducted concerning the relationship between peace and
development
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62 | P a g e
Appendix
Informed Consent Form for Beneficiaries and Local Government Units who have
experiences on the PAMANA program in building resilient communities.
Researcher: Fritz Paolo V. Casama
Institution: University of the Philippines – Manila
Research Adviser: Dr. Josefina Tayag.
Part I: Information Sheet
Introduction
I am Fritz Paolo V. Casama, a 4th year Political Science student at University of the Philippines –
Manila. I am doing a research about the effectiveness of the PAMANA program as a political
empowerment tool. I am going to give you information about the study and invite you to be part
of this research. Participating in the research is voluntary and you do not have to decide today
whether or not you will participate in the research. Before you decide, you can talk to anyone you
feel comfortable with about participating in the research.
This consent form may contain words or terms that you may be unfamiliar with or you do not
understand. Please ask me to stop as we go through the information and I will take time to explain.
If you have questions later about the research, you can freely ask them to me.
Purpose of the research
The research aims to examine and analyze the experiences and assessment of the beneficiaries and
local government units on the PAMANA program in building resilient communities and
empowering the stakeholders and implementers. This also aims to describe the ideological
framework behind PAMANA and conceptualize the roles and relationships of the beneficiaries
with the implementers. The researcher also intends to contribute to the literature for proper and
appropriate strategies in implementing government programs as well as to recommend in
improving PAMANA implementation and an approach regarding empowering the people to
facilitate the programs’ implementation
Type of Research Intervention
Your participation in the research would involve, with your consent, a recorded interview that will
take about thirty to sixty minutes long.
Participant Selection
You are being invited to take part in the research because the researcher feels that your experiences
and views as a beneficiary or local government unit can contribute much to the researcher’s
understanding and knowledge about the PAMANA program
63 | P a g e
Voluntary Participation
Your participation in this research is entirely voluntary. It is your choice whether to participate or
not. The choice that you make will have no effect on your life in the community. You may change
your mind at any time and you can stop participating in the research even if you agreed earlier.
Procedures
The researcher will be asking about the activities of the PAMANA program and its effectiveness
to you as a beneficiary or a local government unit. I am inviting you to take part in this research
project. With your consent and if you accept, you will be asked to participate in a recorded
interview with the researcher. Before the interview, I will read to you this informed consent form
and explain everything about it. If you wish to clarify something, you may ask the researcher to
explain it further so you will understand the purpose of the study. I have series of questions for
you to answer. If you do not wish to answer any of the questions during the interview, you may
say so and the interviewer will move on to the next question. No one else but the interviewer will
be present unless you would like someone else to be there. The information recorded is
confidential, and no one else except the researcher and his adviser, Dr. Josefina Tayag, will access
to the information documented during your interview. The entire interview will be tape-recorded,
but no-one will be identified by name on the tape. The tape will be kept in mp3 file format in the
computer. The information recorded is confidential, and no one else except the researcher and his
adviser, Dr. Josefina Tayag, will have access to the tapes. The tapes will be destroyed after 6
weeks.
Duration
The whole research takes place over a month in total. The researcher would allot 3-5 days in the
community to gather data and interview participants. The interview would take 30 minutes to 1
hour.
Risks
There is a risk that the research may require you to share some personal or confidential information
by chance during the interview. If by any chance that you feel uncomfortable in answering a
question, or talking about some topics, we do not wish for this to happen. You do not have to
answer any question or topic that you are uncomfortable answering or sharing if they are too
personal or may pose a great risk to your well-being.
Benefits
64 | P a g e
Participating in the research will give no direct benefit to you as an individual, but your
participation will aid in improving the PAMANA program as a tool for political empowerment. It
will also contribute to the existing literature about how should the government implement their
policies and what approaches should the government adopt.
Confidentiality
The research being done in the community may draw attention and if you participate you may be
asked questions by other people in the community. We will not be sharing information about you
to anyone. The information that the researcher collects from this research will be kept private. Any
information about you will be changed into a number or an alias would be used. Only the researcher
will know what your number or alias is. It will not be shared with or given to anyone except to the
research adviser, Dr. Josefina Tayag.
Sharing the Results
Nothing that you tell us today will be shared with anybody other than the researcher and his
adviser, and nothing will be attributed to you by name. The knowledge that we get from this
research will be shared with you and your community before it is made widely available to the
public. Each participant will receive a summary of the results. The publishing of results depends
on the participants if he/she will allow it.
Right to Refuse or Withdraw
Participation in the research is completely voluntary. You do not have to take part in this research
if you do not wish to do so, and choosing to participate will not affect you in any way. You may
stop participating in the interview at any time that you wish. The interviewer will give you an
opportunity at the end of the interview/discussion to review your remarks, and you can ask to
modify or remove portions of those, if you do not agree with my notes or I did not understand you
correctly.
Who to Contact
If you have any questions, you can ask them now or later. If you wish to ask questions later, you
may contact the researcher, Fritz Paolo V. Casama by phone (09068183367), or by e-mail
([email protected]) and his adviser, Professor Josefina Tayag ([email protected]).
65 | P a g e
Certificate of Consent
I have been invited to participate in the research titled ““Isang PAMANA: A case-study on the
effectiveness of PAMANA program as a political empowerment tool.” The research talks about
pillar 2 of the PAMANA program which is building resilient communities. I have been invited for
an interview with the researcher to talk about my experiences and views about the empowerment
initiatives of the PAMANA. The researcher has discussed to me the purpose, risks, benefits, and
procedures of the research. My participation in the research is completely voluntary, and at any
time that I might feel uncomfortable, I have the right to refuse or to withdraw my participation in
the research.
I have read the foregoing information, or it has been read to me. I have had the opportunity
to ask questions about it and any questions I have been asked have been answered to my
satisfaction. I give consent to voluntarily be a participant in this study
Print Name of Participant__________________
Signature of Participant ___________________
Date ___________________________
Day/month/year
If illiterate 1
I have witnessed the accurate reading of the consent form to the potential participant, and
the individual has had the opportunity to ask questions. I confirm that the individual has
given consent freely.
Print name of witness____________ Thumb print of participant
Signature of witness _____________
Date ________________________
Day/month/year
1 A literate witness must sign (if possible, this person should be selected by the participant and should have no connection to the
research team). Participants who are illiterate should include their thumb print as well.
66 | P a g e
Statement by the researcher/person taking consent
I have accurately read out the information sheet to the potential participant, and to the best
of my ability made sure that the participant understands that the following will be done:
1. With their consent, there will be a recorded interview with the researcher about the youth
movement in their community.
2. The findings would be published in a paper by the researcher. All information would be
kept confidential and a number or alias would be used instead of the real name of the
participant to ensure their safety and confidentiality.
3. At any time that the participant feels uncomfortable, they have the right to refuse or
withdraw their participation in the research.
I confirm that the participant was given an opportunity to ask questions about the study, and
all the questions asked by the participant have been answered correctly and to the best of
my ability. I confirm that the individual has not been coerced into giving consent, and the
consent has been given freely and voluntarily.
A copy of this ICF has been provided to the participant.
Print Name of Researcher/person taking the consent________________________
Signature of Researcher /person taking the consent__________________________
Date ___________________________
Day/month/year
67 | P a g e
Questionnaire
Questionnaire (Beneficiaries)
1. Ano ang kaalaman niyo sa PAMANA program?
2. Paano niyo po nalaman ang PAMANA program at paano po ito ipinaliwanag sa inyo?
3. Anu-ano ang mga proyektong hatid ng PAMANA sa inyo at sa inyong komunidad?
4. May papel po ba kayo sa pagtataguyod ng mga proyekto? Kung mayroon ay anu-ano po
ito?
5. Kayo po ba ay may kakayahang iboses ang inyong mga saloobin?
6. Kayo po ba ay kinatawan sa pangangasiwa ng mga proyekto ng programa?
7. Kayo po ba ay nabibigyan ng pagkakataon na magdesisyon sa kung paano gagawin ang
mga proyekto?
8. Paano po ang naging proseso ng pagtataguyod ng mga programa?
9. Anu-ano po ang mga naging hadlang sa inyong paglahok sa pagdedesisyon at
paggampanan ng inyong mga papel sa implementasyon ng PAMANA?
10. Anu-ano naman po ang nag-uudyok sa inyo na lumahok sa programa?
11. Nang matapos ang implementasyon ng PAMANA program tungkol sa mga proyektong
hatid nito, ano po ang masasabi niyong maganda at di-magandang resulta nito?
12. Sa tingin niyo po ay mapapabuti pa ang paraan ng implementasyon ng PAMANA? Kung
oo, paano?
Volunteers
1. Ano ang kaalaman niyo sa PAMANA program?
2. Paano niyo po nalaman ang PAMANA program at paano po ito ipinaliwanag sa inyo?
3. Anu-ano ang mga proyektong hatid ng PAMANA sa inyo at sa inyong komunidad?
4. May papel po ba kayo sa pagtataguyod ng mga proyekto? Kung mayroon ay anu-ano po
ito?
5. Kayo po ba ay may kakayahang iboses ang inyong mga saloobin?
6. Kayo po ba ay kinatawan sa pangangasiwa ng mga proyekto ng programa?
7. Kayo po ba ay nabibigyan ng pagkakataon na magdesisyon sa kung paano gagawin ang
mga proyekto?
8. Paano po ang naging proseso ng pagtataguyod ng mga programa?
9. May mga capacity-building activities po bang hatid ang PAMANA program?
10. Paano po kayo sinanay bilang maging mga tagapagtaguyod ng PAMANA?
11. Anu-ano po ang mga naging hadlang sa inyong paglahok sa pagdedesisyon at
paggampanan ng inyong mga papel sa implementasyon ng PAMANA?
12. Anu-ano naman po ang nag-uudyok sa inyo na lumahok sa programa?
13. Nang matapos ang implementasyon ng PAMANA program tungkol sa mga proyektong
hatid nito, ano po ang masasabi niyong maganda at di-magandang resulta nito?
14. Sa tingin niyo po ay mapapabuti pa ang paraan ng implementasyon ng PAMANA? Kung
oo, paano?
68 | P a g e
Key Informant Interviews
1. What are the mechanisms and activities of PAMANA that empowers the beneficiaries and its
implementers?
2. How are these implemented?
3. What are the things that impede or promote empowerment during the PAMANA
implementation?
4. What are the results of these empowerment activities? How empowered the people are?
Letter of Intent
I am Fritz Paolo V. Casama, a fourth year student of University of the Philippines,
Manila. I am writing to you to show you my interest in the PAMANA program as a political tool
for empowerment of the beneficiaries and local government units. I would like to conduct a case
study on a specific community regarding the empowerment programs that PAMANA have for its
beneficiaries . Having been familiar with the PAMANA program, I would like to know the
extent of its empowerment programs guided by its pillar 2 foundation which is to build resilient
communities. The following are the objectives of the case study that I want to conduct:
1. To give background to what is a peace and development program and what is the current
situation of the people on the ground
2. To describe the peace and development framework of PAMANA and the ideology behind it.
3. To analyze the processes and mechanisms of the PAMANA program that empower the
beneficiaries and the local government units
4. To explore the manner of implementing the PAMANA program as an empowerment tool
5. To examine the problems in PAMANA program that impede empowerment as well as those
operations that promote empowerment
6. To conceptualize the results of PAMANA program as an empowerment tool from the
perspective of the beneficiaries and local government units.
7. To give recommendation in improving PAMANA implementation as an empowerment tool in
building resilient communities.
Main Question: How effective is the PAMANA program as a political empowerment tool?
Other Questions:
1. What are the mechanisms and activities of PAMANA that empowers the beneficiaries
and its implementers?
2. How are these implemented?
3. What are the things that impede or promote empowerment during the PAMANA
implementation?
4. What are the results of these empowerment activities? How empowered the people are?
The nature of the study is academic that would contribute to existing literature about the
government programs that promotes empowerment and give recommendation in improving the
PAMANA program in formulating effective empowerment programs for the communities. The
results of the study would be made available for both the people on the ground and OPAPP.
69 | P a g e
The deadline of my data gathering is by the end of April. The specific location that I wish to
conduct my research is around Catanauan, Quezon Province.
Letter to the Local Government
April 10, 2017
Almira Orfanel
Mayor of Catanauan, Quezon Province
Dear Mayor Almira,
I am Fritz Paolo V. Casama, fourth year Political Science Student from University of the
Philippines, Manila. I am writing to you to request for your permission to conduct my
undergraduate research in a specific barangay in Catanauan regarding the PAMANA program
and its effectiveness as a political empowerment tool of the government for the beneficiaries and
local government units and interview you and the community as my participants.
As I have ample knowledge about how PAMANA works in theory, I would like to focus
on the Pillar 2 which is building resilient communities. The nature of the study would be an
assessment of the PAMANA program as an empowerment tool. Your support and assistance will
greatly aid me in finishing my research. The start of our data gathering is on April 1, 2017 and its
deadline is on last week of April.
These are the questions that I wish to answer:
Main Question: How effective is the PAMANA program as a political empowerment tool?
1. What are the mechanisms and activities of PAMANA that empowers the beneficiaries and
its implementers?
2. How are these implemented?
3. What are the things that impede or promote empowerment during the PAMANA
implementation?
4. What are the results of these empowerment activities? How empowered the people are?
Thank you for your positive response.
Respectfully yours,
Fritz Paolo V. Casama
2013-20448
4th Year Political Science Student
University of the Philippines, Manila
70 | P a g e
Coding - Voice 1
Questions Quotes Themes and
Subthemes
Analysis/Remarks
What is your
understanding of
PAMANA
program?
isang programa ng DSWD
na ibinibigay sa barangay
na kung saan ang barangay
ay magtutukoy ng proyekto
na naangkop para sa kanila
at kung saan ay
popondohan rin ito ng
DSWD. w
DSWD project for
development
The reason behind
PAMANA program
is not well-defined
to the understanding
of the beneficiaries
of what PAMANA
aims
How did you
know PAMANA
program?
ang DSWD ang nagbibigay
ng proyekto sa bara-
barangay kung saan yun
nga proyekto ang
iniimplementa, sila ang
nagbibigay ng pondo. May
counterpart ang barangay at
community.
Information by
DSWD
Well-coordinated
agencies of DSWD
KALAHI-CIDDS
PAMANA
What are the
projects of the
PAMANA
program in your
community
dito sa amin, sa barangay
tagbacan ilaya, ay mayroon
tayong farm to market road,
school building.
Farm to Market
Road
School building
What is your role
in the
implementation
of its projects?
ako yung pangulo, ako
yung nangunguna, ako
yung sumusubaybay sa
lahat ng proyekto. Ah, bago
pa man dumating yung
PAMANA at original
kalahi ay ako pa din ang
humahawak.
Leader of Volunteers
Group
Do you have the
capacity to voice
out your
opinions?
malaki ang parsitipasyon
dahil kaming mga
volunteer, as ang, sabi nga
ay nangunguna sa
pagpapatayo ng proyekto.
Sabi nga, kaagapay la’ang
ang nasa LGU, yung mga
BLGU kaagapay sila nasa
likod namen sila at suporta
nila ang aming minahan.
Free to speak,
dissent and
participation
71 | P a g e
Yung suporta nila ay
patuloy naming hinihingi.
Do you have
representations?
Representations They represent
themselves
Are you part of
the decision-
making process?
oo kami ang nabibigyan ng
pagkakataon na
magdesisyon dahil kami din
ang gumagawa ng rules
dito eh. Ah pagdating do’n
sa bayarin kagaya ng mga
bayarin kame yung
nagdidisisyon, kami yung
nagpupulong pulong ng
mga community volunteers.
ah okay nagkakaroon tayo
ng konsultasyon. Actually,
yun yung tinatawag na
barangay assembly na kung
saan na inilalahad ng mga
volunteers yung mga
napiling proyekto. Hahanap
kami ng tatlong proyekto
na unang unang
pangangailangan dito sa
aming barangay at
pagkatapos ito yung
tinatawag na participatory
situation analysis yung PSA
na tinatawag. Na kung saan
ay ipaparating naman sa
community na eto po yung
tatlong proyekto na napili
namin at naaangkop naman
sa pangangailangan ng
ating barangay.
Political
empowerment,
Consultation
Rule-making in
implementation
How is the
process of the
program?
PSA o participatory
situation analysis na kung
saan ay tutukuyin yung
mga community kung ano
ang proyekto na naangkop
at na talagang
pangangailangan sa
kanilang barangay.
Pangalawa, ihaharap ito sa
assembliya at ah sasabihin
Participation
situation analysis –
prioritized necessary
projects
Barangay assembly
Consultation
Detailed and
itemized – cautious
against corruption
72 | P a g e
na ito yung napiling
proyekto. Tatlong proyekto
lagi e. eto yung napili
nating proyekto tapos kung
bukal sa kalooban nila na
ayun itatayo na
pangangailangan sa
barangay yun ang
popondohan then ihaharap
na ito sa DSWD, gagawa
ng mga papeles, mga
documents yun ang
pangyayari.
ah sila (DSWD) yun
nagpopondo kasi eh so
bibigyan kami ng program
of works na POW na
tinatawag. Kung saan ina-
itimize yung mga gagawin,
yung mga detailed estimate
DSWD
documentation
DSWD funds
Are there
capacity-building
activities for the
implementers?
What are those
activities?
iniinsist ng DSWD na
magkaroon ng samahan
May mga local government
unit na may mga sangay ng
ahensiya , mga agencies na
pwedeng lapitan para
maglobby ng pondo para sa
proyektong nais ipagawa
para sa barangay. Yun yung
capacity building and then
ah may mga trainings pa
den na itinuturo kung
papaano yung pamamaraan
ng pagpapatakbo ng
proyekto ano yung mga
dapat niyong tignan. Unang
una, pagdating sa
materyales na dinedeliver
sainyo kung ito ba ay tama.
Papaano ang sukat ng
materyales, ang mga
supplies pala, materyales.
Supplies, paano ang
Formation of
organization
Trainings and
Seminars for public
works and highways
How to select
appropriate
materials
How to measure
materials?
How much materials
to get?
73 | P a g e
pagsusukat ng supplies
kagaya ng ah grava,
buhangin, yung mga
pantambak, yan kung
papano.
What are the
challenges and
problems that
you faced during
the
implementation?
kung papaano natin siya
sisimulan although hindi
natin alam kung pare
pareho kung papaano natin
siya sisimulan yung
challenge so parang sabi
nga ng taga-DSWD sub
project la’ang yung
proyektong ibinibigay
siguro sa panahon. Parte
din ng hadlang yun. Yung
panahon pag ka nakasabay
ng planting season at
harvest season. So medyo
naantala pero hindi naman
kami umaabot sa timeline
na 60 calendar days, ay 90
calendar days dapat
matapos yung trabaho hindi
naman kami umaabot hindi
kami sumasagad sa ganon.
So medyo nga lang
pagdating sa panahon, hindi
natin hawak ang panahon
talagang
Lack of skills in
implementation
Weather
Knowledge and
skills are the main
project, the physical
aspect of projects is
considered the sub-
project
They are farmers
and they struggle on
how to cope up with
a volatile weather
What are your
personal
motivations on
participating in
the program?
ah unang una sabi ko kung
hindi namin nahawakan
yung volunteers ay sino?
Yung dahil pinamimigay
naman namin ang
paghawak sa ibang
community eh ayaw nila?
Eh sabi namin kung ayaw
nila eh sayang yung pondo
sayang ang binibigay na
pondo at pagkakataon na
rin ito para makatulong
kaming mga sabi lang ay
Willingness to help
for the community’s
welfare
They truly believe
that they can do
something about
their current
situation and they
also believe that
they can improve
their lives
74 | P a g e
kaming nasa community ay
makatulong din sa
pangangailangan ng BLGU
yung barangay local
government unit sinasabi
namin sige tayo nalang
humawak ng proyekto tutal
para din naman sa atin ang
proyektong ito at unang una
sinasabi din naman ng mga
naka upo, ng mga
namununo sa barangay,
kahit ilang termino silang
umupo dito ay hindi nila
kaya makapag pagawa ng
ganitong klaseng proyekto
na milyon ang amount,
hundreds of thousand
ganyan.
What are the
good and bad
results of the
program?
ang magandang resulta
muna tayo ha. Magandang
resulta kagaya nga ng
sinasabi ko nung nauna,
simula nung dumating ang
kalahi since program sa
aming barangay napakalaki
ng iginanda ng aming
barangay, ah, nung una,
bago kami makarating sa
pamilihang bayan ay
nakakailang baba kami sa
sasakyan, siguro mga lima,
ganyan! para itulak ang
sasakyan, yan, iunload at
iload ulit ang kalakan don
sa tricycle. ngayon hindi na
nagyayari.
oo atsaka malaking tulong
na din sa community.
Unang una ah kapag
community yung
nagtrabaho parang may
puso sila dun sa proyekto
Good
- Better
transportation
- Increased
participation
of the
citizens in the
barangay
Bad
- Lacking
quality of
highways and
road
75 | P a g e
na mapapangalagaan nila
yung proyekto…
Do you think the
PAMANA
program can be
improved? How?
What are your
recommendations
ang maganda siguro kung
ang kalahi ay sa kalahi
cidds pa rin papadaanin
dahil transparent ang
nangyayari.
Icontinue yung ah proyekto
ng PAMANA.
More funds for
continuation of
projects
KALAHI CIDDS
implementation
Transparency and
Accountability
The beneficiaries
have strong beliefs
that they can
participate in the
implementation of
government
programs.
76 | P a g e
Voice 2
Questions Quotes Themes and
Subthemes
Analysis
What is your
understanding of
PAMANA
program?
ah ang kaalaman ko sa
PAMANA ang priority nung
unang nabibigyan ng project
nito ay nabiktima ng
karahasan.
Ang pagkakaintindi ko ay
pograma ito ng DSWD na
galing sa OFAP office of the
president ng budget tapos
nagcocounter part naman
kami sa barangay
nagccounterpart para lumaki
yung pondo dahil tig-300k
lamang ang budget na
binababa sa amin.
Conflict-affected
area DSWD-OPAPP
program
300,000 bawat
barangay
To gather enough
funds for their
projects, they asked
for BLGU funds.
This is what he
meant when he said
“counterpart”
How did you
know PAMANA
program?
ah umaattend kami sir, sa
mga seminar. Ah nalaman
namin don na isa rin ang
aming barangay sa kasama
doon sa mabibigyan ng
project lalo na dito sa bayan
ng katanawan.
Orientation and
Seminar
What are the
projects of the
PAMANA
program in your
community
Dalawang FMR at isang
school building
FMR
School Building
School building –
750,000
What is your role
in the
implementation
of its projects?
Monitoring inspection
ah di may dalawa akong
miyembro tapos ang
ginagawa naman namin edi
presidente nga ako ng
parang bayanihan sa
tagbacan ilaya nahingi kami
ng tulong sa mga parents ng
mga nagpapaaral don para
makapagpaayo nga kami
Monitoring and
Inspection
Fundraiser
For transparency
and accountability.
Inspects materials,
time, equipment,
situation of
barangay
Political issues
arise
77 | P a g e
para makamit namin yung
200 last pa na para sa labor.
Oo may gumagawa kami ng
report na sa loob na dapat
may report na kada isang
buwan tapos nagcoconduct
din kami ng barangay
accountability report pag
rereport namin sa barangay
para ireport yung mga
nagastos na sa project, kung
ano na kalagayan ng
project..
yung ignagawa ko habang
nag iimplement para hindi
kami madali ng contractor at
supplier ay di yun nga
iniinspekiyon ko lahat ng
dinadala dito na materyales.
Yung minomonitor ko din
kung nasa tamang oras di
ang kanilang pagttrabaho
lalo na sa FMR syempre
equipment ang gamit at
tsaka imonitor ko yung
kalagayan ng kabarangay
namin gawa ng pagating sa
implementasiyon ay meron
kagaya sa FMR,
nasasagasan sa
pagpapagawa ng kalsada
yun ang inaayos namin
Dun kami nagcoconduct sa
may DSWD, sa opisina ng
kalahi kinukuha ng sadya
yung report dahil hindi rin
naman kami makakakuha ng
budget sa kanila pag hindi
kumpleto yung report tsaka
kumpleto yung dokumento
ibibigay, sabe nga namen eh
ang gamit lang naman ay
papel lang ballpen wala rin
They perceive NPA
as enemy
78 | P a g e
naman kaimng cash
paminsan nga eh
napagduduhan ng mga ibang
taga komunidad mga ibang
kabarangay baka nga raw
kami ay nangongorupt eh
kako ang gamit lamang
namin dyan ay ballpen at
papel hindi namna ibibigay
ng cash yung ano ay
syempre irerelease lang
namen sa bangko at
ibabayad agad sa contructor
ganon ang gawa namen gaya
ng school building irerelease
ang budget sa bangko
ibabayad agad sa utang
namen ang ginagawa namin
ay nautang kami sa supplier
Do you have the
capacity to voice
out your
opinions?
oo snagmumungkahi ako ng
halimbawa may gusto
kaming ipagawa ng project
edi nagmumungkahi ao sa
sangguniang barangay na
kinakailangan namin.
Nagsasabi namn ako
sakanila
Free to speak,
dissent and suggest
Do you have
representations?
Are you part of
the decision-
making process?
nabibigyan din naman sir,
ako na nga ang tumatayo na
ah project implementation
ako na ang nagdedesisyon
para sa pagsasagawa. Ang
katuwang ko nga dyan ay
yung una mong kinausap
don yung chairman,
treasurer ko yon yun ang
ano, kaming dalawa ang
nagdedesisiyon tapos pag
napagusapan namin ay
ipapadala namin sa
sangguniang barangay. Sila
Primary decision-
maker
79 | P a g e
naman ay laging umaaprove
dahil ang minumungkahi
naman ay puro para sa
kaunlaran, ikabubuti ng
barangay namin.
How is the
process of the
program?
ang ginagawa namin ay
nagpapa baranagay
assembly tapos tinatanong
nama ang syempre kunwari
may gusto na kaming
ipagawa halimbawa sa isang
sitio ito yung FMR dito sa
balintok pinapa-aprubahan
ang tao o hindi. Pag
sinabing eh palibhasa
magaganda ang sinusulong
namin eh inaaprubahan
naman.
tapos paguusapan na namin
sa sanggunian yungmagkano
yung icocounterpart tapos
pag may galing na 300k sa
OPAPP ay yun paguusapan
namin kung papaano.
Barangay Assembly
Project identification
Consultation
Approval
Documentation
Barangay meeting
for procurement of
funds
Are there
capacity-building
activities for the
implementers?
What are those
activities?
Seminars and
Trainings
What are the
challenges and
problems that
you faced during
the
implementation?
ang ano ko lamang tungkol
sa pamilya dahil
nababawasan ang oras ko sa
pamilya. 30% nalang ang
nabibigay kong oras sa
pamilya eh wala naman
akong sweldo wala naman
eh para naman sa kaunlaran
ng barangay.atsaka sa
pagiimplementation dyan ko
nakaano yng engineer dahil
Personal problems –
less time with family
80 | P a g e
hindi ako pumapayag nang
hindi sila sumunid ng nasa
POW yung program of
work. Syepmre hawak ko
yon pagkadi sila sumunod
don eh don ako nakakaranas
ng pafgtatalo sa mga
engineer
What are your
personal
motivations on
participating in
the program?
ay ako naman ay hindi
nagpresinta ako lang ay
kinuha lang ng BLGU para
humawak na akoy kinuha
nila para magvolunteer at ng
mga programa ng DSWD at
ng kalahi na yan.
ay kaya ano naman, hindi ko
naman basta basta tinanggap
dahil minonitor ko muna
kung patungo sa kaunlaran
ng barangay, hindi lang
naman ako ang
makikinabang at nng mga
barangay ay talagang lahat
ng tao ay makikinabang.
Duty
Willingness to help
What are the
good and bad
results of the
program?
ang magandang resulta nito
ay ah dati nung una yung
mga estudyante dito
pumapasok ng naka pack at
halos hanggang binti yung
putik ay ngayon pag
papasok na sila ay sa bahay
pa lang ay nakasapatos na
sila at nakakapasok na sila
sa skwelahan ng hindi nag
dadaan sa putik dahil nung
una ay puro putik dyan dahil
walang kalsada dyan.
Ngayon dahil nga sa
programa ng DSWD, kalahi,
ay nagkaroon kami ng
magandang kalsada.
Good
- Good
transportation
- Welfare of
the students
- School
building
Do you think the
PAMANA
kung oo edi syemre para
mapabuti pa yung
More funds PAMANA made a
good impact on the
81 | P a g e
program can be
improved? How?
What are your
recommendations
emplementation ng
PAMANA ay para mapabuti
ay pondohan ulit kami.
beneficiaries in the
barangay.
Judging from their
answers, they seem
to overlook their
primary needs as
farmers because
they do not have an
irrigation system as
well.
82 | P a g e
Voice 3
Questions Quotes Themes and
Subthemes
Analysis/Remarks
What is your
understanding of
PAMANA
program?
ay isang programa yan ng
DSWD na ipinatutupad sa
barangay. Parang isang
sangay yan sa programa ng
Kalahi.
Ang alam ko nyan ay utang
yan ng gobyerno lalo na
dun sa mahihirap tapos
babayaran. Hindi ako sure
kung babayaran ng
gobyerno kumbaga yung
ano dyan yung lugar ng
mahihirap. Halos lahat
naman ng barangay meron
yan eh. Ang alam ko dyan
ay national yan eh
kumbaga lahat ay binigyan.
DSWD-KALAHI
poverty program
How did you
know PAMANA
program?
Ay ano yan, may mga
nagsagawa diyan na mga
community facilitator ang
DSWD sa barangay,
nagpatawag sila ng
assembly meeting. Nung
una, di naming alam yan
dahil ako nama’y di rin
naman ako matagal na
volunteer. Pero nung una.
Hindi iyan masyadong
tinatanggap ng tao gawa ng
syempre wala naman silang
experience na yung resulta
pala’y ganon. Sa huli,
nakita ng mga tao ang
resulta na naging maganda
naman.
Ang unang-una dyan
syempre ay maiimplement
sya sa barangay, yung
pagtutulungan ng taong
Information by
DSWD
83 | P a g e
barangay yung pakiki-isa
nagsasagawa sila ng
assembly meeting sa
barangay at dun nila
binabase kung ang tao ba’y
tinatanggap nila yung
proyekto dahil community
yan eh, syempre di naman
yun tatanggapin ng
barangay kung di
makikipagtulungan ang
community yun ang
paliwanag ng mga
nagfacilitate ng una.
What are the
projects of the
PAMANA
program in your
community
Ah Pamana ba. Isang
school building, atsaka
dalawang FMR.
2 FMR
School building
What is your role
in the
implementation
of its projects?
Bale, bilang volunteer ako,
dumadalo ako sa mga
seminar tapos katulong rin
ako syempre sa mga
pagtatrabaho at unang-una
pag kung busy ang mga tao
sa pagano sa assembly
kumbaga hinihikayat para
sabihin na itong proyektong
ito ay importante
Volunteer
Public Relations
Officer
The roles of the
volunteers are well-
defined.
There is difficulty
to encourage people
because either they
are unable to
comprehend the
program or they
have different
beliefs
Or they thought
there is some
political agenda
behind it.
84 | P a g e
Do you have the
capacity to voice
out your
opinions?
Di yun nga syempre
pagnagdaraos kami ng
assembly meeting natulong
rin kami sa sanggunian na
iparating sa tao itong
proyekto na to na kumbaga
pag natapos yung proyekto
ang makikinabang nito ay
di lang tayo hanggang sa
ilang salin ng lahi natin itoy
pakikinabangan.
Free to assemble
Do you have
representations?
Are you part of
the decision-
making process?
Kumbaga pag nagdaraos
kami ng assembly dyempre
may open forum yun, may
kanya-kanya kaming
suggest. Syempre sa may
kalahi, may tinatawag
tayong BDC kung saan
tungkulin ng mga volunteer
sa barangay. Kumbaga
halimbawa, magpapasok ka
ng proyekto gusto mo dun
sa isang lugar, kumbaga
bawat isa samin kailangan
bawat volunteer ay
kailangang may maipasok
na proyekto sa mga sitio.
Kung alin dun ang
kinakailangang matugunan
na mas may
pangangailangan yun ang
uunahin. Hindi lahat
nabpagbibigyan, gusto man
naming lahat matugunan
syempre kulang sa pondo.
Prioritzation of
projects
They can prioritize
projects per sitio
although lack of
funds hinder other
projects needed by
the barangay
How is the
process of the
program?
Syempre magdadaos yan
ng BDC (Barangay
Development Council)
parang nagmmeeting
kaming mga volunteer at
council parang
nagkakaroon kami ng
Barangay
Development Council
Meeting
Identification of
projects
85 | P a g e
meeting tapos dun kami
nagssuggest ng mga
proyekto na gusto naming
sa isang sitio. Kung alin
dun ang dapat ipriority. Tas
pagnapagtibay,
magkakaroon kami ng
assembly barangay,
kunyare cr, fmr at school
building, itatanong namin
sa mga tao kung anong mas
gustong ipriority. Pero
lahat naman yun pwedeng
gawin di lang npo
sabay,sabay.
Hindi, parang ang
nangyayari ipapaliwanag
halimbawa netong
nakaraan ang proyekto ay
fmr, streetlight at cr,
itinanong namin sa tao
kung unahin natin ang cr,
syempre pwede naman siya
individual. Uunahin natin
ang fmr, dahil kailangan ng
lahat. Parang botohan na
rin.
Barangay Assembly
Explanation of
projects
Consultation and
Voting
Prioritzation of
projects
Are there
capacity-building
activities for the
implementers?
What are those
activities?
What are the
challenges and
problems that
you faced during
the
implementation?
Unang una yung
pagtatayuan ng proyekto
syempre hindi ppwede ang
property ay kulang kulang
ang papel, tsaka kailangan
mo rin yung pagtatayuan
ng proyekto, tas
pagsaiimplementasyon pag
napapasabay kami sa
trabaho ng mga tao, eh ang
proyekto naming ditto ay
Location of projects
Lack of necessary
documents
Some property will
be damaged once
the project is being
implemented
Sometimes, they
lack volunteers for
some have other
jobs
86 | P a g e
bayanihan syempre
uunawain mo rin ang
kalagayan ng trabahador na
hindi sya makakapunta
ganon.
What are your
personal
motivations on
participating in
the program?
Syempre ang unang una
yung dinanas naming hirap.
Syempre ako bilang
magulang, ayokong danasin
ng mga anak ko at ng
sususnod na henerasyon.
Ayoko namang mangyari
na patay na kami at
sisisihin kami ng anak
namin na kumbaga kung
ang tatay koy di tamad eh
tiyak na maginhawa kami
ngayon. Syempre kung di
ka magsisikap at
makikilahok ang mga
maiiwanan mo ay
nakatunganga lang,
kawawa naman. Kaya kahit
na mahirap maging
volunteer ay sinikap ko
naman na makatulong sa
kaunting paraan para pare-
pareho kaming
maginhawaan.
Syempre unang-una kami,
sunod ang kaunlaran ng
barangay. Ang
kinakailangan naman diyan
eh makipagtulungan ka
lang. Sa tagal ng panahon
na hinintay naming
dumating, sinamantala na
namin yung pagkatataon.
Will to get out
poverty
Next generation’s
future
Culture of Bayanihan
and Solidarity
What are the
good and bad
results of the
program?
Dun muna tayo sa positive,
unang-una naging mabilis
ang proseso ng araw-araw
na pamumuhay ng tao,
atsaka natuto ang mga tao
ng empowerment, maki-isa
Good
- Made life
easier
- Empowerment
- Increased
collaboration
87 | P a g e
sa kapwa niya. Parang wala
akong maisip na hindi
maganda ah. Ang hindi
maganda, halimbawa kahit
papano, ay may mga na-
damage na ari-arian ng tao
kahit maliliit na halaga
meron syang na-damage.
Yun lang, wala ng iba.
and
participation
Do you think the
PAMANA
program can be
improved? How?
What are your
recommendations
Ah rekomendasyon,
siyempre ipagpatuloy
Continuity of the
program
Increase awareness
88 | P a g e
Voice 4
Questions Quotes Themes and
Subthemes
Analysis/Remarks
What is your
understanding of
PAMANA
program?
basta po nagbibigay sila ng
proyekto
Project
How did you
know PAMANA
program?
Nagpapatawag sila ng
meeting tapos yun ang
pinaliliwanag nila ang
kasaysayan ng PAMANA.
Barangay Meeting
What are the
projects of the
PAMANA
program in your
community
Farm to Market
Roads
School building
What is your role
in the
implementation
of its projects?
ay wala akong papel kundi
halimbawang naging
nagtutulungan nakakatulong
ako riyan
Volunteer
Do you have the
capacity to voice
out your
opinions?
Oo, nakakapagsalita naman
nako ng opinion ko na…
abay napapaboran, barangay
napapaboran eh.
Free to speak,
dissent, suggest
The ability to speak
and suggest is good
for them because
they can express
their needs, wants
and opinion
Do you have
representations?
Are you part of
the decision-
making process?
ay oo sang ayon naman.
Nakikita ko naman nagagawa
so sang ayon
Consultation He trusts the people
implementing
PAMANA as he
observed its good
results
How is the
process of the
program?
Ay di nakita ko sa kalsada,
yung sa bayanihan.
Nakaktulong din naman sa..
Execution of
projects
He does not know
the process but he
participates
whenever they need
to
Are there
capacity-building
activities for the
implementers?
89 | P a g e
What are those
activities?
What are the
challenges and
problems that
you faced during
the
implementation?
kwan eh alam niyo ang hanap
buhay ko ay pamimili ng
hayop. Eh syempre pahuli
huli ako kaya minsan ay do
ako nakakapunta.
Personal problems
– work
He cannot attend
sometimes because
he has job to do to
support his family
What are your
personal
motivations on
participating in
the program?
aba’y nag-udyok saking sarili
ay nakikita kong maganda
ang kanilang ginagawa
Good Results Because of good
results, he was
convinced
What are the
good and bad
results of the
program?
ay basta nakikita kong
maganda at dahil napaburan
kaming mga taong barangay
dito napaburan ng
PAMANAng yan.
Lalong napaburan kami nang
bumilis katulad niyang
kalsada. Walang sagabal sa
amin sa sasakyan tuwing
uuwi kami. Pati produkto
namin madal lamang na
maideliver dahil madali ang
dating ng sasakyan .
Good
- Quality
Roads
- School
building
- Life made
easier
Do you think the
PAMANA
program can be
improved? How?
What are your
recommendations
para ay PAMANA ay
kailangan ay parating
mapabalik ng maayos para
mapabuti ang barangay.
Continuity of
PAMANA
More funds
They need the
PAMANA funds to
sustain their projects
and meet their needs
They want to ensure
the future of their
family. They want
more livelihood
projects
90 | P a g e
Voice 5
Questions Quotes Themes and
Subthemes
Analysis/Remarks
What is your
understanding of
PAMANA
program?
Pagkakaalam ko edi yun
nga, na project ng gobyerno
na ibinibigay sa barangay
tas ang mga tao nama’y
nagkakaisa-isa tumulong
para magawa yung
proyekto.
DSWD project for
development
The reason behind
PAMANA program
is not well-defined
to the understanding
of the beneficiaries
of what PAMANA
aims
How did you
know PAMANA
program?
Information by
DSWD
Well-coordinated
agencies of DSWD
KALAHI-CIDDS
PAMANA
What are the
projects of the
PAMANA
program in your
community
Yung kalsada, school
building sa high school, sa
elementary school
Farm to Market
Road
School building
What is your role
in the
implementation
of its projects?
Oo, talagang kami’y
nagtulungan dito talaga,
ilang araw namin yun
ginawa dito, lahat nilagay sa
aming harapan ang mga
buhangin, grava. Oo,
tulungan talaga kami.
Volunteer
Do you have the
capacity to voice
out your
opinions?
Andalang naman na may
nagrereklamo. Yung iba
siguro tutol sa kalooban,
hindi nalang naimik, meron
talagang ganoon tulad ng sa
kabila yung ginawang
kalsada katwiran ng mga
taga-rito hindi nalang
naimik na sasabihin pang
‘di naman kami dyan
dadaan’ at kayo ang dadaan.
Iniisip nila yung iba, pero
wala namang naririnig na
gayon eh. Talagang yung
pagkakaisa talaga, maganda
ang samahan ng mga tao
eh, nabigyan nga kami ng
Free to speak,
dissent and
participation
Usually, they reach
consensus. Even if
there were
disagreements, they
were resolved
immediately because
of good relationship
among the members
of the community
91 | P a g e
patubig project, itinayong
tubigan.
Do you have
representations?
Representations They represent
themselves
Are you part of
the decision-
making process?
oo kami ang nabibigyan ng
pagkakataon na
magdesisyon dahil kami din
ang gumagawa ng rules dito
eh. Ah pagdating do’n sa
bayarin kagaya ng mga
bayarin kame yung
nagdidisisyon, kami yung
nagpupulong pulong ng
mga community volunteers.
ah okay nagkakaroon tayo
ng konsultasyon. Actually,
yun yung tinatawag na
barangay assembly na kung
saan na inilalahad ng mga
volunteers yung mga
napiling proyekto. Hahanap
kami ng tatlong proyekto na
unang unang
pangangailangan dito sa
aming barangay at
pagkatapos ito yung
tinatawag na participatory
situation analysis yung PSA
na tinatawag. Na kung saan
ay ipaparating naman sa
community na eto po yung
tatlong proyekto na napili
namin at naaangkop naman
sa pangangailangan ng ating
barangay.
Political
empowerment,
Consultation
How is the
process of the
program?
Ang una nun ay ang mini-
meeting ang mga tao, pag
kakaunti ang nadalo
kailangan talaga maka-
100%. Ino-obliga talaga ang
mga tao na padaluhin,
pagka-kulang hindi nila ano,
gawa ng sabi samin pag
nagpapa-meeting, yun
naman ay para sainyo hindi
Barangay assembly
Consultation
DSWD
documentation
DSWD funds
If the community
does not attend
completely, the
assembly does not
go on.
92 | P a g e
naman para sa kung saan, sa
ating barangay hindi kung
kaninong barangay. Tapos
yun nagpapaliwanag sila .
Are there
capacity-building
activities for the
implementers?
What are those
activities?
What are the
challenges and
problems that
you faced during
the
implementation?
may nauunawaan kaya lang
marami ang hindi
nauunawaan sa haba ng
paliwanag . Merong ang
haba, salita ng salita
nakikinig kami, nakatingin
kami pero kapag kami’y
biglang tinanong, itinuro ,
hindi namin agad masagutan
gawa ng parang naano kasi
kami sa dami ng paliwanag .
Yung parang kahit may
alam ka, nahihiya kang
sumagot.
Lack of
understanding due
to tedious
discussions
There’s a need for
small and regular
discussions with the
people to be more
personal
What are your
personal
motivations on
participating in
the program?
Syempre pagkakaisa namin
, pag di ka lumahok parang
di ka nakikipagkaisa.
Atsaka, yung sa for peace
inoobliga talaga kami.
Syempre pagkakaisa namin
, pag di ka lumahok parang
di ka nakikipagkaisa.
Atsaka, yung sa for peace
inoobliga talaga kami.
Feeling of obligated
brought by external
influences
Culture of solidarity
The beneficiaries of
the 4Ps felt the need
to “give back”
They are also
encouraged by the
MLGU and BLGU
to participate
They trust each other
What are the
good and bad
results of the
program?
Ay, maganda naman, ang
totoo ay maraming nabigyan
g mga proyekto dito tsaka
dito ang mga tao’y
nagkakaisa sa mga ganyang
Good
- School
buildings
- Strengthened
bayanihan
93 | P a g e
trabaho . Tulad ng dito sa
iskul yung PAMANA .
Oo, diba’y yun ay nakagawa
dito ng iskul, elementary at
high school. Tapos yung
kalsada diyan. Maraming
naitulong ang PAMANA.
and
solidarity
- Farm to
Market
roads
Do you think the
PAMANA
program can be
improved? How?
What are your
recommendations
Edi dapat sana lahat
dumalo, umattend ng
meeting para lahat
nauunawaan. Meron ding di
naman nadalo.
Edi dapat sana lahat
dumalo, umattend ng
meeting para lahat
nauunawaan. Meron ding di
naman nadalo.
Encourage more
other members to
participate
Small group
discussions
The beneficiaries
have strong beliefs
that they can
participate in the
implementation of
government
programs.
Although the
barangay assembly
provided
opportunities for the
people to understand
and participate, there
is a need for small
group discussions
for those people who
are unable to
comprehend the
program and its
objectives
94 | P a g e
Voice 6
Questions Quotes Themes and Sub
themes
Analysis/Remarks
What is your
understanding of
PAMANA
program?
Sa pagkakaalam ko
proyekto siya ng kalahi.
DSWD KALAHI
project
How did you
know PAMANA
program?
Dinaan siya sa barangay
assembly.
Dun na siya pinagusapan
kung may tutol yung taong
barangay doon sa
proyektong gagawin, kung
sinasang-ayunan ng taong
barangay yung gagawing
proyekto.
Barangay assembly
What are the
projects of the
PAMANA
program in your
community
Proyekto niya ano. . . .
kalsada, school building.
Farm to Market
Road
School Building
What is your role
in the
implementation
of its projects?
Um-attend ng barangay
assembly
Member of the
Barangay
Do you have the
capacity to voice
out your
opinions?
Oo naman. Pwede namang
magtanong, atsaka . . . .
Willing naman silang
pakinggan yung mga
sasabihin
Free to speak,
dissent and
participate
Do you have
representations?
Ay, ako na mismo. Yung
katulad ng pag-attend? Ako
na mismo.
Representation
Are you part of
the decision-
making process?
Yun ay sa pagkakaalam ko,
pinangungunahan ng mga
volunteers tsaka ng mga
barangay officials.
Pero kung may masasabi
man kayo, pwede niyong
sabihin?
Voter They determine
what projects need
to be prioritzed
95 | P a g e
Pwede naman. Pwede
naman.
How is the
process of the
program?
Barangay assembly
Project identification
Consultation and
voting
Are there
capacity-building
activities for the
implementers?
What are those
activities?
What are the
challenges and
problems that
you faced during
the
implementation?
Siguro yung hindi agad na-
attend yung iba.
Hindi agad na-attend yung
iba. Parang nadedelay po
kasi nga hindi po
nakukumpleto yung
required number
attendance.
Lack of attendance
Delay
At first, not all are
hopeful of the
projects brought by
PAMANA
What are your
personal
motivations on
participating in
the program?
Eh ano na rin naman po,
gawa ng s’yrmpre eh kami
naman ditto ay
nakikinabang naman talaga
eh sa ginagawang proyekto
katulad ng kalsada, tulad ng
school building
Willingness to help
for the community’s
welfare
What are the
good and bad
results of the
program?
Ay Malaki pong katulungan
talaga. Katulad po nung
naipatayo yung school
building d’yan. S’yempre
lahat naman po ay
nakikinabang talaga pati
ang mga bata.
Ah yung kalsada. Dati ay
maputik, lubak-lubak
ngayon ay maayos na
pwede ng kahit hindi na
mag-bota paglabas
Good
- Sturdy school
building
- Welfare of
the students
- Increased
participation
- Good
transportation
roads
96 | P a g e
Do you think the
PAMANA
program can be
improved? How?
What are your
recommendations
Sa pagkakaalam ko naman
po eh nakaka-ano dun sa
tamang panahon.
Contentment They seem to be
contended with the
way PAMANA
works but from my
observation, they
need more projects
and funds for the
betterment of their
community