Freedom vs Control

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Freedom vs Control: Effective Learning in Exploratory Environments Sergio Gutiérrez Santos Birkbeck College, Univ. of London

Transcript of Freedom vs Control

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Freedom vs Control:Effective Learning in Exploratory Environments

Sergio Gutiérrez SantosBirkbeck College, Univ. of London

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Initial assumptions

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Focus is on discussion

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Focus is on discussionnot on lecture

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I may pass over details quickly

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I may pass over details quicklyI am happy to answer questions at the end

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“Hello. Results are good.Results are on paper. Thanks.”

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I did not come to talk about my book.

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I would like to share some ideas and hope that they are helpful.

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Exploratory Environments

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Exploratory Learning Environments

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Exploratory Environments

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Exploration

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Wander about the environment

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Follow dead tracks

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Make mistakes

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Make mistakeslearn from mistakes

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Games have been doing this for years

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Adventure games encouraged different kinds of exploration: talking to different people, moving to different places...

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More modern games provide additional opportunities for exploration: different terrains, different avatars / abilities, different constraints...

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Strategy games take exploration to a new level: what would you do if you had a blank slate on which to build the perfect city? Different types of buildings, of citizens, of enemies... what is your most pressing challenge at every moment?

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Games like The Incredible Machine allowed players to play with the Laws of (Classical) Physics...

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Why is exploration so important?

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Exploration is personal

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Exploration is meaningful

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When you explore a world...

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...it becomes your world.

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You develop a sense of ownership.

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Is this relevant for learning?

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A lot.

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Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge.

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Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge.

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Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge.

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Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge.

ownership

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Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge.

ownership

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Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge.

ownershipexploration

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Since Piaget we know that we learn

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by adapting what we perceive from the world

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into our own mental structures.

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New knowledge becomes our knowledge

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New knowledge becomes our knowledge

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New knowledge becomes our knowledge

ownershipexploration

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In the same way

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that technology has allowed games to be more exploratory

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so we must use technology to make learning more exploratory.

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Why?

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Education is not (should not be) about drilling,

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Education is not (should not be) about repetition,

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Education is (should be) about finding original solutionsto problems...

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...like sharing information with colleagues

WWW

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...like finding the right stuff on the internet

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...like finding new materials

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Exploratory Environments

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Exploratory Learning Environments

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provide learning opportunities

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and stimulate creativity.

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Exploration is not necessarily positive for learning

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?

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Exploration can be harmful

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Learning is more than just exploring

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There are many potential pitfalls

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in exploratory learning:

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Greater opportunities for distraction

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Lack of criteria to recognise good information

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Development of bad habits

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Lack or loss of goals

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Therefore, we need guidance and support

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“Exploration is not learning without support”

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Guidance/support means many things

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Support means providing a goal

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Support means providing a goal(or goals)

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Support means keeping focus on the goal(s)

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This is especially true with young children

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Support means providing help with difficulties

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Support means providing feedback on mistakes

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Support means providing hints for exploration

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Support means providing hints for exploratione.g. where others have gone

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Support means providing hints for exploratione.g. where you have not gone yet (but should)

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Support means putting it all together

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Support means putting it all togetherConnecting to other learners

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Support means putting it all togetherConnecting to other learners

Connecting to the learner's past

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Support means putting it all togetherConnecting to other learners

Connecting to the learner's pastConnecting to the learner's future

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In the end, support/guidance is

what (good) teachers do

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The art is in finding the right balance

Support

Exploration

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<main-idea>

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Exploratory environments

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with appropriate support and guidance

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are extremely positive for learning.

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Supportive Exploratory Learning Environments

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can be positive for learners

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can be positive for teachers

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can be positive for collaboration.

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</main-idea>

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First

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Positive for learners

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The problem of support

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Support is usually provided by a human

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But... what happens in the classroom?

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But... what happens in the big classroom?

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We do not have enough teachers...

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...the only way forward is computer-based support

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But how?There are many problems

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Problem: too much data

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Problem: too unstructured data

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Problem: where is support needed?

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Problem: when is support needed?

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Problem: when is support needed?

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Problem: how should support be provided?

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Attacking all these problems at the same timeis extremely difficult

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(and maybe pointless)

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Solution: Divide and conquer!

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Layered design for Intelligent Support

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Three layers: analysis, reasoning, feedback

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Analysis

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Purpose: analyse the traces from ELE

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Layer contains many specialised modules

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One module, one purpose(unix-style)

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Different computational techniques for each case

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Each module focuses on one aspect(easier to design and program)

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Exploratory Learning Environment

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Exploratory Learning Environment

Problem1

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Exploratory Learning Environment

Problem1 Problem2

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Exploratory Learning Environment

Problem1 Problem2 Problem3

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Analysis

Exploratory Learning Environment

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But analysis alone is not enough toproduce feedback:

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But analysis alone is not enough toproduce feedback:

- Who sets priorities between different results?

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But analysis alone is not enough toproduce feedback:

- Who sets priorities between different results?- Not all modules can produce feedback on their own

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But analysis alone is not enough toproduce feedback:

- Who sets priorities between different results?- Not all modules can produce feedback on their own

Another layer is necessary

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Reasoning layer

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The reasoning layer combines informationfrom different analysis modules

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The reasoning layer decideswhat feedback to show

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and when

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Different reasoning techniques can be applied

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Analysis

Microworld (e.g. eXpresser)

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Analysis

Microworld (e.g. eXpresser)

Aggregation / Reasoning

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But still there is something missing...

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But still there is something missing...

The analysis layer finds evidence in the flow of unstructured data...

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But still there is something missing...

The analysis layer finds evidence in the flow of unstructured data...

The reasoning layer decides what feedback to provide and when to provide it...

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But still there is something missing...

The analysis layer finds evidence in the flow of unstructured data...

The reasoning layer decides what feedback to provide and when to provide it...

...but how to provide it?

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How to provide feedback involvesseveral important pegagogical questions:

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Level of interruption

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Level of interactivity

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Modality

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Point of view

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A new layer that takes care of this issues

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facilitates the design(separation of concerns)

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and allows collaboration withnon-technical partners

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Analysis

Microworld (e.g. eXpresser)

Aggregation / Reasoning

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Analysis

Microworld (e.g. eXpresser)

Aggregation / Reasoning

Feedback

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This separation in layers has a double benefit:

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first, it facilitates the design

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second, it facilitates the evaluation

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Evaluation of a SELE is costly

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Evaluation of a SELE is costly- A fully assembled system takes a long time to build

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Evaluation of a SELE is costly- A fully assembled system takes a long time to build- When errors are detected, it can be difficult to identify the cause

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Evaluation of a SELE is costly- A fully assembled system takes a long time to build- When errors are detected, it can be difficult to identify the cause

Separation in layers reduces cost

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Evaluation of a SELE is costly- A fully assembled system takes a long time to build- When errors are detected, it can be difficult to identify the cause

Separation in layers reduces cost- More precise problem detection

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Evaluation of a SELE is costly- A fully assembled system takes a long time to build- When errors are detected, it can be difficult to identify the cause

Separation in layers reduces cost- More precise problem detection- Earlier problem detection

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Evaluation of a SELE is costly- A fully assembled system takes a long time to build- When errors are detected, it can be difficult to identify the cause

Separation in layers reduces cost- More precise problem detection- Earlier problem detection- Facilitates involvement of non-technical partners

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How is this relevant for EEE?

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Exploratory activities on digital whiteboards and multi-touch tabletops

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Exploratory activities in the (augmented) real world...

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Exploratory activities in 3D worlds...

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<main-idea>

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Exploratory environments

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with appropriate support and guidance

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are extremely positive for learning.

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Supportive Exploratory Learning Environments

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can be positive for learners

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can be positive for teachers

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can be positive for collaboration.

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</main-idea>

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Positive for teachers?

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Teachers need support too!

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In order to support their students

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they need to understand their students' needs

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They also need to keep control of the classroom

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They also need to keep control of the classroom:“where am I needed the most?”

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Class Dynamics teacher tool

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They need to know what students have done

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Goal Tracking teacher tool

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They also want to know if students learn

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They also want to know if students learn(we are working on this)

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How is this relevant for EEE?

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Orquestration of activities

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Orquestration of activities

knowledge

requires

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Orquestration of activities

knowledge

students' achievements students' activity

requires

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<main-idea>

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Exploratory environments

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with appropriate support and guidance

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are extremely positive for learning.

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Supportive Exploratory Learning Environments

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can be positive for learners

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can be positive for teachers

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can be positive for collaboration.

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</main-idea>

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Collaboration in exploratory environments?

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Collaborative learning, anyone?

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Collaborative learning means discussion

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Collaborative learning means reflection

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Collaborative learning means deeper learning

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Collaborative learning means deeper learning(if done right)

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What is the key for productive discussion?

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A common goal (of course)

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and complementarity

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Using some intelligent analysis techniques

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we can find complementary approachesto the same tasks

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and make groups for collaborative activitiesbased on that information

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<main-idea>

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Exploratory environments

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with appropriate support and guidance

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are extremely positive for learning.

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Supportive Exploratory Learning Environments

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can be positive for learners

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can be positive for teachers

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can be positive for collaboration.

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</main-idea>

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And they are the future of (technology-enhanced) learning

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Thanks for listening!

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Learning rests on one basic assumption:

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Motivation

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“You cannot teach anyone who does not want to learn”

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Motivation is usually negative...

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...positive motivation works better, but isharder to achieve (ELE work well here)

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“Exploration needs more time”

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Of course!

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But learning needs time!

???

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Do we want students to learnor just to pass the exams?

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Analysis

Microworld (e.g. eXpresser)

Aggregation / Reasoning

Feedback

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Analysis

Microworld (e.g. eXpresser)

Aggregation / Reasoning

Feedback

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Analysis

Microworld (e.g. eXpresser)

Aggregation / Reasoning

Feedback