Fricatives, part II March 26, 2014 Don’t Forget! Formant plotting + vowel production exercises is...
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Transcript of Fricatives, part II March 26, 2014 Don’t Forget! Formant plotting + vowel production exercises is...
![Page 1: Fricatives, part II March 26, 2014 Don’t Forget! Formant plotting + vowel production exercises is due at 5 pm today! On Friday: fricative spectrograms!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649cf45503460f949c1d30/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fricatives, part II
March 26, 2014
![Page 2: Fricatives, part II March 26, 2014 Don’t Forget! Formant plotting + vowel production exercises is due at 5 pm today! On Friday: fricative spectrograms!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649cf45503460f949c1d30/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Don’t Forget!• Formant plotting + vowel production exercises is due at 5 pm today!
• On Friday: fricative spectrograms!
![Page 3: Fricatives, part II March 26, 2014 Don’t Forget! Formant plotting + vowel production exercises is due at 5 pm today! On Friday: fricative spectrograms!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649cf45503460f949c1d30/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Coronal Fricatives
Peter says:
• The coronal fricative landscape is very complex.
• Next time we’ll look in detail at how coronal fricatives are produced in:
• English
• Chinese
• Polish
![Page 4: Fricatives, part II March 26, 2014 Don’t Forget! Formant plotting + vowel production exercises is due at 5 pm today! On Friday: fricative spectrograms!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649cf45503460f949c1d30/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Toda
Toda is spoken in southern India.
![Page 5: Fricatives, part II March 26, 2014 Don’t Forget! Formant plotting + vowel production exercises is due at 5 pm today! On Friday: fricative spectrograms!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649cf45503460f949c1d30/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Toda Mid-Sagittal Diagrams
![Page 6: Fricatives, part II March 26, 2014 Don’t Forget! Formant plotting + vowel production exercises is due at 5 pm today! On Friday: fricative spectrograms!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649cf45503460f949c1d30/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Bilabial Fricatives
• Bilabial fricatives exist allophonically in some languages (e.g., Spanish)
• They were not recognized as a potentially contrastive sound until relatively recently (‘70s or ‘80s)
• it was discovered that they contrasted with labio-dental fricatives in Ewe, a language spoken in Ghana.
![Page 7: Fricatives, part II March 26, 2014 Don’t Forget! Formant plotting + vowel production exercises is due at 5 pm today! On Friday: fricative spectrograms!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649cf45503460f949c1d30/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Ewe
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Turbulence Sources• For fricatives, turbulence is generated by forcing a stream of air at high velocity through either a narrow channel in the vocal tract or against an obstacle in the vocal tract.
• Channel turbulence
• produced when airflow escapes from a narrow channel and hits inert outside air
• Obstacle turbulence
• produced when airflow hits an obstacle in its path
![Page 9: Fricatives, part II March 26, 2014 Don’t Forget! Formant plotting + vowel production exercises is due at 5 pm today! On Friday: fricative spectrograms!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649cf45503460f949c1d30/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Obstacles, Channels, Walls• General rule of thumb: obstacle turbulence is much noisier than channel turbulence
• [f] vs.
• Also: obstacle turbulence is louder, the more perpendicular the obstacle is to the airflow
• [s] vs. [x]
• [x] is a “wall fricative”
• Rule of thumb: voiced fricatives are hard to make.
• In fact, fricatives are kind of hard to make in general.
![Page 10: Fricatives, part II March 26, 2014 Don’t Forget! Formant plotting + vowel production exercises is due at 5 pm today! On Friday: fricative spectrograms!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649cf45503460f949c1d30/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Fricatives = difficult• Fricatives require great articulatory precision.
• it’s necessary to create a narrow channel through which air can flow.
• (and hold it)
• ballistic vs. controlled articulations
• Some data for [s]: (Subtelny et al., 1972)
• alveolar constriction 1 mm
• incisor constriction 2-3 mm
• Larger constriction sizes result in -like sounds
• Also: voiced fricatives are even more difficult
• Why?
![Page 11: Fricatives, part II March 26, 2014 Don’t Forget! Formant plotting + vowel production exercises is due at 5 pm today! On Friday: fricative spectrograms!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649cf45503460f949c1d30/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Some Typology• Languages with the following number of fricatives
• From the UPSID database (total of 316 languages)
Voiceless Voiced Voiced/Voiceless
[s] 266 [z] 96 0.36
146 51 0.34
[f] 135 [v] 67 0.50
[x] 75 40 0.53
29 13 0.45
21 32 1.52
18 21 1.16
![Page 12: Fricatives, part II March 26, 2014 Don’t Forget! Formant plotting + vowel production exercises is due at 5 pm today! On Friday: fricative spectrograms!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649cf45503460f949c1d30/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Some Typology• Languages with the following number of fricatives
• From the UPSID database (total of 316 languages)
Voiceless Voiced Voiced/Voiceless
21 32 1.52
18 21 1.16
17 3 0.17
[ç] 16 7 0.43
13 9 0.69
![Page 13: Fricatives, part II March 26, 2014 Don’t Forget! Formant plotting + vowel production exercises is due at 5 pm today! On Friday: fricative spectrograms!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649cf45503460f949c1d30/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Aerodynamics• Note: voiced fricatives have two sound sources.
• one at the glottis
• one at the fricative constriction
• In voicing, air rushes through the glottis in short, regular bursts
• Glottis is closed part of the time
• Difficult to maintain a steady stream of flowing air at the fricative constriction.
• Frication (second source) can be lost
![Page 14: Fricatives, part II March 26, 2014 Don’t Forget! Formant plotting + vowel production exercises is due at 5 pm today! On Friday: fricative spectrograms!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649cf45503460f949c1d30/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
vs.
[s]
[z]
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Some More Typology# of Fricatives # of languages % of total
0 21 6.6%
1 37 11.7%
2 62 19.6%
3 47 14.8%
4 37 11.7%
5 26 8.2%
6 28 8.8%
7 19 6.0%
8 20 6.3%
> 8 22 6.4%
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Fricative Fun Facts• Of the 21 languages without any fricatives, 15 are Australian languages
• Hawaiian is another example
• Australian languages also tend to lack affricates
• But remember: many Australian languages have five or more place contrasts for stops.
• Kabardian has the most fricatives: 22
• Kabardian also has 2 (count ‘em) vowels
• Languages with one fricative: [s]
• Languages with two fricatives: [s], or [s], [f]
• Languages with three fricatives: [s], , [f]
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Sibilants• [s] and are known as sibilant fricatives
• Sibilants have more acoustic energy at higher frequencies than other fricatives
• Two reasons why:
• they are obstacle fricatives
= the back of the upper teeth
louder than other fricatives
• small, short resonating filter
= between constriction and the lips
higher frequencies resonate
![Page 18: Fricatives, part II March 26, 2014 Don’t Forget! Formant plotting + vowel production exercises is due at 5 pm today! On Friday: fricative spectrograms!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649cf45503460f949c1d30/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
[s] vs. [f]
“sigh” “fie”
• Note: acoustic energy for [f] is weaker, and spread more evenly across all frequencies
![Page 19: Fricatives, part II March 26, 2014 Don’t Forget! Formant plotting + vowel production exercises is due at 5 pm today! On Friday: fricative spectrograms!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649cf45503460f949c1d30/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
vs.
“shy” “thigh”
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vs.
“sigh” “shy”
[s]
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Acoustic Enhancement• Note: is post-alveolar and [s] is alveolar
• more space in vocal tract in front of
• including a “sub-lingual cavity”
• This “filter” of resonates at lower frequencies
• In English, this acoustic distinction is enhanced through lip rounding for
• this extends the vocal tract
• further lowers the resonant frequencies of
![Page 22: Fricatives, part II March 26, 2014 Don’t Forget! Formant plotting + vowel production exercises is due at 5 pm today! On Friday: fricative spectrograms!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649cf45503460f949c1d30/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Sub-lingual Cavity
•Let’s check the videotape...
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Behind the Constriction
[s]
• Let’s check the ultrasound…
![Page 24: Fricatives, part II March 26, 2014 Don’t Forget! Formant plotting + vowel production exercises is due at 5 pm today! On Friday: fricative spectrograms!](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649cf45503460f949c1d30/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Other Examples• Susie and David say “speech”:
• Also: Where the shtreets have no name
• And: Tina Fey
• Note: there are no word-initial /sr/ sequences in English.
• “shriek” *“sreek”