First Estate: clergy›higher clergy (wealthy families, luxury)

› lower clergy (middle/lower classes)

Second Estate: nobility›highest offices in gvt. & army

›very well off, but often jealous of King

Third Estate: peasants, workers, mid. class›Carried tax burden; hardest working

›middle class: bourgeoisie (next slide)

Middle class of Third Estate›merchants, bankers, doctors, lawyers

Money & Educations, but w/o noble bloodlines

Philosophes greatly influenced them›Challenged nobility & clergy as natural leaders (Enlightenment)

Sick of paying all of the taxes

Pushed Revolution forward

Louis XVI calls meeting Estates-General

Delegates Third Estate insist on equal vote in Estates-General

Louis XVI refuses & closes doors

Third Estate: meets on palace tennis court insisted France adopt Constitution›called themselves National Assembly

›Tennis Court Oath

Louis XVI ordered other 2 Estates join›also calls in 18,000 troops to Paris

LOUIS XVI

Parisians › food shortages, unemployment, high prices

›worried about 18,000 soldiers

›worried about National Assembly

Charged the prison› over 100 Parisians killed› warden & mayor killed (heads paraded)

July 14, 1789 Bastille Day› most important holiday in France

Major Reforms› feudalism abolished›Catholic Church: no longer collect taxes

›all positions in Church, Army, & Govt open to all citizens regardless of birth

›Declaration of Rights of Man

›Constitution of 1791›adult males granted suffrage (vote)

DECLARATION OF THE

RIGHTS OF MAN

Slogan of French Revolution

JACOBINS (THE MOUNTAIN)› RADICAL REVOLUTIONARIES› ROBESPIERRE & DANTON› FIRED UP SANS-CULOTTES

GIRONDISTS› REPS FROM OUTSIDE OF PARIS

Women march to Versailles›Demand bread

Men soon follow Louis, Antoinette, & family forced to Paris

Louis XVI & family attempt to flee

Divisions grow between Bourgeoisie

France declares war on Austria› Austria warns citizens not to harm royals

› King & Marie Antoinette killed

nearly all of Europe joins in War effort

Jacobins take over war effort

Conscription: People’s Army formed› 1 million strong

Brissot=Girondin leader Assembly

Danton=Jacobin leader of club

Robespierre=Jacobin lawyer

Marat=Jacobin writer

Guillotine

GUILLOTINE

Robespierre: leader of Jacobins›creates program to silence critics Committee of Public Safety

›1793-1794: 29,000 killed by the big G…

› many thrown in jail w/o trial; many die

› guillotine = symbol of Revolution

› Robespierre arrested & chopped

› moderates (Girondists) take over once again

INCREDIBLE people’s movement

Promoted individual rights & liberties

Abolished feudalism & slavery

Introduced new style of warfare

› Citizen’s army (conscription = the draft)

› TOTAL WAR: whole nation unites in war men & women all ages, everyone has role

Spirit of nationalism (pride)

Economic & social problems continue Led campaigns in Austria & Egypt

› soldiers found Rosetta Stone (hieroglyphics)

Coup Successful: placed a popular general in charge (Napoleon)

Napoleon attempted to replace Directory› Unsuccessful: so he drove it out w/ force

I wonder if I can take this horse off some sweet

jumps?

Napoleon needs approval of bourgeoisie › his policies reflected this

Promoted trade, created new jobs, lowered prices on food, stablized money

Recognized land taken during Revolution› peasants & workers keep stolen land

Allowed 2nd Estate comeback w/o punishment (emigres)

Napoleon signs treaties with Sp. & Port.

Soon wars break out (balance of power)›Austria, Prussia, & Russia›Napoleon woops ‘em (making France #1)

Napoleon controls nearly all of Europe

Then Trafalgar: next slide

ARC DE TRIOMPHE

Britain blockaded French ports› Britain seized French ships

Napoleon attacks & loses ½ his ships

British lose 0 British: Horatio Nelson Napoleon gives up on

plans to invade Britain. Tries something else

Napoleon sets up Continental System›Defeat England= no English imports into Europe

›didn’t work

› People smuggled & traded w/ colonies

› Portugal doesn’t use Continental SystemNapoleon conquers Portugal & Spain; puts brother in charge

Based on Declaration of Rights of Man›NO feudalism & class privilege

›Freedom of all religions›Protect property rights

› Individual liberties & natural rights

› Each state given constitution & Parliament

› Free public education for all Napoleon spreads

Enlightenment ideals all over Europe

Russia traded w/ Britain ›violated Continental System

Napoleon organizes Grand Army›614,000 soldiers

Russians slowly retreated; burned everything

Napoleon to Moscow (nothing left)

Harsh winter, disease, starvation, & desertion forced Napoleon to retreat

Less than 40,000 soldiers survived campaign

As Napoleon retreats, united front of nations declare war on France

“Battle of Nations” ›Napoleon abdicated, sent to Elba

›Louis XVIII placed in power

Quadruple Alliance Prussia, Russia, Austria, &

Great Britain› prevent France from conquering Europe

Napoleon escapes from Elba

ELBA

Napoleon lands French coast w/ 1000 men

Louis XVIII sends troops to capture him

Napoleon arrives in Paris w/ overwhelming acceptance

Quadruple Alliance prepares itself for war

Napoleon’s troops crushed at Waterloo

Napoleon exiled to St. Helena; dies there

EMPORER NAPOLEON

Positives:› Established education as priority

› Compromised with Church› Promoted ideals of Revolution

› Enlightenment ideals spread across EuropeNatural rights

Negatives:› ignored many individual freedomsNo: free elections, free press, heavy war taxes, took title of emperor, the draft

Idea (Goals)

Struggle (Challenges Government)

Revolt (Work toward Goals)

Mass Upheaval (Restructure)

Oppression

This process is uncontrollable There must be a someone to assume

role of "Liberator-Hero“ Key Enlightenment ideals

› Popular sovereignty, individual freedom, political and legal equality, and the social contract

Mercantile (trade) policies of Great Britain

Dependence status of colonies symbolized by “no taxation without representation”

Enlightenment ideas

Noncompliance of British laws Retaliation by the British Protests: boycotts, violence, letters, and

declarations to the British Crown Cycle of rising protests and reprisals Declaration of Independence, 1776 Alliances with Britain’s enemies Peace Treaty, 1783

                                                                           

Establishment of the United States of America in 1776

Recognition by other nations and finally the British

Loss of territory and revenues by the British

Long Term effects of rule by absolute monarchy

Policies of Louis XVI National debt and financial collapse Privileges assigned to the nobility;

abuses

Privileges assigned to the Roman Catholic Church; abuses

Rise of the bourgeoisie; rivalry for power with nobles and Church

Conditions of peasants; series of poor harvests

Conditions of urban workers, sans culottes

Enlightenment ideas; philosophes

Four Stages Aristocrats challenge king Bourgeoisie challenge voting process in

Estates-General Popular revolution, the people in the

cities, Paris, especially; support the bourgeoisie

Peasants in the countryside; support the revolution in Paris

French Republic: National ConventionDirectory

Unsolved Problems:› Continuing war with Great Britain, Austria› Corrupt politicians› Bread riots› Anger over policies related to the Church› Growing royalist support

National Assembly Formal abolition of feudalism Declaration of the Rights of Man

and the Citizen Revocation of privileges of the Roman

Catholic Church; reorganization of the Church under the state

Set up limited monarchy

National Convention Abolished the monarchy and the aristocracy Extended voting rights to more but not all

male citizens

Committee of Public Safety Reign of Terror (Jacobin Club)

Directory 5-man council, absolute powerNapoleon asked to assume power