Fricatives

FricativesPlaceVoicelessVoicedLabiodental/f//v/Interdental////Alveolar/s//z/Palatal////Glottal/h///1

Area (cm2)Length (cm)//2Fluid FlowEquation for Turbulence

Re= V*h/Re: Reynolds numberV: flow velocity: kinematic coefficient of viscosityh: characteristic dimension (size of constriction)

3Source CharacteristicsFlat spectrum Similar across all places of articulation

FrequencyAmplitude4Source CharacteristicsFrequencyAmplitudeTime

5Source Characteristics: VoicedAmplitudeFrequency+

6Filter Characteristics

Area (cm2)Length (cm)lipsglottisAnterior constrictionFrontCavity*BackCavity* Front cavity length Largely dictates resonant frequency7Fricatives:Alveolarfront cavity length ~ 2.5 cmF1=34000/4*2.5 = 3400 HzIntense energy at/above 3400 Hz

8

Source Filter Theory9

Sibilants: Spectrum Envelope// (~2-3 KHz)/s/ (> 3.5-4 KHz)AmplitudeFrequency10Spectrogram///s/

11/s//h/

12

/f/

Waveform and SpectrogramAmplitude Spectrum13/z//s/Voicing

14/z//s/

15Affricate

///t//t/16Rise-time: stops vs. affricates

/t//t/17