FRENCH REVOLUTION

Old Order – Ancién Regime King and Queen at the top! King: Louis XVI Queen: Marie Antoinette

Old Order – Ancien Regime

1ST: CLERGY (1%)

2ND: NOBILITY (<2%)

3RD: BOURGEOISIE(97%) SANS CULOTTES

PEASANTS

No taxes 10% Minister to

Common People

TITLE ROLES

Controlled much of the wealth

Few taxes Government and

military jobs Large estates

Rich, NO role in government

Workers Paid rent & fees,

1/10 of income to church

Third Estate Carrying the 1st & 2nd on its back

France in Debt Borrowed HUGE amounts of money to

spend on wars (including the American Revolution)

King & Queen spent lavishly(more than borrowed)

King tried to tax 2nd estate 2nd estate refused, King backed down Nature

Hailstorm & drought ruined harvests Winter 1788 worst in 80 years No food!

First Events of the Revolution In 1789, no estate was HAPPY 1st & 2nd ESTATE RESENTED LOSING

POWER TO MONARCHY Wealthy Bourgeoisie resented government

REGULATIONS THAT RESTRICTED BUSINESS GROWTH

3rd estate resented HUNGER & TAXES Meeting of the Estates-General: an

ASSEMBLY of the three estates that the NOBLES pressed Louis to call TO APPROVE NEW TAXES ON 3RD ESTATE

Representatives wrote “cahiers” to record grievances Got all riled up

Each estate gets ONE VOTE and usually the 1st and 2nd estate would vote together

Louis wanted to continue the Old Way but the 3rd estate was inspired by the ENLIGHTENMENT and refused

3rd estate declared themselves a LEGISLATURE with the right to MAKE LAWS : National Assembly

Louis ordered troops to Paris and Versailles fearing an overthrow. National Assembly saw this, they feared violence

July 14, 1789: a MOB of Parisians went to the BASTILLE, killed the commander, piked his head

“THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE” became a symbol for the French Revolution

After the fall of the Bastille, people were afraid the king would retaliate: “GREAT FEAR”

For revenge, the peasants destroyed RECORDS LISTING FEUDAL DUES and burned nobles’ HOUSES

Creating New Rights National Assembly eliminated ALL FEUDAL

DUES “Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the

Citizen” Liberty Equality All men are born equal and remain Fraternity equal under the law

Louis calls troops to Versailles Mob of 7,000 angry women storm Versailles Louis agrees to return to Paris

National Assembly sells off church lands to pay off debts

New Government Citizens (taxpaying men) get new rights Keep monarchy, but weaken it King and Queen try to flee, caught Austria & Prussia threaten war if monarchs harmed

50,000 troops moved to border Legislative Assembly declares war

Lose Blame king

King and Queen taken to prison Legislative Assembly National Convention Radicals in charge Abolish Monarchy REPUBLIC!

1792: Radicals in Control!The Mountain

(most radical)Members:

Montagnards

Club: Jacobins

Supporters: Lower Middle

Class

Plain Swing

MembersSwing voters

Originally Supported:

Girondin

Switched to: The Mountain

GirondinModerate

sMembers:

From Provinces

Supported:Constitutional

MonarchyResented: Paris’ Mob Influence

Government Leaders: JEAN-PAUL MARAT: advocates

violence, Sans Culottes GEORGES JACQUES DANTON:

compromiser, opposed excesses MAXMILIEN ROBESPIERRE: dedicated,

led bloodiest time

Executing the King After the National Convention, the king was

placed on TRIAL The GIRONDINS had hoped to avoid a trial,

but they were the MINORITY The MONTAGNARDS were eager to try and

execute the king in order to prevent a return of the monarchy

Louis was quickly CONDEMNED and scheduled to DIE the next day

Louis XVI was killed with the GUILLOTINE

After the King’s execution… National Convention began to tighten its

CONTROL Set up the COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC

SAFETY to manage country's military defense

Made a DRAFT of all unmarried men 18-45

REVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL was made to root out and eliminate anyone who posed a threat to the Revolution

The Revolution also transformed French Society:

Roman Catholic Church abolished “Cult of Supreme Being” (Bibles replaced by Declaration of the Rights of Man)

Metric System Calendar 10, 3 week

months Got rid of King, Queen,

etc on playing cards

Reign of Terror: series of accusations, trials & executions

Caused by revolutionary leaders fearing a COUNTER REVOLUTION

Once peasants got rid of feudal dues, they went back to their CONSERVATIVE ways

But when they heard about the DRAFT a western village, VENDEE resisted so strongly it led to a CIVIL WAR

The counterrevolutionary force was called the CATHOLIC & ROYAL ARMY

The government took control back, and destroyed everything and everyone it could

Revolutionary Tribunal There are secret Monarchists amongst us – and

they’re trying to kill you! Sit in a circle Each Frenchmen gets a card 2 will be monarchs (kings or queens) The rest of you are Peasants (1-10) Each “night” the monarchs will silently agree

whom to kill by pointing Each “day” I’ll inform you who was killed, and

the rest of the group must decide whom to “guillotine”

As long as the monarchs live, the game continues

Can you find the monarchs before they kill you ALL?

Accusations and Trials Motagnards set up the Revolutionary Tribunal

to get rid of dissenters Robespierre said they needed to use TERROR

to defend the republic from its enemies The tribunal began with the GIRONDISTS

because they once wanted a CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

Soon anyone that CRITICIZED the revolution or supported the old ORDER were in danger or trial and death

Execution of Robespierre

The Terror’s Victims Didn’t spare any class,

occupation, or gender More nobles were killed Nuns who refused to close

convents Reign of Terror

10 months 300,000 arrested 17,000 executed

After the Terror – THE DIRECTORY

France had to start over with a new Government 1795: National Convention

wrote ANOTHER constitution Restricted voting rights given

in last constitution Voters elected a governing

board: “Directory” Five men called directors Passed financial reforms Helped farmers & improved

trade

The Directory…Not so good Ineffective Weak & corrupt Shared many

characteristics with the Old Order High prices,

bankruptcy, citizen unrest

Created a POWER VACUUM!

Governments of Revolutionary France

National Assembly -1789 Ended feudalism Approved Declaration of Rights of Man & Citizen

Legislative Assembly -1791 Declared war on Austria

National Convention -1792 Ended monarchy, proclaimed France a republic Executed Louis XVI Reign of Terror

Directory -1795 Run by 5 “Directors” Weak, ineffective

French Revolution Review 1. Why were the French people upset?

Create a Graphic Organizer that shows the Social Hierarchy in France before the Revolution

Create a Political Cartoon showing why the People were upset at the monarchy

2. Describe the opening events of the French Revolution In one paragraph, describe the Storming of the Bastille, the

Declaration of the Rights of Man, and the formation of the Legislative Assembly

3. Create a Graphic Organizer that shows the makeup of the Radical Government and its three leaders

4. Describe Four changes to society under the New Government 5. Create a Mini- Propaganda Poster for the Reign of Terror 6. Collins Type III: Three Paragraphs, explain the events of the

French Revolution

French Revolution Quiz Know the details of the Ancién Regime

(Old Order) 1st, 2nd, 3rd Estate

Estates General & Storming of the Bastille

Declaration of the Rights of Man Radical Government Reign of Terror Directory

Napoleon A brilliant leader 1793: Forced British

troops out of the port of Toulon

1795: Napoleon fought a mob of royalists trying to regain power

Shot artillery into crowd, forcing them to flee

As a reward put in charge of French Interior

Napoleon 1796: Napoleon was

placed in command of troops invading Italy

His victories here kept France’s borders secure but also won territory for France

1798: Napoleon took large fleet to Mediterranean Sea to disrupt trade between England & India

British Admiral Horatio Nelson

Trapped French Ships Most of French fleet

destroyed Napoleon spun it to make it

look like hero Meanwhile, the Directory

had grown weak Some wanted a monarchy

since they feared growing European powers

Napoleon 1799: a group of

armed supporters surrounded the Directory and forced the members to turn over power to Napoleon:

COUP D'ÉTAT: FORCED TRANSFER OF POWER

Napoleon Group of three consuls

called CONSULATE Replaced the directory

and voted Napoleon in charge of Consul

Napoleon was Dictator People were tired of

constant warfare and chaos

People willing to give up some freedom

Napoleon moved quickly to strengthen his power Issued a Plebiscite:

Asked voters: Do you want to be AN EMPIRE? Voters said YES!

Pope Pius came to crown Napoleon Napoleon took the crown and CROWNED

HIMSELF Wanted to expand his empire to the Americas

Civil war in Haiti erupted and Napoleon sent an expedition which FAILED

Napoleon sold LOUISIANA to the US

Napoleonic Wars Extension of French Revolution Wars France became dominant power in

Europe France grew rapidly Lasted more than a decade (to 1815)

War with England Britain formed a series of coalitions

against France Napoleon knew that he must defeat

England 1805: Admiral Nelson and his fleet

defeated the French off the coast of Spain

CONTINENTAL SYSTEM Napoleon sought to disrupt trade

between England and the world France planned a blockade Prohibited French or allied ships to trade

with England Drew Britain and France into other

conflicts

Peninsular War Portugal was neutral, wouldn’t comply with

continental system Napoleon sent in troops to Portugal, then Spain Napoleon quickly won and put his brother Joseph

on the throne of Spain England sent troops to support Spanish revolt

against France Napoleon brought troops in from Central Europe,

won several battles Guerilla fighters eventually forced France out of

Spain

Pretend you are a French Journalist…

Write an opinion article regarding Napoleon’s recent conquests and Wars Why was he fighting? Were they successful? What’s your opinion on the campaigns?

What do you think about his method to maintain control of his new lands? (Look at page 612)

Make sure to give your article a title, and a date

How did Napoleon keep power in his vast territories?

Brother Joseph-Napoleon King of Spain

Brother Louis-Napoleon King of Holland

Brother Jerome-Napoleon King of Westphalia

Stepson Eugene-Napoleon ruled Italy

Sister Elisa-Napoleon grand Duchess of Tuscany

Brother in Law Joachim-Napoleon ruled Naples

By 1812 Napoleon controlled much of Europe

Read 612-613 and answer questions

Collins II: What did

Napoleon do that was good, bad?

Reforms CONCORDAT: AGREEMENT

ACKNOWLEDGING THAT MOST FRENCH WERE ROMAN CATHOLICS Did not require that they be Catholic Religious toleration still law Recognized influence of RCC in France

but said they had not control over nation affairs

Established Bank of France to regulate economy More efficient tax collection No more financial ruin

Reforms NAPOLEONIC CODE

Made laws uniform across nation Eliminated injustices Promoted order and authority over individual rights

Press restricted by censors Only applied to male citizens

Denied rights of women Allowed men to authority over wives

Strong leaders in government and military positions High schools, universities, technical schools to prepare

young men for high positions

Legacy Ensured some of the

revolution lasted Equality before the

law Representative

system of government NATIONALISM:

SENSE OF IDENTITY AS A PEOPLE, UNITY AS PEOPLE, LOVE OF COUNTRY

Napoleon’s Downfall Napoleon stationed

troops near the border of Russia

Czar Alexander I feared the Continental System and began to gather troops

To teach the Czar a lesson, Napoleon moved east into Russia

Summer By June, Napoleon &

600,000 men marched across the border

Many new recruits were from conquered territories, no loyalty

Supplies spoiled in the summer heat

The army suffered from disease, desertion and hunger, which thinned the ranks

Advance As Napoleon and the troops moved

inward, Russians withdrew Peasants set fire to their fields August: France finally gets a battle:

French won with high casualties Russian Army lost 90,000, retreated

Moscow French reached

Moscow by September, but the city was deserted

The city was also on fire

Napoleon had no choice but to turn back

Winter Harsh winter was the

worst enemy Napoleon rushed

back to Europe by sleigh

Only 94,000/600,000 returned

Defeat The disaster gave Napoleon’s

enemies new hope Napoleon raised another army but

they were inexperienced October 1813, the allies met

Napoleon at LEIPZIG, GERMANY, CLEAR DEFEAT FOR NAPOLEON

March 1814, the allies entered Paris

As terms of his surrender, Napoleon had to give up his throne, but kept his title –exiled to ELBA

The Comeback Kid When Napoleon was exiled, France restored the

monarchy Louis XVIII (brother of executed king Louis XVI) Grew very unpopular – people feared Ancién Regime

After a year of exile on Elba Napoleon hired a ship to take him and his many supporters to France He headed to Paris Rumors of Napoleon’s return spread Troops sent to arrest him pledged their loyalty

instead

Hundred Days Defeat at Waterloo

Napoleon arrived in Paris a hero HUNDRED DAYS: BRIEF PERIOD OF

RENEWED GLORY Napoleon’s enemies gathered for another

showdown at WATERLOO, Belgium British Troops led by the Duke of Wellington Belgian, Dutch, and German troops joined Britain Prussia joined the fight towards the end of the day Napoleon couldn’t beat both armies 50,000 died – Napoleon LOST the Battle of Waterloo

Final Exile Napoleon fled and tried

to escape to America Caught and sent farther

than Elba: Saint Helena Volcanic island in the

South Atlantic 1,200 miles from

mainland Died just six years later

at the age of 51

Congress of Vienna CONGRESS OF

VIENNA: RESTORE STABILITY TO EUROPE Changed national

borders to strengthen nations near France Dutch and Austria were

united: Kingdom of Netherlands

Austria joined with 38 German states to make German Confederation

Great Britain received overseas territories

Those who helped France lost territoryThose who fought France gained territoriesFrance paid an INDEMNITY: PAYMENT TO COMPENSATE FOR LOSSESRESTORED MONARCHIES