Freedom of Connection – Freedom of Expression: The Future Internet in the Larger Legal-Regulatory...
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Freedom of Connection – Freedom of Expression: The Future Internet in the Larger Legal-Regulatory Ecology
Presentation for the SESERV and Knetworks Seminar and Workshop, St Anne’s College, University of Oxford, 28 June 2011.
William H. Dutton
Oxford Internet Institute (OII)
University of Oxford
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UNESCO Request to Critically Review Status of Research on Freedom of Expression:
• Some Pioneering Studies• More Advocacy v Research• Politically Sensitive (e.g., the McBride Commission established in 1977)
• Too Narrowly Focused, e.g., Internet Content Filtering
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The Internet Reconfigures Access in Ways that Can Empower Networked Individualsand Frighten Governments
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Ecology of Choices Shaping Free Expression
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Technical Innovations: Technologies of Disconnection
Meta-analysis of Internet filtering surveys:
• Global growth of filtering
• No single country
• Variety of Objectives:
• Political • Moral• Commercial
BUT: Potential to Decentralize, e.g., Home Hubs
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Percentage of Internet Users Across Regions of the World
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Regions as Percentage of the Worldwide Population of Users
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Digital Rights
• Access – Freedom of Connection
• Freedom of Expression• Censorship• Equality (media literacy)• Freedom of Information• Privacy & Data Protection
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• Collaboration of OII, INSEAD, and comScore for the World Economic Forum (WEF)
• Online Global Survey • Completed by 5,400 Adult Internet Users • Conducted from Oct-Nov 2010• 13 countries: Australia/New Zealand, Brazil,
Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, India, Mexico, South Africa, Spain, the United States, and the United Kingdom
The Global Internet Values Project*
*Dutta, S., Dutton, W. H. and Law, G. (2011), The New Internet World: A Global Perspective on Freedom of Expression, Privacy, Trust and Security Online. New York: The World Economic Forum, April. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1810005
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_x0007_ Mexico
_x0007_ Brazil
_x000d_ South Africa
_x0006_ Italy
_x0003_ UK
_x0008_ Germany
_x0016_ Australia/New Zealand
_x0002_US
_x0006_ India
_x0006_ Spain
_x0007_ Canada
_x0007_ France
_x0005_China
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
4%
4%
3%
4%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
4%
6%
3%
8%
12%
14%
15%
19%
20%
27%
22%
23%
17%
26%
22%
23%
20%
37%
31%
41%
36%
37%
26%
41%
38%
46%
32%
40%
37%
43%
45%
44%
40%
38%
37%
36%
33%
32%
31%
31%
30%
30%
21%
Figure 1. "Access to the Internet should be a fundamental right for all people."
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Neither agree or disagree
Agree
Strongly Agree
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IND MEX ZAF UK USA AUS/NZ
USA BRA CHN ITA CAN ESP FRA GER0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
67% 67%
63%
58%56% 56% 56% 55% 55% 54%
52%
47% 46%44%
Figure 6. Percentage of Respondents who Support Freedom of Expression Online
Percentage of respondents who agree or strongly agree with the following questions related to freedom of ex -pression:
-"It is ok for people to express their ideas on the Inter-net, even if they are extreme."- "People should be able to express their opinion an-onymously on the Internet."- "I feel that I can express myself freely online.-"People should be free to criticize their government on the Internet."
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IND ZAF MEX CHN BRA ITA ESP FRA US CAN GER UK AUS/NZ
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
7%11%
27%
32%
38%
52%
63%
69%
77% 78% 79%83% 83%
67%63%
67%
55% 55% 54%
47% 46%
56%52%
44%
58%56%
Figure 7. Support for Freedom of Expression According to In-ternet Diffusion
% of population online (2010)
Percentage of respondents who agree or strongly agree with the following questions re-lated to online freedom of expression:
Countries in order of Internet Diffusion
-"It is ok for people to express their ideas on the Internet, even if they are extreme."- "People should be able to express their opinion an-onymously on the Internet."- "I feel that I can express myself freely online.-"People should be free to criticize their government on the Internet."
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Emerging Pattern of Findings Supporting Conception of a ‘New Internet World’
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User-Centric Policy
• Child Protection Policy• Decency: Pornography• Libel: Defamation • Prevention of Hate Speech• Consumer Protection: Fraud• …
Copyright Mugley
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Industrial Policy and Regulation
• Technology-led Industrial Strategies, support economic growth• ICT for Development (ICT4D)• Competition Policy
• IPR: Copyright • IPR: Patents
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Internet Policy• Internet Governance and Regulation• Domain Names and Numbers• Net Neutrality• Licensing, Regulation of Service Providers: Intermediaries• Internationalised Top-level Domain Names
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Internet Policy:Standard-setting: Identity
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Security
• Secrecy, Confidentiality• Security against Malware• Counter-Radicalisation• National Security
– Blackberry Use– WikiLeaks: Confidentiality-Security
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Ecology of Choices Shaping Free Expression
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Encouraging Themes for Freedom of Expression
• Internet Empowering Networked Individuals – Enhancing Freedom of Connection and Expression
• Worldwide Diffusion and Support for Expression in a New Internet World
• Major Issues of Human Rights are Increasingly Being Centered on the Internet and Web
• The Internet Space is not the ‘Wild West’ – much regulation exists
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Countervailing Themes
• Freedom of Expression is not an Inevitable Outcome of Technological Innovation
• Continuing Global and Local Digital Divides in Access and the Production of Content
• Global Increase in Content Filtering and Censorship
• Freedom Shaped by Choices in the Wider Ecology of Actors, Objectives and Policies
• Use of Inappropriate Models for Internet Governance and Regulation threatens to Foster ‘Over-Regulation’, e.g., fear or complacency of the ‘Old Internet World’
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The Social Nature of Technical Choices?
• Technologies of Connection• Technologies of Disconnection • Will Freedom of Expression – Connection
Prevail?• What Social Concerns Will Shape the
Future Internet?