Spanish Sello Quartos ca. 1694 and 1694 from the reign of Carlos II
French Culture Project By Pierre. Real name is Francois-Marie Arouet Born 21 November 1694- Death...
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Transcript of French Culture Project By Pierre. Real name is Francois-Marie Arouet Born 21 November 1694- Death...
Real name is Francois-Marie Arouet Born 21 November 1694- Death 30 May
1778 Wrote about his advocacy of civil liberties,
freedom of religion, free tradeand separation of church and state Outspoken supporter of social
reform
Voltaire
Voltaire is an anagram of “Arovet Li”, which is the Latinized spelling of his name, Arouet and the initial letters of “le jeune”
The adoption of his name at Bastille is seen by many to mark Voltaire’s formal separation from his family and his past
Why He Chose the Pen Name Voltaire?
Considered himself a deist He did not believe that any single religious
text or tradition of revelation was needed to believe in God
Focused on the idea of universal laws, underlying every religious system
Views on Religion
"All men are born with a nose and ten fingers, but no one was born with a knowledge of God.“ – Voltaire on men and God
"An ideal form of government is democracy tempered with assassination." — Voltaire on the government
"Appreciation is a wonderful thing: It makes what is excellent in others belong to us as well." — Voltaire on appreciation
Famous Quotes
He drank over 50 cups of coffee a day The composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
despised Voltaire Wrote more than 20,000 letters and 2,000
books
Fun Facts about Voltaire
Real name is Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu
Born 18 January 1689- 10 February 1755 Famous for his theory of the separation of
powers Powers were executive, legislative and
judicial classification systems based on their principles
Montesquieu
Divided French society into 3 classes: the monarchy, the aristocracy, and the commons
Two types of governmental power: the sovereign and the administrative
Three main forms of government each supported by a social principle: monarchies, republics, and despotisms
Influential Work
Lettres Persanes or “Persian Letters” recounts the experiences of two noblemen, Usbek and Rica who are traveling through France
De l’espirt des lois or “The Spirit of Laws” he advocates constitutionalism, separation of powers, abolition of slavery, preservation of civil liberties and the rule of law
Major Works
“To become truly great, one has to stand with the people, not above them.”
“The less men think, the more they talk.” “Not to be loved is a misfortune, but it is an
insult to be loved no longer.” “Liberty is the right of doing whatever the
laws permit.”
Famous Quotes
Largely responsible for the popularization of the terms feudalism and Byzantine Empire
Troubled by poor eyesight Was completely blind at the later time of his
life, about five years before he died
Fun Facts
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born 28 June 1712- 2 July 1778
Wrote about the theory of Natural Human Also wrote about Political, Educational and
Sociological thought Writings helped influenced the
French Revolution
Rousseau
Discourse on Equality Emile: or, On Education Julie, ou la nouvelle Heloise The Social Contract
Major Works
Believed in general will which refers to the desire or interest of people as a whole
Believes that the sovereignty of the law should be in the hands of the people
Believed in a classical republicanism which is built around concepts such as civil society, civic virtue and mixed government
Political Thoughts
Was one of the first to advocate developmentally appropriate education
Divides childhood into stages First is the age to 12, when children are
guided by their emotions and impulses Second is the age from 12-16, reason starts
to develop Third stage is 16 and over when the child
develops into an adult
Educational Thoughts
“What wisdom can you find greater than kindness.”
“The world of reality has its limits; the world of imagination is boundless.”
“I would rather be a man of paradoxes than a man of prejudices.”
“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”
Famous Quotes
Even though he wrote about the education of children, he never raised any of his own
Didn’t believe he would be a good parent because he lost his mother at birth and his father abandoned him at the age of 10
Made a living of writing and teaching music Danielle Rousseau on the TV show Lost, was
named after Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Fun Facts
Born 31 March 1596- 11 February 1650 Has been dubbed the “Father of Modern
Philosophy”
Rene Descartes
His theory provided the basis for the calculus of Newton and Leibniz by applying infinitesimal calculus to the tangent line problem
Descartes’ rule of signs is also commonly used method to determine the number of positive and negative roots of a polynomial
Created analytical geometry which is the bridge between algebra and geometry
Mathematics
Known for his quote “cogito ergo sum”, and in French “Je pense, donc je suis” which means “I think, therefore I am” in English
First thinker to provide a philosophical framework for the natural sciences as these began to develop
Suggested that body the body works like a machine
Philosophical Work
Meditations on First Philosophy Principles of Philosophy Discourse on the Method Les Passions de l’^ame (Passions of the
Soul)
Major Works
“It is not enough to have a good mind; the main thing is to use it well.”
“It is easy to hate and it is difficult to love. This is how the whole scheme of things works. All good things are difficult to achieve; and bad things are very easy to get.”
“Conquer yourself not the world.”
Famous Quotes
The enlightenment period philosophers, (Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau) disagreed with his beliefs on multiple topics
Helped create the Scientific Revolution Was Roman Catholic
Fun Facts
21 June 1905- 15 April 1980 Leading figures in 20th Century French
Philosophy Key figures in the meaning of Existentialism Was a Marxist
Jean-Paul Sartre
Refers to a set of ideas about existence, beyond the terms used in ancient philosophy and objective science
Basically means they are agnostic in a higher power. “If God exists, then he exists; if he doesn’t, then he doesn’t exist”
Existentialism
La Nausee Being and Nothingness The Age of Reason Critique de la raison dialectique (Critique of
Dialectical Reason)
Major Works
“Existence precedes and rules essence. “ “Hell is other people.” “Man is condemned to be free; because
once thrown into the world, he is responsible for everything he does.”
“Man is fully responsible for his nature and his choices.”
Famous Quotes
Was a French Soldier in WWII and many of his writings were experiences he had in the war
End of his life, he embraced anarchism Went to Cuba in the 1960’s to meet Fidel
Castro and spoke with Che Guevera Was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in
1964 but refused it
Fun Facts
^ http://www.e-enlightenment.com/item/voltfrVF0850079_1key001cor
^ Montesquieu (1734), Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline, The Free Press, retrieved 2011-11-30 Ch. XVIII.
Abizadeh, Arash (2001). "Banishing the Particular: Rousseau on Rhetoric, Patrie, and the Passions" Political Theory 29.4: 556–82.
1988. The Philosophical Writings Of Descartes in 3 vols. Cottingham, J., Stoothoff, R., Kenny, A., and Murdoch, D., trans. Cambridge University Press
References