1 14/10/2013

French - IFSTTAR activities

ERMES

Brussels, 26-27 September 2013 Yao LIU, Michel ANDRÉ

Laboratoire Transports et Environnement

2 14/10/2013

French activities (Ifsttar–Lab. Transport &

Environment)

Emission factors / transport contribution

French data elaboration: fleet, traffic

Emission model application

3 14/10/2013

Emission factors / transport contribution

Emission factors from the traffic

On-road real-world

Chassis dynamometer

Interested

compounds

NOxCOHCPMPN

Regulated compounds

Followed regularly

Non-regulated compoundsN2O, NH3

VOCPAHCarbonyl compoundsBlack carbon…

Environment and health impacts

Emission factors not updated

4 14/10/2013

Kerbside measurements (other labs)

Emission factors / transport contribution

On-road (in-situ) real-world and chassis dynamometer emissions

measurements for characterizing the traffic contribution

Project : CORTEA PM-DRIVE (Particulate DiRect and Indirect Vehicular Emissions)

(IFSTTAR, col. LGGE, LCME, LCP, Cerea, 2011-2014)

5 types of vehicle Emission Factors • Regulated compounds

• Non-regulated compounds:

PAH, VOC, Carbonyl compounds

Particle chemical

characterization • Non-regulated compounds:

about 100 organic compounds,

metals, black carbon

Particle size number

distribution

Chassis dynamometer measurement Gas phase

Particulate phase

Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4

Diesel w/o DPF 1 1

Diesel DPF 1

Gasoline 1 1

5 14/10/2013

On-road (in-situ) real-world and chassis dynamometer emissions

measurements for characterizing the traffic contribution

Emission factors / transport contribution

Tunnel measurements (other labs)

Non-exhaust emissions (other labs)

7 types of vehicle Emission Factors • Regulated compounds

Particle chemical

characterization • Non-regulated compounds:

about 300 organic compounds

Particle size number

distribution

Chassis dynamometer measurement

Both PM-DRIVE and URBE : Measurement of specific molecular tracers for inclusion

in CMB source profiles representative of European fleet

Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5

Diesel w/o DPF 1 2

Diesel DPF 1 1

Gasoline 1 1 1

Gas phase

Particulate phase

Project : URBE (Source apportionment of URBan Emissions of primary particulate matter)

(coop. Univ of Aveiro, Portugal, CSIC Barcelona, Univ. Birmingham,

IFSTTAR, 2013-2014)

6 14/10/2013

Emission factors / transport contribution

Chassis dynamometer emissions measurements for

characterizing the traffic contribution

Project : CORTEA FEVER (Emission Factor of Recent VEhicles)

(IFSTTAR, Sept. 2013 – Aug. 2015)

5 types of vehicle

Emission Factors • Regulated Compounds

• Non-Regulated Compounds

PAH, VOC,

Carbonyl compounds

Emission Factors • Black Carbon

• PAH

Particle size

number

distribution

Emission Factors for Artemis Urban, Road

and Highway cycles

Identify and quantify the key of non-

regulated pollutants

Gas phase Particulate phase Euro 4 Euro 5

Diesel w/o

DPF 1

Diesel DPF 2 3

Gasoline 1 2

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French data elaboration: fleet, traffic

Vehicle fleet and traffic activity

A whole exercise was completed in 2013, covering all vehicle

categories (Pass. cars, Light and Heavy duty vehicles, Urban bus,

Coaches, 2 wheelers), over the period 1980-2030, and including :

– Revision of several assumptions (survival rates, annual mileage),

– Large data collection (detailed registrations over 10 years, systematic

review of the mobility surveys)

– Setting-up of prospective scenario as regards new technologies based

on a ADEME - car manufacturers prospective study (2012)

(French Environment and Energy Management Agency)

The French dataset is ready for inclusion in the HBEFA

tools

But also available with the COPERT structure

However new technologies segments should be considered in the

software ! (otherwise, the propsective exercise would be difficult)

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French data elaboration: fleet, traffic

exemple: Evolution of the French fleet over 1980-2030

New technologies should represent 31% of the traffic

(veh x km)

and

27% of the fleet

Conv. Diesel 49%

Conv. Petrol 20%

Plug-in petrol 5%

Electric 4%

Hybrid Petrol 15%

Hybrid Diesel 7%

0,0E+00

5,0E+07

1,0E+08

1,5E+08

2,0E+08

2,5E+08

3,0E+08

3,5E+08

4,0E+08

4,5E+08

5,0E+08

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

i-PCnotspecified-1h-PCPHEVPetrol

g-PCBEV

f-Hybrideessence

e-HybrideDiesel

d-PCE85

c-PCLPG

b-Essence

a-DieselThese new

technologies should be

considered in software

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French data elaboration: fleet, traffic

It should be noted that strong discrepancies were observed

between different database for France (EMISIA, CITEPA,

IFSTTAR)

Varied from 30% and up to 100%, depending on:

– absolute levels (number of vehicles, or total traffic)

– distribution between categories.

2015 PV

Diesel Petrol

Number of vehicles

CITEPA 65 34

EMISIA 49 44

IFSTTAR-LTE 65 34

Discrepancies % 34 32

Total traffic

CITEPA 71 29

EMISIA 58 34

IFSTTAR-LTE 76 23

Discrepancies % 32 44

Example of

comparison

between diesel

and petrol

passenger

vehicles

Induce strong

differences on

emission

calculations

10 14/10/2013

French data elaboration: fleet, traffic – local data

Experiments have been perfomed to monitor local fleet

composition

In Grenoble, (MOCOPO research project):

4 video cameras have been set up

Around 1 Million of observations during one month, with technology

information details

Monitoring of the traffic (speed and flow) and of air quality near the road

In Paris and area, (ZaParC research project):

9 different places to monitor different vehicle fleets

Around 500,000 observations, for which the technology data have been

collected through the registration file

In both cases, build up the real-world fleet composition

Analysis of the spatial and temporal variability

Analysis of the sensitivity of the emission calculation

In progress...

11 14/10/2013

Emission model application – pertinence, coherency

Intercomparison of tools (in progress)

COPERT4 - HBEFA expert-version - COPCETE (GIS tool including

French data for road project impact studies, based on COPERT4)

Study Cases : a few streets and a whole city

Coupling of models and assessment methodologies (1 PhD)

Create a modeling chain to estimate traffic impact on air and water

quality

Validate the modeling chain with experimental data

Traffic model – emission models

Two research projects (TRAFIPOLLU and CoerT-P) aiming at

implementing traffic (Static/Dyn) and emission models (COPERT,

HBEFA, PHEM) at different scales

12 14/10/2013

Emission model application – pertinence, coherency

Urban mobility plans, traffic management measures Case of Nantes

Multidisciplinary approach for environmental impact assessment

Detailed and critical analysis of the whole model chain

High focus on the traffic modelling and emission calculation (DAVISUM travel and traffic modelling, + CIRCUL’AIR plate-forme based on COPERT)

In the Paris area - Case of the Low Emission Zones Large scale measurements of air quality, black carbon and tunnel

experiment

Real world vehicle fleet and traffic observation

HEAVEN (plate-form from AirParif, based on COPERT methodology) modelling chain for traffic modelling and emission estimation and validation with air quality measurement

13 14/10/2013

Conclusions

Emission factors / transport contribution

PM-DRIVE, URBE and FEVER focus on:

– Emission factors of PAH, VOC, Carbonyl compounds, black carbon

– Particle size number distribution

– Tunnel, Kerbside measurements and Non-exhaust emissions

French data elaboration: fleet, traffic

Experiments have been performed to monitor local fleet composition

– Grenoble, (MOCOPO research projet)

– Paris and area, (ZaParC research project)

Emission model application

Intercomparison of COPERT4 - HBEFA expert-version - COPCETE

Coupling traffic emission-air quality models

14 14/10/2013

Proposals for ERMES

Non-regulated-pollutants

ERMES Research Issue No. 10

Guidance on and benchmarking of models, uncertainty, test

cases

ERMES Research Issue No. 24

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16 14/10/2013

Proposals for ERMES –

Non-regulated-pollutants

A high concern, due to health and environment impacts with emerging

technologies and fuels

Three short term phases (24 months)

Identify key non-regulated pollutants with evolution of vehicle

technologies

Collect literature and data into a database of emission factors

Literature review on current sampling and analysis methods for each

family of compounds (PAH, VOC, Aldehyde…)

Then a tests program should be designed according to the above, to

measure emissions data around the key NRP.

Tests program

Establish a test program on 30-40 diesel and gasoline vehicles (more

or less recent Euro 2-6), with several partner laboratories (JRC, EMPA,

LAT…)

Data synthesis and elaboration of emission factors

17 14/10/2013

Proposals for ERMES –

Guidance on and benchmarking of models, uncertainty, test cases

Four phases are proposed: To question the emission models : accuracy and domain of

pertinence, through a review, inter-comparisons. COPERT, HBEFA and PHEM should be considered.

To question the data and assumptions for emission estimation (fleet and traffic data, prospective scenario, various assumptions): analyse their importance, quality and the sensitivity of the emissions calculation to these data. Particular point : the use of national data instead of local data

To question the use of emission models within larger chains of models. These combinations require adaptations, or even reprogramming of the tools. Assumptions and interfaces should be examined carefully. Validity of the coupling with micro or macro traffic models should be demonstrated. Detailed analysis should enable determining the pertinence of these chains, and setting-up recommendations.

… (cont.) …

18 14/10/2013

Proposals for ERMES –

Guidance on and benchmarking of models, uncertainty, test cases

Four phases are proposed:

…

To analyse the practices for the assessment of the air pollution from

road transport: to get lessons from real-cases of applications (French

recent studies, EC works on green cities, CIVITAS program, etc.).

Special care should concern the real-world practices, the setting-up

of scenarios, the users and their advices on the emission tools, and

even the lessons or benefits gained from the implantation of various

transport / traffic measures,

Expected results : a better knowledge of the contexts in

which emissions models are used, of their accuracy, limits

and domain of pertinence, recommendation around the

assessment approaches.

19 14/10/2013

Introduction

Objective: To create a modelling chain to estimate

traffic impact on air and water quality

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Model integration