FRI BULLETIN NO. 149

FRI BULLETIN NO. 149

A Selective • Annotated

FOREST ENERGY Bibliography

FRI BULLETIN N0.149

A Selective • Annotated

FOREST ENERGY Bibliography

compiled by

R.G. Shula

1990

~t: Forest Research lnstnuto • Private Bag 3020 • Rotorua • New Zealand

2

ISSN 0111-8129 ODC 539 (048.1) + 839.81 (048.1)

CONTENTS

Page 1. New Zealand Energy Perspective (75 references);....................................................... 8

energy farming, energy requirements, transport fuels, geothermal, liquid fuel, ethanol, methanol, forests, forest industry, energy strategy, energy future, energy issues, energy policy

2. New Zealand Forestry Perspective (34).......................................................................... 11 forest resource, area, quantity, quality, location, supply, export, Chile, new crop, transition crop, planting programme, forestry sector, plantation, exotic forest, export potential, radiata pine, eucalypt

3. Energy Requirements and Usage In the Forest Industry (17)....................................... 13 energy requirements, energy analysis, forest industry, energy use, pulp, paper, forestry, sawmill

4. Biomass Mensuration, Technique (50}........................................................................... 14 inventory, guideline, procedure, manual, multiproduct, conversion, coppice, technique, method, sampling, mensuration, eucalypt, willow, poplar, radiata pine, prediction

5. Biomass Mensuration, Statistical (25)............................................................................ 16 method, bias, correction, logarithmic transformation, error, sampling, allometric, statistical, regression

6. Eucalypts (93) .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 17 yield, biomass, coppice, firewood, management, growth, biological control, essential oil, wood properties, species, nutrients, short rotation, biomass equations

7. Radiata Pine (57}............................................................................................................ 20 growth, yield, plantations, dry matter, nutrients, economics, dry weight, energy content, close spaced, roots, bark, biomass equations

8. Other Genera (63)............................................................................................................... 23 short rotation forestry (SRF), growth, coppice, yield, plantations, simulation, dry matter, nutrients, energy content, species, economics, dry weight, stump sprouting, bark, equations, short rotation intensive culture (SRIC), disease, insects, frost, willow, poplar, aspen, Leucaena

9. Forest Residues (50}......................................................................................................... 26 characteristics, volume, inventory, technique, quantity, salvage yarding, harvesting, utilisation, transportation, handling, prediction, logging slash, economics, assessment, recovery

1 o. Wood Processing Resldues (6) ... ... ... ........................ ... ... ... ... ... ... ........ ... ......... ... ...... ... ... ... .. 28 wood waste, mill residue, waste resources, supply, economics, availability, volume

11. Biomass Harvesting (127)................................................................................................. 29 smallwood, transport, extraction, integrated logging, agricultural tractor, winches, whole tree, thinning; equipment-, economics, coppice, productivity; systems, Bell logger, simulation, recovery, technique, trucking

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Page

12. Chip Harvesting (37).. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. ... .. . .. .. .. .. ................ ................ ................ .... . . 34 chipping, portable, mobile, chipper, economics, ergonomics, swathe felling, whole tree chipping, technique, total tree chipping, system, simulation

13. Blomass Handling and Processing (71).......................................................................... 36 technique, comminution, tree length, chunkwood, sortyard, central processing, preparation, wood handling, woodyard, central log yard, wood terminal, chipping, economics, feedstock preparation, debarking, transportation, processing

14. BlomassStorage(46)........................................................................................................ 39 outdoor, deterioration, decay, storage, chip storage, fungi, drying, micro-organisms, forest residues, chunkwood, chips, whole tree, physical properties, chemical properties, storage effects

15. Blomass Densiflcatlon ( 15).... ................ ................ ................ ........................................... 41 pellitised, firelogs, compaction, briquetting, densification, compression

16. Environmental Impacts (35)............................................................................................... 42 nutrients, productivity, environmental consequences, nutrient cycling, fertiliser, whole tree harvesting, nutrient drain, sewage irrigation, willow, poplar, eucalypt, alder, radiata pine

17. Firewood (1 05)................................................................................................................... 44 harvesting, growing, coppice, species, economics, firelogs, selling, marketing, equipment, measurement, production, potential, survey, demand, evaluation, domestic

18. Energy Balance, Input/Output (12) ........................... ;...................................................... 48 input, output, energy analysis, energy cost, energy balance, efficiency

19. Blomass Fuel Energy Value (17)...................................................................................... 49 fuel value, calorific value, determination, heat content, influences, effective heating value, estimation

20. System Analyses (67)......................................................................................................... 50 economics, strategy, feasibility, case studies, availability, constraints, supply, opportunities, impacts, competition

21. Conversion: Combustion (53)............................................................................................. 53 combustion, burning, cogeneration, feasibility, bark, woodwaste, wood fuel, self-sufficiency, hog fuel, feasibility

22. Conversion: Ethanol, Methane (78) .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. ...... ............................ .............. ...... .. .... 55 acid hydrolysis, biogas, alcohol fuel, lignocellulosic, CNG, steam explosion, pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, methane, sulphuric acid, wood ethanol, liquid fuel, economics, fermentation, chemicals, principles, technology, feasibility

23. Conversion: Methanol (41)............................................................................................... 58 gasification, gasifier, producer gas, wood, biomass, coal, lignite, principles, technology, feasibility, mining

24. Physical and Chemical Properties of Blomass (53}....................................................... 60 moisture content, basic density, calorific value, pH, carbohydrates, lignin, extractives, ash, determination, chemical properties, physical properties, methods, techniques, standards

5

BACKGROUND TO FOREST ENERGY IN NEW ZEALAND I Soon after the oil shock in 1973, New Zealand began to pay

considerable attention to alternative energy sources. Of

primary concern was the long-term availability and cost of

imported oil, and hence the development of the ways and

means to become more self-sufficient in liquid fuels. In

response, in 197 4 the government set up the New Zealand

Energy Research and Development Committee (NZERDC)

with the objective: "to fund contracts for energy research,

development, and demonstration directed towards

understanding and meeting New Zealand's future energy

needs in ways which ... make wise use of the country's

energy resources".1

In 1978, the government set up the Liquid Fuels Trust

Board (LFTB), a statutory body established by Act of

Parliament (Liquid Fuels Trust Act 1978). As set out in the Act

the primary function of the Board was "to promote, finance,

undertake, and co-operate in any activity that has as its

purpose ... the reduction of the use of imported fuels for

transport purposes in New Zealand".

The NZERDC and the LFTB investigated five main areas

of research, development, and demonstration:

energy use, energy management and market development, resource assessment, technologies for energy production and use, and environmental studies.

The alternative energy sources investigated included wind,

coal, hydro, natural gas, geothermal, and biomass (from rape

seed oil to forestry).

Also in 1978, the government signed the Forestry Energy

Agreement with the International Energy Agency (lEA) for

international exchange of information on the results of R & D

in the production, harvesting, and conversion of biomass for

energy from forests. The Forest Research Institute (FRI)

became the New Zealand contracting party to the Agreement

with active participation in co-operative projects involving

forest harvesting and biomass conversion.

In 1986 after 12 years of energy research, development,

and demonstration (R, D, & D) both the NZERDC and the

LFTB had run their course and were abolished. Together,

they had made valuable contributions to New Zealand's on­

going energy scene, as demonstrated by the increase in

liquid fuels self-sufficiency from 1 0% in 1980 to above 60% in 1986.2 Significant contributions were also made to New

Zealand's energy future with regards to documenting the

mid- to long-term potential of energy from biomass.

Currently, the FRI continues its involvement with the lEA

Bioenergy Agreement (lEA/BA, formerly Forestry Agreement)

in investigating the mid- to long-term contribution that forestry

can make to New Zealand's energy future.

INTRODUCTION

Soon after the oil shock in 1973, the amount of literature

regarding alternative energy sources increased dramatically.

Today, a literature search with the keywords 'biomass

• "Which references are likely to be the most useful?",

and

"What about the New Zealand experience?"

harvesting' or 'chip storage' produces astag~ering number of The objective of this Bulletin, then, is to provide a selective,

references. The critical questions likely to be asked by an annotated forest energy bibliography (a ready-reference)

enquiring layperson, general practitioner, or scientist with capturing the more relevant, important worldwide

expertise in only a particular area are: references, while documenting the New Zealand experience.

1 NEW ZEALAND ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE 1981: The rationale for energy research, development, and demonstration. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, University of Auckland. 6p.

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2 UQUID FUELS MANAGEMENT GROUP LTD 1987: Forest biomass production and conversion to transport fuels. Liquid Fuels Trust Board {Report] LF 6005. 22p.

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Over 1200 literature references are cited; the earliest entry

date is 1925, and the latest is 1989.

Because this bibliography is selective, and not all inclusive,

subjective judgement was applied in compiling the references.

Selections were made daily and/or weekly during the last

8 years from several primary sources. Collectively, these

sources comprise periodicals, daily newspapers and radio

news, bibliographies, publication data bases, conference

proceedings, and publication lists. While subjective selection

can be disadvantaged by oversight or deliberate omission,

these disadvantages were minimised by close attention to

detail in selecting and formatting the bibliography, e.g.,

reviewing either the publication or its abstract before making

a selection, and including in most citations the number of

references mentioned in a publication (thereby identifying

citations useful for further information retrieval).

Given the objective of the bulletin, and in the interest to

remain selective, many useful references have necessarily

been omitted. These omissions are regrettable; however, the

integrity of the bulletin (embodying the capture of the more

relevant references) remains intact. A particulary strong

advantage of not compiling a bibliography solely from a

formal literature search (all inclusive)·is the opportunity to

locate and include references which are not generally noted

in a literature search, i.e., material occupying a 'grey region'

with regard to formally published material, e.g., some material

from the lEA/BA or New Zealand daily newspapers and radio

news).

'-----.. ___ S_TA_'R_U_C_~_U_R_E_O_F_TA_H_E_B_IB_L_IO_G_;_R_~_P_H_Y ___ ____,I The bibliography is divided into 24 sections to accommodate

the wide scope of interests within the field of forest energy

and the New Zealand experience. These sections (including

the number of citations) are:

1. New Zealand energy perspective (75 references) 2. New Zealand forestry perspective (34) 3. Energy requirements and usage in the forest industry (17) 4. Biomass mensuration, technique (50) 5. Biomass mensuration, statistical (25) 6. Eucalypts (93) 7. Radiata pine (57) 8. Other genera (63)

9. Forest residues (50) 10. Wood processing residues (6)

11. Biomass harvesting (127) 12. Chip harvesting (37) 13. Biomass handling and processing (71)

14. Biomass storage (46)

15. Biomass densification (15)

16. Environmental impacts (35)

17. Firewood (105) 18. Energy balance, input/output (12)

19. Biomass fuel energy value (17)

20. System analyses (67)

21. Conversion: combustion (53) 22. Conversion: ethanol, methane (78)

23. Conversion: methanol (41) 24. Physical and chemical properties of biomass (53)

In the Contents page, each section is identified and briefly

described with keywords to guide the reader to the required

subject matter. Preceding each section is an introduction

comprising:

•

keywords;

a list of the more useful sources of information for the

section (an aide for readers interested in up-dating

portions of the bibliography);

a synopsis of the subject matter; and

a short-list of the particularly notable citations in the

section.

Some literature references represent varied subject interests,

and, therefore, are duplicated among sections. A few sections

are outside the field of forestry but are included to give

balance to a New Zealand energy perspective. Most of the

literature references are available through the New Zealand

inter-library loan system, but some may need to be obtained

from overseas. References are included because of their

valuable technical content, not ease of access.

7

ABBREVIATIONS APPEARING IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY I The following list of abbreviations is provided to aid the reader in identifying some of the common sources of the literature citations.

CJFR DSIR FERIC lEA LFTB LIRA MOE NZERDC NZJF NZF NZJFS SUAS

= Canadian Journal of Forest Research

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (New Zealand) Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada International Energy Agency Liquid Fuels Trust Board (New Zealand) Logging Industry Research Association (New Zealand) Ministry of Energy (New Zealand) New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee New Zealand Journal of Forestry

New Zealand Forestry (formerly, NZJF) New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

8

1. New Zealand Energy Perspective (75 references)

Keywords: energy farming, energy requirements, transport

fuels , liquid fuel, ethanol, methanol, forests, forest industry,

energy strategy, energy future, energy issues, energy policy,

geothermal.

Sources: DSIR, NZERDC, MOE, Energy Journal (formerly

New Zealand Energy Journa~. NZJF, New Zealand daily

newspapers and radio news.

Synopsis: As noted previously, after the oil shock in 1973

New Zealand began to pay considerable attention to

alternative energy sources as planning for more self­

sufficiency in liquid fuels developed. From about 197 4 to

1986 attention focused primarily on investigating the potential

for producing ethanol from biomass (sugar beet or wood) and

methanol from coal/lignite. The attainment of a reasonable

level of self-sufficiency in liquid fuels was shown to be

technically feasible, but because of a host of economic

hurdles atthetime, commercial production never eventuated.

Around 1984, under a threat of escalating electricity prices

(hydro), attention turned to the use of wood to meet domestic

heating needs and industrial thermal and/or electrical energy

needs. Currently, the production of liquid fuels from wood and

coal/lignite is considered to be a mid- to long-term energy

option, while the use of wood to help meet domestic and

ANONYMOUS 1981a: February 1981 is the month it all started happening. New Zealand Economist 42(11 ): 4. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1981 b: New Zealand prepares for biomass methane as vehicle fuel. Biomass Digest 3(11): 5. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1982a: Kiwis burn waste to achieve self-sufficiency. World Wood 23(1): 40.

ANONYMOUS 1982b: Prospects for alcohol fuels. Energy Journal 55(6): 7.

ANONYMOUS 1982c: 1982 Energy plan. Energy Journal 55(11 ): 12-13,23.

ANONYMOUS 1983a: Alternative fuels. TV One News [New Zealand], 25 August.

ANONYMOUS 1983b: Coal and wood termed fuels of future for NZ. The Press [Christchurch, New Zealand), 30 July.

ANONYMOUS 1983c: Future fuels for New Zealand, from New Zealand. Energywatch (Aprii!May) 2: 4-7.

ANONYMOUS 1983d: Firewood's 'bright future' as cheap fuel. The Press [Christchurch, New Zealand), 16 February.

ANONYMOUS 1983e: Forestry- transport fuels. Economic News Bulletin, 5 September.

industrial thermal and/or electrical energy needs is a present

to near-term energy option.

Notable references: The New Zealand experience in energy

farming, transport fuels, and energy requirements is described

in Cousins (1977), Department of Scientific and Industrial

Research (1975, 1978), Harris et al. (1979, 1980), Liquid

Fuels Management Group (1987), New Zealand Forest

Service (1980), and Patterson (1979). The potential for

forests to be an energy resource is described in New Zealand

journals, Fraser (1977), Horgan (1979), Thomson (1977); in

FRI newsletters, Forest Research Institute (1979, 1980,

1985); at the New Zealand Forestry Conference (1981),

Hocking and lsaacs (1981 ), Thomson (1981 ); at overseas

energy conferences, Earl and Brown (1980), Ellis (1982),

Fraser and Madgwick (1978); and at local energy conferences,

Palmar (1983). The policies of the Ministry of Energy are

presented in annual reports, Ministry of Energy (1979), Wyatt

(1988); in papers supporting MOE annual reports, Ministry of

Energy (1981 a), Anonymous (1982c), Walker (1986); and in

MOE policy statements, (MOE 1981 b, 1981 d, 1981 e). Cross

references to this section regarding liquid fuels from biomass

are located in Sections 22 and 23. Cross references regarding

wood as domestic and industrial thermal energy fuels are

located in Sections 17 and 21.

ANONYMOUS 1983f: Gisborne's forests seen as future source of fuel. Gisborne Herald[New Zealand), 26 August.

ANONYMOUS 1983g: Scrap wood wasted. Radio New Zealand 2YA, 6 September.

ANONYMOUS 1983h: Wood chips for transport fuels? The Press [Christchurch, New Zealand), 27 August.

ANONYMOUS 1984a: FlEA conference faces burning issue: will forest industry provide a major future energy resource? Forest Industries 15(8): 17, 19-21. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1984b: Forestry after natural gas for Think Big investment. Daily Post [Rotorua, New Zealand). 5 July.

ANONYMOUS 1984c: Fuel from trees nears commercial stage. Evening Standard [Palmerston North, New Zealand). 28 May: 25.

ANONYMOUS 1984d: Wood-waste fuel a viable proposition. Evening Post [Wellington, New Zealand], 28 May.

ANONYMOUS 1984e: Woodfuel energy survey planned. Logging and Wood Processing (March): 18. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1986: Fuel pricing defended. Daily Post[Rotorua, New Zealand], 12 March.

ANONYMOUS 1986: Paying the price for today's oil. Daily Post [Rotorua, New Zealand], 26 April.

BAINES, J. (Ed.) 1984: Energy data and conversion factors: New Zealand handbook. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 100. 92 p.

BECA CARTER HOLLINGS AND FERNER LTD 1976: Forest industries energy research: summary. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 12. 37 p.

BECA CARTER HOLLINGS AND FERNER LTD 1982: Forest industries energy research: 1981. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 71. 86 p.

BOSHIER, J.F. 1984: Energy issues and policies in New Zealand. Annual Review of Energy (9): 51-79. 15 ref.

BOSHIER, J.F.; ALLAN, R.R.; ELLIS, M.J.; GALLACHER, J.; PHILLIPS, P.H. 1986: Four futures: energy implications of social and economic change. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 135. 93 p. 18 ref.

COUSINS, W.J.1977: Recommendationsfortherapidestablishment of a wood-based liquid fuel industry in New Zealand. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (N.Z.), Physics and Engineering Laboratory, Report No. 575. 15 p. 3 ref.

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH (N.Z.) 1975: The potential for energy farming in New Zealand: proceedings of a Symposium held at the Physics and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. DS/R Information Series No. 117. 130 p. 69 ref.

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH (N.Z.) 1978: Transport fuels for New Zealand. DSIR Discussion Paper No. 1. 174 p.

EARL, W.B.; BROWN, W.A.N.1980: Alcohol fuels from biomass in New Zealand: the energetics and economics of production and processing. Pp. 1.1.1-1.1.12 in Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels Technology, Asilomar, California, 28-31 May, 1979. 12 ref.

ELLIS, E.L 1982: New Zealand forests and energy. Pp. 67-83 in Smith, W.R. (Ed.) Energy from Forest Biomass: IUFRO 17th World Congress, Kyoto, Japan, 6--17 September. 19 ref.

ELL YETT, C. 1982: Energy policy and research in Australia and New Zealand. Volume 11. Institute of Industrial Economics, University of Newcastle, NSW. 246 p.

FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1979: Uquid fuel from the forest. New Zealand Forest Service, What's New in Forest Research No. 69. 4 p. No ref.

FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1980: Energy farming. New Zealand Forest Service, What's New in Forest Research No. 88. 4 p. No ref.

FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1985: Transport fuels from wood. New Zealand Forest Service, What's New in Forest Research No. 135. 4p.

FRASER, T. 1977: Plantation forestry- a role for energy farming? New Zealand Journal of Forestry 22(2): 242-45. 5 ref.

FRASER, T.; MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1978: Prospects for the production of liquid fuels from forest biomass. Pp. 1756--1770 in Proceedings of the Eighth World Forestry Congress, v.6B. 31 ref.

FRASER, T.; SUTTON, W.R.J.; HORGAN, G.P. 1979: Forests, wood and energy. Pp. 238-243 in Fourth New Zealand Energy Conference, Auckland, 17-19 May. 16 ref.

9

GILCHRIST, D. B. 1982: The future of wood as a future domestic energy source in the Christchurch area. B. For. Sci. Dissertation, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. 55 p.

GUNSTAN, D.1985: Growing our way out of the energy crisis. The Dominion [Wellington, New Zealand], 24 April.

HARRIS, G.S. 1979: Energy farming in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 24(1): 67-75.

HARRIS, G.S. et a/. 1979: The potential of energy farming for transport fuels in New Zealand. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 46 (Volumes 1 and 2). 132 p.

HARRIS, G.S.1980: Planning fortransportfuels from biomass: the New Zealand experience. Pp. 838-853 in Palz, W.; Chartier, P.; Hall, D.O. (Ed.) Energy From Biomass: First E.C.International Conference on Biomass, Brighton, England, 4-7 November 1980. 3 ref.

HARRIS, G.S. et al. 1980: The potential of energy farming for transport fuels in New Zealand. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 46 (Volume 3). 37 p.

HARRIS,G.S.; ELUS,M.J.; SCOTT,G.C.; WOOD,J.R.; PHILLIPS, P.H.; ISAACS, N.P.1978: Energy scenarios. Supplementary studies. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Commitee, Report No. 33. 16 p.

HENLEY, R.W.: DAWSON, G.B. 1980: Geothermal alcohol: a forgotten option. New Zealand Energy Journal 53( 12): 166--169. 8 ref.

HENLEY, R.W.; DAWSON, G.B. 1981: Geothermal energy in biomass alcohol production. Geothermal Circular RWH5 GBD 13. 9 p.

HOCKING, J.D.; ISAACS, N.P. 1981: The potential for wood as an energy resource for small-scale applications. In 1981 New Zealand Forestry Conference: Exotic forests: their importance to New Zealand's future, Wellington. March Session. 6 p. 10 ref.

HORGAN, G.P. 1979: The energy implications of the expanded planting programme. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 24(2): 189-197. No ref.

HORGAN, G.P. 1984: The economics of liquid fuels from wood. Paper presented at the Conference of the Forestry Industry Engineers Association of New Zealand, Rotorua, 3-6 July. 15 p. 6 ref.

HOWARD, M.J.; BOON, B.W. 1974: Some aspects of whole tree utilisation with New Zealand pines. Appita 28(4): 246--251. 10 ref.

LIQUID FUELS MANAGEMENT GROUP 1987: Forest biomass production and conversion to transport fuels. Liquid Fuels Trust Board, Report No. LF 6005. 22 p.

LIQUID FUELS TRUST BOARD 1980: Development of an initial strategy for transport fuels supply and gas utilisation in New Zealand. Liquid Fuels Trust Board, Report No. LF 2006. 39 p.

LIQUID FUELS TRUST BOARD 1982: Forward programme of investigations. Liquid Fuels Trust Board, Report No. LF 5517. 160 p.

MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1979: Energy strategy '79. Ministry of Energy,Wellington. 96 p. No ref.

MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1981a: Energy planning report 1981: 81-4 Liquid fuels planning: a background report to the 1981 energy plan. Ministry of Energy, Wellington. 67 p. No ref.

10

MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1981b: Government policy on ethanol-from-biomass [News release]. Ministry of Energy, Wellington. 3 p.

MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1981c: National costs of ethanol production and national value of ethanol as a motor spirit extender. Ministry of Energy, Wellington. 8 p.

MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1981d: Our energy future: it is secure but there is still much to be done [News Release]. Ministry of Energy, Wellington. 6 p. No ref.

MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1981e: Policy for ethanol production from biomass in New Zealand. Ministry of Energy, Wellington. 3 p.

MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1982a: Government policy on biogas. Ministry of Energy, Wellington. 2 p.

MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1982b: Energy planning report 1982: EP82-4 gas sector forecasting and planning. Ministry of Energy, Wellington. 16 p. No ref.

MORRISON, A. 1983: Black gold fiwer takes hold. New Zealand Times [Wellington, New Zealand], 19 June: 3. No ref.

MOY, M. 1981: The potential role for alcohol fuels. In Seminar on the Use of Alcohols in Spark Ignition Engines, Ministry of Energy, Wellington, 21-22 May. 14 p. No ref.

NEW ZEALAND ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE 1984: A guide to sources of data on national energy consumption. Brown Copeland & Co. Ltd in association with the New Zealand Institute of Economic Research. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Publication P82. 125 p.

NEW ZEALAND FORESTRY CONFERENCE 1981: The management of forests for energy. P. 33-37 in Forest Management Working Party Report, Part5, New Zealand Forestry Conference, Wellington, 7-8 September. 6 ref.

NEWZEALANDFORESTRYCOUNCIL 1979: Energy requirements and production by forest industries in New Zealand. New Zealand Forestry Council, Bulletin No. 2. 26 p. No ref.

PALMER, E.R. 1983: Energy production from biomass. Energy Journal56(4): 11-13.

PATTERSON, M.G.1979: A quantification of energy derived from wood in New Zealand. Department of Trade and Industry (N.Z), Resource Conservation Series 3. 31 p. 22 ref.

PEARSON, R.G. 19n: Energy analysis. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 30. 14 p.

RAWUNS, W.H.N.; KERRUISH, C.M.; HORGAN, G.P. 1982: The potential costs of growing and harvesting wood for energy in Australia and New Zealand. Pp. 39-49 in Smith, W.R. (Ed.) Energy From Forest Biomass: IUFRO 17th World Congress, Kyoto, Japan, 6-17 September. 20 ref.

THOMSON, A.P. 19n: Forests, forest products and energy. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 22(2): 193-220. 23 ref.

THOMSON, A.P.1981: Forests and energy. In 1981 New Zealand Forestry Conference, Wellington. March Session. 36 p. 19 ref.

TUSTIN, J.R. 1980: Energy implications for smallwood harvesting. Pp. 149-153 in Proceedings, Smallwood Harvesting Seminar, Logging Industry Research Association, Rotorua, New Zealand. No ref.

WALKER, B.V. 1986: Energy issues report 1986: resources, supply, technologies and investigations: a background report to Energy Issues 1986. Ministry of Energy (N.Z.), Report El 8602. 87 p.

WYATT,N.S.(Ed.)1988: Energy88. MinistryofEnergy, Wellington. 48 p.

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11

2. New Zealand Forestry Perspective (34 references)

Keywords: forest resource, area, quantity, quality, location,

supply, export, Chile, new crop, transition crop, planting

programme, forestry sector, plantation resource, exotic

forests, export potential, radiata pine, eucalypt.

Sources: NZJF, World Wood, NZJFS, New Zealand Forestry

Conference, New Zealand daily newspapers.

Synopsis: For an appreciation of forest energy in New

Zealand, an understanding of New Zealand exotic plantation

forestry (i.e., other than indigenous forests) is important.

Exotic forestry is overwhelmingly characterised by the

growing, tending, harvesting, and processing of Pinus radiata. As at April1988, radiata pine represented 88% (1.1 million

hectares) of the New Zealand total net stocked exotic

plantation area (Novis et al. 1989). Wood for energy, then,

inevitably involves radiatapine. However, Eucalyptus spp.,

representing no more than 2% (about 25 000 hectares) of the

total net stocked exotic plantation area, also have the potential

to make an important contribution to providing wood for

energy.

ALLEN, C. 1985: Timber growing method [coppice]. Radio New Zealand 2YA, Rural Report, 22 August, 12.50 p.m. Audio Monitor Ltd, Wellington. 2 p.

ANONYMOUS 1982a: Good potential in USA forclearradiata pine. Asian Timber 1(4): 5.

ANONYMOUS 1982b: Tight timber supplies seen in New Zealand till1995. World Wood 23(6): 5.

ANONYMOUS 1982c: Tree breeders enhance future forestry. Daily Post [Rotorua, New Zealand].

ANONYMOUS 19838: Chile, New Zealand sign forestry pact. World Wood 24(6): 3. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1983b: Travelling report from New Zealand. Thinning is almost banned in Government forestry. Skogen(3): 64--65.

ANONYMOUS 19848: Forest industry views 1985 with confidence but seeing through to new crop '90s is difficult. Forest Industries 15(12): 7-24.

ANONYMOUS 1984b: Looking beyond the pine clones. The Press [Christchurch, New Zealand], 26 May.

ANONYMOUS 1984c: · Forestry after natural gas for Think Big investment. Daily Post(Rotorua, New Zealand], 5 July.

ANONYMOUS 1984d: Wood residues as a fuel. Forest Industries 15(4): 4. No ref.

BOURKE, J.J. (Comp.) 1988: Export prospects for radiata pine. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z), FRI Bulletin No. 136.

Notable references: A recent review of the forestry sector in

New Zealand is present~d in Ministry of Forestry (1988a).

The large radiatapine planting programme and its implications

for the forest industry are reviewed in Cavana and O'Dea

(1979) and Levack (1979). Documentation of the exotic

plantation resource is presented in Elliot and Levack (1981 ),

Familton (1981, 1983), Kibblewhite and Levack (1984), and

Novis et al. (1989). Further statistics on New Zealand forests

and the forest industry (to 1987) are provided in Ministry of

Forestry (1988b). An early viewpoint on the potential role of

exotic plantation forests in the New Zealand energy future is

presented in Fraser (1977), and more recently in Anonymous

(1984d). A review of the supply availability (and cost) of wood

for liquid fuels production is presented in LFTB (1983). Cross

references to this section regarding eucalypts, radiata pine,

and other genera are located in Sections 6, 7, and 8,

respectively.

CA V ANA, R. V.; O'DEA, D.J. 1979: New Zealand's increased exotic forest planting programme - its consequences for capital requirements and processing. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 24(2): 172-188. 7 ref.

DEVELOPMENT FINANCE CORPORATION 1980: Forest industry study. 181 p.

DEVELOPMENT FINANCE CORPORATION 1981: The response to the forest industry study. In 1981 New Zealand Forestry Conference, Wellington. March Session. 8 p.

ELUOT, D.A. 1982: Future production from the softwood plantation resources of Australia, Chile, and the Pacific Islands- a New Zealand view. Australian Forest Industries Journal and Logger 48(7): 16, 20-21, 23.

ELUOT, D.A.; LEVACK, H.H. 1981: New Zealand's plantation resource: areas,locations,andquantities. ln1981 New Zealand Forestry Conference, Wellington. March Session. Part I, 31 p. Part 11, Regional Summaries, 89 p. No ref.

ELUS, E.L 1982: New Zealand forests and energy. Pp. 67--83 in Smith, W.R. (Ed.) Energy from Forest Biomass, IUFRO 17th World Congress, Kyoto, September 1981. 19 ref.

FAMIL TON, A.K. 1981: New Zealand's plantation resource: current usage and projected surpluses. In 1981 New Zealand Forestry Conference, Wellington. March Session. 17 p. No ref.

FAMILTON, A.K. 1983: A summary and up-date of "New Zealand's plantation resource: areas, locations, and quantities" by D .A. Elliot and H.H. Levack. New Zealand Forest Service, Wellington. 18 p.

12

FLEMING, C.A. 1977: The history of life in New Zealand forests. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 22(2): 249-269. 26 ref.

FRASER, T. 1977: Plantation forestry- a role for energy farming? New Zealand Journal of Forestry 22(2): 242-245. 5 ref.

HUTCHINSON, F.E. 1977: Some thoughts on "plantation forestry• in New Zealand- mainly reminiscent. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 22(1): 111-125. 3 ref.

KIBBLEWHITE, R.P.; LEVACK, H.H. 1984: The radiata pine resource - its qualities and quantities. New Zealand Forest Service, FRI Bulletin No. 86: 3-10 11 ref.

LEVACK, H.H. 1979: Future national wood supply. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 24(2): 159-177. 3 ref.

UQUID FUELS TRUST BOARD 1983: Supply availability and cost of wood for liquid fuels production. Liquid Fuels Trust Board, Report No. LF2029. 145 p. 41 ref.

MINISTRY OF FORESTRY (N.Z.) 1988a: The forestry sector in New Zealand. Ministry of Forestry, Policy Division, Wellington. 62 p.

MINISTRY OF FORESTRY (N.Z.) 1988b: Statistics of the forests and forest industries of New Zealand to 1987. Ministry of Forestry, Wellington. 100 p.

NEW ZEALAND FORESTRY CONFERENCE 1981: Comments on Development Finance Corporation report: forest industry study. In 1981 New Zealand Forestry Conference, Wellington. March Session. 25 p.

NOVIS, J.; TURLAND, J.; COLUNS, J. 1989: A national exotic forest description as at 1 April 1988. Ministry of Forestry, Wellington. 107 p.

RAWUNS, W.H.M.; KERRUISH,C.M.; HORGAN,G.P.1982: The potential costs of growing and harvesting wood for energy in Australia and New Zealand. Pp. 39-49 in Smith, W.R. (Ed.) Energy from Forest Biomass, IUFRO 17th World Congress, Kyoto, Japan, 6-17 September. 20 ref.

SUTTON, W.J.R. 1975: An evaluation of New Zealand's forestry export potential. D. Phil Thesis, Oxford University. 356 p.

SUTTON, W.J.R. 1978: Some export marketing implications of New Zealand's current planting programme. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 23(1): 85-94. 7 ref.

UPRICHARD,J.M.1983: PulpandpaperinNewZealand: processes and prospects for development. Logging and Wood Processing, (April): 17, 19, 22-23. No ref.

WIJE-WARDANA, D. 1983: New Zealand. World Wood Review 24(5): 61. No ref. ---------

13

3. Energy Requirements and Usage in the Forest Industry (17 references)

Keywords: energy requirements, energy analysis, forest

industry, energy use, pulp, paper, forestry, sawmill.

Sources: Canadian Forestry Service, NZERDC, LIRA.

Synopsis: The contribution that biomass can make towards

meeting the energy needs of the forest industry is important

practically and also demonstratively to other industries. Energy

requirements and usage are higher in the pulp and paper

industry than in sawmilling, reconstituted products, or forest

operations. In addition to the obvious advantage of being

able to burn wood, bark, and foliage to produce energy, the

ASH, M.J.; KNOBLOCK, P.C.; PETERS, N.1980: Energy analysis of energy from the forest options. Canadian Forestry Service, Petawawa National Forestry Institute, ENFOR Project P-59. 110 p. 29 ref.

BECA CARTER HOLLINGS AND FERN ER L TO 1976a: Forest industries energy research summary. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 12. 38 p. No ref.

BECA CARTER HOLUNGS AND FERNER LTD 1976b: Forest industries energy research. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 13. 230 p. 28 ref.

BECA CARTER HOLUNGS AND FERNER LTD 1982: Forest industries energy research 1981. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 71. 86 p. 55 ref.

BJORKMAN, A.; WARNQVIST, B. 1988: Basic processes in gasification/burning of kraft liquors. Pulp and Paper Canada 89(11): 56-02. 22 ref.

CO LE MAN, M. (Ed.) 1981 : Energy management and conservation in pulp and paper mills. Miller Freeman, San Francisco. 216 p.

EFFORD, I.E.; PNEUMATICOS, S.M. 1982: Energy in the forest industries. Energy, Mines and Resources, Canada, Conservation and Renewable Energy Branch. 35 p. 20 ref.

GOElZYL, A.; TATUM, S.1983: Wood energy use in the lumber and wood products industry. Forest Products Journal 33(3): 44-48. 7 ref.

burning of solids from speAt liquors at pulp mills represents

a somewhat less obvious, though equally important source of

energy from wood.

Notable references: The New Zealand experience is reported

in New Zealand Forestry Council (1979), Beca Carter Hollings

and Ferner Ltd (1976a, 1976b, 1982), Gordon and Foran

(1980), and Uprichard and Corson (1976). Cross references

to this section regarding the use of wood to meet energy

requirements in forest processing mills are in Sections 20

and 21.

GORDON, R.D.; FORAN, W. 1980: Fuel for loggers in New Zealand. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Report 5(2). 4p. No ref.

KOMMONEN, F.; HAKUUN, L 1989: How [energy] costs vary country-by-country. Pulp and Paperlntemationai(March): 45-4 7.

McCORMACK, R.J.; WELLS, K.F. 1982: Direct consumption of petroleum products in Pinus radiata thinning in Australia. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 12(2): 354--63. 7 ref.

NEW ZEALAND FORESTRY COUNCIL 1979: Energy requirements and production by forest industries in New Zealand. New Zealand Forestry Council, Bulletin No. 2. 25 p. No. ref.

SIERILA, P. 1988: Energy and the Finnish pulp and paper industry. Pulp and Paper Canada 89(8): 91-93. 3 ref.

TAYLOR, R.W. 1982: Energy at sawmills. CSIR (Pretoria, South Africa) Special Report HOUT 264. 33 p. 2 ref.

UPRICHARD, J.M.; CORSON, S.R. 1976: Energy usage and effluents from chemical and mechanical pulping systems. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 21 (1 ): 21-{35. 27 refs.

URBAS, J.C. 1988: Water- the unnecessary energy user. Pulp and Paper Canada 89(8): 44-49.

YOUNG D.A. 1988: A guide to energy-efficient mill air systems. Pulp and Paper Canada 89(11): 78-80.

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14

4. Biomass Mensuration, Technique (50 references)

Keywords: inventory, guideline, procedure, manual,

multiproduct, conversion, coppice, technique, method,

sampling, mensuration, eucalypt, willow, poplar, radiata pine,

prediction.

Sources: SUAS, American Pulpwood Association, CJFR, Biomass, NZJFS, Canadian Forestry Service, Energy from

Biomass (EC Conference), Australian Forestry Research.

Synopsis: Biomass for energy must be measured and

quantified to enable the estimation, ol pres.ent and .future

yields which could be available for use as fuel. At the local

and national level, energy planners need to have up-to-date

biomass inventory information to assist in formulating energy

scenarios. Currently in New Zealand, individual tree and

stand biomass equations have been developed for radiata

ALDRED, A.H.; ALEMDAG, I.S. 1988: Guidelines for forest biomass inventory. Canadian Forestry Service, Petawawa National Forestry Institute, Information Report PI-X-77. 134 p. 73 ref.

ALDRED, A.H.; SAYN-WITTGENSTEIN, L. 1981: Procedures for producing forest biomass statistics in Newfoundland forest inventory program. Dendron Resource Surveys Ltd. Pp. 70-75 in Proceedings of the Third Bioenergy Research and Development Seminar, Ottawa. 7 ref.

ALEMDAG, I.S. 1980: Manual of data collection and processing for the development of forest biomass relationships. Canadian Forestry Service, Petawawa National Forestry Institute, Information Report PI-X-4; ENFOR Project P-144. 38 p. No ref.

ALEMDAG, I.S. 1982: Method of estimating forest biomass from stand volumes: a case study with Ontario jack pine. Pulp and Paper Canada 83(2): 41-43. 5 ref.

ALEMDAG, I.S.; BONNOR, G.M. 1985: Biomass inventory of federal lands at Petawawa: a case study. Forestry Chronicle 61(2): 81-86. 6 ref.

ATTIWILL, P.M. 1966: A method of estimating crown weight in Eucalyptus, and some implications of relationships between crown weight and stem diameter. Ecology 47(5): 795-804. 25 ref.

AUCLAIR, D. (Ed.) 1983: Mesures des biomasses et des accroissements forestiers: comptes-rendus de la reunion qui s'esttenue du 3 au 7 octobre 1983 a Orleans, France= Problems in forest biomass mensuration and growth and yield studies. lnstitut national de la recherche agronomique, Paris. Les Col/oques de 1'/.N.R.A., No. 19. 356 p.

AUCLAIR, D.; CABANETTES, A. 1981: Method for the estimation of above-ground biomass and biomass production in classical coppice and first results. Pp. 216-221 in Palz, W.; Chartier, P .; Hall, D.O. (Ed.) Energy From Biomass, First E.C. International

pine and eucalypt spp., but only prototype biomass growth

and yield models and inventory methods for radiata pine

have been developed.

Notable references: The New Zealand experience with

biomass assessment techniques is described in Grace and Madgwick (1987), Madgwick (1976, 1981, 1983a, 1983b),

and Madgwick and Satoo (1975). Biomass assessment

techniques for radiata pine in Australia are described in

Snowdon (1985, 1986). Instructional guidelines for the

development of biomassinventoriesarepresented in Aid red

and Alemdag (1988) and Cl ark et al. (1985). A case study of

the development of a biomass inventory in Canada is

presented in Alemdag and Bonnor (1985). Cross references

to this section regarding biomass estimates in New Zealand

are located in Sections 6, 7, and 8.

Conference on Biomass, Brighton, England, 4-7 November 1980. 9 ref.

AUCLAIR, D.; CABANETTES,A.1983: Method for the estimation of biomass in coppice and coppice with standards, by conversion from "large timber" volume to total biomass. Pp. 222-224 in Strub, A.; Chartier, P.; Schleser, G. (Ed.) Energy from Biomass: Second E.C. Conference, 20-23 September 1982, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany.

BONES, J.T. 1985: National tree biomass compilation program­a final report. P. 72 in Proceedings Seventh Southern Forest Biomass Workshop, Gainesville, Florida. No ref.

CLARK, A. 1979: Suggested procedures for measuring tree biomass and reporting tree prediction equations. Pp. 61 ~28 in Proceedings of the Forest Resource Inventories Workshop, Colorado State University. 28 refs.

CLARK, A.; FIELD, R.C. 1981: TBCP- a computer program that estimates total tree chips, sawlogs, pulpwood, and firewood from cruise summary data. Georgia Forest Research Paper 21. 14 p. 11 ref.

CLARK, A.; BURGAN, T.M.; FIELD, R.C.; DRESS, P.E.1985: User's manual for total-tree multiproduct cruise program. USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, General Technical ReportSE-31. 65 p. 6 ref.

CLARK,A.; FIELD, R.C.; BURGAN, T.M.; DRESS, P.1985: Total­tree multiproduct cruise program. American Pulpwood Association, Technical Release 85-R-11. 2 p.

COST, N.D.; MCCLURE, J.P. 1982: Multi-resource inventories: techniques for estimating biomass on a statewide basis. USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Research PaperSE-228. 31 p. 12 ref.

CUNIA, T.1979: On sampling trees forbiomass tables construction: some statistical comments. Pp. 643-064 in Proceedings of the Forest Resource Inventories Workshop, Colorado State University. 5 ref.

CURTIN, D.T.; BROOKS, R.T.; RENNIE, J.C. 1980: Testing biomass prediction equations with conventional cruise and whole tree harvesting techniques. Tennesee Valley Authority, Division ofLandandForestResources, Technica1Note841. 27p. 14 ref.

FOWLER, D. 1983: Trial conversion of conventional data to biomass data in New Brunswick. Canadian Forestry Service, ENFOR Project P-238. 59 p. 6 ref.

FRANK, P.S.; HICKS, R.R.; HARNER, E.J. 1984: Biomass predicted by soil site factors: a case study in north central West Virginia USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 14(1): 137-140.

GRACE, J.C.; MADGWICK, H.A.I.1987: Sampling procedures for estimating forestbioniass in the Puruki watershed New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 17(213): 272-282.

HATHAWAY, R.L; van KRAAYENOORD, C.W.S. 1981: Short rotation biomass production of willow in New Zealand. Pp. 244-250 in Palz, W.; Chartier, P.; Hall, D.O. (Ed.) Energy from Biomass: First E.C. International Conference on Biomass, Brighton, England, 4-7 November 1980.

HEINONEN, J.; FERUN, A. 1983: Above-ground woody biomass sampling and estimation in dense birch coppice stands. Pp. 209-216 in Auclair, D. (Ed.) Mesures des biomasses et des accroissements forestiers: comptes-rendus de la reunion qui s'esttenue du 3au 7 octobre 1983 a Orleans, France= Problems in forest biomass mensuration and growth and yield studies. lnstitut national de la recherche agronomique, Paris. Les Co/loques de 1'/.N.R.A., No. 19. 356 p. 6 ref.

HITCHCOCK, H.C. 1979a: Biomass of southern hardwood regeneration estimated by vertical line sampling. Journal of Forestry 77(8): 474-477.

HITCHCOCK, H.C. 1979b: Converting traditional CFI data into biomass values: a case study. Pp. 596~14 in Proceedings of the Forest Resource Inventories Workshop, 23--26 July, Colorado State University. 20 ref.

HITCHCOCK, H.C.; McDONNELL, J.P. 1979: Biomass measurement: a synthesis of the literature. Pp. 544-594 in Proceedings of the Forest Resource Inventories Workshop, 23--26 July, Colorado State University. 280 ref.

HYTONEN, J.; LUMME, 1.; TORMALA, T.1987: Comparison of methods for estimating willow biomass. Biomass 14(1 ): 39-49. 12 ref.

lSE BRANDS, J.G.; EK, A.R.; MELDAHL, R.S. 1982: Comparison of growth model and harvest yields of short rotation intensively cultured populus: a case study. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 12(1): 58~3. 15 ref.

KITTREDGE, J. 1944: Estimation of the amount of foliage of trees and stands. Journal of Forestry 42(12): 905--912. 20 ref.

KUUSELA, K.; NYYSSONEN, A.1981: Quantifying forest energy -inventory methods to determine biomass. Unasylva 33(13): 31-34. 8 refs.

MacQUARRIE, G.D. 1983: Trial conversion of conventional inventory data to biomass data in Nova Scotia. Canadian Forestry Service, ENFOR Project P-247. 35 p.

MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1976: Mensuration of forest biomass. Pp. 35--47 in Proceedings, 16th IUFRO World Congress, Division 4. 104 ref.

MADGWICK, H;A.I. 1981: Estimating the above-ground weight of forest plots using the basal area ratio'method. New Zealand · Journal of Forestry Science 11 (3): "278-286. 9 ref.

15

MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1983a: Above-ground weight of forest plots­comparison of seven methods of estimation. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 13(1): 100-107. 15 ref.

MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1983b: Estimation of the oven-dry weight of stems, needles, and branches of individual Pinus radiata trees. NewZealandJournalofForestryScience 13(1): 108-109. 4ref.

MADGWICK, H.A.I.; SA TOO, T.1975: On estimating the above­ground weights of tree stands. Ecology 56(6): 1446-1450. 21 ref.

MROZ, G.D.; FREDERICK, D.J.; JURGENSEN, M.F. 1985: Site and fertiliser effects on northern hardwood stump sprouting. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15(3): 535--543. 51 ref.

NILSSON, L..Q 1981: Metoder for bestamning av torrsubstans och tillviixt vid energiskogsodling = Methods for determining dry matter content and growth in energy forest plantations. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, projekt energiskogsodling, Teknisk Rapport No. 19. 47 p. 9 ref.

OPIE, J.E. 1976: Volume functions for trees of all sizes. Forestry Commission (Victoria) Technical Paper No. 25: 27-30. 2 ref.

PAR DE, J. 1980: Forestbiomass. Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, review article. Forestry Abstracts 41(8): 343-362. 167 ref.

ROLLINSON, T.J.D.; EVANS, J. 1987: The yield of sweet chestnut coppice. Forestry Commission (UK), Bulletin No. 64. 20 p. 10 ref.

SA TOO, T.; MADGWICK, H.A.I.1982: Forest Biomass. Martinies Nijhoff, The Hague. 152 p. 279 ref.

SIEVANEN, R. 1983: Growth model for mini-rotation plantations. Communicationes lnstitut Forestalis Fenniae No. 117. 41 p. 62 ref.

SINGH, T. 1983: Fortran subroutines for biomass computations. Canadian Forestry Service, Northern Forest Research Centre, Forest Management Note No. 22. 7 p. 2 ref.

SNOWDON, P. 1985: Alternative sampling strategies and regression models for estimating forest biomass. Australian Forest Research 15(3): 353--366. 17 ref.

SNOWDEN, P. 1986: Sampling strategies and methods of estimating the biomass of crown components in individual trees of Pinus radiata D. Don. Australian Forest Research 16(1): 63--72. 17 ref.

STANDJSH,J.T.; MANNJNG,G.H.; DEMAERSCHOLK,J.P.1985: Development of blomass equations for British Columbia tree species. Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Information Report BC-X-264. 48 p. 24 ref.

VALENTINE, H.T.; TRITTON, LM.; FURNIVAL, G.M. 1984: Subsampling trees for biomass, volume, or mineral content. Forest Science 30(3): 673--681. 6 ref.

WADDELL, D.R.; WEYERMANN, D.L.; YAMBERT, M.B.1987: Estimating the weight of Douglas-fir tree boles and logs with an iterative computer model. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Research Paper PNW-RP-374. 20 p. 10 ref.

WELLWOOD, R.W. 1979: Complete tree utilisation: an analysis of the literature (1970-1978). Part I: Biomass of tree components. Canadian Forestry Service, EN FOR Project P-15. 89 p. 78 refs.

WIANT, H.V.1979: Estimating woody biomass using 3P and point sampling. Pp. 757-762 in Proceedings of the Forest Resource Inventories Workshop, 23-26 July, Colorado State University. 9 refs.

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16

5. Biomass Mensuration, Statistical (25 references)

Keywords: method, bias, correction, logarithmic for systematic logar~hmic bias to the predicted variable. transformation, error, sampling, allometric, statistical,

regression.

Sources: Forestry Chronicle, CJFR.

Synopsis: An important aspect in the estimation of biomass yield is the statistical appropriateness of the sampling and regression methods that are employed. For example, if logarithmic transformation of variables is used during regression analysis, then~ is necessary to apply a correction

BASKERVILLE, G.L 1970: Testing the uniformity of variance in arithmetic and logic units of aY-variable for classes of an X­variable. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL-1BP-70-1. 38p.

BASKERVILLE, G.L. 1972: Use of logarithmic regression in the estimation of plantbiomass. CanadianJoumalofForest Research 2(49): 49-53. 10 ref.

BEAUCHAMP, J.J.; OLSEN, J.S. 1973: Correction for bias in regression estimates after logarithmic transformation. Ecology 54(6): 4103-4107. 15 ref.

BRIGGS, E.F.; CUNIA, T. 1982: Effect of cluster sampling in biomass tables construction: linear regression models. Canadian Journal of Forest Science 12(2): 255--263.

CHIYENDA,S.S.; KOZAK,A.1982: Somecommentson"Choosing regression models for biomass prediction equations". Forestry Chronicle 58(5): 203-204. 3 ref.

CHIYENDA, S.S.; KOZAK, A. 1984: Additivity of component biomass regressions when the underlying model is linear. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 14(3): 441-446.

CUNIA, T. 1979a: On sampling trees for biomass tables construction: some statistical comments. Pp. 643-664 in Proceedings of the Forest Resource Inventories Workshop, 23-26 July, Colorado State University. 5 ref.

CUNIA, T. 1979b: On tree biomass tables and regression: some statistical comments. Pp. 6~42 in Proceedings of the Forest Resource Inventories Workshop, 23-26 July, Colorado State University. 8 ref.

CUNIA, T. 1986a: On the error of biomass estimates in forest inventories: Part 1: its major components. SUNY (Syracuse), Faculty of Forestry, Miscellaneous Publication Number 8 (ESF 85-004). 69 p. 7 ref.

CUNIA, T. 1986b: On the error of biomass estimates in forest inventories: Part 11: the error component from sample plots .. SUNY (Syracuse ), Faculty of Forestry, Miscellaneous Publication Number 9 (ESF 86-001). 125 p. 10 ref.

CUNIA, T.; BRIGGS, R.D. 1984: Forcing additivity of biomass tables; some empirical results. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 14(3): 376-384.

CUNIA, T.; BRIGGS, R.D. 1985a: Forcing additivity of biomass tables; use of the generalised least-squares method. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15(1): 23-28.

Notable references: Statistical aspects relating to biomass sampling are presented in Cunia (1979a, 1979b) and Ware

(1979). The selection oft he appropriate regression model for biomass prediction is discussed in Payandeh (1981 ), and Chiyenda and Kozak (1982). Correction for systematic bias when using logarithmic transformation is discussed in Baskerville (1972), Finney (1941 ), Flewelling and Pienaar (1981 ), Lee (1982), Madgwick and Satoo (1975), and Meyer (1938, 1941).

CUNIA, T.; BRIGGS, R.D. 1985b: Harmonising biomass tables by generalised least squares. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15(2): 331-340.

CUNIA, T.; MICHELAKECKIS, J. 1983: On the error of tree biomass tables constructed by a 2-phase sampling design. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 13(2): 303-313. 10 ref.

FINNEY, D.J. 1941: On the distribution of a variate whose logarithm is normally distributed. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series 87: 155-161.

FLEWELUNG,J.W.; PIENAAR, LV.1981: Multiplicative regression with log normal errors. Forestry Science 27(2): 281-289. 18 ref.

LEE, C.Y.1982: Comparison of two correction methods for the bias due to the logarithmic transformation in the estimation ofbiomass. Canadian Journalof Forest Research 12(2): 326-331. 12 ref.

MADGWICK, H.A.I.; SATOO, T.1975: On estimating the above­ground weights of tree stands. Ecology 56(6): 1446-1450. 21 ref.

M EVER, H.A. 1938: The standard error of estimate of tree volume from the logarithmic volume equation. Journal of Forestry 36: 340-342. No ref.

M EVER, H.A. 1941: A correction for a systematic error occurring in the application of the logarithmic volume equation. Pennsylvania State Forestry School, Research Paper 7. 3 p. No ref.

MOUNTFORD, M.D.; BUNCE, R.G.H. 1973: Regression sampling with allometrically related variables, with particular reference to production studies. Forestry 46(2): 203-212. 8 ref.

MUNRO, D. D. 1974: Use of logarithmic regression in the estimation of plant biomass: discussion. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 4(1): 149.

PAYANDEH, B. 1981: Choosing regression models for biomass prediction equations. Forestry Chronicle 57(5): 229-232. 14 rei.

WARE, K.D. 1979: Statistical aspects in sampling for biomass inventory. Pp. 745--756 in Proceedings of the Forest Resource Inventories Workshop, 23-26 July, Colorado State University. 11 ref.

YANDEL, 0.0.; WIANT, H.V.1981: Estimation of plant biomass based on the allometric system. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 11(4): 833-837.

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17

6. Eucalypts I ~-----------------(9_3_T~_e_~_T~_e_n_c_es_~----------------~~ Keywords: yield, biomass, coppice, firewood, management,

growth, biological control, essential oil, wood properties,

species, nutrients, short rotation, biomass equations.

Sources: Australian Forest Research, NZJFS, Australian

Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Australian Forest Grower,

New Zealand daily newspapers and radio news.

Synopsis: As noted previously, Eucalyptus spp. represent

no more than 2% of the New Zealand total net stocked exotic

plantation area. Nonetheless, eucalypts occupy special

domestic and export market niches (e.g., hardwood pulp,

quality furniture, and fuelwood) which have already shown

good potential for expansion in the near to mid-term. Eucalypts

exhibit good growth rates provided that species selection

(siting), and establishment and early stand management

practices are performed properly. Generally, all eucalypts

require site preparation (soil disturbance and fertiliser), while

some eucalypts (e.g., E. nitens) are prone to insect attack

(defoliation). Eucalypt is a favoured domesticfirewood, usually

originating from farm shelterbelts, or as wastewood from

ANONYMOUS 1981a: New Zealand uses Eucalyptus. Australian Forest Grower 4(2): 14, 42. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1981b: Hikurangi farming fuelwood. Australian Forest Grower4(3): 16.

ANONYMOUS 1982a: Bug bashing [Eucalyptus tortoise beetle]. Logging and Wood Processing (August): 22-23. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1982b: Pruning eucalypts. New Zealand Farmer 103(20): 97. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1984: New Zealand eucalypts - viable future. Logging and Wood Processing (September): 17. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1985a: Brazil's new forest soars to success. World Wood 26(3): 4~ 1. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1985b: Eucalyptus [grown for firewood]. Radio New Zealand, 2YA News, Rural Report, 12.35 p.m., 23 December. Audio Monitor Ltd, Wellington.

ANONYMOUS 1986a: Magic tree [eucalypt coppice for firewood, Mr David Hunter]. TV One News [New Zealand]. 6.30 p.m., February 21.

ATTIWILL, P.M. 1966: A method of estimating crown weight in Eucalyptus, and some implications of relationships between crown weight and stem diameter. Ecology 47(5): 795--804. 25 ref.

AY LING, R.D.; MARTINS, P.J. 1981: The growing of Eucalyptus on short rotation in Brazil. Forestry Chronicle 57(1 ): 9-16. 32 Ref.

BAIN, J. 1977: Conipterus scutel/atusgyllenhal. Gum tree weevil. Forest and Timber Insects In New Zealand, No. B. 4 p. 1 ref.

conventional forestry operations. Around 1982, however,

business entrepreneurs began to establish purpose-grown

eucalypt firewood plantations. Eucalypts were selected

because of their good juvenile growth rate, coppicing ability,

and relatively high wood basic density.

Notable references: An introduction to eucalypts in New Zealand is presented in Edmonds (1985), while the New

Zealand experience with eucalypts is described in Anonymous

(1981 a), Fry (1983), Lembke (1977), and Navis et al. (1989).

Forest mangagement aspects are presented in Davenhill

(1989) Forest Research Institute (1984a, 1989), Miller (1989),

Revell (1981 ). Growth and yield of eucalypts is described in

Frederick et al. (1986; 1985a, 1985b; 1984; 1983), Hay and

Calderon (1989), and Madgwick et al. (1981 ). Management

and yield aspects specifically relating to coppiced eucalypts

and/or fuelwood are described in Blake (1983), Jones et al.

(1983), Kaumi (1983), Norona (1983), and Sachs et al.

(1981 ). Cross references to this section regarding firewood

are presented in Section 17.

BAKER, T. 1983: Dry matter nitrogen and phosphorus content of litter-fall and branchfall in Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus forests. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 13(2): 205-221.

BEIJER, J. de 1982: Reforestation plan aims to make steel from trees. WorldWood23(1): 11-12. Noref.

BLAKE, T.J. 1983: Coppice systems for short-rotation intensive forestry: the influence of cultural, seasonal, and plant factors. Australian Forestry Review 13: 279-291. 64 ref.

BROOK ER, M.I.H.; KLEINIG, D.A. 1983: Field guide to Eucalyptus. Volume 1: South-eastern Australia. lnkata Press, Melbourne. 288 p. 27 ref.

CAMPBELL, R.G.; FERGUSON, I.S.; OPIE, J.E. 1979: Simulating growth and yield of mountain ash stands (E. regnans): a deterministic model. Australian Forest Research 9: 189-202. 6 ref.

CARTER, W.G.1974: Growing and harvesting Eucalyptus on short rotation for pulping. Australian Forestry 36(3): 214-225. 23 ref.

CHATURVEDI, A. N. 1983: Management of Eucalyptus plantations. Indian Forester 109(12): 861--863.

CHU..CHOU, M.; GRACE, LJ. 1981: Hymenogaster a/bus: a mycorrhizal fungus of Eucalyptus in New Zealand. Soil Biology & Biochemistry(14): 133-137.

CHU-CHOU,M.; GRACE, LJ. 1982: Mycorrhizal fungi of Eucalyptus in the North Island of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 11(2): 186-190.

18

COMER, C.W.; ROCKWOOD, D.L 1984: Screening of Eucalyptus species for coppice productivity. Pp. 95-97 in Proceedings, 6th Southern Forest Biomass Working Group Workshop, 5-7 June, Athens, Georgia. No ref.

CONNOR, D.J.; LEGGE, N.J.; TURNER, N.C. 19n: Water relations of mountain ash (E. regnans). Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 4: 753-762.

COSSLETT, B.J. 1985: Eucalypts for Canterbury. New Zealand Forest Service, Forest Research Institute, Rangiora. 4 p.

CREM ER, K. W. 1973: Ability of Eucalyptus regnans and associated ever-green hardwoods to recover from cutting or complete defoliation in different seasons. Australian Forest Research 6(2): 9-22. 12 ref.

CROMER, R.N.; RAUPACH, M.; CLARKE, A.R.P.; CAMERON, J.N. 1975: Eucalypt plantations in Australia- the potential for intensive production and utilisation. Appita 29(3): 165-173. 13 ref.

CROWTHER, R.E.; PATCH, D. 1980: Coppice. Forestry Commission Research and Development Division (UK) Research Information Note No. 54. 3 p.

DADSWELL, H. E. 1972: The anatomy of eucalypt woods. CSIRO (Australia), Division of Applied Chemistry Technology, Forest Products Laboratory Technical Paper No. 66. 28 p.

DALE, R. W. 1982: Guidelines for the management of exotic special purpose species - Auckland Conservancy. New Zealand Forest Service, Auckland. 31 p. 8 ref.

DAVENHILL, N.A. 1989: Herbicide treatments for eucalypt and acacia firewood plantations. Pp. 51-54 in Shula, R.G.; Hay, A.E.; Tarlton, G.L. (Ed.) The firewood venture - planning, execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z), FRI Bulletin No. 137.

EDMONDS, J.W.1985: Eucalypts-an introduction. New Zealand Forest Service, Trees and Timber, Forest Management Practices, No. 4. 4 p.

FARRINGTON,A.; HANSEN,N.W.; NELSON,P.F.1976: Utilisation of young plantations of E. globulus. Appita 30(4): 313-319. 2 ref.

FLORENCE, R.G. 1983: A perspective ofthe eucalypt forests: their characteristics and role in wood production. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 28(3): 372-393. 14 ref.

FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1979a: Biological control for eucalypt defoliator? New Zealand Forest Service, What's New in Forest Research 75. 4 p. No ref.

FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1979b: Growing eucalypts in containers. New Zealand Forest Service, What's New in Forest Research 80. 4 p. No. ref.

FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1984a: Eucalypts: species choice and site requirements. New Zealand Forest Service, What's New in Forest Research 124. 4 p. No ref.

FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1984b: Utilisation of New Zealand-grown eucalypts. New Zealand Forest Service, What's New in Forest Research 122. 4 p. No ref.

FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1989: Paropsis- going, going, gone? Ministry of Forestry (N.Z), FRI News No. 12.

FRANICH, R.A. 1985: Essential oil composition of juvenile leaves from coppiced Eucalyptus nitens. Phytochemistry 25(1): 245-246.

FREDERICK, D.J. 1982: Biomass research in New Zealand. P. 49 in Proceedings of the 1982 Southern Forest Biomass Working Group Workshop, Southern Forest Experimental Station, New Orleans, Louisiana. No ref.

FREDERICK, D.; MADGWICK, H.A.I.; OUVER, G.R. 1982: Wood basic density and moisture content of young Eucalyptus regnans grown in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 12(3): 494-500. 7 ref.

FREDERICK,D.; MADGWICK,H.A.I.; OUVER,G.1983: Biomass and energy production of eucalypts in New Zealand. Pp. 150-153 in Strub, A.; Chartier, P.; Schleser, G. (Ed.) Energy from Biomass: Second E.C. Conference, September 1982, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany.

FREDERICK, D.J.; MADGWICK, M.A.I.; JURGENSEN, M.F.; OUVER, G.R. 1984: Dry matter production and nutrient content of 5-year-old Eucalyptus nitens growing on soil mounds in New Zealand. Pp. 589-596 in Volume 2,1UFRO Symposium on Site andProductivityofFastGrowing Plantations, Aprii-May, Pretoria and Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. New Zealand Forest Service, Reprint 1711. 11 ref.

FREDERICK, D.J.; MADGWICK, H.A.I.; JURGENSEN, M.F.; OUVER, G.R. 1985a: Dry matter, energy, and nutrient contents of 8-year-old stands of Eucalyptus regnans, Acacia dealbata, and Pinus radiata in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of ForestryScience 15(2): 142-157. 40ref.

FREDERICK, D.J.; MADGWICK, H.A.I.; JURGENSEN, M.F.; OUVER, G.R. 1985b: Dry matter content and nutrient distribution in an age series of Eucalyptus regnans plantations in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 15(2): 158-179. 69 ref.

FREDERICK, D.J.; MADGWICK, H.A.I.; OLIVER, G.R.; JURGENSEN, M.F. 1985c: Dry matter and nutrient content of 8-year-old Eucalyptus saligna growing at Taheke Forest. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 15(2): 251-254. 13 ref.

FREDERICK, D.J.; MADGWICK, H.A.I.; JURGENSEN, M.F.; OUVER, G.R. 1986: Seasonal development of a young plantation of Eucalyptus nitens. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 16(1): 78-86. 16 ref.

FRY, G.1983: Eucalypts in New Zealand: a position report. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 28(3): 394-411. 13 ref.

GADGIL, P.D. 1981: Infection of wounds in Eucalyptus delegatensis. NewZealandJournalofForestryScience 11(3): 262-270. 6ref.

GEARY, T.F.; MESKIMEN,G.F.; FRANKLIN, E.C.1983: Growing eucalypts in Florida for industrial wood production. USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, General Technical Report SE-23. 49 p.

GLASS, B.P. 1985: Roundwood yield from Eucalyptus regnans stands. New Zealand Forest Service, FRI Bulletin No. 82. 10 p.

GRIFFIN, A.R.; WILLIAMS, E.R.; JOHNSON, K.W.1982: Early height growth and frost hardiness of Eucalyptus regnans provenances in twelve field trials in Southeast Australia. Australian Forestry Research 12(4): 263-279. 21 ref.

HAY, E.; KUTSCHER, K. 1985: Which eucalypt is that? New Zealand Forest Service, Trees and Timber, Forest Management Practices, No. 5. 3 p.

HAY, A.E.; CALDERON, S.S. 1989: The effect of stand density on growth characteristics of some eucalypts grown in New Zealand. Pp. 55-67 in Shula, R.G.; Hay, A.E.; Tarlton, G.L. (Ed.) The firewood venture- planning, execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z), FRI Bulletin No. 137.

HILUS, W.E.; BROWN, A.G. (Ed.) 1978: Eucalypts for wood production. CSIRO, Australia. 434 p.

JONES, R.; TODD, J.J.; ELUFFE, M.D.1983: Species, yield, and cultural requirements reported in the literature on short rotation forestry: a review for fuel wood production. University of Tasmania, Environmental Studies Working paper 16. 123 p.

KAUMI, S.Y.S. 1983: Four rotations of a Eucalyptus fuel yield trial. Commonwealth Forestry Review 62(1 ): 19-24

KING, J.P. 1980: Variation in specific gravity of three-year-old coppice clones of Eucalyptus saligna growing in Hawaii. Australian Forest Research 10(4): 295-300.

KING, P.T.B. 1986: Physical characteristics of Eucalyptus species as a short rotation firewood crop. B.Sc. Dissertation, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. 42 p. 10 ref.

LEM BKE, C.A. 1977: N.Z. Forest Products Limited turns to eucalypt. Australian Forest Industries Journal and L;ogger 43(7): 26-31. No ref.

McGRATH, R.1987: U.S. companies look for ways to jump on the Eucalyptus bandwagon. Pulp and Paper 61 (7): 92-93. No ref.

McMINN, J.W.; STUBBS, J. 1985: In-woods drying of eucalypts in southern Florida. Forest Products Journal 35(11112): 65-67. 13 ref.

MADGWICK, H.A.I.; BEETS, P.; GALLAGHER, S. 1981: Dry matter accumulation, nutrient and energy content of the above­ground portion of 4-year-old stands of Eucalyptus nitens and E. fastigata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 11 (1 ): 53-59. 21 ref.

MARCUS WALLENBURG FOUNDATION 1984: The new eucalypt forest: lectures given by the 1984 Marcus Wallenburg prize winners at the symposium in Falun, Sweden on Sept. 14. Marcus Wal/enburg Foundation Symposia Proceedings, 1. 64 p. No ref.

MENZIES, M.l.; HOLDEN, D.G.; ROOK, D.A. 1981: Seasonal frost tolerance of Eucalyptus saligna, E. regnans and E. fastigata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 11(3): 254-261. 10 ref.

MILLER, J.T. 1989: Choice of species for firewood production. Pp. , 29-35inShula, R.G.; Hay,A.E.;Tarlton,G.L. (Ed.)Thefirewood

venture- planning, execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z.), FRI Bulletin No. 137.

NICHOLLS, J.P.; PHILLIPS, F.H. 1970: Preliminary study of coppice-grown Eucalyptus viminalis as a source of chip material. CSIRO (Australia), Division of Forest Products Technology Paper No. 58. 28 p. 26 ref.

NORONA, R.C. 1983: Large-scale Eucalyptus energy farms and power cogeneration. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experimental Station, General Technical Report PSW-69: 35-41. No ref.

NOVIS, J.; TURLAND, J.; COLUNS, J. 1989: A national exotic forest description- as at 1 April1988. Ed. 5. New Zealand Ministry of Forestry, Wellington. 107 p.

OPIE, J.E. 1976: Volume functions for trees of all sizes. Forests Commission (Victoria) Forestry Technical Paper No. 25: 27-30. 2 ref.

PEARCE, R.B.1983: Eucalypts: energytreeofthefuture. American Forests 89(1): 30-34, 54-56. No ref.

PEDERICK, L.A. 1979: Natural variation in shining gum (Eucalyptus nitens). Australian Forest Research 9: 41--63. 9 ref.

POYNTON, R.J. 1981: The silvicultural treatment of eucalypt plantations in Southern Africa. South African Forestry Journal No. 116(March): 11-16. 18'ref.

RAISON, R.J.; KHANNA, P.K.; CRANE, W.J.B. 1982: Effects of intensified harvesting on rates of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus forests in Australia and New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 12(2): 394-403. 43 ref.

REVELL, D.H. 1981: Silviculture of eucalypts: New Zealand experience. Pp. 116-222 in Wood: Future Growth and

19

Conversion: Proceedings of Workshop, May, Canberra. 3 ref. New Zealand Forest Service Reprint No. 1616.

ROCKWOOD, D.L.; REDDY, K.V.; WAR RAG, E.l.; COMER, C.W. 1987: Development of Eucalyptus amplifolia for wood biomass production [coppice]. Australian Forest Research 17(2): 173-178. 14 ref. ·

SACHS, R.M.; GILPIN, D.W.; MQCK, T. 1981: Short rotation Eucalyptus as a biomass fuel. New Zealand Farmer 102(1): 22-23. No ref.

SARMA, P.K.; THAKUR, M.L.1983: Insect pests of Eucalyptus and their control. Indian Forester 109(12): 864-881.

SAXTON, E.H. 1983: Replacing oil- energy forests in Hawaii. American Forests 89(1): 34, 57.

SCHUBERT, T.H.; WHITESELL, C.D. 1985: Species trials for biomass plantations in Hawaii: a first appraisal. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Paper PSW-176. 21 p.

SHARMA, J.K.; NAIR, C.T.S.; KEDHARNATH, S.; KONDAS, S. (Ed.) 1984: Eucalypts in India - past, present and future: proceedings of the National Seminar on Eucalypts in Indian Forestry heldatKerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala, 30-31 January. 521 p.

SCHoNAU, A.P.G.; BODEN, D.l. 1982: Preliminary biomass studies in young eucalypts. South African Forestry Journal 120 (March): 24-28. 15 ref.

STANDIFORD, R.B.; LEDIG, F.T. 1983: Economic evaluation of eucalypt energy plantations. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experimental Station, General Technical Report PSW-69: 42.,.-48. 13 ref.

TOMBLESON, J. 1986: Eucalyptus nitensfirewood belt- 'Goudies'. New Zealand Tree Grower 7(3): 64-66. No ref.

WEBBY, O.J.; GEARY, T.F.; ROCKWOOD, D.L; COMER, C.W.; MESKIMEN, G.F.1984?: Seasonal coppicing variation in three eucalypts in southern Florida. University of Florida, Department of Forestry, Gainesville. 27 p.

WHITESELL, C.D. 1975: Growth of young Eucalyptus saligna in Hawaii. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Note PSW-299. 3 p.

WILCO X, M. D. 1979a: The ash group of eucalypts. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 9(2): 133-144. 50 ref.

WILCOX, M.D.1979b: The peppermint group of eucalypts in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 9(3): 262-266.

WILCOX, M.D. 1980: Genetic improvement of eucalypts in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 10(2): 343-359. 15 ref.

WILCOX, M.D.1982: Preliminary selection of suitable provenances of Eucalyptus regnans for New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 12(3): 468.,.-479. 6 ref.

WILCOX, M.D.; THULIN, 1.1979: Growth of Eucalyptus regnansin a plot at Rotorua, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 9(2): 166-169. 3 ref.

WISE, P.K.; PITMAN, M.G. 1981: Nutrient removal and replacement associated with short-rotation eucalypt plantations. Australian Forestry44(3): 142-153. 31 ref.

YATAGAI,M.; TAKAHASHI, T.1984: Essential oils and successive extractives of Eucalyptus leaves. Biomass 4(4): 305-31 0. 4 ref.

YOST,R.S.; DeBELL,D.S.; WHITESELL,C.D.; MIYASAKA,S.C. 1987: Early growth and nutrient status of Eucalyptus. saligna as affected by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisation. Australian Forest Research 17(3): 203-214. 15 ref. •

20

L___--~-------------7._._R_a_d_m_t_a_p_i_n_e----------------~~ _ (57 references) .

Keywords: growth, yield, plantations, dry matter, nutrients,

economics, dry weight, energy content, close-spaced, roots,

bark, biomass equations.

Sources: NZJFS, New Zealand Forestry (formerly, New

Zealand Journal of Forestry), South African Forestry Journal,

Australian Forest Research, Australian Forestry.

Synopsis: As noted previously, radiata pine represented

88% of the New Zealand total net stocked exotic plantation

area as at April1988. Radiata pine is used for nearly all wood

utilisation purposes, e.g., pulp, reconstituted wood products,

dimension lumber, veneer, poles and posts, high quality

furniture, and fuelwood. Radiata pine exhibits good stem­

wood production rates, averaging 20 m3/ha/yr (Shirley 1984),

but with upper-limits around 40 m3/ha/yr (Shula 1989).

Thinning, pruning, and aerial spraying with copper oxychloride

(to control Dothistroma pim) are common plantation

management practices. Because of the abundance of

wastewood from conventional forestry and processing mill

operations, radiata pine is a common fuelwood, domestically

BAKER, T.G. 1983: Dry matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus content of litterfall and branchfall in Pinus radiataand Eucalyptus forests. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 13(2): 205-221.

BAKER, T.G.; ATTIWILL,P.M.; STEWART,H.T.L.1984: Biomass equations for Pinus radiata in Gippsland, Victoria. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 14(1): 89-96. 16 ref.

BEETS, P.N. 1982: Modelling dry matter content of a managed stand of Pinusradiatain New Zealand: a dissertation. University of Georgia, Athens.

BEETS, P.N. 1985: DRYMAT, a semi-empirical growth model for radiata pine. Pp. 64-08 in Proceedings, Workshop on Nutritional Consequences of Intensive Forest Harvesting on Site Productivity, Rotorua, New Zealand, 6-14 June. International Energy Agency/ Forest Energy Agreement, Project CPC-10, Report No. 2.

BEETS, P.N.; POLLOCK, D.S.1987: Accumulation and partitioning of dry matter in Pinus radiata as related to stand age and thinning. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 17(213): 246-271.

BOURKE, I.J. (Comp.) 1988: Export prospects for radiata pine. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z), FRI Bulletin No. 136.

BOWEN, G.D. 1964: Root distribution of Pinus radiata. CSIRO (Australia), Division of Soils, Divisional Report 1164. 14 p. 12 ref.

CANNELL, M.G.R. 1982: World forest biomass and primary production data. Academic Press, London. 391 p.

and in the forest industry. In the year 2000, the potential

exists to produce liquid transport fuels from radiata pine,

utilising an estimated 100 000 m3/yr (Horgan 1988).

Notable references: A background to the history and

management of radiata pine and the forest industry in New

Zealand is presented in New Zealand Forest Service (1986)

and Clifton (1985). Growth and yield aspects are described in Baker et al. (1984), Forrest and Ovington (1970), Frederick

et al. (1985), Madgwick (1983a, 1985), Madgwick and Oliver

(1985) Madgwick et al. (1977, 1988), Mead (1987), Shirley

(1984), Shula (1989), Snowdon (1987), Van Laar and Van Lill

(1978), Webber and Madgwick (1983), Will (1966), and

Williams (1976). The potential for radiata pine exports is

presented in Bourke (1988), while the current and future use

of radiata pine as domestic firewood and as feedstock for

producing liquid transport fuels is discussed in Horgan (1988).

Cross references to this section regarding the radiata pine

resource and the forest industry in New Zealand are in

Sections 1, 2, and 9.

CUFTON, N.C. 1985: New Zealand radiata pine. New Zealand Forest Service, Wellington.

CROMER, R.N.; WILUAMS, E.R. 1983: Biomass and nutrient partitioning in Pinus radiata with and without fertiliser. Pp. 265-274 in Auclair, D. (Ed.) Mesures des biomasses et des accroissements forestiers: comptes-rendus de la reunion qui s'esttenue du 3 au 7 octobre 1983 a Orleans, France= Problems in forest biomass mensuration and growth and yield studies. lnstitut national de la recherche agronomique, Paris. Les Colloques de 1'/.N.R.A., No. 19. 356 p.18 ref.

DARGAVEL, J.B. 1970: Provisional weight tables for radiata pine. Australian Forestry 24(2): 131-140. 12 ref.

FIELDING, J.M. 1953: Variations in Monterey pine. Forestry and Timber Bureau (Australia), Bulletin 31. 43 p.

FOR REST, W.G. 1969: Variations in the accumulation, distribution and movements of mineral nutrients in radiata pine plantations. Ph.D. Thesis, Australian National UniversitY, Canberra.

FOR REST, W.G.; OVINGTON, J.D.1970: Organic matter changes in an age series of Pinus radiata plantations. Journal of Applied Ecology 7(1): 177-186. 16 ref.

FREDERICK, D.J. 1982: Biomass research in New Zealand. In Proceedings of the 1982 Southern Forest Biomass Working Group Workshop, Southern Forest Experimental Station, New Orleans, Louisiana. 49 p. No ref.

FREDERICK, D.J.; MADGWICK, H.A.I.; JURGENSEN, M.F.; OUVER, G.R.1985: Dry matter, energy, and nutrient contents of 8-year-old stands of Eucalyptus regnans, Acacia dea/bata, and Pinus radiata in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 15 (2): 142-157. 40 ref.

HETH, D.; DONALD, D.G.M. 1978: Root biomass of Pinus radiata. South African Forestry Journal107: 60-70. 17 ref.

HORGAN, G.P. 1988: Minor uses of wood: market prospects. Pp. 121-128 in Bourke, I.J. (Comp.) Export prospects for radiata pine. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z.), FRI Bulletin No. 136.

JACKSON, D.S.; CHITTENDEN, J. 1981: Estimation of dry matter in Pinus radiata root systems. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 11(2): 164-82. 19 ref.

MADGWICK, H.A.I.1979: Estimating component weights of Pinus radiata. Pp. 717-724 in Vol.ll. Proceedings of Forest Inventory Workshop, 23-26 July, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. 12 ref. ·

MADGWICK, H.AJ. 1981: Above-ground dry-matter content of a young close-spaced Pinus radiata stand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 11 (3): 203-209. 5 ref.

MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1983a: Differences in growth and weight of genotypes of pine with special reference to clones of Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 13(2): 115-124.

MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1983b: Estimation of the oven-dry weight of stems, needles, and branches of individual Pinus radiata trees. NewZealandJournalofForestryScience 13(1): 108-109. 4ref.

MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1983c: Seasonal changes in the biomass of a young Pinus radiata stand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 13(1): 25--36. 22 ref.

MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1985: Dry matter and nutrient relationships in stands of Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 15(3): 324-326. 35 ref.

MADGWICK, H.A.I.; JACKSON, D.S. 1974: Estimating crown weights of Pinus radiata from branch variables. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 4(3): 520-528.

MADGWICK, H.A.I.; OUVER, G.R. 1985: Dry matter content and production of close-spaced Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 15(2): 135-141. 6 ref.

MADGWICK, H.A.I.; JACKSON, D.S.; KNIGHT, P.J. 1977: Above­ground dry matter, energy, and nutrient contents of trees in an age series of Pinus radiata plantations. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 7(3): 445-468. 85 ref.

MADGWICK, H.A.I.; SIMS, A.; OUVER, G.R. 1988: Nutrient content and uptake of close-spaced Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 18(1): 65-76. 19 ref.

MEAD, D.J. 1987: Impact of the full tree harvesting of thinnings on Canterbury Plains. New Zealand Forestry 32(3): 12-14. 5 ref.

MEAD, D.J."; DRAPER, D.; MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1984: Dry matter production of a young stand of Pinus radiata: some effects of nitrogen fertiliser and thinnfng. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 14(1): 97-108. 15 ref.

MOIR, W.H.; BACHELARD, E.P. 1969: Distribution of fine roots in three Pinus radiata plantations near Canberra, Australia. Ecology 50(4): 658-e62. 13 ref.

MURPHY, G. 1984: Felling breakage and stump heights of a P. radiatastand in Tairua Forest. New Zealand Forest Service, FRI Bulletin No. {i7. 9 p. 7 ref.

21

NEW ZEALAND FOREST SERVICE 1986: Radiata pine management. New Zealand Forest Service, Trees and Timber, Forest Management Practices Number 12. 4 p.

N.Z. LOGGING INDUSTRY RESEARCH ASSOCIATION 1978: Tree weight studies. N.Z Logging Industry Research Association, Report 3(6). 4 p.

ORMAN, H.R.; WILL, G.M. 1960: The nutrient content of Pinus radiata trees. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 3(3): 510-522. 13 ref.

RAISON, R.J.; KHANNA, P.K.; CRANE, W.J.B. 1982: Effects of intensified harvesting on rates of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus forests in Australia and New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 12(2): 394-403. 43 ref.

SHIRLEY, J.W. 1984: Average yield of radiata pine in New Zealand State forests. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 29(1 ): 143-144. No ref.

SHULA, R.G. 1989: Upper-limits of radiata pine stem-volume production in New Zealand. New Zealand Forestry 34(2): 19-22.

SIEMON, G.R. 1973: Effect of thinning on crown structure, stem form and wood density of radiata pine. Ph.D. Thesis, Australian National University, Canberra.

SIEMON, G.R.; MULLER, W.J.; WOOD, G.B.; FORREST, W.G. 1980: Effectofthinning on the distribution and biomass of foliage in the crown of radiata pine. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 10(3): 461-475. 34 ref.

SNOWDON, P. 1986: Effects of fertiliser and family on the homogeneity of biomass regressions for young Pinus radiata. Australian Forest Research 15(2): 135-140.

SNOWDON, P. 1986: Sampling strategies and methods of estimating the biomass of crown components in individual trees of Pinus radiata D. Don. Australian Forest Research 16(1): 63--72. 17 ref.

SNOWDEN, P.1987: Predicting foliarbiomassof Pinusradiatafrom basal area increment. Australian Forest Research 17(3): 277-281. 9 ref.

STEW ART, H.T.L.; FLINN, D.W.; JAMES, J.M. 1981: Biomass and nutrient distribution in radiata pine. Pp. 173-185 in Productivity in perpetuity: proceedings Australian Forest Nutrition Workshop, Canberra, 10:...14 August. 24 ref.

SUTTON, W.R.J. 1984: Economic and strategic implications of fast­growing plantations. Pp. 417-431 in IUFRO Symposium on Site and Productivity of Fast Growing Plantations, Aprii-May, Pretoria and Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. 30 ref. New Zealand Forest Service, Reprint 1712.

TWADDLE, A.1987: Piece size characteristics of managed stands after felling. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Technical Release 9(1 ). 4 p. No ref.

VAN LAAR, A. 1976: Needle biomass, growth and growth distribution of Pinus radiata in South Africa in relation to pruning and thinning. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 95(516): 264-285. 39 ref.

VAN LAAR, A. 1982: Sampling for above-ground biomass for Pinus radiata in the Bosboukloof Catchment at Jonkershoek. South African Forestry Journal123: 8-15. 5 ref.

VAN LAAR, A.; ULL, W.S. VAN 1978: A biomass study in Pinus radiata D. Don. South African Forestry Journal 107: 71-76. 18 ref.

22

WEBBER, B.; MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1983: Biomass and nutrient content of a 29-year-old Pinus radiata stand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 13(2): 222-228. 11 ref.

WILL, G.M. 1964:) Dry matter production and nutrient uptake by Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Commonwealth Forestry Review 43(115): 57-70. 39 ref.

WILL, G.M. 1966: Root growth and dry matter production in a high-producing stand of Pinus radiata. New Zealand Forestry Research Notes No. 44. 15 p. 6 ref.

WILL, G.M. 1968: The uptake, cycling and removal of mineral nutrients by crops of Pinus radiata. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society 15: 20-24.

WILUAMS, D.F. 1975: Predicting equations for crown weight and volume of Pinus radiata. Forests Commission (Victoria), Report No. 75:32.

WILUAMS, D.F. 1976: Forest fuels in unthinned radiata pine stands. Australian Forestry 39(4): 238-244.

WOOLONS, R.C.; POWELL, J.H.1984: Variation in availability of bark from Pinus radiata logs in the central North island of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 29(1): 136-139.

2~ •

23

B. Other Genera I ~----------------{1_63 __ re_ll_en_e_n_ce_s_~ ______________ ~

Keywords: short rotation forestry (SRF), short rotation

intensive culture (SRIC), growth, coppice, yield, plantations,

simulation, dry matter, nutrients, energy content, species,

economics, dry weight, stump sprouting, bark, equations,

disease, insects, frost, willow, poplar, alder,Acacia, Leucaena.

Sources: Forestry Chronicle, Biomass, CJFR, Forest

Science, World Wood, Australian Forest Research.

Synopsis: In addition to Pin us and Eucalyptus, other genera,

notably Salix(willow), Poplar(poplar), and Alnus (alder) have received considerable attention (primarily overseas) as

favoured candidates for forest energy farming. In particular,

willow and poplar are being investigated because of their

good juvenile growth rate, coppicing ability, ease of

ALL EN, C. 1985: Timber growing method [coppice, Uncoln College). Radio New Zealand, 2YA Rural Report, 22 August, 12.50 p.m. Audio Monitor Limited, Wellington, New Zealand. 2.p.

ANONYMOUS 1985b: Lincoln College to establish coppice. Ashburton Guardian [Ashburton, New Zealand], 26 April.

ANONYMOUS 1986: Catalpa specioisa coppice. New Zealand Tree Grower 7(1 ): 1. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1988: Tree crops may offer safe fuel alternative. Daily Post [Rotorua, New Zealand), 17 December.

AUCLAIR, D. 1985: Short rotation coppice forest biomass production -theworkofthe IUFROS1.05-10working party. Pp. 274-277 in Palz, W.; Coombs, J.; Hall, D.O. (Ed.) Energy from Biomass: Third E.C. Conference, Venice, Italy, 25-29 March.

BLAKE, T.J. 1983: Coppice systems for short-rotation intensive forestry: the influence of cultural, seasonal, and plant factors. Australian Forest Research 13(3/4): 279-291. 64 ref.

BOWERSOX, T.W. et al. 1983: Growth and yield advantages of fertilisers and/or irrigation in dense Populus plantations. Pp. 393-399 in Thielges, B.A. (Ed.) Physiology and Genetics of Intensive Culture: Proceedings of Seventh North American Forest Biology Workshop, University of Kentucky.

BRAIEWA, M.A.; BROWN, J.H.; GOULD, W.P. 1985: Biomass and cordwood production of red maple stands [seed and coppice] in Rhode Island. Journal of Forestry 83(11 ): 683-685. 11 ref.

CROWTHER,R.E.; EVANS,J.1984: Coppice. ForestryCommission (U.K.) Leaflet No. 83. 23 p.

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH (N.Z.). 1975: Proceedings of a symposium on the potential for energy farming in New Zealand. DSIR Information Series.No. 117: 130 p. 69 ref. ··

ECKERSTEN, P.; KOWALIK, P.; NILSSON, L-0.; PERTTU, K. 1983: Simulation of total willow production. Swedish University

hybridisation 'and propagation, and relatively high wood

basic density (hybrid material). In New Zealand, willow and

poplar have received attention, primarily for their use in

pasture land and stream bank stabilisation. Acacia spp. have

received some attention as a source of firewood.

Notable references: The New Zealand experience with

genera other than Pinus and Eucalyptus is described in

Anonymous (1985b), DSIR (1975), Frederick et al. (1985),

Hathaway and van Kraayenoord (1981 ), Miller (1989), and Van Kraayenoord (1984). Overseas experience is described

in Golob (1986), Jones et al. (1983), McEiroy and Dawson

(1986), Perlack et al. (1986), Pryor and Willing (1983),

Ranney et al. (1987), and Torreano and Frederick (1988).

of Agricultural Sciences, Forestry Energy Project, Technical Report No. 32. 45 p. 37 ref.

FEGE, A.S. 1981: Silvicultural principals and practices in short rotation energy forestry in temperate zones. International Energy Agency/Forestry Energy Agreement, Planning Group B. 101 p. 323 ref.

FERM, A.; KAUPPI, A.; RINNE, P.; TELA, H-L; MARKKOLA, A.; KIVINITY, M. 1986: Developing the coppicing potential of selected hardwood in biomass energy production. Pp. 100-106 in Mitchell, C.P.; Nilsson, P.O.; Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Joint I EA/Forestry Energy Programme and FAO/Cooperative Network on Rural Energy Forest Energy Conference and Workshops on Research in Forestry for Energy, Rungstedgaard, Denmark, 28-30 October. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resultat Nr 49. No ref.

FRASER, H.R. 1981: Biomass conversion debate bows to the lowly willow. World Wood 22(13): 20-21. No ref.

FREDERICK, D.J.; MADGWICK, H.A.I.; JURGENSEN, M.F.; OUVER, G.R. 1985: Dry matter, energy, and nutrient contents of 8-year-old stands of Eucalyptus regnans, Acacia dealbata, and Pinus radiata in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 15(2): 142-157. 40 ref.

GEYER, W.A.; MELICHAR, M.W. 1986: Short-rotation forestry research in the United States. Biomass 9(2): 125-133. 10 ref.

GEYER, W.A.; NAUGHTON, G.G.; MEUCHAR, M.W. 1985: Biomass gains in coppicing trees for energy crops. Pp. 269-273 inPalz, W.; Coombs, J.; Hall, D.O. (Ed.). Energy from Biomass, Third E.C. Conference, Venice, Italy, 25-29 March.

GOLOB, T.B. 1986: Analysis of short rotation forest operations. National Research Council of Canada, Division of Energy, NRCC No. 26014. 127 p. 49 ref.

GOUDIE, J.W.; MOORE, J.A. 1987: Growth and yield of Leucaena in the Philippines. Forest Ecology Management 21(314): 285-298.

24

HANSEN, E.A.; MADGWICK, H.A.I. 1986: Short-rotation plantation management technology for coniferous species. Pp. 212-229 in Mitchell, C.P.; Nilsson, P.O.; Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Joint lEA/Forestry Energy Programme and FAO/Cooperative Network on Rural Energy Forest Energy Conference and Workshops on Research in Forestry for Energy, Rungstedgaard, Denmark, 28-30 October. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resultat Nr 49. 68 ref.

HATHAWAY, R.L.; VAN KRAAYENOORD, C.W.S.1981: Short rotation biomass production of willows in New Zealand. Pp. 224-250 inPalz, W.; Chartier, P.; Hall, D.O. (Ed.) Energy From Biomass, First E.C.Conference, 4-7 November 1980, Brighton, England. No ref.

HEEBNER,C.F.; BERGENER,M.J.1983: Red alder: a bibliography with abstracts. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report PNW-161. 186 p. 661 ref.

HER RICK, A. M.; BROWN, C.L. 1967: A new concept in cellulose production- silage sycamore. Agricultural Science Review 5(4): 8-13.

HO, R.H. 1983: Wood energy plantations -the state of art and the potential of biotechnology in forest tree improvement. International Energy Agency, Forestry Energy Agreement, Programme Group B, Report No. 2 30p. 200 ref.

HODGES, J.W. 1986: The short rotation woody crops program computerised technical data base system. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNUTM-9959. 163 p. 3 ref.

HUBBES, M. 1983: A review of the potential diseases of Alnus and Salixin energy plantations. International Energy Agency, Forestry Energy Agreement, Programme Group B, Report No. 5. 35 p. 63 ref.

HUNT, L.O. 1985: Short-rotation species can help tree farmers. Forest Industries 16(1): 44. No ref.

INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1977: Short rotation forestry: retrospective search. Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Technical Information Division. 110 p.

ISEBRANDS, J.G.; EK, A.R.; MELDAHL, R.S. 1982: Comparison of growth model and harvest yields of short rotation intensively cultured Populus: a case study. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 12(1): 58-63. 15 ref.

JONES, A.R.C.; GRANT, J. 1983: Hybrid poplars or hardwood coppice? An agroforestry option to economically increasing wood production in Eastern Canada. Forestry Chronicle 59(3): 143-145. 15 ref.

JONES, R.; TODD,J.J.; ELLIFFE, M.D.1983: Species, yield, and cultural requirements reported in the literature on short rotation forestry: a review for fuel wood production. University of Tasmania, Environmental Studies Working paper 16. 123 p.

KHALIL, M.A.K.; ROBERTSON, A.W. 1984: Conifers for biomass production. International Energy Agency, Forestry Energy Agreement, Programme Group B. Report No. 1. Volume I. 315 p; Volume 11. 303 p.

LOUD EN, L. 1976: Short rotation trees. Institute of Paper Technology, (Appleton, Wisconsin) Bibliographic Series No. 273. 174 p.

LOWELL, K.E.; MITCHELL, R.J.; JOHNSON, P.S.; GARRETT, H.E.; COX, G.S. 1987: Predicting growth and 'success' of

coppiceregeneratedoakstems. ForestScience33(3):740-749. 19 ref.

MACDONALD, J.E.; POWELL, G.R. 1983: Relationships between stump sprouting and parent-tree diameter in sugar maple in the first year following clearcutting. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 13(3): 390-394. 15 ref.

MATTSON, J.A.; MIYATA, E.S.1982: A time study of planting a short-rotation intensively cultured plantation. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Research Note NC-278. 6 p.

MILLER, J.T. 1989: Choice of species for firewood production. Pp. 29-35 in Shula, R.G.; Hay, A.E.; Tarlton, G.L. (Ed.) The firewood venture: planning, execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z), FRI Bulletin No. 137.

McELROY, G.H.; DAWSON W.M. 1986: Biomass from short­rotation coppice willow on marginal land. Biomass 10(3): 225-240. 11 ref.

MEDEMA, E.L.; LYON, G.W. 1985: Determination of financial rotation ages for coppicing tree species. Forest Science 31 (2): 398-404. 8 ref.

MORLEY, P.M. 1981: Canadian hybrid poplars grown for energy, fiber. World Wood 22(12): 31. No ref.

MORRIS, R.C. 1983: A survey of potential insect pests, their possible impact and natural controls in Alnus, Salix, and Populus energy plantations. International Energy Agency, Forest Energy Agreement, Programme Group B, Report No. 4. 44 p. No ref.

MROZ, G.D.; FREDERICK, D.J.; JURGENSEN, M.F. 1985: Site and fertiliser effects on northern hardwood stump sprouting. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15(3): 535-543.

NEW YORK STATE ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY 1985: Guide for the establishment of hybrid poplar plantations in New York State. New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Biomass Research Bulletin. 4 p. 16 ref.

NILSSON, L-0. 1982: Determination of current energy forest growth and biomass production. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for ekologi och miljovard, Teknisk Rapport, Nr 27. 36 p. 16 ref.

PEARCE,M.L 1985: Coppicedtreesasenergycrops. Pp. 292-295 inPalz, W.; Coombs,J.; Hall, D.O. (Ed.). Energy from Biomass: Third E.C. Conference, Venice, Italy, 25-29 March.

PER LACK, R.D.; RANNEY, J.W.; WRIGHT, LL.1985: Economic evaluation of the competitive position of short-rotation intensive culture for energy. In Annual Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Wastes, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, 28 January. 21 p. 27 ref.

PERLACK, R.D.; RANNEY, J.W.; BARRON, W.F.; CUSHMAN, J.H.; TRIMBLE,J.L 1986: Short-rotation intensive culture for the production of energy feedstocks in the US: a review of experimental results and remaining obstacles to commercialisation. Biomass 9(2): 45-159. 19 ref.

PRY OR, LD.; WILLING, R.R. 1982: Growing and breeding poplar in Australia. Canberra Publishers. 56 p. 10 ref.

RANNEY,J.W.; WRIGHT, LL.; LAYTON, P.A.1987: Hardwood energy crops- the technology of intensive culture. Journal of Forestry 85(9): 17-28. 3 ref.

RICHARDSON, D. 1986: Some thoughts on coppice with standards. New Zealand Tree Grower 7(1): 8-9. No ref.

ROBERTSON, A. 1984a: An introduction to European willows. Canadian Forestry Service, Newfoundland Forest Research Centre, Information Report N-X-226. 41 p. 53 ref.

ROBERTSON, A.1984b: Willow plantations in agroforestry. Span 27(1): 32-34. 8 ref.

ROCKWOOD, D.L; DE VALERIO, J.T. 1986: Promising species for woody biomass production in warm-humid environments. Biomass 11(1): 1-17. 14 ref.

ROEDER,K.R.; HANSEN,G.D.1985: Seasonofharvestinfluences on sycamore coppice productivity-5 year trends. Pp. 41-46 in Proceedings Seventh Southern Forest Biomass Workshop, Gainesville, Florida, 11-14 June. 15 ref.

ROLLINSON, T.J.D.; EV ANS, J. 1987: The yield of sweet chestnut coppice. Forestry Commission (U.K.), Bulletin No. 64. 20 p. 10 ref.

SCHONAU, A.P.G. 1984: Stand development models in a short rotation crop. Pp. 217-226 in Auclair, D. (Ed.) Mesures des biomasses et des accroissements forestiers: comptes-rendus de la reunion qui s'est tenue du 3 au 7 octobre 1983 a Orleans, France = Problems in forest biomass mensuration and growth and yield studies. lnstitut national de la recherche agronomique, Paris. Les Colloques de 1'/.N.R.A., No. 19. 356 p. 18 ref.

SENNERBY-FORSSE, L; SIREN, G.; LESTANDER, T. 1983: Results from the first preliminary test with short rotation willow clones. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Forestry Energy Project, Technical Report No. 30. 23 p. 11 ref.

STIELL, W.M.; BERRY, A.B. 1986: Productivity of short-rotation aspen stands. Forestry Chronicle 62(1 ): 10-15. 13 ref.

STOTT, K.G.; PARFITT, R.l.; McELROY, G.; ABERNETHY, W. 1983: Productivity of coppice willow in biomass trials in the UK. Pp. 230-235 in Strub, A.; Chartier, P.; Schlesen, G. (Ed.) Energy From Biomass, 2nd E.C. Conference, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany, 20-23 September.

TORREANO, S.J.; FREDERICK, D.J. 1988: Influence of site condition, fertilisation and spacing on short rotation hardwood coppice and seedling yields. Biomass 16(3): 183-198. 12 ref.

VAN KRAA YENOORD, C. W.S. 1984: National report on activities related to poplar and willow cultivation; Period 1980-1983. New Zealand National Poplar Commission. XVII Session of the International Poplar Commission, Ottawa, Canada. 61 p. 22 ref.

WRIGHT, LL 1987: Are increased yields in coppice systems a myth. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Short Rotation Woody Crops Program, CONF-870364-1; DEBl-006608. 16 p. 20 '»

25

26

9. Forest Residues (50 references) I ~--------------------------------------------------------------------------------~

Keywords: characteristics, volume, inventory, technique,

quantity, salvage yarding, harvesting, utilisation, fuel,

transportation, handling, predicting, logging slash, economics,

assessment, recovery.

Sources: FERIC, USDA Forest Service, Canadian Forestry

Service, Forest Products Journal, LIRA.

Synopsis: In New Zealand by the year 2000, the annual

harvested volume of radiata pine is expected to double, i.e.,

about 25 million m3/ha/yr (Kibblewhite 1984). Residues from

conventional forestry operations have the potential to be a

biomass energy resource. The development of bioenergy

scenarios requires that the location, quality, quantity, and

cost of available residues be known. Forest residues are

usually a scattered resource and require special assessment

techniques. The recovery and transport of forest residues

often impinge on their cost-effective use as fuelwood.

ANONYMOUS 1984: Wood residues as a fuel. Forest Industries 15(4): 4. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1985: New timber product bursts on to scene. Daily Telegraph [Napier, New Zealand], 4 September. No ref.

APPLEBY, P.W. 1988: Hog fuel availability in the south coastal region of British Columbia- 1985. Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Information Report BC-X-297. 42 p. 2 ref.

BAILEY, G.R. 1969: An evaluation of the line-intersect method of assessing logging residue. Department of Fisheries and Forestry of Canada, Forest Products Laboratory, Information Report VP­X-23. 42 p. 6 ref.

BARE, B.B.; JAYNE, B.A.; ANHOLT, B.F.1976: A simulation­basedapproach for evaluating logging residue handling systems. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report PNW-45. 30 p. 20 ref.

BLAKENEY, K.J. 1982: Further development of logging residue processing system. Pp. 169-173 in Fourth Bioenergy R & D Seminar, 29-31 March, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 10 ref.

BLUNDELL, W.M. 1984: Forest Service salvage logging in Kaingaroa Forest. New Zealand Forest Service, FR/Bulletin No. 77. 21 p. 4 ref.

BONES, J.T. 1982: Quantifying logging residue- before the fact. Forest Products Joumal32(6): 51-52. 3 ref.

BONICELU, B. 1985: Study and designing of a forestry waste pilot harvester. Commission of the European Communities, Energy Report No. EUR 9946 EN. 34 p. 18 ref.

Notable references: The potential of forest residues to be an

energy resource in New Zealand is described in Kerr (1977)

and Kibblewhite (1984). Assessment of the quantity and/or

harvest method afforest residues in New Zealand is presented

in Gleason (1982), N.Z. Logging Industry Research

Association (1982), Warren and Olsen (1964), Wagner(1982),

and Washbourne. (1978). Assessment techniques are

described in Bailey (1969), Bones (1982), Brown (197 4 ),

Dendron Resource Surveys Ltd (1981 ), Howard (1978), Little

(1982), and McNab (1980). Recovery methods and/or the

economics of forest residues are described in Hassler et al.

(1983), Nag le et al. (1987), Novak (1986), Pottie and Guimier

(1986), Puttock (1987), Stuart et al. (1981 ), and Todd and

Elliffe (1983). Cross references to this section regarding the

handling of forest residues and the concept of central

processing yards (a method to improve cost-efficiency) are

located in Section 13. Cross references to this section

regarding the fuel potential of wood residues are located in

Sections 14 and 19.

BROWN, J.K. 1974: Handbook for inventorying downed woody material. USDA Forest Service, lntermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report INT-16. 24 p. 16 ref.

BROWN, J.K. 1982: Handbook for inventorying surface fuels and biomass in the Interior West. USDA Forest Service, lntermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report INT-129. 52 p.

BROWN, S.L.; BERGVALL, J.A. 1986: Small tree harvest system recovering residue for energy. US Department of Energy, DOE! BPI35474-T1; DE87-013426. 39 p. 16 ref.

CLARKE, M.R.; SASTRY, C.B.S. 1982: Energy options for the forest products industry- what of the wastes. Canadian Research 14(8): 52-56.

DENDRON RESOURCE SURVEYS L TD 1981: Logging residue survey and the line-intersect method - a confirmation of field and photo methods. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report No. SR-16. 19 p. 16 ref.

DuSAULT, A. 1985: The development and trial of two prototype machines (RECUFOR and LRP) for forest biomass recovery. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report No. SR-36. 37 p. 7 ref.

EZA, D.A.; McMINN, J.; DRESS, P.E. 1984: Wood residue distribution simulator (WORDS). USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, General Technical Report SE-28. 6 p.

GARDNER, R.B.; SCHAFFER, E.L.; ERICKSON, J.R. 1978: Converting forest residue to structural flakeboard- the fingerling concept. USDA Forest Service, lntermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Paper INT-200. 31 p. 36ref.

GLEASON, A.P. 1982: Cutover salvage trials. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Asociation, Report 7(6): 1-4. 3 refs.

HAKKILA, P.1981: Recovery of residual wood. Pp. 119-126 in Forest-to-mill: challenges of the future: proceedings of a symposium held at Tacoma, Washington, 15-17 September 1980. Weyerhaeuser Science Symposium, 3. 10 ref.

HARSTELA, P.; TAKALO, S.1974: Experiments on loading and transportation of branch raw material. Folia Forestalia 215. 2 p.

HASSLER, C.C; SINCLAIR, S.A.; BUNN, C.R. 1983: A low cost way to recover logging re si dues. Forest Products Journal33(3): 10-25. 12 ref.

HOWARD, J.O. 1978: A technique for predicting logging residue volumes in the Douglas-fir region. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Paper PNW-235. 14 p. No ref.

HOWARD, J.O. 1981a: Logging residue in the Pacific Northwest­characteristics affecting utilisation. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Paper PNW-289. 41 p. 6 ref.

HOWARD, J.O. 1981 b: Ratios for estimating logging residues in the Pacific Northwest. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Paper PNW-288. 26 p. No ref.

INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1979: Retrospective search on the harvesting of forest residues. Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 249 p: ··

JOHNSTON, B.O. 1982: Trial of a system for debarking and chipping British Columbia coastal logging residues. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Note No. TN-65. 31 p. No ref.

KERR, C.J. 19n: Forest residue as a raw material for energy production. Pp.9-10inCousins, W.J.(Ed.). Recommendations for the Rapid Establishment of a Wood-based Uquid Fuel Industry in New Zealand. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (N.Z.), Physics and Engineering Laboratory, Report No. 575. No ref.

KIBBLEWHITE, R.P. 1984: Pinus radiata wood residue qualities and some utilisation options. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 14(3): 382-94. 11 ref.

KOCH, P.; McKENZIE, D.W. 1976: Machine to harvest slash, brush, and thinnings for fuel and fiber- a concept. Journal of Forestry 74(12): 809-812. 10 ref.

KOCH, P.; McKENZIE, D.W. 1977: Machine for row-mulching logging slash to enhance site- a concept. Transactions of the ASAE 20(1): 13-17. 12 ref.

KRESCHUK, J.; MIYATA, E. 1986: Slash harvesting system. USDA Forest Service, Equipment Development Canter, Project Report8651-1204. 23 p. No ref.

UTILE, S.N.1982: Estimating the volume of wood in large piles of logging residue. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Experiment Station. 7 p.

LUCAS, J. 1981: Design and building of a forestry waste harvester. Pp. 57-{)2 in Chartier, P.;Palz, W. (Ed.). Energy From Biomass: Proceedings ofECContractors.Meetil'lg,.Copehbagen, Denmark,. 23-24 June.

McNAB, W.H. 1980: A technique for inventorying volumes and weights of windrowed forest residues. USDA Forest Service,

27

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Research Paper SE-215. 8 p. 2 ref.

NAG LE, G.S. 1980: Analysis of salvage yarding systems and costs in Pacific Coast forest. Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Report BC-X-214. 36 p. 21 ref.

NAGLE, G.S.; MASSIE, M.R.C.; ROBINSON, G.; OAKLEV, P.; MANNING, G. H. 1987: The economics of residual fuel and fibre production on the B.C. Coast. Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Information Report BC-X-289. 58 p. 17 ref.

NOVAK, W. 1986: The composition of full-tree logging residues and testing of the prototype logging residue processor (LAP). Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report No. SR-38. 24 p. 3 ref.

N.Z. LOGGING INDUSTRY RESEARCH ASSOCIATION 1982: Cutover salvage trials. N.Z Logging Industry Research Association, Newsletter 7(2). 1 p. No ref.

PORTER, C.D.; STUART, W.B. 1982: Net energy efficiency in conventional harvesting systems recovering residues. Pp. 119-123 in Proceedings of the Sixth International FPRS Industrial Wood Energy Forum. 5 ref.

POTIIE, M.A.; GUIMIER, D. V. 1986: Harvesting and transport of logging residuals and residues. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report No. SR-33. 100 p. 67 ref.

PUTTOCK, G.D. 1987: The economics of collecting and processing · whole-tree chips and logging residues for energy. Forest Products

Journal3(6): 15-20. 26 ref.

SILVERSIDES,C.R.1981: Millandforestresiduesasfuel. Pulpand Paper Canada 82(3): 57-59. 3 ref.

STUART, W.B.; PORTER,C.D.; WALBRIDGE, T.A.; ODERWALD, R.G. 1981: Economics of modifying harvesting systems to recover energy wood. Forest Products Journal31(8): 37-42. 3 ref.

TODD, J.J.; ELUFFE, M.D. 1983: Directory of equipment for industrial use of crop and forest residue fuels. Centre for Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania. 406 p.

TURNER, A.; STANDISH, J.T. 1986: Predicting logging residues in British Columbia. Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Information Report BC-X-284. 47 p. 25 ref.

USDA FOREST SERVICE 1981: Harvesting and utilization opportunities forforestresidues in the northern Rocky Mountains: symposium proceedings 28-30 November 1979, Missoula, Montana. USDA Forest Service, lntermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report INT-110. 294 p.

WAGNER, C.E. VAN 1982: Practical aspects of the line intersect method. Canadian Forestry Service, Petawawa National Forestry Institute, Information Report No. PI-X-12. 11 p. 17 ref.

WARREN, W.G.; OLSEN, P.F. 1964: A line intersect technique for assessing logging waste. Forest Science 10(3): 267-276. No ref.

WASHBOURN, R.W. 1978: The assessment of wastewood at Kaingaroa Forest. Pp. 495-503 in Mensuration for Management Planning of Exotic Forest Plantations. New Zealand Forest Ser:vice, FRI Symposium No. 20. 5 ref.

YOUNG, H£ 1981: Forest residues. Pp. 511'--526 in McCiure, T.A.; Lipinsky, E.S. (Ed.) C~C Handbook of Biosolar ~esourc~ Volume 11. Resource Materials. 29 ref. •

28

10. Wood Processing Residues (6 references)

Keywords: wood waste, mill residue, waste resources,

supply, economics, availability, volume.

Sources: LFTB, Department of Trade & Industry, NZERDC.

Synopsis: Like forest residues, wood residues from wood

processing operations (e.g., sawmills, joinery mills, plywood

mills) have the potential to be an energy resource.

ANONYMOUS 1984: Woodfuel energy survey planned. Logging and Wood Processing (March): 18. No ref.

DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY (N.Z.) 1984: A survey of waste wood in New Zealand. Department of Trade and Industry, Resource Conservation Series 16. 21 p. No ref.

FYFE, F. 1985: Mills join for chipping expansion. Valley Farmer [Masterton, New Zealand], August 28.

UQUID FUELS TRUST BOARD 1983a: Supply, availability and cost of wood for liquid fuels production. Liquid Fuels Trust Board, Report No. LF 2029. 145 pp. 40 ref.

Furthermore, these residues also require assessment for

their location, quality, quantity, and cost.

Notable references: Various aspects of wood residues from · wood processing operations in New Zealand are described

in Department of Trade and Industry (1984) and LFTB

(1983a, 1983b). Cross references to this section regarding

the use of wood processing residues in the forest industry are

located in Secion 3.

UQUID FUELS TRUST BOARD 1983b: Survey of selected waste resources for fuels production. Liquid Fuels Trust Board, Report No. LF 2030. 135 p. 197 ref.

VAN WYK, L. 1983: A management decision support system for process selection and log and wood residue allocation for the new crop radiata pine in New Zealand. Appita 37(3): 219-222.

--------------------•

29

11. Biomass Harvesting (127 references)

Keywords: smallwood, transport, extraction, integrated

harvesting, agricultural tractor, winches, whole tree, thinning,

equipment, economics, coppice, productivity, systems, Bell

logger, simulation, recovery, technique, trucking.

Sources: FERIC, USDA Forest Service, LIRA, Canadian

Forestry Service, World Wood, Forest Products Journal, Australian Forest Grower, American Pulpwood Association,

Logging Research Foundation (Sweden), lEA.

Synopsis: Biomass for energy involves harvesting material

either as a by-product during conventional forest harvesting

(clearfelling or thinning) or as a purpose-grown energy crop.

Currently in New Zealand, the harvesting of pulpwood

(relatively small stems with branches removed) is the closest

operation to biomass harvesting. In Sweden, Canada, and

the United States conventional whole tree and/or tree section

harvesting (stems with branches) is somewhat commonplace;

harvesters for short rotation purpose-grown energy crops are

still in the prototype stage. Inevitably, the individual piece­

size and/or the yield per unit of harvest area of the material

has a significant effect on harvesting productivity and cost­

efficiency. Selecting a harvesting system (equipment and

method) that is suited to the material is of paramount

importance. Furthermore, a systems approach in planning,

selecting, and scheduling harvesting activities helps to ensure

AMERICAN PULPWOOD ASSOCIATION 1984: Holder A60F [agricultural forestry tractor]. American Pulpwood Association, Harvesting Equipment Analysis Outline 84-A-5. 4 p. No ref.

AMERICAN PULPWOOD ASSOCIATION 1985a: Hyd-Mech FB7 short rotation hardwood feller-bunchertest. American Pulpwood Association, Technical Release 85-R-18. 2 p. No ref.

AMERICAN PULPWOOD ASSOCIATION 1985b: Small landowner logging equipment manual. American Pulpwood Association, Technical Release 85-R-6. 1 p.

ANONYMOUS 1981 a: Mor-Bell offers new approach to plantations. Timber Harvesting 29(6): 54, 56.

ANONYMOUS 1981b: Smallwood loggers evaluated. Australian Forest Grower 4(4): 28-29. No refs.

ANONYMOUS 1981c: Unique logger demonstrates versatility in New Zealand. Australian Forest Industries Journal and Logger 47(7): 13. No refs.

ANONYMOUS 1982a: Making equipment pay: new grapple processor is fast, versatile. World Wood 23(4): 43.

ANONYMOUS 1982b: Russians develop forest 'robot'. World Wood 23(6): 67.

that separate phases of a harvesting operation are

complementary. Motor-manual harvesting systems (e.g.,

chainsaw and skidder) are common in New Zealand, while

fully mechanised systems (e.g., feller-buncher and forwarder)

are common overseas, e.g., Sweden, Canada, and the

United States.

Notable references: Harvesting systems in New Zealand

and/or Australia are described in Anonymous (1986), Ash by

andVaughan(1988), Blundell (1987), Coates (1981 a, 1981 b), Goulding (1988), Lawrence (1986b), N.Z. Logging Industry

Research Association (1983), Spiers (1982, 1985), Terlesk

et al. (1983), Todd and Elliffe (1983), Vaughan and Shula

(1989), and Wilson (1986). Descriptions of overseas

harvesting systems are presented in Corwin et al. (1988),

Folkema (1985, 1986, 1987), Huyler et al (1984), Nilsson

(1982), Ryans (1988), Walbridge and Stuart (1983), Watson

et al. (1986), and Zundel (1986). Descriptions of computer

programs for the analyses of fuelwood harvesting and/or

costs are presented in Harpole and Rensi (1985) and Routhier et al. (1984). Descriptions of harvesting systems specifically

designed for short rotation purpose-grown energy crops are

presented in Curtin and Barnett (1986), Devenish et al. (1985), Golob (1986), Jones and Associates (1982), McLain

(1984), Stokes et al. (1986), and Woodfin et al. (1987).

ANONYMOUS 1982c: Whole-tree processing launched in Sweden. Forestry and British Timber 11 (6): 25.

ANONYMOUS 1984a: Equipment designed for harvesting small trees in forest-thinning operations. American Pulpwood Association, Northeastern Technical Division, Production Efficiency Committee, Report 84-A-5. 46 p.

ANONYMOUS 1984b: Harvesting trees from thinnings using small winches. Natural Resources, New Brunswick. 10 p. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 19858: Silvan launches "tree muncher·. Australian Forest Grower 8(3): 21. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1985b: "Snake" [Vandraren] eases thinning chore. Forestry and British Timber 14(2): 7. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1985c: The Silvan forest mower/tree muncher. Australian Forest Industries Journal and Logger 51(5): 23-24. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1986: Brushcutters in young eucalypt project. Australian Forest Industries Journal and Logger 52(7): 11-14. No ref.

30

AROLA, R.A.; MIYATA, E.S. 1981: Harvesting wood for energy. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Research Paper NC-200. 25 p. 5 ref.

ASHBY, H.; VAUGHAN, L 1988: The Bell-Logger-bunching productivity behind mechanised and motor manual systems. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Report 13(25). 6 p. 2 ref.

BARGER, R.L; BENSON, R.E. 1981: Intensive utilisation with conventional harvesting systems. Pp. n-'iJ5 in Harvesting and utilization opportunities for forest residues in the northern Rocky Mountains. USDA lntermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Technical Report /NT-110.

BENGTSSON, P .; MYHRMAN D. 1982: Grapple saws- a survey. Forskningsstiftelsen .sfcogsarbeten (Sweden), Results No. 4. 4 p.

BERARD, J.A. 1981: Energy biomass harvesting equipment being developed in Canada. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Paper No. 81-1598. 12 p. 4 ref.

BLUNDELL, W.M. 1987: New Zealand's harvesting machine utilisation and maintenance. Pp. 143-156 in Stuart, W.B. (Ed.) Proceedings of Harvesting Machines and Systems Evaluation Workshop, Charleston, South Carolina,18-19 November, 1986. Sveriges /antbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resultat, Nr 1 OB. 245 p.

BLUNDELL, W.; EVISON, D.; REUTEBUCH,S.1985: Harvesting production andcostestimator program (HARPCE). New Zealand Forest Service, FRI Bulletin No. 102. 29 p. 14 ref.

BROWN, S.L.; BERGVALL, J.A. 1986: Small tree harvest system recovering residue for energy. USDepartmentofEnergy, DOE/ BP/35474-Tt; DE87-013426. 39 p. 16 ref.

BRUNSDEN, E.R. (Ed.) 1982: Logging machinery seminar: proceedings. Logging Industry Research Association, Rotorua, New Zealand, 8-10 June. 206 p.

COATES, G.P. 1981a: Modification of agricultural tractors for logging. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Report 6(7). 4 p. No ref.

COATES, G.P. 1981 b: Small winches for agricultural tractors. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Report 6(8). 4 p. 1 ref.

CORWIN, M.L; STUART, W.B.; SHAFFER, R.M. 1988: Common characteristics of six successful mechanised small-tree harvesting operations in the south. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 12(4): 222-226. 5 ref.

CURTIN, D.T.; BARNETT, P.E. 1986: Development of forest harvesting technology - application in short rotation intensive culture (SRIC) woody biomass. Tennessee Valley Authority, (Muscle Shoals, Alabama), Technical Note 858; TVAIONREDI LER-86n. 90 p. 63 ref.

DANIELSSON, B.O. 1982: Tree harvesting changes in Sweden due to whole tree utilisation. Pp. 19-24 in Smith, W.R. (Ed.) Energy from forest biomass. Academic Press, New York.

DEVENISH, E.J.; KEVILLE, B.; MITCHELL, C.P. 1985: Mechanisation of short rotation forest energy plantations -proceedings of a workshop held by the International Energy Programme, 29 March-2 April 1982, Newbridge, Ireland. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Operational Efficiency, Uppsatser och Resultat No. 28. 46 p.

EZA, D.A. 1984: Cost-effective trucking distances for woody biomass fuels. USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Research Note SE-326. 3 p.

FOLGER,A.G.; SWORDEN, P.G.1984: Fuelwoodprocurementfor an industrial power plant- a case study of Dow Coming's program. Solar Energy Research Institute (Golden, Colorado),

. SER/ITP-215-2220. 8 p. 7 ref.

FOLKEMA, M.P. 1985: Grapple loaders for farm tractors. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Note TN-88. 8 p. No ref.

FOLKEMA, M.P. 1986: Logging winches for farm tractors. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Note TN-90. 12 p.

FOLKEMA, M.P. 1987: Logging trailers for farm tractors. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Note TN-9Z 16 p. 4 ref.

FRASER, H.R. 1982: Australian pulpwood project uses high-tech harvesting. World Wood 23(3): 15-17. No refs.

FREDERICk, D.J.; STOKES, B.J.; CURTIN, D. T. 1985: Field trials of a Canadian biomass feller buncher. Pp. 17-22 in Proceedings Seventh Southern Forest Biomass Workshop, Gainesville, Florida, 11-14 June. 2 ref.

GASKIN, J.E.; GLEASON, A.P. 1982: Holder A60 cultitrac skidder. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Machinery Evaluation 7(3). 4 p. No ref.

GIBSON, H.G.; POPE, P.E.1984: Design parameters forabiomass harvester for short-rotation hardwood stands. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Paper No. 84-1610. 13 p. 12 ref.

GLEASON, A.P. 1984: Mechanised delimbing: can it cut costs? N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Report 9(9): 4. 2 ref.

GLEASON, A.P. 1985a: Bell Logger operations manual. Logging Industry Research Association, Rotorua, New Zealand. 72 p.

GLEASON, A.P. 1985b: Bell logger extraction in thinnings. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Report 10(6): 4. 2 ref.

GLEASON, A.P. 1985c: Clambunk skidclers -do they have a place in the New Zealand logging industry. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Project Report No. 26. 39 p.

GLEASON, A.P.; STULEN, J.A.1984: Smallwood handling with the Bell Logger. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Report 9(5). 4 p. 3 ref.

GOLOB, T.B. 1986: Analysis of short-rotation forest operations. National Research Council of Canada, Division of Energy, NRCC Report No. 26014. 127 p. 49 ref.

GOULDING, C.J. (Ed.) 1988: Harvesting whole trees with processing and log allocation in the forest to conventional and energy products: proceedings of an A-1 technical group meeting, 6-10 June, Garpenberg, Sweden. International Energy Agency/ Bioenergy; Task Ill; Activity A 1; Report No. 6. 241 p.

HAMILTON, D.D. 1982: The development of machinery for the recovery and preparation of biomass feedstock for conversion systems at a central full tree processing complex. Canadian Forestry Service, EN FOR Project C-253. 45 p.

HARPOLE, G. B.; RENSI, G. 1985: Computer program for analysis of fuelwood- harvesting costs. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-46. 21 p.

HEDIN, I.B. 1980: Comparison of two logging systems in interior British Columbia: central processing yard vs. conventional. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Report No. TR-45. 53 p.

HEMPHILL, D.C. 1985: Clambunk skidcler applications. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Technical Release (2). 4 p. No ref.

HUYLER, N.K.; KOTEN, D. E.; LEA, R.V.; QUADRO A.P. 1984: Productivity and cost of three small fuelwood skidders. Journal of Forestry 82(11): 671-074. No ref.

INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1977: Retrospective search on harvesting of biomass. Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 206 p.

JOHNSON, T. W. 1987: The evolution and status of work study in New Zealand. Pp. 9--224 in Stuart, W.B. (Ed.) Proceedings of Harvesting Machines and Systems Evaluation Workshop, Charleston, South Carolina, 18-19 November, 1986. Sveriges /antbruksuniversitet, /nstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resu/tat, Nr 108. 245 p.

JONES, K.C. AND ASSOCIATES, INCORPORATED 1982: The status of forest energy plantation mechanisation. International Energy Agency Report NE 1983: 4. 49 p. 48 ref.

JONES, R.; KEOGE, P.L; TEDESCO, R.L 1981: The energy costs of forest harvest processes: an analysis of an Australian native forest system producing pulpwood from two typical forest types. University of Tasmania, Environmental Studies Working Paper 10. 44 p.

KAMMENGA, J.J. 1983: Whole-tree utilisation system for thinning young Douglas-fir. Journal of Forestry 81(4): 220-224.

KELLOGG, L.D.1983: Handling the small tree resource with cable systems. Forest Products Journa/33(4): 25-32. 44 ref.

KERR, C.J. 1974: Full tree utilisation. Forestry Development Conference, Wellington, New Zealand. 19 p. 25 ref.

KIPPING AND ASSOCIATES LTD 1985: Configuration of small scale biomass harvesting and transport systems. Canadian Forestry Service, Maritimes Forest Research Centre, ENFOR Project P-302. 151 p. 17 ref.

LAWRENCE, M. 1986a: Harvesting whole trees with processing and log allocation in the forest to conventional and energy products - optimal bucking: a review of the literature. New Zealand Forest Service, Forest Research Institute-International Energy Agency!Bioenergy Project CPC-9, Report No. 1. 19 p. 109 ref.

LAWRENCE, M.(Ed.) 1986b: Harvesting whole trees with processing and log allocation in the forest to conventional and energy products: proceedings of the CPC-9 technical group meeting, 6-7 March, Rotorua, New Zealand. International Energy Agency/ Bioenergy Project CPC-9, Report No. 2. 97 p.

MACKINTOSH, J.; BUNN, H. E. 1976: Current research into radiata pine thinning operations in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 6(2): 228-240. 13 ref.

MARKETROM,D.C.; WINDSOR,J.C.1986: Feasibilityofcollecting firewood blocks with a small skyline. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Note RM-468. 5 p. 8 ref.

MATTSON, J.A.1983: Harvesting developments for short rotation intensively cultured forests. Forest Products Journal 33(3): 31-38. 5 ref.

McKENNA; R. 1984: Energy wood harvesting technology: a review of the state of the art. Contract report by Meridian Corporation, Alexandria, Va. US Department of Energy, DOE/CE/30784-1. 108 p.

McLAIN, H.D. 1983: A study of a proposed planting, growing and harvesting regime for willow biomass. Pp. 241-246 in Strub, A.; Chartier, P.; Schleser, G. (Ed.) Energy from Biomass: Second

31

E.C. Conference, 20-23 September 1982, Berlin, Federal Republic ofGermany. 5 ref.

McLAIN, H.D. 1983: The development of a harvester (patent pending) for 2-3 year old willow coppice. Pp. 225-229 in Strub, A.; Chartier, P.;Schleser, G.(Ed.) Energy from Biomass: Second E.C. Conference, 20-23 September 1982, Berlin, Federal Republic ofGermany. 2 ref.

McLAIN, H.D. 1984: The Loughry coppice willow harvester. Pp. 323-329 in Proceedings, Sixth International Conference on Mechanisation of Field Experiments, Dublin, 8-13 July. 7 ref.

MILLER, D.E.; STRAKA, T.J.; STOKES, B.J.; WATSON, W.F. 1987: Productivity and cost of conventional understory biomass harvesting systems. Forest Products Journal 37(5): 39-43. 7 ref.

MITCHELL,C.P.1985: lntegratedharvestingsystems. Pp.277-287 in Mitchell, C.P.; Nilsson, P.O.; Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Joint lEA/Forestry Energy Programme and FAD/Cooperative Network on Rural Energy Forest Energy Conference and Workshops on Research in Forestry for Energy, Rungstedgaard, Denmark, 28-30 October. Sveriges /antbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resultat Nr 49. 3 ref.

MITCHELL, C.P.; SALL, H.0.1982: Biomass harvesting, transport, and storage - needs, specifications and mechanization. Pp. 27-36 in Nilsson, P.O.; Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) Short rotation forest biomass- production technology and mechanisation: proceedings of a workshop held by the lEA Forestry Energy Programme on 11 October 1982 at Vettre, Norway. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, lnterna Rapporter, Nr 229. 14 ref.

MIYATA, E.S.; STEINHILB, H.M.; WINSAU ER, S.A. 1981: Using work sampling to analyse logging operations. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Research Paper NC-213. 8 p 9 ref.

MOORE, T. 1987: A portable winch for bunching wood. N.Z. Logging Research Association, Report 12(3). 4 p. No ref.

MORLEY, P.M. 1983: Harvesting methods for energy plantations. World Wood 24(7): 22. No ref.

MURRAY,-K.-1982: Bell logger in hardwood thinning. Australian Forest Industries Logger (July & August): 9--10. No ref.

MYHRMAN, D.1988: Recent developments in Scandinavian logging equipment and techniques. Canadian Forest Industries 108(1 ): 30-32, 49--50. No ref.

NILSSON, M. 1982: The farm tractor in the forest. National Board of Forestry, Sweden. 100 p.

NILSSON, P.O.; ZSUFFA, L (Ed.) 1983: Short rotation forest biomass- production technology and mechanization: Proceedings of an International Energy Agency Workshop, October, Vettre, Norway. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, lnterna Rapporter, Nr 229. 69 p. 6 papers.

NYLINDER, M. 1987: Review of bucking algorithms, saw simulation programs, etc., in Sweden. International Energy Agency/ Bioenergy, Task Ill, Activity A 1, Report No. 4. 12 p.

N.Z. LOGGING INDUSTRY RESEARCH ASSOCIATION 1983: New cable system for small wood [Vandraren]. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Newsletter 8(5). 1 p.

OVER END, R.P. 1982: The average haul distance and transportation work factors for biomass delivered to a central plant. Biomass 2(1 ): 75--79. 1 ref.

32

PEASE, D.A. 1982: Mechanised logging system harvests US southern pine. World Wood23(4): 14-15.

PETERS, D.C. 1982: The economics of harvesting fuelwood under four different stand conditions on Prince Edward Island. Canadian Forestry Service, Maritimes Forest Research Centre, Information Report M-X-139. 8 p. 4 ref.

PREBBLE, R.L 1984: An international project investigating the felling and bunching of small trees on easy terrain. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Project Report No. 22. 52 p. 19 ref.

RHEBORG, H. 1972: Kvistkvantiteter vid heltradslunning en undersokning inom ramen for ett internordiskt (NSR-) projekt rorande utnyttjandet av hyggesavfall = A study of quantities of branches and tops gathered at the landing when skidding full trees. SkogshOgsko/an, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Rapporter och Uppsater, Nr 48. 3 p.

RICHARDSON, R. 1988: An introduction to off-road processors and harvesters. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Note TN-126. 12 p. 12 ref.

ROBERTS, B. (Ed.). 1982: Harvesting small timber- waste not, want not: Proceedings of the FPRS conference, Syracuse, New York, 28-30 Apri, 1981. Proceedings P-81-32. 142 p.

ROUTHIER, J.G. 1982: Implications of full-tree harvesting for biomass recovery. Canadian Forestry Service, Laurentian Forest Research Centre, LAU-X-50E; ENFOR Project P-54. 132 p. 7 ref.

ROUTHIER, J-G.; DARVEAU, GRENIER, LUSSIER AND ASSOCIATES 1984: Forest biomass harvesting simulation model. Canadian Forestry Service, Laurentian Forest Research Centre, Information Report LAU-X-53E; EN FOR Project P-237. 135 p. No ref.

RYANS, M. 1988: Mechanised precommercial thinning methods: experience to date. Forest Engineering Research lntitute of Canada, Special Report No. SR-56. 17 p. 49 ref.

SALL, H-0. 1982: Harvesting technology for energy plantations. Skordeteknik ESO, Rapport /NOM NE-OMRADET NE/E0-821 10. 51 p.

SEWELL, W.D. 1987: Manufacturing, marketing, and importation considerations for logging machinery in New Zealand. Pp. 215-230 in Stuart, W.B. (Ed.) Proceedings of Harvesting Machines and Systems Evaluation Workshop, Charleston, South Carolina, 18-19 November, 1986. Sveriges /antbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resultat, Nr 108. 245 p.

SICARD-LUSSIER, T. 1984: Harvesting of forest biomass for energy- terminology study. Forest Engineering Institute of Canada, Special Report No. SR-25; ENFOR Project P-280. 151 p. 71 ref.

SILVERSIDES, C.R.; MOODIE, R.L 1985: Transport of full trees over public roads in eastern Canada- a state of the art report. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report No. SR-35. 71 p. 46 ref.

SINCLAIR, A. W.J. 1984: Recovery and transport of forest biomass in mountainous terrain. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report SR 22; Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Information Report BC-X-254. 31 p.

SINCLAIR, A.W.J. 1985: Development and testing of a container system for the recovery of roadside biomass in mountainous terrain. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report No. SR-27. 23 p. No ref.

SMITH, N.; AlLEY, J.G.1985: Harvesting and processing of forest biomass and silviculture crops. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Paper No. 85-3064. 5 p. 9 ref.

SOMERVILLE, M.C.; LANFORD, B.L; STOKES, B.J. 1984: Mechanical piling during pine plantation thinning. Forest Products Journa/34(4): 45-49. 3 ref.

SPIERS,J.J.K. 1982: Equipment systems Australasia. Pp. 111-124 in Harvesting small timber- waste not, want not: Proceedings of the FPRS Conference, Syracuse, New York, 28-30 April 1981. Proceedings P-81-32. 30 ref.

SPIERS, J.J.K. 1985: Logger's language: a New Zealand terminology. Logging Industry Research Association, Rotorua, New Zealand. 46 p.

STOKES, B.J.; FREDERICK, D.J.; CURTIN, D. T. 1986: Field trials of a short-rotation biomass feller buncher and selected harvesting systems. Biomass 11 (3): 185-204. 5 ref.

STUART, W.; KOFMAN, P.1985: Harvesting operations in short­rotation plantations of coniferous species. Pp. 230-235 in Mitchell, C.P.; Nilsson, P.O.; Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Joint lEA/Forestry Energy Programme and FAO/Cooperative Network on Rural Energy Forest Energy Conference and Workshops on Research in Forestry for Energy, Rungstedgaard, Denmark, 28-30 October. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resultat Nr 49. No ref.

STUART, W.B. 1980: A simulation approach to the analysis of harvesting machines and systems. Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg. 202 p.

STUART, W.B. 1981: Harvesting analysis technique: a computer simulation system fortimber harvesting. Forest Products Journal 31(11): 45-53. 14 ref.

STUART, W.B.; PORTER,C.D.; WALBRIDGE, T.A.; ODERWALD, R.G. 1981: Economics of modifying harvesting systems to recover energy wood. Forest Products Journa/31(8): 37-42.

STULEN, J.A. 1983: Forwarders in smallwood. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Report 8(1 ). 4 p.

STUROS, J.A. 1982: Integrated harvesting for maximum utilisation of the total tree biomass. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Paper82-1592. 13 p. 11 ref.

STUROS, J.A.; BARRON, R.M.; MIYATA, E.S.; STEINHILB, H. M. 1983: The economics of a mechanised multi product harvesting system for stand conversion of northern hardwoods. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Research Paper NC-237. 12 p. 10 ref.

SUTHERLAND, B.J.1985: Brush harvester development and field test. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Paper No. 85-1628. 23p. 12ref.

SVENSSON, S.A. 1971 : Time functions for cleaning in young stands with brush saw. Forskningss tiftelsen skogsarbeten (Sweden), Ekonomi No. 1 E. 4 p. No ref.

TERLESK, C.J. 1987: Harvesting machines and systems evaluation- environmental considerations. Pp. 177-186 in Stuart, W.B. (Ed.) Proceedings of Harvesting Machines and Systems Evaluation Workshop, Charleston, South Carolina, 18-19 November, 1986. Sveriges /antbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resultat, Nr 108. 245p.

TERLESK, C.J.; McCONCHIE, M.; TWADDLE, A.1983: Stand reorganisation to facilitate load accumulation in production thinning. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 13(3): 32~9. 6ref.

TERLESK, C.J.; TWADDLE, A.; McCONCHIE, M. 1982: Some thoughts on efficient handling of smallwood. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 27(2): 207-218. 6 ref.

TODD, J.J.; ELLIFFE, M.D. 1983: Directory of equipment for industrial use of crop and forest residue fuels. University of Tasmania, Centre for Environmental Studies. 406 p.

TWADDLE,A.A.(Ed.)1987: Harvestingwholetreeswithprocessing and log allocation in the forest to conventional and energy products: proceedings of an A 1 technical group meeting, 11-15 May, Vancouver, British Columbia. International Energy Agency/ Bioenergy, Task Ill, Activity A 1, Report No. 3. Volume 1136 p.; Volume 11 225 p.

VAUGHAN, LW. 1985: Double-drum winch skidder trial. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Report 10(10). 4 p. 4 ref.

VAUGHAN, L; SHULA, R.G. 1989: Options for harvesting and processing firewood. Pp. 68-79 in Shula, R.G.; Hay, A.E.; Tarlton, G. L. (Ed.) The firewood venture- planning, execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z), FRI Bulletin No. 137.

WALBRIDGE, JR. T.A.; STUART, W.B. 1983: Systems and procedures for integrated recovery of forest biomass. Tappi Journal 66(3): 127-129. 9 ref.

WATSON, W.F.; STOKES,B.J.; SAVELLE,I.W.1986: Comparison of two methods of harvesting biomass for energy. Forest Products Journal36(4): ~8. 8 ref.

WELLS, G.C. (Ed.) 1980: Smallwood Harvesting Seminar Proceedings. Logging Industry Research Association, Rotorua, New Zealand. 193 p.

WELL WOOD, R. W. 1979: Complete-tree utilization: an analysis of the literature (1970-1978). Part 11. Recovery of biomass. Canadian Forestry Service, EN FOR Project P-15; Report No. 1. 150 p. 213 ref.

WILSON, C.M. (Comp.) 1986: An introduction to logging farm woodlots. New Zealand Forest Service, Trees and Timber, Forest Management Practices Number 11. 5 p.

WILTON, W.C. 1981: Integrated logging for production of pulpwood and hog fuel. Canadian Forestry Service, ENFOR Project P-143. 38 p. 8 ref.

WINSAUER, S.A. 1982: A program and documentation for simulation of grapple skidders and a whole-tree chipper. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Research Paper NC-221. 42 p. 3 ref.

WINSAUER,S.A.; UNDERWOOD,J.A.1978: Computersimulation of forest harvesting systems. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Paper No. 78-1582. 19 p. 6 ref.

WOODFIN, S.; FREDERICK, D.; STOKES, B. 1987: Selected harvesting machines for short rotation intensive culture biomass plantations. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Paper No. 87-1567. 18 p. 9 ref.

ZUNDEL, P. 1986: The economics of integrated full-tree harvesting and central processing in Jack pine. Final report. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report No. SR-37. 82 p. 16 ref. -------•

33

34

, ----------------12_._c_h_i_p_H_a_~_e_s_t_m_g--------------~~ _ (37 references) .

Keywords: chipping, chip harvesting, portable, mobile,

chipper, economics, ergonomics, swathe felling, whole tree

chipping, total tree chipping, technique, system, simulation.

Sources: Forest Industries, Forest Products Journal, FERIC.

Synopsis: Chip harvesting is a specialised form of biomass

harvesting, whereby biomass comminution (e.g., chipping,

shredding) is performed in the bush or at the skids. Chip

harvesting offers the potential advantage of dispensing with

ANONYMOUS 1971: New chipping concepts mean greater utilisation. Forest Industries Review 2(7): 8-10, 13. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1974: Logging technique for total tree chipping. Australian Forest Industries Journal and Logger 40(1): 46-47. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1987: NZ-made portable chipper. New Zealand Forest Industries 18(5): 6. No ref.

BRADLEY, D.P.; WINSAUER, S.A. 1978: Simulated full-tree chipping: model compares favourably to the real world. Forest Products Journal28(10): 85-88. ·

CROSSLEY, F.R.E.1981: Assessmentofwoodchipping machinery for harvesting non-commercial timber in New England. US Department of Energy, Final Project Report. 146 p. 33 ref.

DEAL, E.L 1972: Whole tree chipping: its cost, advantage and drawbacks. Pulpwood Production and Sawmill Logging 20(7): 14-22.

ERICKSON,J.R.1972: Fieldchipping: problemsandsolutions. Pp. 128-138 in Report on the symposium on production, handling and transport of wood chips, held in Hurdal, Norway, 13 August­a September. Norwegian Funds-in-Trust TF-INT 55 (NOR); FAO/NORITF 83. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.

FOLK EM A, M.P. 19n: Whole-tree chipping with the Morbark Model 22 Chipharvester. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Note No. TN-16. 14 p.

FOLK EM A, M.P. 1983: Producing by-product sawlogs with a mobile chipper. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Note No. NT-71. 14 p. No ref.

FRODING, A. 1987: The pulp chip method- a study of a new method for first thinning. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Operational Efficiency, Report No. 82.

HARSTELA, P. 1980: Ergonomics and work organisation of chipping work. Folia Forestalia No. 437. 25 p. 19 ref.

HOEKSTRA, P.L; VEAL, M.A.; LEE, P.F. 1983: The effects of chip size on mechanical pulp properties and energy consumption. TappiJournal66(9): 119-122. 26ref.

the bulky nature of biomass (especially branches) prior to

transport.

Notable references: The New Zealand experience with chip

harvesting is described in Anonymous (1987), Howard and

Boon (1974), Kerr (1974, 1977), and Mead (1987). Overseas

chip harvesting experience is described in Folkema (1977,

1983), Kipping and Associates (1985), Powell (1982),

Richarson (1986), Stokes and Sirois (1985), Todd and Elliffe (1983), and Wingate-Hill and MacArthur (1987).

HOWARD, M.J.S.; BOON, B.W. 1974: Some aspects of whole tree utilization with New Zealand pines. Appita 28(4): 246-251. 10 ref.

JOHNSTON, B.O. 1982: Trial of a system for debarking and chipping British Columbia coastal logging residues. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Note No. TN-65. 31 p. No. ref.

KAMMENGA, J.J. 1983: Whole-tree utilisation system for thinning young Douglas-fir. Journal of Forestry 81(4): 220-224. No ref.

KERR, C.J. 1974: Full tree utilisation. Forestry Development Conference, 19-21 November, Wellington, New Zealand. 19 p. 25 ref.

KERR, C.J. 19n: Forest residue as a raw material for energy production. Pp. 9-10 in Cousins, W.J. (Ed.) Recommendations for the rapid establishment of a wood-based liquid fuel industry in New Zealand. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (N.Z.), Physics and Engineering Laboratory, Report No. 575. No ref.

KIPPING AND ASSOCIATES LTD 1985: Configuration of small scale biomass harvesting and transport systems. Contractor's final report. Canadian Forestry Service, Maritimes Forest Research Centre, EN FOR Project P-302. 151 p. 17 ref.

KIP PS, D. 1982: Modern woodyard design trends favour increased longwood, chips use. Pulp and Paper 56(6): 90-93. No ref.

KOCH, P. 1980: Harvesting energy chips from forest residues: some concepts for the Southern pine region. USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, General Technical Report S0-33. 28 p.

KOCH, P.; SAVAGE, T.E.1980: Development of the swathe-felling mobile chipper. Journal of Forestry 78(1): 17-21. 3 ref.

KOFMAN, P.D. 1988: Improved chipping technology for adverse terrain conditions. 'Danish Institute of Forest Technology, Exploitation of Mcifginaf"Forest ResourcesforFuel, Research Report No. 3. 64 p. 7 ref.

USS, J-E. 1984: Drivningsmetoderf6r sjalwerksamma skogsagare vidtillvaratagande avbnmsleflis =Methods used by self~mployed forest owners for harvesting fuel chips. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Rapport Nr 162. 139 p.

MASSEY,J.G.; McCOLLUM,M.P.; ANDERSON,W.C.1981: Cost of whole-tree chips for energy- Louisiana case study. Forest Products Joumal31(2): 34-38.

MciNTOSH, J.A.; JOHNSON, LW. 1975: Chipping in the bush. Good planning is the key to efficient residue chipping. Canadian Forest Industries 95(10): 38-40. No ref.

MEAD, D.J. 1987: Impact of the full tree harvesting of thinnings on Canterbury Plains. New Zealand Forestry 32(3): 12-14. 5 ref.

MEYER, R.L. 1988: Portable debarking/chipping. American Pulpwood Association, Technical Release 88-R-34. 2 p.

POWELL, L.H. 1982: Mobile chipper study: processing logging residue for energy biomass. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Note No. TN-61. 22 p. 4 ref.

RICHARDSON, R.1986: Evaluation of BRUKS off-road chippers. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical ReportNo. TR-71. 36p. 17ref.

SCHNEIDER, M.H. 1987: Fuel chip harvesting small-scale experience in New Brunswick. Forest Products Journal37(2): 39--42. 6 ref.

STOKES, B.J.; SIROIS, D.L 1985: Evaluation of chipper­forwarderbiomass harvesting concept. Pp. 23-26 in Proceedings, Seventh Southern Forest Biomass Workshop, Gainesville, Florida, 11-14 June. 7 ref.

STUART, W.B.; PORTER,C.D.; WALBRIDGE, T.A.; ODERWALD, R.G. 1981: Economics of modifying harvesting systems to recover energy wood. Forest Products Journal 31(8): 37-42.

TODD, J.J.; ELUFFE, M.D. 1983: Directory of equipment for industrial use of crop and forest residue fuels. Centre for Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania. 406 p.

WILTON, W.C. 1981: Integrated logging for production of pulpwood and hog fuel. Canadian Forestry Service, ENFOR Project P-143. 38 p. 8 ref.

WILTON, W.C.; DUFFETT, W.P. 1980: Whole-tree chipping for hogged fuel in Newfoundland. Canadian Forestry Service, Newfoundland Forest Research Centre, Information Report N­X-186. 55 p. 17 ref.

WINGATE-HILL R.; MacARTHUR, I.J. 1987: Economics of debarking and chipping small-diameter regrowth eucalypt thinnings. Australian Forestry 50(3):.157-165. 25 ref.

WINSAUER, S.A. 1982: A program and documentation for simulation of grapple skiclders and a whole-tree chipper. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Research paper NC-221. 42 p. -------•

35

36

13. Biomass Handling and Processing (71 references)

Keywords: technique, comminution, tree length, chunkwood,

sortyard, central processing, preparation, wood handling,

woodyard, central processing yard, wood terminal, chipping, economics, feed stock preparation, debarking, transportation,

processing.

Sources: Forest Industries, Pulp and Paper, Biomass Digest,

FERIC, Forest Products Journal, World Wood, Canadian Forest Service.

Synopsis: Biomass handling and processing comprises

road transport and feedstock preparation activities which

occur inside and/or outside of the forest. Biomass processing

involves passive operations, e.g., in-forest biomass drying,

and active operations, e.g., chipping, flail delimbing/debarking.

The concept of a central processing yard (inside or outside of

the forest) is being investigated as a cost-effective means to handle and process biomass for energy, especially when it

originates as a by-product during conventional forest harvesting.

ANONYMOUS 1971: New chipping concepts mean greater utilisation. Forest Industries Review 2(7): 8-10, 13. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1977: Chipping: some elementary and economic considerations. New Zealand Woodworking Industries 2(2): 7-9, 32-33. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1981: Chip sampling auger. American Pulpwood Association, Technical Release 81-R.-33: 4. No ref.

·ANONYMOUS 19838: Pre-drying biomass fuel to increase boiler efficiency. Pulp and Paper57(4): 90-91.

ANONYMOUS 1983b: Roll split wood. Biomass research in Canada. Forest Industries 14(4): 3<h'33.

ANONYMOUS 1983c: Special report: materials handling in the wood industry. World Wood 24(4): 27-34.

ANONYMOUS 1984a: New separator-shear system promotes eo­generation with logging wastes. Biomass Digest 6(2): 2. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1984b: Study shows skidworking key to reducing major log processing losses. Forest Industries 15(8): 24. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1984c: Tree-length log handling built around crane versatility. Forest Industries 111(12): 100-101. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1985: Scrimber- a new market for smallwood. Australian Forest Grower 8(3): 12-14. No ref.

AROLA, R.A.; RADCUFFE, R.C.; WINSAUER, S.A.; MATSON, E.D. 1982: A new machine for producing chunkwood. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Research paper NC-211. 8 p. 5 ref.

Notable references: The New Zealand experience with

biomass handling and processing (including central

processing yards) is described in Howard and Boon (1975),

McKerchar and Twaddle (1987), Murphy (1988), and Wells

and Breaker (1981 ). Overseas biomass handling and processing techniques are described in Arola et al. (1985),

Guimier (1985), Klaavu (1987), Levefton and Associates (1982), Mattsson (1988), Pottie and Guimier (1985),

Silversides and Moodie (1985), Swedish Forest Products

Research Laboratory (1985), Swedish University of

Agricultural Sciences (1984), and Todd and Eliffe (1983).

Descriptions specific to overseas centralised processing

yards are presented in Bjerkelund (1985), Granqvist (1977),

Hamilton (1982), Hedin (1980), Jonsson (1985), Macintosh

and Sinclair (1988), Pease (1983), Wippermann (1985), and

Zundel (1986).

AROLA, R.A.; WINSAUER, S.A.; RADCLIFFE, R.C.; SMITH, M.R. 1983: Chunkwood production: a new concept. Forest Products Journal33(718): 43-51. 3 ref.

AROLA, R.A.; RADCLIFFE, R.C.; WINSAUER, S.A. 1985: Chunking bundled small-diameter stems. Forest Products Journal 35(4): 40-42. No ref.

BJERKELUND, T.C. 1985: Central processing and associated transportation techniques- examples of state-of-the-art from eastern North America. Pp.397-407 inMitchell, S.C.P.; Nilsson, P.O.; Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Joint lEA/Forestry Energy Programme and FAO/Cooperative Network on Rural Energy Forest Energy Conference and Workshops on Research in Forestry for Energy, Rungstedgaard, Denmark, 28-300ctober. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resultat Nr 49. No ref.

BUNDALU, N.; MORGAN, D.; MORTINEZ, 0. 1986: Bin-feeder design for reliable flow of hog fuel. Pulp and Paper Canada 87(6): 145-148. 3 ref.

COBB, A. D. 1982: Fuel preparation for waste wood boilers. Pp. 197-205 in Proceedings of the Sixth International FPRS Industrial Wood Energy Forum, Washington, D.C. No ref.

FAO 1976: The production, handling and transport of wood chips. Norwegian-Funds-in-Trust, TF-INT 55. 136 p.

FREDERICK, D.J.; STOKES, B.J.; CURTIN, D.T.1985: Field trials of a Canadian biomass feller buncher. Pp. 17-22 in Proceedings Seventh Southern Forest Biomass Workshop, Gainesville, Florida,11-14 June. 2ref.

FROMSON, D.A.; HALL, G.A. 1982: Advanced feedstock preparation for large scale hog fuel boilers. Pp. 213-217 in Proceedings of the Fourth Bioenergy R & D Seminar, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

GRAM M EL, R.H. 1982: Centralised tree processing and utilisation. of traditional harvesting waste. ECEIFAO Agriculture and Timber: Division, seminar on reducing forest biomass losses in logging· operations, Moscow, U.S.S.R., 4-11 December. 6 p. No ref.·

GRANQVIST, A. 1977: Helstamsavverkning och central upparbetning vid sAgverk = Tree-length logging and central processing at sawmills. Skogshogskolan, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Rapporteroch Uppsatser, Nr 117. 62 p. 14 ref.

GUIMIER , D.Y. 1985: Biomass equipment database. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report No. SR-34. 40 p. No ref.

HAMILTON, D.D. 1982: The development of machinery for the recovery and preparation of biomass feedstocks for conversion systems at a central full-tree processing complex. Canadian Forestry Service, ENFOR Project C-253. 45 p. No ref.

HARRISON, R.D. 1987: Central log processing yards improve safety, transport, processing at Kelowna complex. British Columbia Lumberman 71(8): 513-518. No ref.

HEDIN, I.B. 1980: Comparison of two logging systems in interior British Columbia: central processing yard vs. conventional. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Report No. TR-45. 53 p.

HOWARD,M.J.S.; BOON, B.W.1975: Someaspectsofwholetree utilisation with New Zealand pines. Appita 28(4): 246-251. 10 ref.

INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1981: Retrospective search on materials handling and storage of biomass (1973-1981]. Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 144 p.

JOHNSTON, B.O. 1982: Trial of a system for debarking and chipping British Columbia coastal logging residue. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, FERIC Technical Note TN-65. 31 p.

JONES, K.C. 1981: A review of energy requirements to comminute woody biomass. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report SR-14; ENFOR Project P-28. 39 p. 28 ref.

JONSSON, T. 1985: Survey of central processing systems in Scandinavia. Pp. 408-429 in Mitchell, S.C.P.; Nilsson, P.O.; Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Joint lEA/Forestry Energy Programme and FAO/Cooperative Network on Rural Energy Forest Energy Conference and Workshops on - Research in Forestry for Energy, Rungstedgaard, Denmark, 28-30 October. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resultat Nr 49. No ref.

KEAYS, J.L 1971a: Complete-tree utilisation. An analysis of the literature. Part 1: Unmerchantable top of bole. Canadian Forestry service, Forest Products Laboratory, Information Report VP-X-69. 98 p.

KEA YS, J.L. 1971 b: Complete-tree utilisation. An analysis of the literature. Part 11: Foliage. Canadian Forestry Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Information Report VP-X-70. 94 p.

KEAYS, J.L 1971c: Complete-tree utilisation. An analysis of the literature. Part Ill: Branches. Canadian Forestry service, Forest Products Laboratory, Information Report VP-X-71. 67 p.

37

KEAYS, J.L.1971d: Complete-tree utilisation. An analysis of the literature. Part IV: Crown and slash. Canadian Forestry Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Information Report VP-X-77. 79 p.

KEAYS, J.L 1971e: Complete-tree utilisation. An analysis of the literature. Part V: Stump, rootsandstump-rootsystem. Canadian Forestry service, Forest Products laboratory, Information Report VP-X-79. 62 p.

KERRUISH, C.M. 1984: Centralised processing can increase log value. World Wood 25(2): 21-23. 1 ref.

KIP PS, D. 1982: Modem woodyard design trends favour increased longwood chips use. Pulp and Paper 56(6): 90-93.

KLAAVU, A. 1987: Modern Scandinavian wood handling systems. Pulp and Paper Canada 88(9): T298-T300. No ref.

LEIGHTON, H.A. 1981: Hog fuel handling- design and operating considerations. Pulp and Paper Canada 82(2): 89, 91-94. No ref.

LEVEL TON, B. H. AND ASSOCIATES LIMITED 1982: Wood waste fuels preparation and handling. ENFOR Project C-95. 189 p. 17 ref.

LONNER, G. et al. 1983: Terminals for raw products of wood. Present situation and future development. National Swedish Board for Energy Source Development, NE-1983-6. 255 p.

MaciNTOSH, J.E.; SINCLAIR, A.W.J. 1988: Economic feasibility of satellite chipping yards in Alberta. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report No. SR-53. 42 p. 16 ref.

McKERCHAR, A.; TWADDLE, A. 1987: Central log yards- an option to consider. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Technical Release 9(2). 8 p. 14 ref.

MATTSSON, J.E.1988: Tradbranslens hanteringsegenskaper: en litteraturstudie over kunskapslaget och lampliga matmetoder = Handling characteristics of wood fuels- a literature review of the state-of-the-art and suitable measurement methods. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Rapport Nr 174. 46 p. 32 ref.

MURPHY, G. 1988: Centralised processing yards under consideration. New Zealand Forest Industries 19(14): 32-33. No ref.

NIIRANEN, M. 1984: How to solve the wood-handling problems of the '80s. Paper Trade Journal168(17): 40-44. 4 ref.

NYLINDER, M. 1981: Matning av flisved och bransleflis: en studie utford i samarbete med Wermlandska lnmatningsforeningen och Vanerskog = Scaling of fuelwood and fuelchips. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for virkeslara, Rapport Nr 123. No ref.

O'CONNOR, D. 1981: An evaluation of wood waste handling systems. Pp. 310-315 in Proceedings of the Third Bioenergy R & D Seminar, Ottawa. NRCC 19515. No. ref.

OAKLEY, P.; MANNING, G.H. 1984: An analysis of two trials of a portable shear-type residue processing system. Canadian Forestry service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Information Report BC-X-249. 47 p. 18 ref.

. OKSTAD, T.1972: Methods of scaling wood chips. Pp. 239-242 in Report on the symposium on production, handling and transport of wood chips, held in Hurdal, Norway, 13 August-8 September. Norwegian Funds-in-Trust TF-INT 55 (NOR); FAO!NOR/TF 83. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.

PEASE, D. 1983: Central processing enhances biomass economics. Forest Industries 110(9): 67-69. No ref.

38

POTIIE, M. 1981: A way to make pulp chips from logging debris using a small drum debarker. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Note TN-49. 18 p. No ref.

POTTIE, M.A.; GUIMIER, D.Y.1985: Preparationofforestbiomass for optimal conversion. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report No. 32. 112 p. 33 ref.

RILEY, J.G.; SMITH, N. 1984: The development and commercialisation of a system for processing, storage, and utilisation of woodchip fuels. Pp. 465-489 in Klass, D.L., (Ed.) Energy from Biomass and Wastes VIII, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, 30 January.

SAWYER, W.C. 1982: In-forest-drying of forest residue (IFD). Pp. 192-196 in Proceedings of the Sixth International FPRS Industrial Wood Energy Forum, Washington, D.C.

SERGERUD, K. 1983: Wood fuel and pulp wood production at terminals. Stiftelsen foer Vaermeteknisk Forskning, Stockholm. 127p.

SERGERUD, K. 1984: Whole-tree terminals. A system study. Stiftelsen foer Vaermeteknisk Forskning, Stockholm, Sweden. 54 p.

SILVERSIDES, C.R.; MOODIE, R.L 1985: Transport of full trees over public roads in eastern Canada- a state of the art report. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report No. SR-35. 71 p. 46 ref.

SINCLAIR, A.W.J. 1984a: A handbook for designing, building, and operating a log sortyard. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada. 285 p.

SIN CLAIR, A.W.J. 1984b: Processing biomass in a central location with the separator-shear system. Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Information Report BC-X-255; Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report No. SR-23. 31 p. 3 ref.

STUROS, J.A. 1981: Innovative yard handling for integrated utilisation of whole-tree and forest residual biomass. Pp. 133-157 in Forest-to-mill: challenges of the future: proceedings of a symposium held at Tacoma, Washington, 15-17 September 1980. Weyerhae.user Science Symposium, 3. 29 ref.

SWEDISH FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH LABORATORY 1985: Whole-tree section processing - a new method for utilising thinnings and unlimbed trees. Pp. 387-413 in Swedish Pulp and Paper Mission 1985. SWedish Forest Products Research Laboratory (STFI). No ref.

SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 1984: Landing techniques and storage. Handling of forest energy assortments from terminal to consumer. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Operational Efficiency, Report No. 281: 68-83.

SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 1985: Comminuting trees from thinnings into chunkwood - a new alternative. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Operational Efficiency, Uppsatser och Resultat Nr 42. 19 p. 8 ref.

TODD, J.J.; ELUFFE, M.D. 1983: Directory of equipment for industrial use of crop and forest residue fuels. Centre for Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania. 406 p.

WELLS, G.C.; BROOKER, R.E. 1981: Drying logs in the forest. N.Z. Logging Industry Research Association, Report 6(2). 4 p.

WHITE, D. 1988: Full tree to roadside logging in interior BC. Canadian Forest Industries 108(6): 36, 38. No ref.

WINGATE·HILL, R.; CUNNINGHAM,R.1984: Removal of moisture from green sapwood [Pinus radiata] by compression. Journal of the Institute of Wood Science 10(2): 66-75. 18 ref.

WINGATE·HILL, R.; CUNNINGHAM, R.B. 1986: Compression drying of sapwood [Eucalyptus and Pinus radiata]. Wood and FiberScience 18(2): 315-326. 13 ref.

WIPPERMANN, H.J. 1985: Central processing and associated transportation techniques in central Europe. Pp. 430-446 in Mitchell, S.C.P.; Nilsson, P.O.; Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Joint lEA/Forestry Energy Programme and FAO/Cooperative Network on Rural Energy Forest Energy Conference and Workshops on Research in Forestry for Energy, Rungstedgaard, Denmark, 28-30 October. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatseroch Resultat Nr 49. 1986. 20 ref.

ZUNDEL, P. 1986: The economics of integrated full-tree harvesting and central processing in Jack pine (final report). Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report No. SR-37. 82 p. 16 ref. •

14. Biomass Storage (46 references)

39

I L_--------------------------------------------------------------------------------~

Keywords: outdoor, deterioration, storage, chip storage,

fungi, micro-organisms, forest residues, chunkwood, chips,

drying, whole trees, tree sections, physical properties,

chemical properties.

Sources: SUAS, Tappi, Forest Products Journal.

Synopsis: Biomass for energy will often require storage to

ensure that there are sufficient quantities of feedstock

throughout the year at a conversion site. The effects of

storage can be beneficial, e.g., reduction in moisture content,

butthey can also be detrimental, e.g., reduction in wood basic

density and carbohydrate level. The extent of the effects of

storage on the fuel potential of biomass is dependent upon

several factors which include particle size (e.g., chip versus

ANONYMOUS 1983: Pre-drying biomass fuel to increase boiler efficiency. Pulp and Paper 57(4): 90-91. No ref.

BAADSGAARD·JENSEN, J. 1988: Storage and energy economy of chunk and chip piles. Danish Institute of Forest Technology, Exploitation of Marginal Forest Resources for Fuel, Research Report No. 2. 31 p. 4 ref.

BERGMAN, 0.; NILSSON, T. 1979: An experiment on outdoor storage of whole-tree chips. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for virkeslara, Rapport Nr R109. 21 p. 20 ref.

BJORKLAND, L 1983: Lagring av heltriids-flis av olika triidslag samt i olika fraktioner = Storage of whole-tree chips of different species and indifferent fractions. Sverigeslantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for virkeslara, Rapport Nr 143. 50 p. 31 ref.

BUTCHER, J. 1974: A practical guide to fungal damage of timber and wood products. New Zealand Forest Service, Information Series No. 65. 35 p. No ref.

BUTCHER, J.A.; HOWARD, M. 1968: Outside storage of Pinus radiatawood chips in New Zealand. Tappi 51(4): 117A-122A.

CHALK, R. 1968: Wood deterioration during outside chip storage. Pulp and Paper Canada 69(6): 75-85.

FEIST, W.C.; SPRINGER, E.L; HAJNY, G.J.1971: Viability of parenchymacellsinstoredgreenwood. Tappi54(8):1295-1297. 7 ref.

FLINKMAN, M.; THORNQVIST, T. 1986: Lagring av buntade triiddekar och hyggesrester = Storage of bundled unlimbed pulpwood and logging residues. Sverigeslantbruksuniversitet, lnsitutionen for virkeslara, Rapport Nr 180. 52 p. 32 ref.

FREDRIKSON, H. 1985: Lagring av skogsbriinsle vid mindre forbranningsanlaggningar = Storing of fuel chips at smaller heating plants. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for virkeslara, Rapport Nr 159. 67 p. 33 ref.

whole tree), moisture content, temperature, and compaction

of the material.

Notable references: The New Zealand experience with

biomass storage is described in Butcher (197 4), Butcher and

Howard (1968), Howard and Boon (1975), and Shula (1988).

Biomass storage techniques and effects are described in

Chalk (1968), Fuller (1985), Garrett (1985), Gislerud (1985),

Gislerud and Heding (1984), Hajny (1966), Harris (1988),

Jirjis and Theander (1986), Lyons (1980), Nilsson (1987),

Saucier and Philips (1985), Thornqvist (1985a, 1985b),

Thornqvist and Lundstrom (1980), Todd and Elliffe (1983),

Unligil (1982), Visser and Vermaas (1986), and Wilcox

(1968). Cross references to this section regarding physical

and chemical properties of biomass are located in Section 24.

FULLER, W.S.1985: Chip pile storage- a review of practices to avoid deterioration and economic losses. Tappi Journal68(8): 48-52. 24 ref.

GARRETT, LD. 1985: Delayed processing of felled trees to reduce moisture content. ForestProductsJournal35(3): 55-59. 11 ref.

GISLERUD, 0. 1985: Storage and preparation of fuelwood. Pp. 307-314 in Mitchell, C.P.; Nilsson, P.O.; Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Joint lEA/Forestry Energy Programme and FAO/Cooperative Network on Rural Energy Forest Energy Conference and Workshops on Research in Forestry for Energy, Rungstedgaard, Denmark, 28-30 October. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resultat Nr 49. 8 ref.

GISLERUD, 0.; HEDING, N. (Ed.) 1984: Storing, drying and internal handling of wood fuels: proceedings of a conference held by the International Energy Agency (lEA) Forestry Energy Programme Group C, 22 June, Copenhagen. Danish Institute of Forest Technology. 35 p.

HAJNY, G.J. 1966: Outside storage of pulpwood chips- a review and bibliography. Tappi 48(10): 97A-105A. 122 ref.

HARRIS, R.A. 1988: An economic comparison of covered vs outside storage of whole-tree fuelwood chips. Forest Products Journal38(1): 15-16. 6 ref.

HEDING, N.; JEILSO, K. 1988: Improved tarpaulin materials for rain protection of small chip piles. Danish Institute of Forest Technology, Exploitation of Marginal Forest Resources for Fuel Research Report No. 1. 31 p. 6 ref.

HOWARD, M.J.S.; BOON, B.W. 1975: Some aspects of whole tree utilisation with New Zealand pines. Appita 28(4): 246-251. 10 ref.

INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1981: Retrospective search on materials handling and storage of biomass [1973-1981]. Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 144 p.

40

JIRJIS, R.; THEANDER, 0. 1986: Preliminary results on chemical composition changes in stored forest fuel. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest products, Report No. 161. 23 p. 7 ref.

JOHNSON, J.E.; SMITH, D.W.; STUART, W.B. 1985: Nutrient returns form field-drying of logging residue. Journal of Environmental Quality 14(3): 360-363.

UESE, W. 1984: Wet storage of windblown conifers in Germany. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 29(1 ): 119-135. 37 ref.

LOWEGREN, G.; JONSSON, L. 1987: Lagring av flisade hyggewsrester och flisad ekstamved i stora stackar = Storing of chipped logging residues and chipped oak stemwood in big piles. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen f6r virkeslara, Rapport Nr 191. 67 p. 36 ref.

LYONS, G. 1980: Storage of coppice wood fuel. Pp. 94-98 in Neenan, M. and Lyons, G. (Ed.) Production of energy from short rotat~on forestry. An Foras Taluntais, Dublin.

MARON, G.F. 1982: Proper chip storage methods can reduce wood, byproduct losses. Pulp and Paper 56(6): 65-67. 3 ref.

McMINN, J.W.; STUBBS, J. 1985: In-woods drying of eucalypts in southern Florida. Forest Products Journal 35(11112): 65-67. 13 ref.

NILSSON, T. 1987: Jamforande lagringsstudie av smaved och branslefis = Comparison of storages of chunk wood and fuel chips. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen f6r virkeslara, Rapport Nr 192. 78 p. 31 ref.

OSTMEYER, J.G.; CUTTER, B.E.; McGINNES, E.A. Jr. 1983: Abandoned sawmills: potential energy sources? Pp. 591-603 in J. Soltes, J (Ed:) Wood and agriculture residues: research on use for feed, fuels, and chemicals. Academic Press. 14 ref.

SAUCIER,J.R.; PHILUPS, D.R.1985: Storingwhole-treefuelwood chips for maximum energy. Forest Products Journal 35(6): 53-56. 8 ref.

SHULA, R.G. 1988: Indicative effects of outside storage on the fuel potential of Eucalyptus nitens and Pinus radiata whole tree sections and chips. Pp. 237-247 in Proceedings of lEA/BE Conference Task IV Activity 6 and 7: production, storage and utilization of wood .fuels, held in Uppsala, 6-7 December. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen f6r skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resultat, 133-134.

SPRINGER, E.L 1980: Should wholetree chips for fuel be dried before storage? USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Research Note FPL-0241. 6 p. 24 ref.

SPRINGER, E.L.; HAJNY, G.J.; FEIST, W.C. 1971: Spontaneous heating in piled wood chips. 11: Effects of temperature. Tappi 54(4): 589-591. 3 ref.

THORNQVIST, T.1982: Betydelsen av tak och luftigt underlag vid lagring av bransleflis =The importance of cover and air underbase with storage of fuel chips. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen f6r virkeslara, Rapport Nr 127. 82 p. 62 ref.

THORNQVIST, T. 1985a: Drying and storage of forest residues for energy production. Biomass 7(2): 125-134. 12 ref.

THORNQVIST, T.1985b: Storageandpreparationoffuelwood. Pp. 296-306 in Mitchell, C.P.; Nilsson, P.O.; Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Joint lEA/Forestry Energy Programme and FAD/Cooperative Network on Rural Energy Forest Energy Conference and Workshops on Research in Forestry for Energy, Rungstedgaard, Denmark, 28-30 October. Sveriges

lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen f6r skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resultat Nr49. 15 ref.

THORNQVIST, T. 1986: Projekt storskalig sasongslagring av tradbransle: en sammanfattning av etapp 1 = Large-scale seasonal storage of tree fuel project - summary of phase 1. Sverigeslantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen f6rvirkeslara, Rapport Nr 188. 50 p. 13 ref.

THORNQVIST, T. 1987: Spontaneous combustion in piles with comminuted wood fuel. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Products, Research Notes No. 163. 18 p. 15 ref.

THORNQVIST, T.; LUNDSTORM, H.1980: Factors affecting the occurrence of fungi in fuel chips for domestic consumption. Skogsh6gskolan, lnstitutionen f6r skogsteknik, Rapporter och Uppsatser, Nr 117. 38 p. 22 ref.

TODD, J.J.; ELUFFE, M.D. 1983: Directory of equipment for industrial use of crop and forest residue fuels. University of Tasmania, Centre for Environmental Studies. 406 p.

UNUGIL, H.H. 1982: Fuel value of stored forest and mill residues. Canadian Forestry Service, ENFOR Project C-220(1). 101 p. 131 ref.

VISSER, J.J.; VERMAAS, H.F. 1986: Biological-drying of Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus cladocalyxtrees. Journal of the Institute ofWoodScience 10(5): 197-201. 13ref.

WHITE, M.S.; CURTIS, M.L; GREEN, D.W.1980: Sampling probe for monitoring changes in storage piles of wood and bark partides. Forest Products Journa/30(8): 36-37. 5 ref.

WHITE, M.S.; CURTIS, M.L.; SARLES, R.L.; GREEN, D.W. 19838: Effects of outside storage on the energy potential of hardwood particulate fuels. 11: Higher and net heating values. Forest Products Journal33(11112): 61-65. 8 ref.

WHITE, M.S; CURTIS, M.L.; SARLES, ·R.L.; GREEN, D.W. 1983b: Effects of outside storage on the energy potential of hardwood particulate fuels. I: Moisture content and temperature. Forest Products Journa/33(6): 31-38. 11 ref.

WHITE, M.S.; VODOK, M.C.; CUPP, D.C. 1984: Effect of surface compaction on the moisture content of piled green hardwood chips. Forest Products Journal 34(5): 59-60. 3 ref.

WILCOX, W.W. 1968: Changes in wood microstructure through progressive stages of decay. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Research Paper FPL 70. 46 p. 55 ref .•

41

15. Biomass Densification (15 references)

Keywords: pellitised, firelogs, compaction, briquetting,

densification, compression.

Sources: Biomass Digest, Forest Industries, FERIC, World Wood.

Synopsis: Biomass densification refers to methods for

compressing biomass to reduce the physical bulk of the

material. Densification produces a feed stock which is generally

easier to store and handle (during shipment or at the time of

conversion). Densified biomass can appear in several forms,

ANONYMOUS 1981: Pelletisedwood fuels gain in Canada. Biomass Digest 3(8): 7. 1 ref.

ANONYMOUS 1983: Biomass densification: finally on its feet. Forest Industries 110(1): 45, 48--49.

ANONYMOUS 1986: Biomass densification stretches energy base. World Wood 27(5): 69. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1987: Fire logs from sawdust. New Zealand Herald, 27 April.

DANIELSSON,B.-0.; MARKS,J.; SALL,H.-0.19n: Komprimering av klena triid och triiddelar =Compressing small trees and tree components. Skogsh6gskolan, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Rapporteroch Uppsatser, Nr 119. 47 p. 4 ref.

FRIDLEY, J.L; BURKHARDT, T.H. 1984: Densitying forest biomass into large round bales. Transactions of the ASAE 27(5): 1277-1281. 12 ref.

GUIMIER, D.Y. 1985: Evaluation of forest biomass compaction systems. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Special Report No. SR-30. 62 p. 25 ref.

INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1981 : Retrospective search on biomass densification [1973-81). Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group; lEA Biomass Technical Information Service. 62 p.

e.g., small pellets, firelogs, bales, and bundles (branches or

small stems).

Notable references: The New Zealand experience with

biomass densification is described in Anonymous (1987),

Moss (1987), and Welsford (1987). Descriptions regarding

overseasdensification methods and equipment are presented

in Anonymous (1983, 1986), US Department of Energy

(1982) Danielsson eta/. (1977), Fridley and Burkhardt (1984),

Guimier(1985), Kubinsky (1986), and Todd and Eliffe (1983).

Cross references to this section regarding firewood are

located in Section 17.

KUBINSKY, E.J. 1986: Densifying wood waste- a machinery comparison. World Wood 27(3): 23-25. No ref.

MOSS, M. 1987: From sawdust to firewood. New Zealand Forest Industries 19(3): 40, 42. No ref.

SAMPSON, G.R.; RUPPERT, F.A. 1981: Evaluation of interior Alaska biomass for compressed residential firelogs. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forestand Range Experiment Station, Final report to U.S. Department of Energy. US Department of Energy, lnteragency Agreement DE-AI51-81R000698. 31 p. 2 ref.

SMITH, A.E.; FLYNN, G.; BREAG, G.R. 1983: A profile of the briguetting of agricultural and forestry residues. Tropical Development and Research Institute, Report G1B1. 12 p. 9 ref.

TODD, J.J.; ELUFFE, M.D. 1983: Directory of equipment for industrial use of crop and forest residue fuels. University of Tasmania, Centre for Environmental Studies. 406 p.

US DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 1982: A feasibility study of the commercial production of densified biomass fuel at Klamath Falls Oregon: final report. Eliot, Alien and Associates Inc. Salem, Oregon. U.S. Department of Energy DOE/RA/50368. 250 p. 56 ref.

WELSFORD, J.1987: Commercial fuel from wood waste. New Zealand Forest Industries 19(3): 42. No ref. -------•

42

16. Environmental Impacts (35 references)

Keywords: nutrients, productivity, nutrient cycling, sewage

irrigation, environmental consequences, fertiliser, whole tree

harvesting, nutrient drain, eucalypts, radiata pine, willow,

poplar, alder.

Sources: lEA, NZJFS, NZF, Forest Ecology Management.

Synopsis: Intensive forest management and harvesting

(e.g., short rotations and whole tree removal) have the

potential to produce fairly major environmental impacts, both

negative and positive. The environmental impact currently

receiving most attention is soil productivity. In combination

with whole tree removal, relatively short rotations can produce

adverse effects on soil nutrition through the disruption of

normal nutrient cycling and/or soil compaction. For example,

soil productivity can suffer after a number of rotations if

fertiliser is not applied to replace nutrients harvested from a

site (particularly from the foliage). However, under different

circumstances, nutrient stripping (removing nutrients from a

site) has potentially positive environmental (iind social)

AGREN, G. (Ed.) 1986: Predicting concequences [sic) of intensive forest harvesting on long-term productivity: proceedings from the lEA/FE project CPC-10 workshop. 24--31 May, Jadraas, Sweden. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet,lnstitutionen f6rekologi och mi/j6vard, Rapport 26. 205 p.

BALLARD, R.; WILL, G.M. 1981: Removal of logging waste, thinning debris, and litter from a Pinus radiata pumice soil site. New Zealand Journa1 of Forestry Science 11(2): 152-163. 20 ref.

BERNIER, B. 1984: Nutrient cycling in Populus: a literature review with implications in intensively-managed plantations. International Energy Agency, Forestry Energy Agreement, Programme Group B, Report No. 6. 46 p. 68 ref.

BROCKWAY, D.G.; URIE, D.H.; NGUYEN, P.W.; HART, J.B. 1986: Wastewater and sludge nutrient utilisation in forest ecosystems. Pp. 221-215 in Cola, D.W.; Henry, C.L.; Nutter W.L. (Ed.) The forest alternative for treatment and utilization of municipal and industrial wastes. University of Washington Press, Seattle.

BURGESS, D. 1984: The role of chemical fertilizers in intensive forestry. International Energy Agency, Forest Energy Agreement, Programme Group B, Report No. 3. 50 p. 96 ref.

DYCK, W.J. 1983: Nitrogen losses associated with management operations in New Zealand exotic forests. In Gandar, P.W. and Bertaud, D.S. (Ed.) Nitrogen balances in New Zealand ecosystems, proceedings 1980. 6 p. 11 ref.

DYCK, W.J. (Ed.) 1985: Proceedings, workshop on nutritional consequences,of intensive forest harvesting on site productivity,

impacts. An example is the practice of sewage irrigation of an

energy forest wherein nutrient stripping is the goal. The

disposal of sewage in this manner uses intensive forestry to

strip nutrients from the site, while producing biomass for

energy.

Notable references: In New Zealand, research on the

environmental consequences of intensive forest management

and harvesting is described in Agren (1986), Dyck (1983,

1985), Dyck and Beets (1987) Dyck et al. (1986), Grant and

Walton (1978), Madgwick and Webber (1987), Mead (1987),

Messina et al. (1985), Rolff and Dyck (1986), and Williams

and Gresham (1988). Overseas research on environmental

impacts of intensive forestry and harvesting is described in

Kimmins et al. (1985), Pimentel et al. (1984), Smith (1985),

Stand ish et al. (1988), and Wise and Pitman (1981 ). The New

Zealand and overseas experience with sewage irrigation of

energy forests is described in Brockway et al. (1986), Horgan

et al. (1988), and Oates (1987).

6-14 June, Rotorua, New Zealand. International Energy Agency, Forestry Energy Agreement, Programme Group B, Project CPC-10, Report No. 2. 75 p.

DYCK, W.J.; BEETS, P.N. 1987: Managing for long-term site productivity. New Zealand Forestry 32(3): 23-26. 19 ref.

DYCK, W.J.; MESSINA, M.G.; HUNTER, I.R. 1986: Current research on the nutritional consequences of intensive forest harvesting on site productivity. International Energy Agency/ Bioenergy, Task Ill, Activity A3, Report No. 3. 173 p.

ERICSSON, T.1984: Nutrientcyclinginwillow.lnternationaiEnergy Agency, Forestry Energy Agreement, Programme Group B, Report No. 5. 32 p. 61 ref.

FELLER, M.C. 1983: Effects of an exotic conifer Pinus radiata plantation on nutrient cycling in Southeastern Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 7(2): 77-102.

FREEDMAN, B. 1981: Intensive forest harvest- a review of nutrient budget considerations. Canadian Forestry Service, Maritimes Forest Research Centre, Information Report M-X-121. 78 p. 251 ref.

FREEDMAN, B.; DUINKER, P.N.; MORASH, R. 1986: Biomass and nutrients in Nova-Scotian Canada forests and implications of intensive harvesting for future site productivity. Forest Ecology and Managf!ment 15(2): 103-128.

GRANT, R.K.; WAL TON, M.R. 1978: Impact of nutrient replacement on energy production from radiata pine. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 23(2): 217-223. 10 ref.

HORGAN, G.P.; BUDDLE, J.N.; TERLESK, C.J. 1988: An analysis of the economics of growing fuelwood on a sewage irrigatedplantationforest. Pp.112-126in Lonner,G.; Tornqvist, A. (Ed.) Proceedings, econornicevaluations ofbiomassoriented systems for fuel, ~ June, Uppsala, Sweden. International Energy Agency/Bioenergy Agreement, Task Ill, Activity 4. 25 ref.

INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1984: Retrospective search on environmental aspects ofbiomass systems. Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 135 p.

JOHNSON, D.W. 1985: Forest nutrient cycles as affected by climate, species composition, stand age, and intensive harvesting. International Energy Agency, Forest Energy Agreement, Programme Group 8, Report No. 1. 15 p. 35 ref.

JOHNSON, J.E.; SMITH, D.W.; STUART, W.B. 1985: Nutrient returns from field-drying of logging residue. Journal of Environmental Quality 14(3): 360-363.

KIMMINS, J.P.; BINKLEY, D.; CHATARPAUL, L.; de CATANZARO, J. 1985: Whole-tree harvest-nutrient relationships -a bibliography. Canadian Forestry Service, Petawawa National Forestry Institute, Information Report PI-X-60; ENFOR Project P-197. 377 p.

LYMAN, M.W.1982: Effects of whole-tree harvesting on nutrient supplies and nutrient cycles in a forest ecosystem- a literature review. National Woodlands 5(6): 11-12, 18-19. 27 ref.

MADGWICK, H.A.I.; WEBBER, B. 1987: Nutrient removal in harvesting mature Pinus radiata. New Zealand Forestry 32(3): 15, 18. 10ref.

MEAD, D.J. 1987: Impact of full tree harvesting of thinnings on Canterbury Plains. New Zealand Forestry 32(3): 12-14. 5 ref.

MESSINA, M. G.; DYCK, W.J.; HUNTER, I.R.1985: The nutritional consequences of forest harvesting with special reference to the exotic forests in New Zealand. International Energy Agency, Forestry Energy Agreement, Programme Group 8, Project CPC-10, Report No. 1. 57 p.

MILLER, H.G. (Ed.) 1983a: Nutrient cycling in alder. National Swedish Board for Energy Source Development, NE 1983:2. 54 p. 132 ref.

MILLER, H.G. 1983b: Wood energy plantations - diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies and the prescription of fertilizer applications in biomass production. International Energy Agency, Forestry Energy Agreement, Programme Group 8, Report No. 3. 20 p. 120 ref.

MROZ, G. D.; JURGENSEN, M.F.; FREDERICK, D.J. 1985: Soil nutrient changes following whole tree harvesting on three northern USA hardwood sites. Soil Science Society of America Journal 49(6): 1552-1557. 33 ref.

OATES, N. 1987: land energy - fuelwood from wastewater disposal. Trees and Natural Resources 29(1): 23-24. No ref.

PHILUPS, D.R.; LEAR, D.H. van 1984: Biomass removal and nutrient drain as affected by total-tree harvest in southern pine and hardwood stands. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 82(9 ): 547-550.

PIMENTEL, D.; FRIED, C.; OLSON, L; SCHMIDT, S.; WAGNER­JOHNSON, K.; WESTMAN, A.; WHELAN, A.; FOGUA, K.; POOLE, P.; KLEIN, T.; SOBIN, R.; BOCHNER, A. 1984: Environmental and social costs of biomass energy. Bioscience 34(2): 89-94. 52 ref.

43

RAISON, R.J.; KHANNA, P.K.; CRANE, W.J.B. 1982: Effects of intensified harvesting on rates of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus forests in Australia and New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 12(2): 394-403. 43 ref.

ROLFF, C.; DYCK, W.J. 1986: An evaluation of FORCYTE-10. International Energy Agencyl8ioenergy, Task Ill, Activity A3, Report No. 4. 26 p. 4 ref.

SMITH, C.T. Jr 1985: Literature review and approaches to studying the impacts of forest harvesting and residue management practices on forest nutrient cycles. University of Maine, College of Forest Resources, Miscellaneous Report No. 305. 34 p. 133 ref.

STANDISH, J.T.; COMMANDEUR, P.R.; SMITH, R.B. 1988: Impacts of forest harvesting on physical properties of soils with reference to increased biomass recovery-a review. Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Information Report 8C-X-301. 24 p. 153 ref.

WJLUAMS, T.M.; GRESHAM, C.A. (Ed.) 1988: Proceedings, workshop on predicting consequences of intensive forest harvesting on long-term productivity by site-classification, 2-9 October 1987, Georgetown, South Carolina. 180 p.

WISE, P .K.; PITMAN, M.G. 1981 : Nutrient removal and replacement associated with short-rotation eucalypt plantations. Australian Forestry44(3): 142-153. 31 ref. -

44

17. Firewood I L__ ________ (_10_5_1i_e_fe_li_e_n_ce_s_~ _______ __

Keywords: harvesting, growing, coppice, species, economics, firelogs, selling, marketing, equipment, measurement, production, potential, survey, demand, domestic.

Sources: FERIC, NZERDC, New Zealand Farmer, New Zealand Tree Grower, Canadian Forestry Service, New Zealand daily newspaper and radio news.

Synopsis: In New Zealand the use of wood for domestic heating is relatively minor, although significant. Currently about 0.5 million m3/yrof wood is used as domestic firewood. By the year 2000, firewood usage is expected to double (Horgan 1988). Firewood usually originates as waste wood from conventional wood harvesting and processing operations, or land clearing of native scrub (e.g., manuka, Leptospermum scoparium). However, purpose-grown firewood plantations are becoming popular (Shula et al. 1989). In New Zealand the growing of firewood is a relatively recent, novel extension of traditional agriculture and forestry. Purpose-grown firewood ventures require management decisions common to forestry, but have a land base and harvest cycle more aligned with agricultural cropping.

ANONYMOUS 1977: Marketing. Managing the Small Business Series No. 6. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. 10 p. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1980: Firewood Crops: Shrub and Tree Species for Energy Production, Volume I. National Academy of Sciences Press, Washington, DC. 237 p.

ANONYMOUS 1983a: Firewood Crops: Shrub and Tree Species for Energy Production, Volume 2. National Academy of Sciences Press, Washington, D.C. 89 p.

ANONYMOUS 1983b: Firewood's 'bright future' as cheap fuel. The Press (Christchurch, New Zealand] 16 February.

ANONYMOUS 1984a: Grow your own wood-lot. Town and Country Farmer 1(2): 30-33. 4 ref.

ANONYMOUS 1984b: Wattles for soil conservation and firewood. National Water and Soil Conservation Authority (New Zealand) Stream/and No. 31. 6 p.

ANONYMOUS 1985a: Cutting firewood safely. Forestry Commission (Tasmania), Forest Information Sheet. 4 p. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1985b: Euca/yptus[grown for firewood]. Radio New Zealand 2YA, Rural Report 12.35 p.m. 23 December.

ANONYMOUS 1985c: Firewood facts. Forestry Commission (Tasmania), Forest Information Sheet. 6 p. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1985d: Small landowner logging equipment manual. American Pulpwood Association, Technical Release 85-R-6. 1 p.

Notable references: Descriptions of requirements, usage, and energy cost of firewood in New Zealand are presented in Anonymous (1989), Brady and Pullen (1985), Brown,

Copeland and Co. Ltd (1984), Gilchrist (1982), Horgan (1988, 1989a), Hosking (1982), Kennedy et al. (1973), Leyland, Watson and Noble (1986), Moody (1987), Moss (1987), O'Malley and Roberts (1980), and Sims (1988).

Various aspects of purpose-grown firewood as a business venture are described in Anonymous (1984a, 1986a, 1986b,

1988a), Arthur (1986a; 1986b), Bell (1986), Bensemann (1986), Davenhill (1989), Folkema (1984), Glass and Shula (1989), Horgan (1989b),Horgan and Cox (1989), Horgan et al. (1988), Hosking and Wilson (1985), Kitchen (1985), Maclaren (1985), Miller (1989), Mortimer (1986, 1987), New (1989), Nicholas (1989), Parker (1986), Shula et al. (1989a,

1989b), Sims (1986, 1988), Todd and Elliffe (1983), and Vaughan and Shula (1989), Weights and Measures Act (1925), Weights and Measures Regulations (1987). Cross referencestothissectionregardingthecombustionofbiomass are located in Section 21.

ANONYMOUS 1986a: Growing firewood as a fuel crop. New Zealand Farmer 107(8): 58-59. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1986b: HB firewood firm a firstfor NZ. Hawkes Bay Herald-Tribune [Napier, New Zealand] 31 May.

ANONYMOUS 1986c: A firewood shortage in Rotorua predicted. Rotorua Review [Rotorua, New Zealand] 5 September.

ANONYMOUS 1986d: Firewood by the tonne. Daily Post [Rotorua, New Zealand] Letter to the editor. 20 June.

ANONYMOUS 1986e: Firewood harvester [processor]. Australian Forest Grower 9(3): 25-27. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1986f: Firewood measure. Daily Post [Rotorua, New Zealand] Letter to the editor. 26 June.

ANONYMOUS 1986g: Firewood measures. Daily Post [Rotorua, New Zealand) Letter to the editor. 25 June.

ANONYMOUS 1986h: Firewood plan considered. Hawkes Bay Herald-Tribune [Napier, New Zealand). 26 March.

ANONYMOUS 19861: Firewood riches visualised. Dominion [Wellington, New Zealand] 16 June.

ANONYMOUS 1986J: How the city [Christchurch) warms itself. The Press [Christchurch, New Zealand) 24 October. P. 22. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1986k: Magic tree [Eucalyptus coppice for firewood). TV One News, New Zealand, 21 February, 6.30 pm.

ANONYMOUS 19861: Sparking idea. U.E.B. (United Empire Box) News, 24 (March).

ANONYMOUS 1987a: Easy to operate firewood harvester [processor]. New Zealand Forest Industries 18(8): 7. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1987b: Firelogs from sawdust. New Zealand Herald (Auckland, New Zealand] 27 April.

ANONYMOUS 1987c: Firewood ... cutting your own? Canadian ·Forestry Service, Forestry Note 2. 2 p.

ANONYMOUS 1987d: Firewood species list. Trees and Natural Resources 29(1 ): 3<h'31. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1987e: Gas fuel cheaper home heating. Energywide 1(2): 22. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1987f: Keeping the home fires burning [firewood cross-cutting saw]. New Zealand Herald [Auckland, New Zealand] 27 April.

ANONYMOUS 1988a: Alternative to native felling in tree research. Hawke's Bay Herald-Tribune[Napier, New Zealand] 9 December.

ANONYMOUS 1988b: Illegal advertising of firewood. Consumer 264 (September): 253.

ANONYMOUS 1989: The cheapest fuels to heat your home- our price survey of 19 centres. Consumer 270 (April): 84--89.

ARTHUR, G.1986a: Syndicate farming trees to make money and keep home fires burning. ThePress(Christchurch, New Zealand] 10 April. p. 21. No ref.

ARTHUR, P. 1986b: Growing trees for firewood. New Zealand Tree Grower 7(1): 24. No ref.

BELL, S. 1986: Firewood co-operative gains members. Dominion (Wellington, New Zealand]28 June.

BENSEMANN, P. 1986: Viability of woodlots queried. Dominion (Wellington, New Zealand]30 May.

BRADY, T.J.; PULLEN, D.R. 1985: Survey of fuel, energy and air pollution in the Christchurch metropolitan area. Department of Health, Air Pollution Section, Christchurch, New Zealand. 69 p. 23 ref.

BRANKIN, J.E. 1987: Southland and Otago firewood study. New Zealand Forest Service, Southland Conservancy. 11 p. No ref.

BRIER, R. 1986: Firewood farmer likes his trial harvest. Daily Telegraph (Napier, New Zealand] 18 September. 1 p.

BROWN, COP ELAND AND CO L TD 1984: Firewood availability. P. 35 in Domestic Market Potential for Solid Fuel Burners. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 84. April.

BURLEY, J. 1980: Selection of species for fuelwood plantations. Commonwealth Forestry Review 59(2): 133-147. 29 ref.

COOPERS AND LYBRAND 1986: A hotmarket[Coppice Fuelwoods NZ Ltd] Forecast. Coopers and Lybrand, Christchurch, New Zealand. P. 14. No ref.

DAVENHILL, N.A. 1989: Herbicide treatments for eucalypt and acacia firewood plantations. Pp. 51-54 in Shula, R.G.; Hay, A.E.; Tarlton, G.L. (Ed.) The firewood venture - planning, execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z.), FRI Bulletin No. 137.

ECKHOLM, E.; FOLEY, G.; BARNARD, G.; TIMBERLAKE, L 1984: Fuelwood: the energy crisis that won't go away. Earthscan, London. 105 p.

FOGELBERG,G.; CULLWICK,D.; BROOKES,R.1985: Marketing - New Zealand Case Studies. Longman Paul Ltd, Auckland. 385 p.

45

FOLK EM A, M.P. 1983: Evaluation of the Cord King FM-50 firewood processor. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Note No. TN-66. 25 p. 3 ref.

FOLKEMA, M.P.1984: Handbook on high-capacity production and marketing offuelwood. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, FERIC Handbook No. 6. 55 p. 16 ref.

GARBACZ, C. 1985: Residential demand for firewood. Energy Economics (3): 191-193. 9 ref.

GILCHRIST, D.B. 1982: The future of wood as a domestic energy source in the Christchurch area. B. For. Sci. Dissertation, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. 74 p.

GLASS, B.P.; SHULA, R.G.1989: Firewood-anapplicationofthe basic principles of marketing. Pp. 87-95 in Shula, R.G.; Hay, A.E.; Tarlton, G.L. (Ed.) The firewood venture - planning, execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z.), FRI Bulletin No. 137.

GREBER, B.J.; WISDOM, H.W. 1985: Impacts of increased demand for fuelwood on other forest product markets. Forest Products Journa/35(4): 55-B1. 6 ref.

HORGAN,G.P.1988: Minorusesofwood-marketprospects. Pp. 121-128 in Export prospects for radiata pine. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z.), FRI Bulletin No. 136. 128 p.

HORGAN, G.P. 1989a: The cost of energy from wood compared to its cost from other fuels. Pp. 15-19 in Shula, R.G.; Hay, A. E.; Tarlton, G. L. (Ed.) The firewood venture- planning, execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z.), FRI Bulletin No. 137.

HORGAN, G.P. 1989b: How to measure firewood quantities. Pp. 105-107 in Shula, R.G.; Hay, A.E.; Tarlton, G.L. (Ed.) The firewood venture- planning, execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z.), FRI Bulletin No. 137.

HORGAN, G.P.; BUDDLE, J.N.; TERLESK, C.J. 1988: An analysis of the economics of growing fuelwood in a sewage irrigated plantation forest. Pp. 112-126 in Lonner, G.; Tornqvist, A. (Ed.) Proceedings, economic evaluations of biomass oriented systems for fuel, 5-Q June. Uppsala, Sweden. International Energy Agency!Bioenergy Agreement, Task Ill, Activity 4. 25 ref.

HORGAN, G.P.; COX, 0. 1989: The economics of growing fuelwood. Pp. 96-104 inShula, R.G.; Hay, A.E.; Tarlton, G.L. (Ed.) The firewood venture- planning, execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z.), FRI Bulletin No. 137.

HOSKING, P.A.1982: The economics of firewood production. B. For. Sci. Dissertation, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. 93 p.

HOSKING, P.A.; WILSON, C.M. 1985: Growing firewood - an introduction. New Zealand Forest Service, Trees and Timber, Forest Management Practices, Number 6. 4 p. No ref.

JAMIESON, R.1986: Firewoodlots for Canterbury. New Zealand Forest Service, Christchurch Forest Extension Office. 3 p.

JOHNSON, LR. 1988: Skidding and processing of forest residues for firewood. Forest Products Journa/38(3): 35-40. No ref.

JONES, R.; TODD, J.J.; ELUFE, M.D. 1983: Species, yield and cultural requirements reported in the literature on short rotation forestry: a review forfuelwood production. UniversityofTasmania, Centre for Environmental Studies, Research Report No. 6. 123 p.

KENNEDY,A.M.; PEET,N.J.; BROWN, V.M.M.1973: Fuel supply, energy demand and pollution emissions in the Christchurch urban area. New Zealand Engineering 28(2): 33-41. 33 ref.

46

KITCHIN, P. 1985: Duncan turns piles of dust into logs. Hawkes Bay Herald-Tribune [Napier, New Zealand], 15 October.

LABORDE, de R.M.1987: Low-bed trailers increase productivity. World Wood 28(3): 24. No ref.

LAY, B.; MOORE, S. 1987: Growing firewood. Trees and Natural Resources 29 (1): 19-22. No ref.

LEYLAND WATSON AND NOBLE LTD. 1986: Domestic heat energy economics - a comparison based on resource costs. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Publication P107. 107 p. 14 ref.

UPFERT, F.W.; DUNGAN, J.L. 1981: National estimates of residential firewood and air pollution emissions. Brookhaven National Laboratory (USA), BNL-30367. 10 p.

McCARY J.1988: Firewood by accident. Timber Harvesting 36(4): 31. Noref.

MACLAREN, P. 1985: Fuel for thought. New Zealand Farmer 106(20): 82-85. 1 ref.

MILLER, J.T. 1989: Choice of species for firewood production. Pp. 29-35inShula, R.G.; Hay,A.E.;Tarlton, G.L. (Ed.) The firewood venture- planning,execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z.), FRI Bulletin No. 137.

MIZE, C. W. 1984: Are sawlogs worth more as firewood or pulpwood. Journal of Forestry 82(4): 235-237. 3 ref.

MOODY, T. 1987: Survey of household heating- Christchurch City. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 149. 62 p. 6 ref.

MORTIMER, J. 1986: Overheated eucalypts. New Zealand Tree Grower 7(4): 77. No ref.

MORTIM ER, J. 1987: The need for firewood or do economist's ears burn? New Zealand Tree Grower8(1): 9-10. No ref.

MOSS, M. 1988: From sawdust to firewood. New Zealand Forest Industries 19(3): 40, 42. No ref.

NELSON, D. E. 1984: Wood as energy- an overview- wood as an alternative home heating fuel. USDA,National Agricultural Library, Agri~lturallssues Overview Number 2. 28 p. 43 ref.

NEW, E. 1989: Town planning and legal aspects of firewood ventures. Pp. 83-86 in Shula, R.G.; Hay, A. E.; Tarlton, G.L. (Ed.) The firewood venture- planning, execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z.), FRI Bulletin No. 137.

NICHOLAS, I.D. 1989: Growing firewood - management considerations. Pp. 36-50 in Shula, R.G.; Hay, A. E.; Tarlton, G.L. (Ed.) The firewood venture - planning, execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z.), FRI Bulletin No. 137.

NILSSON, M. 1982: The farm tractor in the forest. National Board of Forestry, Sweden. 100 p.

NORTHLAND ASSOCIATES LTD. 1984: Domestic fuelwood consumption in Newfoundland. Canadian Forestry Service, Newfoundland Forest Research Centre, EN FOR Project P-263. 112 p. 5 ref.

OATES, N. 1987: Land energy- fuelwood from wastewaterdisposal. Trees and Natural Resources 29(1): 23-24. No ref.

O'MALLEY, T.R.; ROBERTS, R.1980: Household energy demand. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 57. 43 p.

PARKER, T. 1986: Coppice fuelwood. New Zealand Tree Grower 7(3): 67-68. No ref.

REID, B. 1986: Fuelwood crops promoted. Dominion [Wellington, New Zealand] 13 June.

RICHARDS, P. 1982: Fuelwood and energy plantations: an annotated bibliography, 1973-1982. Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, Annotated Bibliography No. F26. 285 ref.

RICHARDSON, D. 1986: Some thoughts on coppice with standards. New Zealand Tree Grower 7(1): 8-9. No ref.

SHULA, R.G.; HAY, A.E.; TARLTON, G.L (Ed.) 1989a: The firewood venture-planning, execution, and evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z), FRI Bulletin No. 137. 124 p.

SHULA, R.G.; HAY, A.E.; HAMMOND, D. 1989b: Planning the purpose-grown firewood venture. Pp. 7-12 inShula, R.G.; Hay, A.E.; Tarlton, G.L. (Ed.) The firewood venture - planning, execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z), FRI Bulletin No. 137.

SIMS, R.1986: Guaranteeing a good heat harvest. New Zealand Farmer 107(10): 57, 59. No ref.

SIMS, R.E.H. 1988: The economic potential and market demand for fuelwood from Eucalyptus coppice plantations in New Zealand. Pp. 103-110 in Lonner, G.; Tornqvist, A. (Ed.) Proceedings, economic evaluations of biomass oriented systems for fuel, 5-6 June, 1988. Uppsala, Sweden. International Energy Agency/ Bioenergy Agreement, Task Ill, Activity 4. 5 ref.

SOMERS, B. 1986: Firewood market poised for take-off. Forest Industries 17(9): 32-33. No ref.

SVENSSON, S.A. 1971: Time functions for cleaning in young stands with brush saw. Forskningstiftelsen Skogsarbeten (Sweden), Ekonomi No. 1E. 4 p. No ref.

SWAIN, E.W. 1980: Maine firewood study- a report on the trends and implications of firewood use, management and marketing. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE/ET/15437-4. 173 p.

THOMPSON, E. 1986: A man who would be firewood king. Timber Harvesting 34(7): 32-33. No ref.

TODD, J.J.; ELUFFE, M.D. 1983: Directory of equipment for industrial use of crop and forest residue fuels. University of Tasmania, Centre for Environmental Studies. 406 p.

TOMBLESON, J. 1986: Eucalyptus nitensfirewood belt- 'Goudies'. New Zealand Tree Grower 7(3): 64-66. No ref.

VAUGHAN, L.; SHULA, R.G. 1989: Options for harvesting and processing firewood. Pp. 68-79 in Shula, R.G.; Hay, A.E.; Tarlton, G.L. ( Ed.) The firewood venture- planning, execution, evaluation. Ministry of Forestry (N.Z.), FRI Bulletin No. 137.

VENROOY, H.M.A. 1983: Selling successfully in New Zealand. Whitcoulls Publishers, Christchurch, New Zealand. 107 p.

WAGSTAFF, F.J. 1984: Economic considerations in use and management of Gambel oak forfuelwood. USDA Forest Service, lntermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report INT -165. 8 p. 19 ref.

WALLACE, I. 19868: Eucalyptus nitens- a potential firewood species for Dunedin. New Zealand Tree Grower 8(1 ): 9-10. No ref.

WALLACE, t 1986b: Firewood survey [Dunedin, NZ). New Zealand Forest Service, Treeline (May/June). p. 5.

WALLACE, I. M. 1986: Firewood supply in Dunedin. New Zealand Tree Grower 7(4): 95-96. No ref.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ACT 1925: Use of weights and measures for trade. Pp. 842-859 in Weights and Measures Act 1925 - Part Ill.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES REGULATIONS 1987: The Weights and Measures Regulations 1987. New Zealand Government, Wellington.

WYBOURNE, L 1988: Growing firewood in Canterbury. Ministry of Forestry, Christchurch Regional Office. 8 p.

ZAVITKOVSKI, J.; STRONG, T.F. 1982: How to grow and use hybrid poplar firewood. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 1 p. -------•

47

48

18. Energy Balance, Input/Output (12 references)

Keywords: input, output, energy analysis, energy cost, energy balance, efficiency.

Sources: Canadian Forestry Service, Forest Science, Journal of Forestry, NZJFS.

Synopsis: Biomass for energy in itself requires inputs of energy. From the crop production phase through to the conversion phase, energy of one form (e.g., petrol, oil, electricity) must be consumed to in turn produce energy in another form (e.g., ethanol, steam, heat). An effective biomass

ASH, M.J.; KNOB LOCK, P.C.; PETERS, N. 1980: Energy analysis of energy from the forest options. Canadian Forestry Service, Petawawa National Forestry Institute, ENFOR Project P-59. 111 p. 29 ref.

BLANKENHORN,P.R.; WEYES,R.E.1980: Moistureeffectsonan energy balance developed for using forest biomass as fuel. Forest Products Joumal30(1): 41--46.

BLANKENHORN, P.R.; BOWERSOX, T.W.; WEYERS, R.E. 1982: Energy relationships for selected cultural investments. Forest Science 28(3): 459--496. 17 ref.

FAUCETT ASSOCIATES INC. 1982: Methanol from cellulose: energy inputs and outputs of fuel-alcohol production; appendices C to F. US Department of Energy, DOEICS/50005-T1-App C-F. 112 p.

FRAZIER, J.R.; BURKHART, H.E.; McMINN, J.W. 1981: Energy output/input relationships for loblolly pine stands. Journal of Forestry 79(10): 670-673. 13 ref.

GRANT,R.K.; WALTER,M.R.1978: lmpactofnutrientreplacement on energy production from radiata pine. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 23(2): 217-223. 10 ref.

energy utilisation scheme ultimately produces more energy than is consumed in the entire process, i.e., a positive energy

balance is achieved.

Notable references: Descriptions of the energy balance in radiatapineforestry in New Zealand or Australia are presented in Grant and Waiter (1978), Harris et al. (1979), and Wells (1987). Overseas descriptions of the energy balance in various bioenergy applications are presented in Ash et al. (1980), Blankenhorn arid Weyes (1982), and Potter and Betters (1988).

HARRIS, G.S. et al. 1979: The potential of energy farming for transport fuels in New Zealand. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 46, Volumes 1 and 2. August. 132 p.

JONES, R.; KEAGE, P.L; TEDESCO, R.L 1981: The energy cost of forest harvest processes: analysis of an Australian native forest system producing pulpwood from two typical forest types. University of Tasmania, Environmental Studies Working Paper 10. 44 p.

OVEREND, R.P.1981: The energy balance ofbiomass. Pp. 21-25 in Proceedings of the Third Bioenergy R & D Seminar, Ottawa. No ref.

PORTER, C.D.; STUART, W.B. 1982: Net energy efficiency in conventional harvesting systems recovering residues. Pp. 119-123 in Proceedings of the Sixth International FPRS Industrial Wood Energy Forum. 5 ref.

POTTER, L.R.; BETTERS, D.R. 1988: A net energy simulation model-applications for domestic wood energy systems. Forest Products Journal38(718): 23-25. 13 ref.

WELLS, K.F. 1987: An energy analysis for a Pin us radiataplantation. Ph.D. thesis. Forestry Abstracts 48(4): 244-245.

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49

19. Biomass Fuel Energy Value (17 references)

Keywords: fuel value, calorific value, determination, heat content, influences, effective heating value, estimation.

Sources: FERIC, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Journal, Canadian Forestry Service.

Synopsis: Knowledge about the fuel energy value of biomass is required during a full evaluation of a bioenergy conversion system. Oven-dry biomass has a measureable gross heating value which is related to intrinsic physical and chemical properties of biomass. However, the measure of effective or net heating value is a more realistic approximation of the

ASPLUND, F. 1985: Correct determination of efficiency with special reference to small boilers. Swedish National Board for Technical Development, Information No. 447. 44 p. 4 ref.

BAINES, J. (Ed.) 1984: Energy data and conversion factors: a New Zealand handbook. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 100. 92 p.

BROWN, COPELAND AND CO LTD 1984: Energy losses in solid fuel combustion. P. 29 in Domestic market potential for solid fuel burners. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 84.

HARKER,A.P.; SANDELS,A.; BURLEY,J.1982: Calorificvalues for wood and bark and a bibliography for fuelwood. Tropical Products Institute, Report G162. 20 p. 92 ref.

HARPOLE, G. B.; INCE, P.J.; TSCHERUITZ, J.L.; BILEK, E.1982: A wood and bark fuel economics computer program (FEP). USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Research Paper FPL-415. 11 p. 5 ref.

INCE, P. 19n: Estimating effective heating value of wood or bark fuels at various moisture contents. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-13. 9 p. 8 ref.

INCE, P. 1979: How to estimate recoverable heat energy in wood or bark fuels. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-29. 7 p. 20 ref.

JENKINS,J.H.: GUERNSEY, F.W.1932: Effectofmoisturecontent and storage on the heating value of sawdust. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Circular 33.

KRYLA, J.M. 1982: Effect of particle size on gross heat of combustion. Pp. 245--248 in Fourth Bioenergy Research and Development Seminar, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 29--31 March. 9 ref.

energy likely to be available at time of conversion. The measure of net heating value accounts for the energy which will be lost (unavailable) during energy conversion (e.g., burning) as a result of factors such as moisture and dirt content.

Notable references: The fuel energy value of biomass is described in Baines (1984), Brown, Copeland and Co. (1984), Harker et al. (1982), Harpole et al. (1982), Inca (1977, 1979), Lyons et al. (1985), Sinclair (1979, 1984), and Unligil (1982). Cross references to this section regarding physical and chemical properties of biomass are located in Section 24.

KRYLA, J.M. 1984: Determination of available heat of combustion data for Canadian woody species. Canadian Forestry Service, Petawawa National Forestry Institute, EN FOR Project P-256. 89 p. 84 ref.

LYONS,G.J.; LUNNY,F.; POLLOCK,H.P.1985: Aprocedurefor estimating the value (fuel] offorestfuels. Biomass 8(4): 2~0. 14 ref.

SINCLAIR, A.W.J. 1979: Heating characteristics and value of hogged, log sortyard debris. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, FERIC Interim Report No. B.

SINCLAIR, A. W.J. 1981: Utilisation of coastal British Columbia log sortyard debris. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Technical Report No. TR--46. 68 p.

SINCLAIR, A.W.J.1984: Processing biomass in a central location with the separator-shear system. Appendix 11: oil replacement value. Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Information Report BC-X-255. 31 p. 3 ref.

UNUGIL, H.H. 1982: Fuel value of stored forest and mill residues. National Research Council of Canada, ENFOR Project C-220(1). 101 p. 131 ref.

WANG, S.; HUFFMAN, J.B. 1982: Effect of extractives on heat content of Melaleuca and Eucalyptus. Wood Science 15(1): 33--38. 14 ref.

WHITE, M.S.; CURTIS, M.L.; SARLES, R.L.; GREEN, D.W. 1983: Effects of outside storage on the energy potential of hardwood particulate fuels. 11: Higher and net heating values. Forest Products Joumal33(11112): 61-65. 8 ref.

----------------------

50

, _______________ 2_o_._s_y._s_w_m __ A_n_a_ly._s_es--------------~~ _ (67 references) .

Keywords: economics, strategy, feasibility, case studies, availability, constraints, supply, opportunities, impacts, competition.

Sources: Pulp & Paper, Forest Industries, Forest Products Journal, LFTB, Biomass.

Synopsis: Descriptions of previous or on-going bioenergy demonstration projects are invaluable sources of information. Although the analyses of individual phases or segments of bioenergy projects are important (e.g., the coppice yield, the harvest system), complete system analyses provide information on the interactions amongstthe various individual segments. These interactions often have a major influence on the viability of a project. System analyses can be based on

ANONYMOUS 1982: Swedish energy forestry - competitor or contributor to the paper pulp industry? Biomass (2): 1-2. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1983a: Energy farming in the Waikato. Energy Journal: 56(10): 4. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1983b: Survey compares biomass-to-energy systems. Forest Industries 110(2): 49.

ASH, M.J.; KNOB LOCK, P.C.; PETERS, N. 1980: Energy analysis of energy from the forest options. Canadian Forestry Service, Petawawa National Forestry Institute, ENFOR Project P-59. 110 p. 29 ref.

AZARNIOUCH, M.; PRACHAS, S. 1983: Some energy and economic aspf1Cts of conversion".of biomass into liquid fuels. Pulp and Paper Canada 84(12): 121-123. 5 ref.

CHANDLER, FRASER AND LARSEN 1983: Supply, availability and cost of wood for liquid fuels production. Liquid Fuels Trust Board (N.Z.), Report No. LF2029. 145 p. 41 ref.

CURTIS, A. B.; RAG US, C.; DELASKI, D. 1983: A preliminary eco­nomic analysis for a wood energy system. USDA Forest Service, Southern Region, Technical Publication RB-TP1. 31 p. 3 ref.

CURTIS, G. 1980: Feasibility case studies- an overview. Case studies in wood energy. In A State Demonstration Program in Wood Energy. Georgia Institute ofTechnology/U.S. Department of the Environment, Atlanta, Georgia. 25 p.

DAS, S.; PERLACK, R.D.; BARRON, W.F.; KROLL, P. 1985: BlOC UT-a microcomputer based economic evaluation model for wood energy plantations: model description and users guide. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 75 p.

DELASKI, D.A. 1984: Wood energy: fad or permanent forest product. Forest Industries 111 (2): 55-59.

DICKSON, A. 1985: Can private woodlots supply more wood to industry? Canadian Forest Industries 105(2): 20-25. No ref.

actual projects, or anticipated projects (often using computer simulation).

Notable references: System analyses based on New Zealand and/or Australian experiences are described in Anonymous (1983a), Chandler, Fraser and Larsen (1983), Gilchrist (1982), Hosking (1982), Rawlins et al. (1982), Shula (1986), Van Wyk (1983), and Wells (1987). Descriptions of overseas system analyses are presented in Anonymous (1982), Das eta/. (1985), Felker (1984), Golob (1986), Grado et al. (1988), Greber and Wisdom (1985), Harpole et al. (1982), Jennergren and Thornqvist (1988), Linval and Lothner (1988), Lothner et al. (1988), Mcdaniels (1982), Medema and Lyon (1985), Mishoe et al. (1984), Puttock (1987), and Strauss et al. (1987, 1988).

DIPPON, D.R.; ROCKWOOD, D.L; COMER, C.W.1985: Cost sensitivity analysis of Eucalyptus grandis woody biomass systems. University of Florida (Gainesville), Department of Forestry. 11 p. 4 ref.

DOMENECH, D. 1983: A preliminary economic analysis for a wood energy system. American Pulpwood Association, Technical Release 83-R-105. October. 2 p. 1 ref.

DURST, P.B.1986: Wood-fired power plants in the Philippines­financial and economic assessment of wood supply strategies. Biomass 11(2): 115-133. 20ref.

ELUS, T.H. 1978: Economicanalysisofwood-orbark-fired systems. USDA Forestry Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-16. 19 p. No ref.

ENERGY TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT UNIT 1986: Market assessment for wood as a fuel. P-E Consulting Services Ltd. Energy Technology Support Unit (ETSU), AERE Harwell, United Kingdom.

FELKER, P. 1984: Economic, environmental, and social advantages of intensively managed short rotation mesquite (Prosopis spp.) biomass energy farms. Biomass 5(1): 65-77. 18 ref.

FOLGER, A.G.; SWORDEN, P.G. 1984: Fuelwood procurement for an industrial power plant: a case study of Dow Coming's program. Solar Energy Research Institute, SERI/TP-215-2220. 7 p. 7 ref.

GABITES, ALINGTON AND EDMONDSON 1982: Canterbury regional energy study. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 74. 35 p. 22 ref.

GILBERT, A.H.; LINDSAY, J.J.; SACHS, D.L. 1987: Factors affecting the availability of fuelwood. Forest Products Journal 37(5): 17-20. 11 ref.

GILCHRIST, D.B. 1982: The future of wood as a domestic energy source in the Christchurch area. B. FoL Sci. Dissertation, University of Canterbury; Christchurch, New Zealand. 74 p.

GOLOB, T.B. 1986: Analysis of short rotation forest operations. National Research Council of Canada, Division of Energy, NRCC No. 26014. 127 p. 49 ref.

GRADO, S.C.; STRAUSS, C.H.; BLANKENHORN, P.R.; BOWERSOX, T.W. 1988: Short-rotation woody biomass plantations-technical requirements and costs for establishment. Biomass 17(4): 277-289. 28 ref.

GREBER, B.J.; WISDOM, H.W. 1985: Impacts of increased demand for fuelwood on other forest product markets. Forest Products Joumal35(4): ~ 1. 6 ref.

GUNDERSON,G.; LUNNAN,A.; SOLBERG,B.1985: Competition between pulpwood and energy wood in Norway analysed by using the IBRD-MODEL. Pp. 340-347in Mitchell, C.P.; Nilsson P.O.; Zsuffa, L. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Joint lEA/Forestry Energy Programme and FAO/Cooperative Network on Rural Energy Forest Energy Conference and Workshops on Research in Forestry for Energy, Rungstedgaard, Denmark 28-30 October. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen f()r skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resultat Nr 49. 7 ref.

HARDIE, I. 1984: Wood as energy- an overview: wood energy markets. USDA National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Issues Overview, No. 4. 12 p. 38 ref.

HARPOLE, G.B.; INCE, P.J.; TSCHERNITZ, J.L; BILEK, E. 1982: A wood and bark fuel economics computer program (FEP). USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Research Paper FPL 415. 11 p. 5 ref.

HOSKING, P.A.1982: The economics of firewood production. B. For. Sci. Dissertation, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. 93 p.

INCE, P .J. 1983: COMPARE: A method for analysing investment alternatives in industrial wood and bark energy systems. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report 36. 27 p.

INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1985: Retrospective search on profitability and economics of bioenergy investments and utilisation ( 1976-1985). Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 131 p.

JENNERGREN, LP.; THORNQVIST, T.1988: An economic model for evaluating peat and logging residues as alternative fuels for a heating plant. Biomass 16(3): 161-172. 4 ref.

JONES, P.C.; SHEN, 8-Y. 1982: A framework for evaluating the economics of shortcrotation forestry research and development. Argonne National Laboratory, ANUCNSV-35. 56 p. 23 ref.

JONES, R.; KEAGE, P.L.; TEDESCO, R.L. 1981: The energy costs of forest harvest processes: an analysis of an Australian native forest system producing pulpwood from two typical forest types. University of Tasmania, Environmental Studies Working Paper 10. 44 p.

KAUSH, J. 1984: Energy goals are being reached. Pulp and Paper lnternational26(11): 40-42. No ref.

KEEGAN Ill, C.E.; JACKSON, T.P. 1986: Value of wood to competing users - energy versus product uses in the Inland Empire. Forest Products Journal 36(4): 53--56. 21 ref.

KLAUSMEIER, W.H. 1983: Configurations for a forest refinery: an interim report. Pp. 567-590 in Soltes, J. (Ed.) Wood and Agricultural Residues, Research on Use for Feed, Fuels, and Chemicals. Academic Press. 5 ref.

51

UNVAL, F.; LOTHNER, D.1988: Economic evaluations of short­rotation biomass energy systems -an annotated biibliography. International Energy Agency/Bioenergy Agreement, Task 11, Information Report No. 88 (3): 37. 27 ref.

LOTHNER, D.C.; BRADLEY, D.P.; GAMBLES, R.L. (Ed.) 1988: Proceedings, economic evaluations of short-rotation biomass energy systems. Duluth, Minnesota, 11-13 August 1987. International Energy Agency!Bioenergy Agreement, Task 11, Information Report No. 88(2): 346.

LOUGH, R.D.; BROWN, W.A.N. 1982: Contract arrangements for feedstock supply (agricultural) for energy farming. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 82: 43.

MARGOUCK, M.; HANSSON, A.H.; HELUWELL, J.F. 1984: Competing energy uses of wood wastes in British Columbia. Pp. 293-305 in Proceedings of the 1981 IAEE Conference. Waverman Publishers Inc.

McDANIELS, T.L 1982: Forestbiomass energy in British Columbia: opportunities, impacts, and constraints. Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Information Report BC-X-226; ENFOR Project P-135. 154 p. 102 ref.

MEDEMA, E.L; LYON, G.W. 1985: Determination of financial rotation ages for coppicing tree species. Forest Science 31(2): 398-404. 8 ref.

MISHOE, J.W.; LORBER, M.N.; PEART, R.M.; FLUCK, R.C.; JONES, J. W. 1984: Mode ling and analysis of biomass production systems. Biomass 6: 119-130. 10 ref.

NAGLE, G.S.; MASSIE, M.R.C.; ROBINSON, G.; OAKLEY, P.; MANNING, G.H. 1987: The economics of residual fuel and fibre production on the BC Coast. Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Information Report BC-X-289. 58 p. 17 ref.

NAUGHTON, G.G.; GEYER, W. A.1983: An economic analysis of energy forest plantations. Pp. 94-98 in Strub, A.; Chartier, P.; Schleser, G. (Ed.). Energy From Biomass: Second EC Conference, 20-23 September, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. 3 ref.

PEGURET, A. 1983: Competition between pulpwood and fuelwood in France. Pp. 6~43 in Strub, A.; Chartier, P.; Schleser, G. (Ed.). Energy From Biomass: Second EC Conference, 20-23 September, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. 3 ref.

PERLACK, R.D.; DAS, S.; RANNEY, J.W. 1985: The economic evaluationofSRICenergyplantations. Pp.58-61 in Proceedings Seventh Southern Forest Biomass Workshop, Gainesville, Florida, 11-14 June. 5 ref.

PUTTOCK, G. D. 1987: The economics of collecting and processing whole-tree chips and logging residues for energy. Forest Products Joumal37(6): 15-20. 26 ref.

RAWUNS,W.H.M.; KERRUISH,C.M.; HORGAN,G.P.1982: The potential costs of growing and harvesting wood for energy in Australia and New Zealand. Pp. 39-49in Smith, W.R. (Ed.) Energy from Forest Biomass: IUFRO 17th World Congress, Kyoto, Japan, 6-17 September. 20 ref.

REGESTAD, S.O. 1982: The struggle for energy raw material: purposeful concentration by the forest companies directthe fiber raw material in the right direction. Svensk Papperstidning 85(13): 14-16, 19-21.

ROUTHIER, J-G. 1982: Implications of full-tree harvesting for biomass recovery. Canadian Forestry Service, Laurentian Forest Research Canter, Information Report LAU-X-50E; ENFOR Project P-54. 132 p. 7 ref.

52

SCHWARZBART, G. et al. 1983: Methods for evaluating effects of forest management alternatives. Volumes I and 11. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Range and Experiment Station. 130 p.

SHEN, 5-Y. et al. 1982: Economic analysis of short-rotation forestry. Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago, DEB3-007744. 17 p.

SHULA, R.G.1986: Wood for energy. Pp. 120-122 in Levack,H. (Ed.) 1986 Forestry Handbook. New Zealand Institute of Foresters (Inc.), Wellington.

SMITH, P.M.; SINCLAIR, S.A.1986: Biomass energy systems­an investment decision-making guide for the small business. Volume I. US Department of Energy, Tennessee Valley Authority, Southeastern Regional Biomass Energy Program. 51 p. 28 ref.

STRAUSS, C.H.; BLANKENHORN, P.R.; BOWERSOX, T.W. 1987: Production costs for first rotation biomass plantations. Biomass 12(3): 215-226. 7 ref.

STRAUSS, C.H.; BLANKENHORN, P.R.; BOWERSOX, T.W.; GRADO, S.C. 1988: A cost analysis of alternate biomass supply systems. Forest Products Journa/38(1 ): 47-51. 22 ref.

SUTTON, W.R.J. 1984: Economic and strategic implications of fast growing plantations. Pp. 417-431 in Grey, D.C., Schonau, A.P.G.,andSchutz,C.J.(Ed.) Symposiumonsiteandproductivity of fast growing plantations, Aprii-May, Pretoria and Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. 30 ref. New Zealand Forest Service, Reprint 1712.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 1986: Case studies of biomass energy facilities in the southeastern US. US Department of Energy,Southeastern Regional Biomass Energy Program, Tennessee Valley Authority. 195 p. No ref.

VAN VEEN, J.A.; JANSEN, M.J.H.; BRETELER, H.; OUE, J.J.; FRISSEL, M.J. 1981: Feasibility study of short rotation forestry for combined pulp and energy purposes and sparsely populated areas. Commission of the European Communities, Luxemburg. 19p. 18ref.

VAN WYK, J.L. 1983: A management system for process selection and log and wood residue allocation for new crop radiata pine in New Zealand. Appita 37(3): 219-222.

VYAS, A.D.1982: User manual: the Argonne model for selecting economic strategy (MOSES) for short-rotation forestry. Argon ne National Laboratory, University of Chicago. 65 p.

VYAS, A.D.; SHEN, S-Y. 1982: Analysis of short-rotation forests using the Argonne model for selecting economic strategy (MOSES). Argon ne National Laboratory, University of Chicago. 50 p. 34 ref.

WELLS, K.F. 1987: An energy analysis of a Pinus radiata plantation. Ph.D. Thesis. Australian National University, Canberra.

WELL WOOD, R.W.1980: Complete tree utilisation: an analysis of the literature (1970-1978). Part Ill: utilisation of biomass. Canadian Forestry Service, ENFOR Project P-15. 170 p.

YOUNG, T.M.; OSTERMEIER, D.M. 1986: Analysing market constaints in woody biomassenergy production. U.S. Department of Energy, Tennessee Valley Authority, Southeastern Regional Biomass Energy Program. 172 p. 46 ref.

YOUNG, T.M.; OSTERMEIER, D.M. 1987: A survey of nonforest products industrial wood energy users. Forest Products Journal 37(2): 57-61. 21 ..

53

21. Conversion: Combustion (53 references)

Keywords: combustion, burning, cogeneration, feasibility, bark, wood waste, wood fuel, self-sufficiency, hog fuel, feasibility.

Sources: World Wood, Forest Industries, Pulp & Paper, Forest Products Journal, New Zealand daily newspapers.

Synopsis: The combustion of biomass (and/or biomass­based alternative fuels, e.g., solids from spent pulping liquor) provides energy directly as thermal energy (e.g., heat and steam), or indirectly as electrical energy (steam turbine). The selection of a biomass combustion system depends on many important factors, two of which are the availability and cost of biomass and the biomass combustion system (relative to other fuels and combustion systems). Retrofitting an existing plant to a biomass combustion system is an alternative worth

ANONYMOUS 1981a: Hikurangi farming fuelwood. Australian Forest Grower 4(3): 16.

ANONYMOUS 1981b: Wood combustion: state of knowledge survey of environmental health and safety aspects. Mueller Associates. US Department of Energy/EV/10450-T 4. 128 p.

ANONYMOUS 1982a: Kiwis burn waste to achieve self-sufficiency. World Wood 23(1 ): 40.

ANONYMOUS 1982b: Wet-cell burner supplies flash dryer in New Zealand. World Wood 23(1 ): 41.

ANONYMOUS 1982c: Wood-fuel system inaugurated at B. C. mill. World Wood 23(1): 43.

ANONYMOUS 1983a: Firewood's "bright future" as cheap fuel. The Press [Christchurch, New Zealand] 13 November.

ANONYMOUS 1983b: New Zealand expertise sought in studies. Forest Industries 14(12): 2. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1983c: Sell waste wood, remove smoke problem. Evening Star[Greymouth, New Zealand]. 26 May.

ANONYMOUS 1983d: University installs $1.2 million wood fuel system. Forest Industries 110(2): 49. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1983e: Wood book- the homeowner's wood burning manual or answers to your burning questions. Nova Scotia Department of Mines and Energy, Halifax. 51 p.

ANONYMOUS 1984a: Power self-sufficiency for mill. Daily Post [Rotorua, New Zealand) July.

ANONYMOUS 1984b: Waipa mill to be energy self-sufficient. Forest Industries 15(8): 3. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1986: A look inside the wood energy arena. Timber Processing 11(10): 20-23. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1988: Another energy success story. Australian Forest Industries Journal and Logger 54(2): 70. No ref.

investigating. A factor usually limiting the efficiency of biomass combustion is fuel moisture content, hence, fuel drying (passive or otherwise) may be necessary.

Notable references: The New Zealand experience with the combustion of biomass for energy is described in Anonymous (1981 a; 1982a, 1982b; 1984b ), Brown, Cope land and Co. (1984) and Hobbs (1985). Overseas experience with the combustion of biomass and/or biomass-based alternative fuels is described in Anonymous (1988), Brown et al. (1985), Darmstadt (1983), Easterly and Lowenstein (1986), Ellis (1978), Rodden (1985), Taylor and Wray (1988), and Todd and Elliffe (1983). Cross references to this section regarding firewood, biomass fuel energy value, and physical and chemical properties of biomass are located in Sections 17, 19, and 24, respectively.

AZARNIOUCH, M.K.1986: Wood residues as fuel source for lime kilns: phase Ill - mill trials. Pulp and Paper Canada 87(6): 112-116. 8 ref.

BAIN, R. 1981: Beneficiation of biomass for gasification and combustion. Pp. 72-90 in Reed, T.B. (Ed.) Biomass Gasification; Principles and Technology. Energy Technology Review, No. 6 7. 31 ref.

BROWN, M.L 1980: Wood fired boiler installation procedure. Pp. 59--63 in Case studies in wood energy. Georgia Institute of Technology. No ref.

BROWN, M.L; BULPITT, W.S.; DIXIT, B.S.; McGOWAN, T.F. 1985: Case study in wood energy- the Integrated Products Company. Forest Products Journal35(11112): 52-56. No ref.

BROWN COPELAND AND CO LTD 1984: Domestic market potential for solid wood burners. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 84. 35 p. 33 ref.

BURTON, B.A.; SENZEL, A.J. 1984: Residential wood combustion study: 1980-1982 executive summary. United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-91 0/9-82-089K. 29 p. 8 ref.

BUSSIERE, G. 1985: Refractory furnaces- one approach to bark burning. Pulp and Paper Canada 86(4): 63-65. No ref.

DARMSTADT, W.J.1983: Technology review: drying and burning ofwoodfiberfuels. Pulp and Paper 57(6): 131-134, 141. No ref.

DENNIS, D.F.; DRESSER, S.J.1985: Burlington's wood-burning utility company. Journal of Forestry 83(2): 101-104. 4 ref.

DeZEEUW, R.E.; GAY, R.L; CRAIG, LS.; MILES, T.R.; COLE, J.N. 1986: Permits-regulations for biomass energy facilities in the southeast. US Department of Energy, Tennessee Valley Authority, Southeastern Regional Biomass Energy Program. 114 p. No ref.

54

EASTERLY, J.L.; LOWENSTEIN, M.Z. 1986: Cogeneration from biofuels- a technical guidebook. U.S. Department of Energy, Tennessee Valley Authority, Southeastern Regional Biomass Energy Program. 164 p. 30 ref.

EHRCHARDT, M.C.; GUSTASHAW, D. 1981: Computer aided economic analysis [proposed wood energy system]. Wood energy financing. Pp. 93-112 in A State Demonstration Program in Wood Energy. Georgia Institute ofTechnology/U.S. Department of the Environment, Atlanta, Georgia.

ELLIS, T.H.1978: Economicanalysisofwood-orbark-firedsystems. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-16. 19 p.

GARDENAS, S. 1986: Skogsbransleflis inverkan pa driftstorningar och pannfOrluster: tva varmeverk = The wood fuel's effect on break-downs and energy losses: two heating plants. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for virkeslara, Rapport Nr 178. 50 p. 14 ref.

GARDENAS, S. 1987: Firing of pine wood fuels on moving grate. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Products, Report No. 195. 71 p. 24 ref.

HERMELIN, J.; SCHNEIDER, M.H.; SHORT, C.A. 1982: Wood chip heating of homes and other small buildings - heating equipment characteristics and operations and small-scale fuel production. Prepared for the Canada Department of Energy, Mines and Resources. 91 p. 15 ref.

HOBBS, W. 1985: Wood waste energy system chops dairy company's fuel bill by two thirds. Forest Industries 16(3): 24. No ref.

INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1980: Retrospective search on wood and wood waste burning equipment. Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 134 p.

INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1983: Retrospective search (1976-1983] on direct combustion of charcoal, wood pellets, wood and other solid biomass fuels including basic combustion research. Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 181 p. 516 ref.

INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1985: Retrospective search on combustion and combustion properties of biomass [1976-1985]. Institute for Industrial Research anc~ Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 150 p. 699 references.

JAKOBSEN, H.H. 1986: Forest chips can now be used as an alternative fuel in coal-fired district heating plants. Danish Institute of Forest Technology, Information Report. 8 p.

KEIGHLEY, G. 1986: Wood as a fuel- a guide to burning wood efficiently. Forestry Commission (UK), Alice Holt Lodge Forest Research Station. 4 p.

KOFMAN, P.D. 1987: Aske fra flisfyrede varmeuker: kemisk sammenstning og anvendelsesmuligheder =Wood-ashes from chip fuelled heating plants: chemical composition, possibilities of application. Skovteknisk lnstitut, 513-87. 20 p. 19 ref.

KUNTZ, A. 1985: New techniques mean dramatic savings of energy. Pulp and Paper Canada 86(4): 25-26. No ref.

LIPFERT, F.W.; DUNGAN, J.L. 1981: National estimates of residential firewood and air pollution emissions. Brookhaven National Laboratory (USA) BNL-30367. 10 p.

McCALLUM, C. 1983: Controlled combustion -zone firing of hogged fuel in new and retrofit boiler applications. Tappi Journal 66(9): 111-114. ?ref.

McGOWAN, T.F. 1980: Wood fuel processing- economic and technical design manual for wood systems. Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta.

NEENAN, M.1984: Biomass qualities for energy conversion with particular reference to the combustion of wood. International Energy Agency, Forestry Energy, Programme Group 8, Report No. 2. 22 p. 36 ref.

NELSON, D.E. 1984: Wood as energy, an overview- wood as an alternative home heating fuel. USDA, National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Issues Overview No. 2. 28 p. 43 ref.

OAR, A. 1982: Cogeneration-how to get double duty from energy. World Wood 23(1): 16-17. No ref.

PAAVILA, H.D. 1985: Energy and the Canadian pulp and paper industry. Pulp and Paper Canada 86(4): 58-62. No ref.

RODDEN, G.1985: Tembec saves up to $10 million/year burning waste liquor. Pulp and Paper Canada 86(4): 38. No ref.

SCHNEIDER, M.H. 1984: Domestic-sized wood chip stoker­combustion and efficiency. Forest Products Journal 34(3): 19-24. 7 ref.

SORENSEN, J. 1985: Fuel conversion system offers mills fast payback. Canadian Forest Industries 105(1): 12-16. No ref.

TAYLOR, A.; WRAY, B. 1988: 'Growing' electricity. American Forests 94(516): 57-59. No ref.

THORNQVIST, T.1985: Atganstal och verkningsgrad i en 18 MW hetvattenpanna med fast snedrost = Total consumption and efficiency level in an 18 MW hot water boiler with stationary grates. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for virkeslara, Rapport Nr 165. 56 p. 9 ref.

TODD, J.J.; ELLIFFE, M.D. 1983: Directory of equipment for industrial use of crop and forest residue fuels. University of Tasmania, Centre for Environmental Studies. 406 p.

TURNER, C.G. AND ASSOCIATES LTD 1982: Feasibility study on the conversion of an oiVgas heating plant at C.F.B. Borden to a biomass fuel plant. Canadian Forestry Service, EN FOR Project P-228. 44 p. 17 ref.

WILLIAMSON, P.N. 1985: How Sweden trims its industry energy bill. Pulp and Paper Canada 86(4): 32, 35. No ref -

55

22. Conversion: Ethanol, Methane (78 references)

Keywords: acid hydrolysis, biogas, alcohol fu'el, lignocellulosic, CNG, steam explosion, pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, sulphuric acid, wood ethanol, liquid fuel, methane, economics, fermentation, chemicals, ethanol, principles, technology, feasibility.

Sources: Biomass Digest, Energy Journal (formerly, New Zealand Energy Journa~. LFTB, New Zealand daily newspapers.

Synopsis: As noted previously, the production of ethanol from biomass received a lot of attention in New Zealand after the 1973 oil crisis. Scientists primarily investigated the dilute sulphuric acid hydolysis-fermentation method to produce ethanol. Following on from early pilot plant investigations (input, 100 kg oven-dry wood; output, 26 litres ethanol), commercial-scaleproductionofethanolwastechnicallywithin reach (input, 1 00 odt wood/day; output, 17.5 t/day ethanol). However, the overall economics of the liquid fuel option were unsatisfactory (Burton et al. 1984). A key component improving the economics, however, was the eo-production of methane (8.3 t/day) and its utilisation to make the entire process self­sufficient in energy requirements. Wood ethanol can also be

AGUILERA, J.M.; MARTIN, R.S. 1985: Steam hydrolysis of pine (Pinus radiata) sawdust. Biomass (8): 301-313. 16 ref.

ANDREWS, A.S.; WOODMORE, P.J. 1982: Evaluation of fuel­ethanol production in farm-based units. Pp. 81-88 in Volume 1, Proceedings fifth International Alcohol Fuel Technology Symposium, 13-18 May, Auckland, New Zealand.

ANONYMOUS 1979: FRI plant turning radiata into fuel. Forest Industries Review 10(5): 21.

ANONYMOUS 1981: FRI ethanol system likely in US plant. Daily Post [Rotorua, New Zealand]9 November. P .1.

ANONYMOUS 1982a: Biomass-ethanol production trial. Energy Journal55(11 ): 4. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1982b: New Zealand scientists update Madison process. Biomass Digest 4(12): 6--7.

ANONYMOUS 1982c: Will Canada have the first commercial wood ethanol venture? Biomass Digest 4(1): 6. 1 ref.

ANONYMOUS 1983a: Wood ethanol too costly to produce. Evening Post [Wellington, New Zealand]11 July.

ANONYMOUS 1983b: Transport fuels: plan to produce petrol from crops. Energy Journal56(4): 3. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1984a: Fuel option search for wood pile. Evening Standard[Palmerston North, New Zealand] 3 October. p. 18.

ANONYMOUS 1984b: New oganisation to promote Canadian fuel ethanol industry. Biomass Digest 6(3): 6. 1 ref.

produced by enzymatic hydrolysis using steam explosion of the wood feedstock as a pretreatment step in the process.

Notable references: The New Zealand experience with ethanol from biomass is described in Anonymous (1979, 1981, 1982a, 1982b, 1983a), Bassett (1981 ), Berryman (1985), Burton (1983), Burton et al. (1984), Clark (1984), Clark and Mackie (1987), Deverell (1984), Forest Research Institute (1985), Guha and Titchener (1981 ), Horgan (1984), Liquid Fuels Management Group Ltd (1987), LFTB (1986), Mackie (1984), Ministry of Energy (1981a, 1981b, 1981c, 1982a), Morris Wayman Ltd (1983), Munden (1979), Phillips (1982), Smith (1984a, 1984b, 1984c), Whitworth (1976, 1977, 1980, 1981 ), and Whitworth and Harwood (1977). Overseas experience with ethanol from biomass (either acid or enzymatic hydolysis) is described in Baker and Jeffries (1981 ), Harris et al. (1985), Information Resources Inc. (1988), lsaacs (1984), Jones and Semrau (1984), Lloyd and Harris (1955), Solar Energy Research Institute (1982), U.S. Department of Agriculture (1988), and Wilke et al. (1983). Cross references to this section regarding physical and chemical properties of biomass are located in Section 24.

ANONYMOUS 1984c: Report from Brazil: ethanol research and development is alive and well. Biomass Digest 6(7): 6. 1 ref.

ANONYMOUS 1985: New uses for sheep stomach fungi. Daily Post [Rotorua, New Zealand]3 December.

AZARNIOUCH, M.; PRAHACS, S. 1983: Some energy and economic aspects of conversion of biomass into liquid fuels. Pulp and Paper Canada 84(12): 121-123. 5 ref.

BAKER,A.J.; JEFFRIES, T.W.1981: State-of-the-art[1819-1981] report on status of wood hydrolysis for ethanol production. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. 71 p. 106 ref.

BASSETT, C. 1981: Recent studies on ethanol production from wood. In 1981 New Zealand Forestry Conference. March Session. 8 p. 8 ref.

BERRYMAN, W.1985: Wood-to-ethanol process finds an opening in Canada. National Business Review (October 14): 41.

BIOENERGY DEVELOPMENTS LTD 1982: A farm scale ethanol plant for New Zealand. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. P61. 63 p.

BURTON, R.J. 1983: The New Zealand wood hydrolysis process. Pp. 247-270 in Duckworth, H.E.; Thompson, E.A. (Ed.) International Symposium on Ethanol from Biomass, Winnipeg, 13-15 October 1982.

BURTON, R.J.; CALLANDER, I.J.; CLARK, T.A.; HORGAN, G.P.; MACKIE, K.L 1984: The production of ethanol and methane (CNG) from wood. Energy Journal58(3): 3-8. 16 ref.

56

CLARK, T.A.1984: Woodhydrolysisfortheproductionoffuelsand chemicals. Pp. 89-10 in Forest Industries and Biotechnology, Proceedings of 16th New Zealand Biotechnology Conference, Massey University, Palmerston North.

CLARK, T.A.; MACKIE, K.L. 1984: Fermentation inhibitors in wood hydrolysates derived from the softwood Pinus radiata. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 34B(2): 101-110. 10 ref.

CLARK, T.A.; MACKIE, K.L 1987: Steam explosion of the softwood Pinus radiatawith sulphur dioxide. Addition I: process optimisation. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology 7(3): 37~04.

DEVERELL, K.F. 1984: Ethanol production from wood hydrolysates using Pachysolen tannophilus. Biotechnology Letters 5(7): 475-480. 5 p.

DEVERELL, K.F.; CLARK, T.A. 1984: Fermentation of wood sugars. Pp. 137-152 in Forest Industries and Biotechnology, Proceedings of 16th New Zealand Biotechnology Conference, Massey University, Palmerston North.

DONALDSON, LA.; WONG, K.K.Y.; MACKIE, K.L. 1988: Ultrastructure of steam-exploded wood. Wood Science and Technology 22(2): 103-114. 24 ref.

EAR LE, W.B.; BROWN, W.A.N. 1980: Alcohol fuels from biomass in New Zealand: the energetics and economics of production and processing. Pp. 1.1.1-1.1.12 in Proceedings of Third International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels Technology, Asilomar, California, 28-31 May, 1979. 12 ref.

FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1979: Liquid fuel from the forest. New Zealand Forest Service, What's New in Forest Research No. 69. 4 p.

FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1985: Transport fuels from wood. New Zealand Forest Service, What's New in Forest Research No. 135. 4 p. No. ref.

FULLERTON, T.J.1983: Thehydrolysisofhardbeech sawdustwith aqueous ~thanol. New Zealand Forest Service, FRI Bulletin No. 38. 14 p. 24 ref.

GUHA, B.K.; TITCHENER, A.L 1981: Acid hydrolysis of wood. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 56. ~ p. 19 ref.

HARRIS, J.F.; BAKER, A.J.; CONNER, A.H.; JEFFRIES, T.W.; MINOR J.L; PETTERSON, R.C.; SCOTT, R.W.; SPRINGER, E.L.; WEGNER, T.H.; ZERBE, J.l. 1985: Two-stage, dilute sulfuricacid hydrolysisofwood: an investigation of fundamentals. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-45. 61 p. 61 ref.

HORGAN, G.P. 1984: The economics of liquid fuels from wood. Paper presented at the Forest Industry Engineering Association of New Zealand Conference, Rotorua, New Zealand. 3-6 July. 15 p. 6 ref.

INFORMATION RESOURCES INC. 1988: Understanding the challenges and future of fuel alcohol in the United States. US Department of Energy, Office of Alcohol Fuels. 178 p.

INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1982: Retrospective search (1969-1982) on degradation of lignin and hemicellulose. Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 188 p. 592 ref.

INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1983: Retrospective search on economics of biogas production. Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 93 p.

INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1984: Retrospective search (1977-1984) on production of ethanol from cellulose. Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 226 p.

ISAACS, S.H. 1984: Ethanol production by enzymatic hydrolysis. Solar Energy Research Institute, SERI!TR-231-2093. 67 p. 28 ref.

JONES, J.L; SEMRAU, K.T. 1984: Wood hydrolysis for ethanol production-previous experience and the economics of selected processes. Biomass 5(2): 109-135. 33 ref.

UQUID FUELS MANAGEMENT GROUP LTD. 1987: Forest biomass production and conversion to transport fuels. Liquid Fuels Trust Board (N.Z.), Report No. LF 5006. 22 p.

UQUID FUELS TRUST BOARD 1986: Liquid fuels by wood conversion-hydrolysis/fermentation and gasification routes. Liquid Fuels Trust Board (N.Z), Report No. LF 2042. 224 p.

LLOYD, R.A.; HARRIS, J.F. 1955: Wood hydrolysis for sugar production. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Report No. 2029. 12 p.

MACKIE, K.L 1984: Pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials: current research in participating laboratories and coordinated programme of work. International Energy Agency/Forestry Energy, Programme Group D, Cooperative Project 2, Report No. 1. 132 p.

MACKIE, K.L; DEVERELL, K.; CALLANDER, I. 1983: Aspects of wood hydrolysis via the dilute sulphuric acid process. Pp. 271-311 in Duckworth, H.E.; Thompson, E.A. (Ed.) International Symposium on Ethanol from Biomass, Winnipeg, 13-15 October 1982.

MACKIE, K.L 1982: Wood hydrolysis - current technology. Biotechnology Conference, Massey University, Palmerston North, 22-28 May. 15 p.

MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1981a: Government policy on ethanol-from-biomass. News release. Ministry of Energy, Wellington. 3 p.

MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1981b: National costs of ethanol production and national value of ethanol as a motor spirit extender. Ministry of Energy, Wellington. 8 p.

MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1981 c: Policy for ethanol production from biomass in New Zealand. Ministry of Energy, Wellington. 3 p.

MINISTRY OF ENERGY (N.Z.) 1982a: Government policy on biogas. Ministry of Energy, Wellington. 2 p.

MORRIS WAYMAN UMITED 1983: Assessment of the New Zealand Forest Research Institute (FRI) process for pine wood hydrolysis and fermentation to ethanol. Energy, Mines and Resources, Canada, Project No. 818/2. 82 p. 25 ref.

MOTTA, R.S.; FERREIRA, LR. 1988: The Brazilian national alcohol programme-an economic reappraisal and adjustments. Energy Economics 10(3): 229-234. 8 ref.

MOURIS, B. 1984: Economics and energy balances of ethanol from sugar cane and sugar beet. Chemistry and Industry (12): 435-438. 6 ref.

MUNDEN, L 1979: Ethanol pilot plant may lead to bigger things. Daily Post [Rotorua, New Zealand) 21 April.

NASON, M.C. 1980: Bibliography- production of ethanol from biomass (1962-1979). Tennessee Valley Authority, Division of Chemical Development (Muscle Shoals, Alabama), Report No. S-481. 188 pp. 307 ref.

OLIVER,S.G.1984: Biologicallimitstoethanolproduction. Chemistry and Industry (12): 425-427. 31 ref.

OLSEN ASSOCIATES 1981: Cellulose to alcohol: annotated bibliography 1970-81. 151 p.

PARKER, S. et si. 1983: The value offurfuraVethanol coproduction from acid hydrolysis processes. Solar Energy Research Institute, (Golden, Colorado) TR-231-2000. 119 p. 48 ref.

PHILUPS, N. 1982: Wood ethanol - commercialisation [NZ] underway despite controversy over hydrolysis techniques. Canadian Renewable Energy News: 34-35.

ROSILLO-CALLE, F. 1986: The Brazilian ethanolchemistry industry (a review). Biomass 11(1): 19-38. 31 ref.

SADDLER, J.N.; BROWNELL, H. H. 1983: Pretreatment of wood cellulosics to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis to glucose. Pp. 206-230 in Duckworth, H.E.; Thompson, E.A. (Ed.) International Symposium on Ethanol from Biomass, Winnipeg, 13-15 October 1982.

SEIBERT, M.; WILUAMS, G.; FOLGER, G.; MILNE, T. 1986: Fuel and chemical eo-production from tree crops. Biomass 9(1): 49--66. 50 ref.

SHAW, E.W.; FARROW, B. 1982: Production of fuel alcohol from sugar beet in New Zealand. Pp. 47-54 in Volume 1, John Mclndoe Ltd (Ed.) Proceedings Fifth International Alcohol Fuel Technology Symposium, 13-18 May, Auckland, New Zealand.

SMITH, M. 19848: Geothermal decision jeopardises timber company. National Business Review (13 August): 33.

SMITH, M.1984b: Ethanol timber waste project may be scrapped. National Business Review (13 August): 34.

SMITH, M. 1984c: Pot of gold at Rainbow, ethanol firm tells government. National Business Review (10 September): 4.

SOLAR ENERGY AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1981: Alcohol fuels bibliography (1901-1980]. Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, Colorado. 458 p.

SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1982: Ethanol fuels reference guide. A decision-maker's guide to ethanol fuels. Solar Energy Research Institute. Golden, Colorado. SP-451-422. 238 p.

TAN, S.H. 1984: Decolourization of wood-ethanol stillage using a granular activated carbon packed anaerobic expanded-bed reactor. Masters Thesis. Massey University, Biotechnology Department, Palmerston North, New Zealand. 230 p.

UPRICHARD, J.M. 1984: Energy and chemicals from wood processing operations. Pp. 173-181 in Kininmonth, J.A.; Young, G.D., (Ed.) Forest Products Research Needs for New Crop Radiata Pine: Proceedings, 1982 New Zealand Forest Products Research Conference, Rotorua, 9-11 November. New Zealand Forest Service, FRI Bulletin No. 86. 3 ref.

UPRICHARD, J.M.; BURTON, R.J. 1982: Ethanol from wood. Pp. 317-324 in Volume I, Proceedings of the Fifth International Alcohol Fuel Technology Symposium, Auckland, New Zealand, 13-18 May.

US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 1988: Ethanol-economic and policy tradeoffs. 51 p. 24 ref.

WAYMAN, M.; DZENIS, A.1984: Ethanol from wood: economic analysis of an acid hydrolysis process. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 62: 699-705. 9 ref.

57

WHITWORTH, D.A. 1976: Production of liquid transport fuel from cellulose material (wood). 1: Economic considerations of acid hydrolysis of wood for subsequent conversion to ethyl alcohol. New Zealand Energy Journal49(11 ): 173-177. 39 ref.

WHITWORTH, D.A. 1977: Production of liquid transport fuel from cellulose material (wood). 2: Energy conversion efficiencies of the processes. New Zealand Energy Journal 50(2): 14-17. 4 ref.

WHITWORTH, D.A.1980: Ethanol from wood: pilot plant operation. New Zealand Institution of Engineers, Chemical Engineering Group, Dunedin. 23 p.

WHITWORTH, D.A.1981: Woodasachemicalfeedstock: production of ethanol. In Design for change: proceedings of the ninth Australasian Chemical Engineering Conference, 30 August- 4 September, Christchurch, New Zealand. 7 p. 17 ref.

WHITWORTH, D.A.; HARWOOD, V.D. 1977: Production of liquid transport fuel from cellulose material (wood). 3: Laboratory preparation of wood sugars and fermentation to ethanol and yeast. NewZealandEnergyJournal50(10): 166-169. 8 ref.

WILKE, C.R. et si. 1983: Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: theory and applications. Noyes Data, Publicity Department, Park Ridge, New Jersey. 104 p.

----------------------•

58

23. Conversion: Methanol ( 41 references)

Keywords: gasification, methanol, producer gas, gasifier, wood, biomass, coal, lignite, principles, technology, feasibility, mining.

Sources: LFTB, Chemical & Engineering News, Pulp & Paper, The Energy Journal (formerly, The New Zealand Energy Journa~. Biomass, NZERDC, MOE, New Zealand daily newspapers.

Synopsis: The production of methanol via gasification of biomass (wood or coal/lignite) was also investigated as a liquid fuels option after the 1973 oil crisis. Neither pilot plant nor commercial-scale production eventuated, although detailed studies of gasification technologies were performed (Hooper et al. 1983; LFTB 1983; Palm er 1982, 1984). Although these studies indicated that commercial-scale production of methanol (1 00 or 1000 t/day) was technically feasible and economically viable, the Ministry of Energy considered the establishment of commercial plants as a mid- to long-term liquid fuel option. Currently, however, methanol derived from natural gas is being converted into automotive gasoline (Haggin 1987). In addition to methanol production, biomass

ANONYMOUS1979a: Asurveyofbiomassgasification. I. Synopsis and executive summary. Solar Energy Research Institute, (Golden, Colorado) SERI/TR-33-239. 36 p. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1979b: Future looks bright for methanol plant. Daily Post[Rotorua, New Zealand)26 May.

ANONYMOUS 1981: New Zealand prepares for biomass methane as vehicle fuel. Biomass Digest 3(11): 5. No ref.

ANONYMOUS 1983a: Hopes raised by lignite studies. Daily Post [Rotorua, New Zealand] 4 May.

ANONYMOUS 1983b: Region's forests could supply methanol plants. Gisborne Herald(Gisbome, New Zealand) 27 August.

ANONYMOUS 1983c: Methanol proves feasible prospect. Daily Post[Rotorua, New Zealand) Supplement. 10 October.

ANONYMOUS 1983d: Methanol starts cheaper. Evening Post [Christchurch, New Zealand) 16 December.

ANONYMOUS 1984: Methanol study results good. Daily Post [Rotorua, New Zealand] 24 May: 12.

BAIN, R. 1981: Beneficiation of biomass for gasification and combustion. Pp. 72-90 in Reed, T. B. (Ed.) Biomass Gasification: Principles and Technology. Energy Technology Review No. 67. 31 ref.

BEENACKERS, A.A.C.M.; VAN SWAAIJ, W.P.M.1984: Methanol from wood. 11: Current research and development programs. International Journal of Solar Energy 2(6): 487--519.

BIRCH, W.F. 1983: Planning for national development. Address to the Environmenta.l Defence Society Seminar, Auckland, New Zealand, 26 November. 11 p.

gasification can also be used to produce low-energy content producer gas. The producer gas can be used to replace natural gas or oil boiler fuels in industry.

Notable references: The New Zealand experience with the production of methanol from wood and/or coal is described in Anonymous (1981, 1983a, 1983b, 1983d), Cousins and Robinson (1981 ), Gray (1983), Hooper et al. (1983), Liquid Fuels Management Group Ltd (1987), LFTB (1981, 1983, 1986), Palmer (1981, 1982, 1983, 1984), and Parte! (1983). The New Zealand experience with producing automotive gasoline from methanol derived from natural gas is described in (Haggin 1987). Overseas experience with the production of methanol from wood is described in Beenackers and Van Swaaij (1984), Margulis et al. (1982), Weinblatt et al. (1982), and Young et al. (1986). The production of low-energy producer gas via wood gasification is described in Campbell (1983), Helm (1983), Liversidge (1982), and Montgomery (1983). Cross references to this section regarding physical and chemical properties of biomass ~re located in Section 24.

BULPITT, W.S. 1980: A demonstration in wood gasification: case studies in wood energy. Pp. 91-101 in A state demonstration program in wood energy. Georgia Institute of Technology/US Department of the Environment, Atlanta, Georgia. No ref.

CAM PBELL, H.G. 1983: Gasification of coal provides a middle road to fuel economy. Pulp and Paper57(5): 118-121. No ref.

COUSINS, W.J.; ROBINSON, W.H. 1981: Conversion of wood residues to liquid and gaseous fuels. In 1981 New Zealand Forestry Conference, Wellington, New Zealand. March Session. 5 p. 5 ref.

FISHKIND, H.H.1982: Methanol production from Eucalyptus wood chips. Attachment V, in The Florida Eucalyptus Energy Farm: Environmental Impacts. Biomass Energy Systems, Inc. US Department of Energy, DOE/RA/50316-TI-A TT ACH 5. 95 p.

GRABOSKI, M.; BAIN, R. 1981: Properties of biomass relevant to gasification. Pp. 41-71in Reed, T.B. (Ed.) Biomass Gasification: Principles and Technology. Energy Technology Review, No. 67. 33 ref.

GRABOSKI, M.S. 1982: Comparison of coal and wood as feedstocks formethanolmanufacture. Pp.175--177in Reed,T.B.; Graboski, M. (Ed.) Biomass-to-Methanol Specialist's Workshop.

GRAY, V.R. 1983: Coal analysis in New Zealand. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Report No. 97. 75 p.

HAGGIN, J. 1987: Methane-to-gasoline plant adds to New Zealand liquid fuel resources. Chemical and Engineering News 65(25): 22-25. No ref.

HELM, R.W. 1983: Wastewood gasification economical alternative to burning solid fuel. Pulp and Paper 57(5): 122-125.

HOKANSON, A.E.; ROWELL, R.M. 1977: Methanol from wood waste: a technical and economic study. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-12. 20p.

HOOPER, R.J.; MCKENZIE, C.J.; NATUSCH, D.F.S. 1983: Lignite as a source of liquid transport fuels in New Zealand. Liquid Fuels Trust Board (N.Z), Report No. LF2028. 413 p. 81 ref.

INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1982: Retrospective search [1969-1982] on biological conversion of biomass to methane. Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 265 p.

INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1983: Retrospective search on economics of biogas production. Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 93 p.

LIQUID FUELS MANAGEMENT GROUP LTD. 1987: Forest biomass production and conversion to transport fuels. Liquid Fuels Trust Board (N.Z), Report No. LF6005. 22 p.

LIQUID FUELS TRUST BOARD 1981: A comparative assessment of the production oftransportfuels in New Zealand from coal and biomass. Volumes 1-4. Liquid Fuels TrustBoard(N.Z.), Project 21010111.

LIQUID FUELS TRUST BOARD 1983: Energy requirements for a wood-to-methanol industry. Liquid Fuels Trust Board (N.Z), Report No. 2031. 24 p.

LIQUIID FUELS TRUST BOARD 1986: Liquid fuels by wood conversion - hydrolysis/fermentation and gasification routes. Liquid Fuels Trust Board (N.Z), Report No. LF2042. 224 p.

LIVERSIDGE, R.M. 1982: Wood-fired energy systems: part I. Australian Forest Industries Journal and Logger 48(8): 53-60.

MARGULIS, R.; BACK, G.; FAUCETT, J. ASSOCIATES; ST. JOHN K.; REEDY, T.S. 1982: Methanol from cellulose. Appendices C to F. Volume Ill in Energy and Precious Fuels Requirements of Fuel Alcohol Production. US Department of Energy, DOE/NASA/0292-1. 109 p. 92 ref.

MONTGOMERY, B. 1983: Current trends in conservation focus on wood, coal gasification projects. Pulp and Paper 57(5): 115-117. No ref.

PALM ER, E.R. 1981: Gasification of wood to produce liquid fuels. In 1981 New Zealand Forestry Conference, Wellington, New Zealand. March Session. 23 p. 47 ref.

PALMER, E.R. 1982: Wood gasification- a survey of existing process technologies. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (NZ), Industrial Processing Division, Report IPDITSDI 6008. 243 p. 193 ref.

PALMER, E. R. 1983: Energy production from biomass. The Energy Journa/56(4): 11-13.

PALMER, E.R. 1984: Gasification of wood for methanol production. Energy in Agriculture 3(4): 363-375. 5 ref.

PARTEL, W.S. 1983: Coal mining development in the North Island. New Zealand, Ministry of Energy, Mines Division. 32 p.

REED, T.B. (Ed.) 1981: Biomass gasification: principles and technology. Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, Colorado. 401 p.

59

STEVENSON, W.A. 1982: Large wood to methanol plants. Pp. 175-177 in Reed, T.B.; Graboski, M. (Ed.). Biomass-to­Methanol Specialist's Workshop.

WEINBLATT,H.; BACK, G.; FAUCETT,J.ASSOCIATES; REDDY, T.S. 1982: Methanol from coal: appendices G and H, volume IV in Energy and Precious Fuels Requirements of Fuel Alcohol Production. US Department of Energy, DOE/NASA/0292-1. 60 p. 64 ref.

WHITE, H.M. 1983: A survey of current biomass gasification procedures for methanol production. US Department of Energy, CE/50305-2. 27 p. 20 ref.

YOUNG, J.; GRIFFIN, E.; RUSSELL, J. 1986: Feasibility of biomass-based fuels and chemicals production in the USA. Biomass 10(1): 9-25. 11 ref. •

60

24. Physical and Chemical Properties of Biomass (53 references)

Keywords: moisture content, basic density, particle size, pH, calorific value, determination, chemical properties, physical properties, methods, techniques, standards, carbohydrates, lignin, extractives, ash.

Sources: Biomass, ForestProductsJournal, Wood Science, SUAS, NZJFS.

Synopsis: Consideration of the physical and chemical properties of biomass (both fresh and after storage) is a vital element during the stages of resource assessment and energy conversion. The important physical properties include moisture content, basic density, calorific value, and particle size, while important chemical properties include pH, carbohydrates, lignin, extractives, and ash. Compulsory measurement standards for many of these properties have been established in the pulp/paper and biotechnology industries, while attempts are being made to establish voluntary standards in the bioenergy industry (Milne 1984).

ANONYMOUS 1974: Chemical protection of chips in storage, factors influencing quality changes, and effects observed in aging of chips: an annotated bibliography (1930-1979]. Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, Wisconsin. 34 p.

ANONYMOUS 1984: Fiber fuels institute to define biomass fuel standards. Biomass Digest (March): 5. 1 ref.

APPITA 1979: Basic density of wood chips. Appita Standard P1s-79. 2 p. 2 ref.

BALODIS, V.; PHILtiPS, F.H.; YURlTTA, A. 1980: The measurement of basic density of hardwood chips. Appita 33(4): 261-294. 14 ref.

BARTON, G.M. 1984: Definition of biomass samples involving wood, bark, and foliage. Biomass 4(4): 311-314. 2 ref.

BENDTSEN, B.A. 1978: Properties of wood from improved and intensively managed trees. Forest Products Journal 28(10): 61-72. 64 ref.

BJORKLUND, L. 1983: Determination of basic density of chips. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of For~st Products, Research Notes No. 128. 21 p. 9 ref.

BJORKLUND, L. 1984: Massavendens torr, radensitet och dess beroende av olika faktorer = Pulpwood basic density and its dependence on different factors. Sveriges /antbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for virkeslara, Rapport Nr 155. 29 p. 10 ref.

BJORKLUND, L.; FREDRIKSON, H. 1985: The influence of wood chip moisture content on basic density determinations. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Products, Report No. 162. 32 p. 23 ref.

BLANCHETTE, R.A.; OT JEN, L.; EFFLAND, M.J.; ESLYN, W.E. 1985: Changes in structural and chemical components of wood delignified by fungi. Wood Science and Technology 19(1): 35-46. 30 ref.

Notable references: The New Zealand experience with the physical and chemical properties of biomass are described in Butcher (1974), Cown (1980), Cown and McConchie (1983a, 1983b, 1983c), Kinninmonth and Williams (1982), Shula (1988), and Stevens et al. (1985). Overseas experience with the physical and chemical properties of biomass are described in Appita (1979), Barton (1984), Bjorklund (1983, 1984), Bjorklund and Fredrikson (1985), Blanchette et al. (1985), Blankenhorn et al. (1980), Dobry et al. (1986), Ebeling and Jenkins (1985), Eslyn (1971 ), Feist et al. (1972), Hartley and Marchant (1985), Hatton (1970), Heinrichs (1954), Jirjis and Theander (1986), Kawase (1962); Neenan and Nilssen (1985), Smith (1961), Stamm (1961), TAPPI (1976), and Wilcox (1968). Attempts to establish voluntary measurement standards in the bioenergy industry are described in Anonymous (1984) and Milne (1984). Cross references to this section regarding physical and chemical properties of biomass are located in Sections 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 14.

BLANKENHORN, P.R.; BOWERSOX, T.W.; KUKLEWSKI, K.M.; STIMELY,G.L; MURPHY, W.K.1985: Comparison of selected fuel and chemical content values for seven Popu/us hybrid clones. Wood and Fiber Science 17(2): "148--58. 15 ref.

BLANKENHORN, P.R.; BOLDWIN, R.C.; MERRIL, W.; OTTONE, S.P. 1980: Calorimetric analysis of fungal degraded wood. Wood Science 13(1 ): 26-31.

BUTCHER, J. 1974: A practical guide to fungal damage of limber and wood products. New Zealand Forest Service, Information Series No. 65. 35 p. No ref.

CANADIAN PULP AND PAPER ASSOCIATION 1964: Basic density of wood. Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, Standard A.1H. 2 p. 1 ref.

CHRISTIE, R.D. 1979: The use of decayed wood in pulping processes. Pp. 111-128 in Hatton, J.V. (Ed.) Chip Quality Monograph. Pulp and Paper Technology Series No. 5. 27 ref.

COWN, D.J. 1980: A note on the estimation of basic density of fresh wood chips. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 10(3): 502-503. 4 ref.

COWN, D.J.; McCONCHIE, D.L. 1982: Rotation age and silvicultural effects on wood properties of four stands of Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 12(1): 71-85. 13 ref.

COWN, D.J.; McCONCHIE, D.L 1983a: Radiata pine wood properties survey (1977-1982). New Zealand Forest Service, FRI Bulletin No. 50. 42 p. 42 ref.

COWN, D.J.; McCONCHIE, D.L 1983b: Studies on the intrinsic properties of new-crop radiata pine. 1: Wood characteristics of 10trees from a 12-year-old stand grown in central North Island. New Zealand Forest Service, FRI Bulletin No. 36. 21 p. 9 ref.

COWN, D.J.; McCONCHIE, D.L.1983c: Studies on the intrinsic properties of new-crop radiata pine. 11: Wood characteristics of 10 trees from a 24-year-old stand grown in central North Island. New Zealand Forest Service, FRI Bulletin No. 3Z 31 p. 10 ref.

DANIEL, G.F; NILSSON, T.; SINGH, A.P. 1987: Degradation of lignocellulosics by unique tunnel-forming bacteria. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 33(10): 943-948. 15 ref.

DOBRY, J.; DZIURZYNSKI, A.; RYPACEK, V.1986: Relation between combustion heat and chemical wood composition during white and brown rot. Wood Science and Technology 29(2): 137-144. 24 ref.

EBEUNG, J.M.; JENKINS, B.M. 1985: Physical and chemical properties of biomass fuels. Transactions of the ASAE 28(3): 898-902. 7 ref.

ENTRICAN, A.R.; WARD, W.C.; REID, J.S. 1951: The physical and mechanical properties of the principal indigenous woods of New Zealand. New Zealand Forest Service, Wellington. 83 p. 22 ref.

ESL YN, W.E. 1971: Reliability of a method for measuring specific gravity to determine wood losses in outside chip storage. Tappi 54(8): 1269-1270. 6 ref.

FEIST, W.C.; SPRINGER, E.L; HAJNY, G.J. 1972: Determining loss of wood substance in outside chip storage: a comparison of two methods. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Research Paper FPL-189. 8 p. 13 ref.

HARRIS, J.M. 1961 : The dimensional stability shrinkage intersection point and related properties of New Zealand timbers. New Zealand Forest Service, FR/Technica/PaperNo. 36. 17p. 5ref.

HARTLEY, J.; MARCHANT, J.1988: Methods of determining the moisture content of wood. Forestry Commission of New South Wales, Technical Paper No. 41. 60 p. 9 ref.

HATTON, J.V. 1970: Relative merits of direct weight loss and specific gravity methods in determining wood substance losses in outside chip storage. Canadian Forestry Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Information Report VP-X-72. 16 p. 7 ref.

HEINRICHS, J.F. 1954: Rapid specific gravity determinations. Forest Products Journa/4(1): 68. No ref.

HENS EL, J.S. 1983: A method of determining moisture content in wood chips. American Pulpwood Association, Technical Release 83-R-39. 1 p.

INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND STANDARDS 1984: Retrospective search on moisture of biomass for energy. Institute for Industrial Research and Standards (Ireland), Information Technology Group. 35 p.

JIRJIS, R.; THEANDER, 0. 1986: Preliminary results on chemical composition changes in stored forest fuel. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Products, Report No. 161. 23 p. 7 ref.

KAWASE, K.1962: Chemical components of wood decayed under natural conditions and their properties. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University 52(2): 186-245.

KELSEY, R.G.; SHAFIZADEH, F. 1979: Chemical characteristics of wood residues and implications for utilisation. USDA Forest Service, lntermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report /NT-110. 9 p. 22 ref.

KINNINMONTH, J.A.; WILUAMS, D.H. 1982: Measuring the moisture content of wood. New Zealand Forest Service, Information Series No. 60. 12 p. No ref.

61

LEATHAM,G.F.; EFFLAND,M.J.1988: Selectionofwhite-rotfungi for biopulping. Biomass 15(2): 93-101. 22 ref.

MILNE,- T.A. (Ed.) 1984: Workshop on standards in biomass for energy and chemicals: proceedings, Standards in Biomass for Energy and Chemicals Workshop, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 1 August. Solar Energy Research Institute CP-234-2506. 83 p.

NEENAN, M.; NILSSEN, E. 1985: Feedstock characteristics for principal methods of energy conversion - combustion. Pp. 70-85 in Morgan, D.J.; Gambles, R.L.; Zsuffa, L.; Mitchell, C.P. (Ed.) Proceedings Joint Workshop of International Energy Agency/Forestry Energy Programme Groups 8, C, and D, Uppsala, Sweden, 11 June 1984. 16 ref.

PEREIRA, H. 1988: Variability in the chemical composition of plantation eucalypts (Eucalyptus g/obulus Labill.). Wood and Fiber Science 20(1 ): 82-90. 12 ref.

SAFO-SAMPAH, S.; WILCOX, W.W. 1988: The role of actinomycetes in the terrestrial degradation of wood. Forest Products Journa/38(1): 42-46. 20 ref.

SENNERBY-FORSSE, L. 1985: Clonal variation of wood specific gravity, moisture content, and stem bark percentage in 1-year­old shoots of 20 fast-growing Salix clones. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15(3): 531--34. 12 ref.

SHULA, R.G. 1988: Indicative effects of outside storage on the fuel potential of Eucalyptus nitens and Piilus radiata whole tree sections and chips. Pp. 237-247in Proceedings of lEA/BE Conference Task lV Activity 6 and 7: production, storage and utilization of wood fuels, held in Uppsala, 6-7 December. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, lnstitutionen for skogsteknik, Uppsatser och Resuhat, 133-134.

SMITH, D.M. 1954: Maximum moisture content method for determining specific gravity of small wood samples. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Report No. 2014. 8 p. 8 ref.

SMITH, D.M.1955: A comparison of two methods for determining the specific gravity of small samples of second growth Douglas fir. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Report No. 2033. 21 p. 12 ref.

SMITH, D.M. 1961: Method of determining specific gravity of wood chips. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Report No. 2209. 8 p. 2 ref.

STAMM, A.J. 1961: A comparison of three methods for determining the pH of wood and paper. Forest Products Journal 11(7): 310-312. No ref.

STEVENS, D.J.; MACKIE, K.; KJELLSTROM, B. 1985: Feedstock characteristics for principal methods of energy conversion -gasification/liquefaction. Pp.86-103in Morgan, D.J.; Gambles, R.L.; Zsuffa, L.; Mitchell, C.P. (Ed.) Proceedings, Joint Workshop of International Energy Agency/Forestry Energy Agreement Programme Groups 8, C, and D, Uppsala, Sweden, 11 June 1984. 2 ref.

TAPPI 1976: Basic density and moisture content of pulpwood. TAPPI Standard T258 OS-76. 5 p. 4 ref.

WANG, S.; HUFFMAN, J.B. 1982: Effect of extractives on heat content of Melaleuca and Eucalyptus. Wood Science 15(1): 33-38. 17 ref.

WANG, S.; LITTELL, R.C.; ROCKWOOD, D.L 1984: Variation in density and moisture content of wood and bark among twenty Eucalyptus grandis progenies. Wood Science and Technology 18(2): 97-100. 10 ref.

62

WILCOX, W.W. 1968: Changes in wood microstructure through progressive stages of decay. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products LaboratOI)', Research Paper FPL 70. 46 p. 55 ref.

WILKES, J. 1987: Review of the significance of variations in wood structure in the utilisation of Pinus radiata. Australian Forest Research 17{3): 215-232. 113 ref. •