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Transcript of Friday, April 5 Turn in Unit 5 FRQs (they were due March 28) Unit 4 & 5 Test Campaign Project is due...
Friday, April 5Friday, April 5Turn in Unit 5 FRQs (they were due March 28)Unit 4 & 5 TestCampaign Project is due Tuesday, April 9Reading due dates
– April 8 p. 392-409– April 9 p. 409-433– April 10 p. 466-487– April 11 p. 487-499– April 15 p. 503-516– April 16 p. 516-534
Friday, April 5Friday, April 5If you were absent Friday:
– Turn in Unit 5 FRQs (they were due March 28)– You have until Thursday afternoon to take the Unit 4 & 5
TestCampaign Project is due Tuesday, April 9Reading due dates
– April 8 p. 392-409– April 9 p. 409-433– April 10 p. 466-487– April 11 p. 487-499– April 15 p. 503-516– April 16 p. 516-534
The PresidencyThe Presidency
The PresidentsThe Presidents
Great Expectations– Americans want a president who is powerful
and who can do good: Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, Roosevelt and Kennedy.
– But at the same time, they don’t want the president to get too powerful since we are individualistic and skeptical of authority.
The PresidentsThe Presidents
Who They Are– Formal Requirements:
Must be 35 years old Must have resided in U.S. for 14 years
– Informal “Requirements”: White, Male Protestant (except one)
– All manner of professions, but mostly political ones (former state governors, for example)
The PresidentsThe Presidents
How They Got There– Elections: The Normal Road to the White
House Once elected, the president gets a term of four years. In 1951, the 22nd Amendment limited the number of
terms to two. Most Presidents have been elected to office.
The PresidentsThe Presidents
How They Got There– Succession and Impeachment
Vice-President succeeds if the president leaves office due to death or resignation or convicted of impeachment/
Impeachment is investigated by the House, and if impeached, tried by the Senate with the Chief Justice presiding.
Only two presidents have been impeached: A. Johnson & Clinton- neither was convicted.
From Table 13.3
Presidential PowersPresidential Powers
Constitutional Powers– National Security-
Commander in Chief of the armed forces Make treaties with other nations
– Legislative- Veto bills
– Administrative- Nominate officials
– Judicial Nominate Judges
Presidential PowersPresidential Powers
The Expansion of Power– Presidents develop new roles for the office– Presidents expand the power of the office
Perspectives on Presidential Power– Through the 50’s & 60’s a powerful President
was perceived as good– From the 70’s on, presidential power was
checked and distrusted by the public
Running the Government:Running the Government:The Chief ExecutiveThe Chief Executive
The Vice President– Basically just “waits” for things to do– Recent presidents have given their VPs
important jobs
The Cabinet– Presidential advisors, not in Constitution– Is made up of the top executives of the Federal
Departments, confirmed by the Senate
Figure 13.1
Running the Government:Running the Government:The Chief ExecutiveThe Chief Executive
The Executive Office– Made up of several policymaking and advisory bodies– Three principle groups: NSC, CEA, OMB
Running the Government:Running the Government:The Chief ExecutiveThe Chief Executive
The White House Staff– Chief aides and staff for the president- some are
more for the White House than the president– Presidents rely on their information and effort
The First Lady– No official government position, but many get
involved politically– Recent ones focus on a single issue
Presidential Leadership of Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Congress: The Politics of
Shared PowersShared PowersChief Legislator
– Veto: Sending a bill back to Congress with his reasons for rejecting it. Can be overridden.
– Pocket Veto: Letting a bill die by not signing it- only works when Congress is adjourned.
– Line Item Veto: The ability to veto parts of a bill. Some state governors have it, but not the president.
– Vetoes are most used to prevent legislation.
Presidential Leadership of Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Congress: The Politics of
Shared PowersShared PowersParty Leadership
– The Bonds of Party The psychological bond of being in the president’s
party
– Slippage in Party Support Presidents cannot always count on party support,
especially on controversial issues
– Leading the Party Presidents can do little to actually lead their party
Presidential Leadership of Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Congress: The Politics of
Shared PowersShared PowersPublic Support
– Public Approval Operates mostly in the background Impact is important, but occurs at the margins
– Mandates Perception that the voters strongly support the
president’s character and policies Mandates are infrequent, but presidents may claim a
mandate anyway
Presidential Leadership of Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Congress: The Politics of
Shared PowersShared PowersLegislative Skills
– Variety of forms: bargaining, making personal appeals, consulting with Congress, setting priorities, etc.
– Most important is bargaining with Congress.– Presidents should use their “honeymoon”
period– Nation’s key agenda builder
The President and National The President and National Security PolicySecurity Policy
Chief Diplomat– Negotiates treaties with other countries– Treaties must be approved by the Senate– Use executive agreements to take care of
routine matters with other countries– May negotiate for peace between other
countries– Lead U.S. allies in defense & economic issues
The President and National The President and National Security PolicySecurity Policy
Commander in Chief– Writers of the constitution wanted civilian
control of the military– Presidents often make important military
decisions– Presidents command a standing military and
nuclear arsenal- unthinkable 200 years ago
The President and National The President and National Security PolicySecurity Policy
War Powers– Constitution gives Congress the power to
declare war, but presidents can commit troops and equipment in conflicts
– War Powers Resolution was intended to limit the president’s use of the military- but may be unconstitutional
– Presidents continue to test the limits of using the military in foreign conflicts
The President and National The President and National Security PolicySecurity Policy
Crisis Manager– The role the president plays can help or hurt the
presidential image.– With current technology, the president can act
much faster than Congress to resolve a crisis.Working with Congress
– President has lead role in foreign affairs.– Presidents still have to work with Congress for
support and funding of foreign policies.
Power from the People:Power from the People:The Public PresidencyThe Public Presidency
Going Public– Public support is perhaps the greatest source of
influence a president has.– Presidential appearances are staged to get the
public’s attention.– As head of state, presidents often perform many
ceremonial functions- which usually result in favorable press coverage.
Figure 13.3
Power from the People:Power from the People:The Public PresidencyThe Public Presidency
Presidential Approval– Receives much effort by the White House– Product of many factors: predispositions, “honeymoon”– Changes can highlight good / bad decisions
Power from the People:Power from the People:The Public PresidencyThe Public Presidency
Policy Support– Being an effective speaker is important– The public may still miss the message
Mobilizing the Public– The president may need to get the public to
actually act by contacting Congress– Difficult to do since public opinion and
political action are needed
The President and the PressThe President and the Press
Presidents and media are often adversaries due to different goals
Many people in the White House deal with the media, but the press secretary is the main contact person
Media is often more interested in the person, not the policies
News coverage has become more negative
Understanding the American Understanding the American PresidencyPresidency
The Presidency and Democracy– There are still concerns over the president
having too much power.– Others argue the president can’t do enough with
all the checks and balances in the system.The Presidency and the Scope of
Government– Some presidents have increased the functions
of government.
The Federal BureaucracyThe Federal Bureaucracy
Figure 15.2
The BureaucratsThe Bureaucrats What are some basic American beliefs about our
bureaucracy? The bureaucracy is the most demographically
representative part of government.– Diversity of jobs mirrors the private sector.
The BureaucratsThe Bureaucrats
How did civil service reform change the bureaucracy?– Office of Personnel Management: The federal
office in charge of most of the government’s hiring.
What jobs aren’t filled through the Civil Service System?– “Plum jobs”
Theories of BureaucracyTheories of Bureaucracy
The Weberian Model – Hierarchical, specialized, meritocracy
The Acquisitive, Monopolistic Bureaucracy– Competing bureaucracies control govt, expand
and spend
“Garbage Can” Bureaucracies– Trial and error, not well organized or
supervised, ineffective
The Cabinet DepartmentsThe Cabinet Departments
15 Cabinet departments headed by a Secretary (except DOJ under the Attorney General)
Each has its own budget, staff and policy areas Expanded over time to deal with relevant issues
– What is the most recent addition?What is the difference between “Defense”
and “Homeland Security”?
Figure 15.4
Executive AgenciesExecutive Agencies
Regulatory Agencies– Independent: Responsible for some sector of
the economy, making rules and judging disputes to protect the public interest
– Headed by commissions– What is meant by “regulatory capture”?
Executive AgenciesExecutive Agencies
Government Corporations– Business-like: Provide a service like private
companies and typically charge for services
Independent Executive Agencies– Serve a specific purpose, created and serve with
support of the president
ImplementationImplementation
Translating the goals and objectives of a policy into an operating, ongoing program
Includes:– Creating / assigning an agency the policy– Turning policy into rules, regulations and forms.– Coordinating resources to achieve the goals.
Can fail due to program design, lack of clarity, lack of resources, or administrative routine
Implementation: A Case StudyImplementation: A Case Study
The Voting Rights Act of 1965– Generally considered a success.– Had a clear, concise goal.– The implementation was clear.– Those carrying out the law had obvious
authority and vigor to do so.
RegulationRegulation
Use of governmental authority to control or change some practice in the private sector.
Command-and-Control Policy: Government tells business how to reach certain goals, checks the progress and punishes offenders.
Incentive System: Market-like strategies are used to manage public policy.
Some agencies are proactive, some are reactive.
DeregulationDeregulation
The lifting of restrictions on business, industry and professional activities.
Regulatory problems:– Raises prices– Hurts U.S.’s competitive position abroad– Does not always work well
But why were regulations created?
Understanding BureaucraciesUnderstanding Bureaucracies
Bureaucracy and Democracy– Presidents try to control the bureaucracy
through appointments, executive orders, budget tinkering, reorganization
– Congress tries to control the bureaucracy by influencing appointments, changing budget, holding hearings, rewriting legislation
Understanding BureaucraciesUnderstanding Bureaucracies
Bureaucracy and Democracy– Iron Triangles and Issue Networks
A mutually dependent relationship between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees.
Some argue they are being replaced by wider issue networks that focus on more policies.
Figure 15.5
Understanding BureaucraciesUnderstanding Bureaucracies
Understanding BureaucraciesUnderstanding Bureaucracies
How does bureaucracy impact the size and scope of government?