Freedom of Association C-87

8/6/2019 Freedom of Association C-87

1/75

Freedom of Association and Protection of the

Right to Organize Convention, 1948(No. 87)

Tim De Meyer

Specialist on International Labour Standards & Labour Law, Subregional

Office for East Asia (SRO Bangkok), Thailand

[email protected]


2/75


3/75


4/75

Ratification

Ratified by 80% of States worldwide, but only 50% of States

in Asia Pacific In AP, C. 87 is the least widely ratified of the ILO

fundamental Conventions

Countries with sizeable populations have not ratified C. 87 nor

C. 98: China, India, United States + Viet Nam, IR Iran,

RoKorea, Thailand


5/75

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tm&SypdzdwfwGifrl EdkifiH 50om twnfyxm;onf?

tm&Sypdzdwfa'owGif C 87 onf ILO tajccHjyXmef;csufrsm;teuftwnfyvufrSwfa&;xdk;r_ tenf;qkH;&&Sdaom jyXmef;csufjzpfonf?

vlOD;a&rsm;jym;aom EdkifiHrsm;onf C 87 (odk@r[kwf) C 98 udktwnfyvufrSwf a&;xdk;jcif; r&Sdao;yg? w&kwf/ tdEdN,/ tar&duefESifh

AD,uferf/ tD&ef/ awmifudk;&D;,m;/ xdkif;


6/75

Why C. 87/ C. 98?

Development (including the functioning of labour markets) is

a process that needs to be governed by democraticparticipation, particularly from the productive forces

Effective participation requires strong, independent and

representative (SIR) organizations of employers and workers

(E & W)

To be SIR, E & W organizations need rights that guarantee

their independence from the public authorities, as well as from

each other C. 87: independence from public authorities

C. 98: independence from each other, including independent

negotiation with each other on conditions of work


7/75

bmabmabmabma====umifhvJumifhvJumifhvJumifhvJ (C 87, C 98) zHG@z;a&; qdkonfrSm (tvkyform; aps;uGufrsm;. vkyfief;rsm;tygt0if)

txl;ojzifh ukefxkwfvkyfr_ pGrf;tm;pkrsm;. 'Drdkua&pDenf;us

aqmif&Gufr_jzifh uGyfuJ}uD;=uyf&ef vdktyfaom jzpfpOfw&yf jzpfonf? xda&mufaom yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_onf tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyform;twGuf

cdkifrmaom (SIR) vGwfvyfaom/ udk,fpm;yr_&Sdaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;

vdktyfonf? (E & W) xdkodk@ cdkifrm/ vGyfvyf/ udk,fpm;y&ef/ tvkyf&Sif/ tvkyform;tzGJ@rsm;onf

wOD;ESifhwOD; (odk@r[kwf) tm%mydkifrsm;rS oD;jcm;uif;vGwfr_udk

tmrcHonfh tcGifhta&;rsm;&Sd&ef vdkonf? C 87 - tm%myd kifrsm;rS oD;jcm;uif;vGwfr_

C 98 - wOD;ESifhwOD; (tvkyfESifh tvkyform;) oD;jcm;uif;vGwfr_


8/75

Fundamental Rights?

Three rights are considered fundamental

the right to organize to defend & further interests

the right to bargain collectively

the right to strike

Fundamental does not mean absolute,

i.e. they can be subject to restrictions or conditions


9/75

tajccHtajccHtajccHtajccH tcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsm;;;; tcGifhta&;rsm; (3) rsKd;tm; tajccHtjzpf ,lqonf?

ckcHumuG,f&efESifh aemufxyf tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;twGuf pnf;&kH;ydkifcGifh

pkaygif;ndE_dif; ta&;qdkydkifcGifh

oydwfarSmufydkifcGifh

tajccHqdkonfrSm tuif;rJh[k t"dym,f r&yg?

Oyrm - xdktcGifhta&;rsm;onf uef@owfcsufrsm;ESifh

pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrsm;tay: rlwnfI tajymif;tvJ &SdEdkifygonf?


10/75

Right to Organize

= all workers, including e.g.

public servants teachers

state enterprise employees

judiciary

prison guards

security staff

civilian employees in defense industry

workers in essential services self-employed workers

except armed forces and police


11/75

pnf;&kH;ydkifcGifhpnf;&kH;ydkifcGifhpnf;&kH;ydkifcGifhpnf;&kH;ydkifcGifh

atmufygtvkyform;rsm;tygt0if tvkyform;tm;vkH; tpdk;&tr_xrf; ausmif;q&m/r tpdk;& pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;0efxrf;rsm; w&m;a&;0efxrf; tusOf;axmif0efxrf; vkH+cKHa&;0efxrf; umuG,fa&;vufatmufcH pufr_vkyfief;rsm;&Sd t&yfom;0efxrf;rsm; tajccH0efaqmifr_rsm;&Sd tvkyform;rsm; rdrdbmomrdrd cef@tyfxm;aom 0efxrf;rsm;

(vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@ESifh &Jom;rsm;rSty)


12/75

Right to Organize

= all employers, including e.g.

managerial staff & executive staff in the public & private

sector

but they can be required to organize separately from non-

executive staff, as long as the notions of executive and non-

executive are not defined in a way to hollow out the membership

base of the non-executive unions


13/75

pnf;&kH;ydkifcGifhpnf;&kH;ydkifcGifhpnf;&kH;ydkifcGifhpnf;&kH;ydkifcGifh

tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vduXmersm;. pDrHcef@cGJa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;0efxrf;rsm;

tygt0if tvkyf&Sifrsm; tm;vkH;

odk@aomf wdk@udk tkyfcsKyfa&;0efxrf;r[kwfolrsm;ESifh oD;jcm;cGJIpnf;&kH;&ef vkdonf? tkyfcsKyfa&; ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;0efxrf;r[kwfolrsm;. or*~rsm;wGif&Sd aomtzGJ@0ifjzpfjcif;qdkif&mtajccHrsm;udk z,f&Sm;zsufqD;ypfjcif;r[kwf&ef vdktyfonf?


14/75

Right to bargain collectively (C. 98)

= all workers, including e.g.

teachers


security staff for private companies

civilian employees in defense industry essential services in the public and private sector

except armed forces and policeadministration of the State


15/75

pkaygif;ndpkaygif;ndpkaygif;ndpkaygif;ndE_difE_difE_difE_dif;;;; ta&;qdkydkifcGifhta&;qdkydkifcGifhta&;qdkydkifcGifhta&;qdkydkifcGifh(C 98)

atmufygtvkyform;rsm;tygt0if tvkyform;rsm;tm;vkH;

ausmif;q&mr tpdk;& pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;0efxrf;rsm;

yk*~vdu ukr%Drsm;&Sd vkH+cKHa&;0efxrf;rsm;

umuG,fa&;Xme pufr_vkyfief;vufatmuf&Sd t&yfom;0efxrf;rsm; tpdk;& ESifh yk*~vduydkif vkyfief;rsm;&Sd t"du0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;rsm;

(vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;/ &JwyfzGJ@ESifh EdkifiHawmftkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm; ryg0if&ryg0if&ryg0if&ryg0if&)


16/75

Right to Strike

= all workers, including


security staff for private companies

civilian employees in defense industry

(unless an essential service)

Except

armed forces and police

exercising authority for the State essential services in public or private sector

acute emergency


17/75

oydwfarSmufydkifcGifhoydwfarSmufydkifcGifhoydwfarSmufydkifcGifhoydwfarSmufydkifcGifh

atmufyg0efxrf;rsm; tygt0if tvkyform;tm;vkH;

EdkifiHawmfydkifvkyfief;rsm;&Sd 0efxrf;rsm; yk*~vdu ukr%Drsm;&Sd vkHcHa&;0efxrf;rsm;

umuG,fa&;Xme pufr_vkyfief;vufatmuf&Sd t&yfom;0efxrf;rsm;

(tajccH 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; r[kwfv#if)atmufygwdk@rS vGJv#if

vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh &JwyfzGJ@

EdkifiHawmftm%mudk tokH;yae&olrsm;

tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vduu&Sd tajccH0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;rsm;

ta&;ay:tajctae


18/75

Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right

to Organize Convention, 1948 (No. 87)

Principle

Freedom of workers and employers to establish or join

organizations of their own choosing to defend and further their

interests, independently from the public authorities


19/75

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((((trSwftrSwftrSwftrSwf 87)87)87)87)

rl0g'

tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;rS oD;jcm;uif;vGwfI tvkyform;rsm;ESifh

tvkyf&Sifrsm;u wdk@. tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk umuG,f&efESifh xyfrHwdk;csJ@Edkif&ef wdk@udk,fwdkifa&G;cs,fr_jzifh vGwfvyfpGm tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xlaxmifEdkifcGifh odk@r[kwf toif;0ifEdkifcGifh


20/75

Who has the right to organize?

WORKERS without distinction whatsoever

wage-earners & independent (self-employed) workers, i.e. anyone whopursues or is willing to pursue (e.g. unemployed) a living through work

both citizens and (regular & irregular) migrant workers

public servants, workers of state enterprises & public corporations

agricultural workers

workers in export processing zones/ industrial estates

atypical workers (temporary, fixed-term, casual, part-time, seasonal)

workers

workers in the informal economy


21/75

b,folawGrSmb,folawGrSmb,folawGrSmb,folawGrSm pnf;&kH;cGifh&SdovJpnf;&kH;cGifh&SdovJpnf;&kH;cGifh&SdovJpnf;&kH;cGifh&SdovJ xl;jcm;csufr&Sdaomxl;jcm;csufr&Sdaomxl;jcm;csufr&Sdaomxl;jcm;csufr&Sdaom tvkyform;rsmtvkyform;rsmtvkyform;rsmtvkyform;rsm;;;;

vkyfcpm;rsm;/ woD;yk*~v (rdrdudk,fudkowfrSwfaom) tvkyform;rsm; - Oyrm

tvkyfvkyfI toufarG;aom odk@r[kwf toufarG;&ef qEN&Sdaom (Oyrm - tvkyfvufrJh) rnfolrqdk/

EdkifiHom;tvkyform; (ykHrSefESifh ykHrSefr[kwfaom) ESifh a@&$ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;

tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;/ tpdk;&ydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&

aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm; pdkufysKd;a&; tvkyform;rsm;

ydk@ukefxkwfvkyfa&;ZkHrsm;ESifh pufr_a'orS tvkyform;rsm;

or&kd;usr[kwfaom tvkyform;rsm; (,m,D/ oufwrfowfrSwfxm;aom/a&Smifwcif/ tcsdefydkif;/ &moDtvdkuf) tvkyform;rsm;

or&kd;usr[kwfaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;


22/75

Who has the right to organize?

Employers, also managerial staff and executive staff in thepublic and private sector

Not necessarilyarmed forces and police


23/75

b,folawGrSmb,folawGrSmb,folawGrSmb,folawGrSm pnf;&kH;cGifh&SdovJpnf;&kH;cGifh&SdovJpnf;&kH;cGifh&SdovJpnf;&kH;cGifh&SdovJ ?

tpdk;&ESifhtpdk;&ESifhtpdk;&ESifhtpdk;&ESifh ykykykyk*~vduu*~vduu*~vduu*~vduu&Sd&Sd&Sd&Sd pDrHcef@cGJa&;ESifhpDrHcef@cGJa&;ESifhpDrHcef@cGJa&;ESifhpDrHcef@cGJa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;0efxrf;rsm;tkyfcsKyfa&;0efxrf;rsm;tkyfcsKyfa&;0efxrf;rsm;tkyfcsKyfa&;0efxrf;rsm;tygt0iftygt0iftygt0iftygt0if tvkyf&Sifrsmtvkyf&Sifrsmtvkyf&Sifrsmtvkyf&Sifrsm;;;;

((((vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifhvufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifhvufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifhvufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh &&&&JwyfzGJ@wdkJwyfzGJ@wdkJwyfzGJ@wdkJwyfzGJ@wdk@ ryg0ifyg/)@ ryg0ifyg/)@ ryg0ifyg/)@ ryg0ifyg/)


24/75

Rights guarantee by C. 87

Establishment of organizations without prior authorization

without the Govt deciding whether the organization can be established

or not

registration is OK to ensure democratic functioning of trade unions or to prevent

financial fraud

is not OK if the registration procedure is too long and complicated, or

gives the Registrar the power to e.g. impose organization by enterprise

only


25/75


26/75

Rights guaranteed by C. 87

Right to establish and join organizations of their own

choosing

by occupation (trade), by region, by company, by

industry

because of special position of public servants, prohibiting

individuals to join mixed unions is OK, provided public

servant unions can join mixed federations


27/75

C 87 jzifhjzifhjzifhjzifh tmrcHxm;aomtmrcHxm;aomtmrcHxm;aomtmrcHxm;aom tcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsm;;;;

rdrdwdk@udk,fydkifa&G;cs,fr_jzifh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifydkifcGifh odk@r[kwf

toif;0ifydkifcGifh tvkyftudkift&/ a'ot&/ ukr%Dt& pufr_vkyfief;trsKd;tpm;t&

tpdk;&0efxrf; or*~rsm;onf trsKd;tpm;aygif;pkH or*~tzGJ@csKyf rsm;odk@

0ifa&mufEdkifonfqdkygu tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;. txl;tajctaet&trsKd;tpm;aygif;pkHor*~rsm;odk@ 0ifa&mufjcif;rS wm;jrpfjcif;onfjy\emr&Sdyg/


28/75

Rights covered

Free to draw up constitutions and rules

e.g. no prescription in minute detail of election procedures

To elect representatives in full freedom

e.g. no requirement to be employed in the occupation since a certain time

Free to organize their administration

e.g. financial administration (e.g. strike funds) may only be subject to judicialcontrol

Free to organize their activities

e.g. unhindered disposal of all fixed and movable assets

Free to formulate their programmes

i.e. to determine the relationship with political parties in function of the need todefend occupational interests


29/75

oufqdkifaomoufqdkifaomoufqdkifaomoufqdkifaom tcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsm;;;; zGJ@pnf;ykHESifhzGJ@pnf;ykHESifhzGJ@pnf;ykHESifhzGJ@pnf;ykHESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsmpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsmpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsmpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;;;; vGwfvyfpGmvGwfvyfpGmvGwfvyfpGmvGwfvyfpGm a&;qGJcGifha&;qGJcGifha&;qGJcGifha&;qGJcGifh

Oyrm a&G;aumufwifajrmufr_ vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;wGif tao;pdwfjyXmef;r_rsm; r&Sdjcif;

vGyfvyfr_tjynfht0jzifhvGyfvyfr_tjynfht0jzifhvGyfvyfr_tjynfht0jzifhvGyfvyfr_tjynfht0jzifh udk,fpm;vS,frsmudk,fpm;vS,frsmudk,fpm;vS,frsmudk,fpm;vS,frsm;;;; a&G;cs,fcGifha&G;cs,fcGifha&G;cs,fcGifha&G;cs,fcGifhOyrm - tvkyftudkifESifhywfoufI rnfonfhvdktyfcsufudkr# rxm;&Sdjcif;

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pDrHcsufrsm;udkpDrHcsufrsm;udkpDrHcsufrsm;udkpDrHcsufrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmvGwfvyfpGmvGwfvyfpGmvGwfvyfpGm a&;qGJEdkifcGifha&;qGJEdkifcGifha&;qGJEdkifcGifha&;qGJEdkifcGifhOyrm - tvkyftudkifqdkif&m tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk umuG,fEdkif&ef vdktyfyguEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh qufoG,f aqmif&Guf&ef qkH;jzwfjcif;


30/75


Right of an organization not to be dissolved or suspended by

administrative authority

i.e. a trade union may be dissolved e.g. if it has completely ceased to

fulfill its mission, or if it turns out to be a cover for fraudulous

operations, but dissolution must result from the decision of an

independent judicial authority after a due process of law; if it results

from the decision of e.g. the Registrar, then the decision should not take

effect before appeal procedures have been exhausted


31/75


tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mydkifrsm;. zsufodrf;jcif; odk@r[kwf qdkif;iHhxm;jcif; rcH&cGifh

Oyrm - tvkyform;or*~wckonf .OD;wnfcsufvkyfief;udk vkH;vkH;taumiftxnfazmfjcif; r&Sdawmhv#if odk@r[kwf tjcm;vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;aomvkyfief;wckudk aemufuG,fwGif vkyfudkifaev#if zsufodrf;jcif; cH&Edkifygonf? odk@aomfTodk@zsufodrf;r_onf Oya'a=umif;t& oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mydkiftzGJ@wckrS qkH;jzwfcsuft&omv#if jzpf&rnf/ tu,fI qkH;jzwfcsufonf Oyrm-rSwfykHwift&m&SdxHrSjzpfv#if t,lcHjzpfpOf r+yD;qkH;oa&G@ oufa&mufr_ r&Sdoifhao;yg?


32/75

Rights covered

Solidarity: Right to establish or join federations &

confederations of organizations under the same guarantees as

for establishing first-level organizations, including

Right to receive assistance

Right to maintain contact and exchange trade union publications

Sending and receiving representatives


33/75

oufqdkifaomoufqdkifaomoufqdkifaomoufqdkifaom tcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsm;;;;

aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;

tultnDrsm; &,lydkifcGifh

tquftoG,f,lcGifhESifh or*~pmapmifrsm; vJvS,fcGifh

udk,fpm;vS,frsm; ay;ydk@cGifhESifhvufcHcGifh

ponfh tcGifhta&;rsm;tygt0if yxrtqifhtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xlaxmifjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;aom tvm;wl tmrcHcsufrsm;t&

tzGJ@csKyfrsm;xlaxmifydkifcGifh odk@r[kwf 0ifa&mufydkifcGifh


34/75


respect for the law of the land

i.e. trade union rights and civil liberties are no license tocommit violence or destruction

law of the land must not impair the Conventions

guarantees

e.g. in case of violence, arrest the perpetrator for specific acts,

not the union leader


35/75


EdkifiHawmfEdkifiHawmfEdkifiHawmfEdkifiHawmf .... Oya'udkOya'udkOya'udkOya'udk av;pm;jcifav;pm;jcifav;pm;jcifav;pm;jcif;;;;

Oyrm- tvkyform;or*~ tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh vlr_vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;onft=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifh zsufpD;r_rsm;usL;vGef&efvdkifpifrsm; r[kwfyg/

EdkifiHawmfEdkifiHawmfEdkifiHawmfEdkifiHawmf .... Oya'onfOya'onfOya'onfOya'onf oabmwlnDcsufoabmwlnDcsufoabmwlnDcsufoabmwlnDcsuf.... tmrcHcsufudktmrcHcsufudktmrcHcsufudktmrcHcsufudk rysufpD;ap&ygrysufpD;ap&ygrysufpD;ap&ygrysufpD;ap&yg////Oyrm- t=urf;zufr_ jzpfyGm;v#if oufqdkif&m usL;vGefoludk

ol.usL;vGefonfhtr_udpPtwGuf zrf;qD;yg/ or*~acgif;aqmifudkrzrf;qD;ygESifh/


36/75

Civil liberties

1970 Resolution: absence of civil liberties removes meaning

from trade union rights

Right to security of person and freedom from arbitrary arrest

Freedom of opinion and expression

Freedom of assembly

Right to a fair trial by impartial judiciary

Right to protection of property of trade union organizations


37/75

[email protected]@[email protected]@.vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;;;;

1970 ck1970 ck1970 ck1970 ck qkH;jzwfcsufqkH;jzwfcsufqkH;jzwfcsufqkH;jzwfcsuf jynfol@tcGifhta&;rsmjynfol@tcGifhta&;rsmjynfol@tcGifhta&;rsmjynfol@tcGifhta&;rsm;;;; r&Sdjcif;onfr&Sdjcif;onfr&Sdjcif;onfr&Sdjcif;onf

tvkyform;ortvkyform;ortvkyform;ortvkyform;or*~*~*~*~rsmrsmrsmrsm;.;.;.;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udktcGifhta&;rsm;udktcGifhta&;rsm;udktcGifhta&;rsm;udk t"dyg,ft"dyg,ft"dyg,ft"dyg,f uif;rJhaponfuif;rJhaponfuif;rJhaponfuif;rJhaponf???? vlyk*~KdvfwOD;csif;. vkH+cKHa&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;ESifh Oya'rJh zrf;qD;jcif;rS

uif;vGwfcGifh

vGyfvyfpGm awG;ac:jcif;ESihfoabmxm; azmfxkwfcGifh

vGyfvyfpGm pka0;cGifh

bufrvdkufaom w&m;pD&ifa&;. r#waomw&m;pD&ifcH&cGifh

tvkyform;or*~rsm;. ydkifqdkifr_rsm;tm; tumtuG,f&,lcGifh


38/75

Right to security of person

The killing, disappearance or serious injury of trade union

leaders and trade unionists requires

the institution of independent judicial inquiries

in order to shed full light, at the earliest date, on the facts and thecircumstances in which such actions occurred and to the extent

possible, determine

where responsibilities lie

punish the guilty parties and

prevent the repetition of similar events


39/75

vlykvlykvlykvlyk*~*~*~*~KdvfKdvfKdvfKdvf wOD;csifwOD;csifwOD;csifwOD;csif;.;.;.;. vkHjcKHa&;qdkif&mvkHjcKHa&;qdkif&mvkHjcKHa&;qdkif&mvkHjcKHa&;qdkif&m tcGifhtatcGifhtatcGifhtatcGifhta&;&;&;&;

or*~or*~or*~or*~acgif;aqmifESifhacgif;aqmifESifhacgif;aqmifESifhacgif;aqmifESifh or*~or*~or*~or*~ta&;v_yf&Sm;olrsmta&;v_yf&Sm;olrsmta&;v_yf&Sm;olrsmta&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;;;; towfcH&jciftowfcH&jciftowfcH&jciftowfcH&jcif;/;/;/;/

aysmufqkH;jcifaysmufqkH;jcifaysmufqkH;jcifaysmufqkH;jcif;;;; odk@r[kwfodk@r[kwfodk@r[kwfodk@r[kwf tjyif;txeftjyif;txeftjyif;txeftjyif;txef xdcdkufemusifjcif;wdk@twGufxdcdkufemusifjcif;wdk@twGufxdcdkufemusifjcif;wdk@twGufxdcdkufemusifjcif;wdk@twGuf ------------ vGyfvyfaom w&m;Oya'a&;&m pkHprf;ppfaq;r_

Ttjzpftysufrsm; jzpfysufonfh tajctaeESifh tcsuftvufrsm;udk apmEdkifor#apmapm od&SdazmfxkwfEdkif&ef

rnfolu wm0ef&Sdonfudk azmfxkwfjcif;

tjypf&Sdoludk tjypfay;jcif;

tvm;wl jzpf&yfrsm; xyfrHjzpfyGm;jcif;rS umuG,fjcif; ponfwdk@vdktyfonfponfwdk@vdktyfonfponfwdk@vdktyfonfponfwdk@vdktyfonf


40/75

Right to security of person

Impunity reinforces the climate of violence and

insecurity and thus has an extremely damagingeffect on the exercise of trade union rights


41/75

vlykvlykvlykvlyk*~*~*~*~KdvfwOD;csifKdvfwOD;csifKdvfwOD;csifKdvfwOD;csif;.;.;.;. vkHjcKHa&;qdkif&mvkHjcKHa&;qdkif&mvkHjcKHa&;qdkif&mvkHjcKHa&;qdkif&m tcGifhtatcGifhtatcGifhtatcGifhta&;&;&;&;

t=urf;zufjcif;ESifh vkHcHr_r&Sdjcif;qdkif&m wdk@onfor*~tcGifhta&;rsm;tm;usifhoHk;a&;udk tvGeftrif; ysufpD; xdcdkufaponf@twGuftjypfay;&jcif;rSuif;vGwfcGif@onftjypfay;&jcif;rSuif;vGwfcGif@onftjypfay;&jcif;rSuif;vGwfcGif@onftjypfay;&jcif;rSuif;vGwfcGif@onff [email protected]&mufjcif;rS

umuG,f&ef ydkrdktm;aumif;aponf?


42/75

Right to Strike in international law

Guaranteed in Art. 8 of the UN International Covenant on

Economic, Social & Cultural Rights

Referred to in the ILO Abolition of Forced Labour

Convention, 1957 (No. 105); Voluntary Conciliation and

Arbitration Recommendation (No. 92)

Not explicitly mentioned in the Freedom of Association and

Protection of the Right to Organize Convention, 1948(No. 87), but considered implicit in the right to organize

activities, and in the right to further and defend interests


43/75

EdkifiHwumEdkifiHwumEdkifiHwumEdkifiHwum Oya'tOya'tOya'tOya't&&&& oydwfarSmufcGifhoydwfarSmufcGifhoydwfarSmufcGifhoydwfarSmufcGifh ukvor*~. pD;yGm;a&; vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m

jyXmef;csuf tydk'f (8) t& tmrcHxm;+yD;jzpf

ILO t"rRvkyftm;ay; cdkif;apjcif;qdkif&m jyXmef;csuf 1957/

trSwf- 1051 &Sd rdrdoabmqENt& ndE_dif;oabmwla=uat;jcif; qdkif&mt}uHycsuf (trSwf 92)

vGwfvyfpGm toif;tyif;zGJ@pnf;cGifhESifh pnf;&kH;cGifhtm;tumtuG,fay;jcif;jyXmef;csuf 1948/ trSwf- 87 Y xif&Sm;pGmazmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; vkyfief;rsm; pnf;&kH;vkyfaqmifcGifhESifhtusKd;pD;yGm; xyfrHcsJ@xGifcGifhwdk@wGif tusKH;0ifonf[k ,lqEdkifonf?


44/75

Function of the Right to Strike

Fundamental workers right, meant to enable workers to bring

pressure to bear on employers, not to destroy productive assets

Market principle: temporarily withholding labour is the only

negotiation tool which workers have

collective bargaining right to strike = collective begging

structuring collective bargaining is in the M/L term a more effective

way to deal with strikes over interest disputes than the present

regulation


45/75


46/75

Function of the Right to Strike

Pressure valve in situations where market dynamics between employers

and workers are emerging and law enforcement and dispute settlement

machinery do not yet function perfectly role of courts which is to enforce the law is also to be limited

role for a mechanism to legitimize strikes and resolve disputes (e.g. OSH),

rather than pushing disputes into illegality

> - regulation of strike

action should be limited to the fringes, situations where the public interest

is at stake beyond reasonable doubt

NO absolute right, i.e. subject to conditions


47/75

oydwfarSmufcGifhqdkif&moydwfarSmufcGifhqdkif&moydwfarSmufcGifhqdkif&moydwfarSmufcGifhqdkif&m vkyfief;rsmvkyfief;rsmvkyfief;rsmvkyfief;rsm;;;; tvkyf&Sifrsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;t=um;&Sd ndE_dif;r_ tajctaet&vnf;aumif;/

tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh tjiif;yGm;r_ajz&Sif;a&; ,EW&m;u xdxda&mufa&muf

ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif;r&Sdv#if vnf;aumif;/ zdtm;ay;r_udk twdk;tavsmhyvkyfEdkifonf? Oya'udkouf0ifaprnfh w&m;&kH;rsm;.tcef;u uef@owfcsuf&Sdjcif;

tjiif;yGm;r_udk w&m;r0ifr_rsm;jzifh tjypfay;jcif;xuf oydwfarSmufjcif;udk w&m;0iftodtrSwfy+yD;

tjiif;yGm;r_udk ajz&Sif;ay;aom ,EW&m;w&yftwGuf vdktyfaom tcef;u

trsm;jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;onf owdxm;rdEdkifavmufatmiftEW&m,f&Sdvmonfhtaetxm;odk@ a&muf&Sdvmv#if oydwfarSmufjcif;tm;

xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifaompnf;rsOf; tvHk;pHktjynfht0&&Sdaom tcGifhta&;[lonf r&Sd/ tajctaetay: rlwnfonf/


48/75

Substantive Restrictions

a general prohibition is only acceptable

when normal functioning of society has ceased

for a limited period

to the extend necessary to meet the requirements of the situation

a sectoral prohibition is acceptable

for public servants exercizing authority in the name of the State

essential services, provided there are compensatory guarantees


49/75

t"duusaomt"duusaomt"duusaomt"duusaom twm;tqD;rsmtwm;tqD;rsmtwm;tqD;rsmtwm;tqD;rsm;;;; atmufygwdk@twGufom a,bl,suef@owfcsufonf vufcHEdkifzG,f &Sdonf?

omreftajctaetwdkif; vnfywfaqmif&Gufr_rsm; &yfqdkif;aev#if owfrSwfxm;aom umvtydkif;tjcm; wcktwGuf tajctaet& vdktyfI twdkif;twmwcktxd aqmif&Gufjcif;

utvdkuf uef@owfcsufonf vufcHEdkifzG,f &Sdonf?

EdkifiHawmf.wm0efay;csuft& tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;u vkyfydkifcGifhudk tokH;y&jcif; jyefvnftpm;xdk;ay;avsmfEdkifaom tmrcHcsuf&Sdonfh r&dSrjzpfta&;ygaom

0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;


50/75

Procedural Restrictions

Legal procedural restrictions are acceptable, if they do not

place a substantial limitation on the right to strike

obligation of prior notice to employer = OK

prior exhaustion of voluntary mediation and arbitration = OK, if not too

long

obligation of secret ballot to validate strike decision = OK

obligation of quorum = OK, if

the quorum is not too high

taking into account the size of the undertakings


51/75

vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;qdkif&mvkyfxkH;vkyfenf;qdkif&mvkyfxkH;vkyfenf;qdkif&mvkyfxkH;vkyfenf;qdkif&m wm;jrpfcsufrsmwm;jrpfcsufrsmwm;jrpfcsufrsmwm;jrpfcsufrsm;;;; oydwfarSmufcGifhtay: tvGeftrif; uef@owfr_r&Sdv#if Oya'a=umif;t&

vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;qdkif&m wm;jrpfcsufonf vufcHEdkifzG,f &Sdonf? tvkyf&Siftay: }uKdwifowday;&ef wm0ef&Sdjcif; ] OK

rdrdoabmjzifh =um;0ifaphpyfI a=uat;&ef}uKd;pm;jcif; ] OK

(tcsdef=um=umr,lv#if) oydwfarSmuf&efqkH;jzwfcsuftm; twnfy&ef v#Kd@0SufrJjzifh qENyjcif; ] OK

oabmwlnDr_twdkif;twm owfrSwfxm;jcif; ] OK

(tu,fI twdkif;twmonf odyfrjrifhrm;vGef;v#ifwm0ef,laqmif&Guf&rnfh yrm%udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;v#if)


52/75

Essential services

= services which, if interrupted, endanger the life, personal

safety/ health of whole or part of the population

Petroleum refinery Banking

Transport

Radio and television

broadcasting

Telephone services Air traffic controllers

Hospital workers

Public utilities

(water, gas, electricity)

NOT Essential ServiceEssential Service


53/75

r&Sdrjzpfaomr&Sdrjzpfaomr&Sdrjzpfaomr&Sdrjzpfaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;

a&eH oef@pifa&;

b%f vkyfief;

o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;

a&'D,dk w,fvDaA;&Sif;

w,fvDzkef; 0efaqmifr_

ava=umif; xdef;odrf;a&;

aq;&kH0efxrf;rsm;

jynfol@ 0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;rsm;

(a&/ "mwfaiG@/ v#yfppf)

r&Sdrjzpfr&Sdrjzpfr&Sdrjzpfr&Sdrjzpf r[kwfaomr[kwfaomr[kwfaomr[kwfaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;r&Sdrjzpfaomr&Sdrjzpfaomr&Sdrjzpfaomr&Sdrjzpfaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;

] tu,fI taESmifht,Sufay;cH&ygu vl@touf/ yk*~dKvfa&;vkHcHr_/ vltrsm;pk(odk@) wpdwfwydkif;. usef;rma&;udk xdcdkuftEW&m,fyEdkifaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;


54/75

Essential Services

Compensatory guarantees required in the event of

restriction of the right to strike conciliation and mediation procedures

impartial

arbitration awards

binding on both parties

implemented rapidly and completely


55/75

r&Sdrjzpfaomr&Sdrjzpfaomr&Sdrjzpfaomr&Sdrjzpfaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; oydwfarSmufcGifhtm; csKyfcGifhxdef;odrf;&mwGif vdktyfaom

jyefvnftpm;xdk;ay;avsmfr_ tmrcHcsufrsm; jyefvnfaphpyfndE_dif;jcif; vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;

bufrvdkufjcif;

a=uat;r_qkvm'frsm;

ESpfbufpvkH;odk@ oufa&mufr_&Sdjcif;

tvsiftjref ESifh jynfhpkHpGm taumiftxnfazmfjcif;


56/75

Body of principles on the right to strike

Conclusion of the right to strike as a fundamental right to be

enjoyed by workers and their organizations (trade unions,

federations & confederations), which is protected at

international level, provided that the right is exercised in a

peaceful manner.


57/75

oydwfarSmufcGifhqdkif&moydwfarSmufcGifhqdkif&moydwfarSmufcGifhqdkif&moydwfarSmufcGifhqdkif&m oabmxm;rsmoabmxm;rsmoabmxm;rsmoabmxm;rsm;;;; +idrf;csrf;aomenf;vrf;jzifh usifhokH;vsif oydwfarSmufcGifhtm;

tvkyform;rsm;ESifh wdk@. tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (tvkyform;or*~rsm;/tzGJ@csKyfrsm;) cHpm;&&SdEdkifonfh tajccHtcGifhta&;w&yfaejzifh oabmxm;I

EdkifiHwumtqifhwGif umuG,fr_ay;xm;onf?


58/75

General recognition of the right to strike for workers in the

public and the private sectors, with the sole possible

exceptions being members of the armed and police forces,

public servants who exercise authority in the name of the State

and workers employed in essential services in the strict sense

of the term (the interruption of which could endanger the life,safety or health of the whole or part of the population), or in

situations of acute national crisis.


59/75

vufeufudkiftiftm;pk/ &JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;/ EdkifiHawmf.tm%mudk

tokH;yae&aom tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;/ owfrSwfxm;aom r&Sdrjzpf0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; (vl@touf/ vkH+cKHr_ESifh vlwpk odk@r[kwfvltrsm;.usef;rma&;udk xdcdkuftEW&m,fjzpfapEdkifaom tvkyfrsm;) Ywm0ef,lae&aom tvkyform;rsm; odk@r[kwf ta&;}uD;aomtrsKd;om;a&; t=uyftwnf;umvrsm;/ ponfh jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaomcif;csufrsm;rSty tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vdu u&Sd tvkyform;rsm;twGufoydwfarSmufcGifhudk a,bl,s todtrSwfyjcif;


60/75

The principles of freedom of association do not cover strikes

of apurely political nature, although they do cover those

which seek a solution to major issues in economic and social

policy

A blanket ban on sympathy strikes could lead to abuse.Workers should be able to enjoy the right to take such action

when the initial strike they are supporting is itself lawful.


61/75

oydwfarSufr_rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&; rl0g'rsm;qdkif&m t"duusaomjy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef }udK;pm;aomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;obm0oufoufjzifhoydwfarSmufjcif;onf vGwfvyfpGm toif;tzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;cGifhqdkif&moabmw&m;ESifh roufqdkifyg/

tm;ay;axmufcH&eftwGuf oydwfarSmufjcif;onf tvGJokH;pm;yvkyfjcif;jzpfoGm;Edkifonf/ Todk@oabmjzifh oydwfarSmufrnf qdkyguwdk@axmufcHaom ueOD;oydwfarSmufr_onf w&m;0if&ef vdktyfygonf/


62/75

A minimum safety service may be imposed in all

cases of strike action when such minimum servicesare intended to ensure the safety of persons, the

prevention of accidents and the safety of machinery

and equipment.


63/75

vlyk*~Kdvfrsm;. vkHcHr_/ rawmfwqr_rsm;rS umuG,fay;jcif;ESifh

pufypPnf; ud&d,m rsm;. vkHcHr_udk tmrcH&ef &nf&G,faomtedrfhqkH;tqifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;onfoydwfarSmufjcif;tm;vkH;Y r&Sdrjzpf &Sdoifhonf/


64/75

A minimum operational service may be established

(in the undertaking or institution in question) in thecase of strikes in public utility services and in public

services of fundamental importance; employers and

workers organizations and the public authorities

should be able to participate in determining this

minimum service.


65/75

trsm;jynfol tokH;taqmifqdkif&m 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tajccHusIta&;}uD;aom trsm;jynfol 0efaqmifr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufaomoydwfarSmufr_rsm;wGif (oydwfarSmuf umvtwGif; odk@r[kwfjy\emjzpfaomXmetwGif;) tedrfhqkH; tvkyfjzpfEdkif&kH 0efaqmifr_aqmif&Gufay;&ef vdkaumif; vdkygvdrfhrnf? tvkyf&Sifrsm;/tvkyform;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;utedrfhqkH;0efaqmifr_udk owfrSwf&mwGif yg0ifoifhonf?


66/75

The obligation to give prior notice, the obligation to

engage in conciliation, have recourse tovoluntary

arbitration, comply with a given quorum and obtain

the agreement of a given majority where this does not

cause the strike to become very difficult or even

impossible in practice and the secret ballot method to

decide strike action are all acceptable conditions for

the exercise of the right to strike


67/75

}uKdwifowday;jcif;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;Y rdrdqENjzifh ausat;Edkif

onfhenf;vrf; &Sdaeonf? oydwfarSmufjcif;udk tcuftcJ rawG@apvdkv#ifodk@r[kwf vufawG@aqmif&Guf&ef rjzpfEdkifv#if tedrfhqkH;oabmwl&rnfhvlOD;a&yrm% owfrSwfI xdkowfrSwfcsufjzifh vdkufavsmoabmwlEdkifonf? v#Kd@0SufrJpHepfjzifh oydwfarSmufjcif;vkyfief;rsm;qkH;jzwfjcif;onfvnf; oydwfarSmufcGifh usifhokH;&mY vufcHEdkifonf?


68/75

Restrictions on picketing should be confined to cases in which

such action ceases to be peaceful, and picketing should not

interfere with the freedom to work of non-strikers.

Requisitioning of the workers of an undertaking or institution

in the event of a strike is admissible only in the case of a strikein an essential service or under circumstances of utmost

gravity and in situations of acute national crisis.


69/75

qENjyjcif;tm; uef@owfr_rsm;onf xdkvkyfief;rsm;tm; +idrf;csrf;pGmraqmif&GufEdkifonfhtcsdefwGif usifhokH;oifhonf? qENjyr_rsm;onfoydwfarSmuf&mY ryg0ifolrsm;.vkyfief;tm; taESmifht,Suf rjzpfap&?

oydwfarSmufaecsdefY tvkyform;rsm;tm; wpkHw&myvkyf&ef

awmif;qdkjcif;onf r&Sdrjzpf 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;Y oydwfarSmuf&mYvnf;aumif; tjrifhqkH; tifjznfh tm;jznfh aqmif&Guf&rnfh tajctaersKd;Yvnf;aumif;/ wrsKd;om;vkH;qdkif t=uyftwnf; jzpfay:aeonfh

tajctaersKd;Y vnf;aumif; cGifhyEdkifygonf?


70/75

The hiring of workers to replace strikers seriously

impairs the right to strike and is acceptable only in

strikes in an essential service or in situations of acute

national crisis

Legal provisions regarding wage deductions for days

of strike give rise to no objection.


71/75

oydwfarSmufolrsm;tm; tpm;xdk;&ef tvkyform;rsm;tm;iSm;&rf;jcif;onf oydwfarSmufcGifhudk tjyif;txef xdcdkufapEdkifygonf?

r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfaom 0efaqmifr_rsm; odk@r[kwf trsKd;om;a&;t=uyftwnf;umvrsm;Yom vufcHEdkifonf?

oydwfarSmufumvtwGuf vkyftm;cav#mhcsjcif;ESifhywfoufI Oya't&jyXmef;xm;jcif;udk uef@uGuf&ef r&Sdyg?


72/75

Appropriate protection should be afforded to trade

union officials and workers against dismissal and

other detrimental acts at work for organizing or

participating in a legitimate strike, in particular

through prompt, efficient and impartial procedures,

accompanied by sufficiently dissuasive remedies and

sanctions.


73/75

w&m;enf;vrf;uspGm oydwfarSmuf&mY pnf;vkH;aqmf=ojcif;/ (odk@)yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;twGuf or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;tm;tvkyfzwfjcif;ESifh tvkyfcGifY tEW&m,fjzpfap&eftaESmifht,Sufay;jcif;rsm;twGuf txl;ojzifh tvsiftjrefxdxda&mufa&muf bufrvdkufaom vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/

tm&kHajymif; ukpm;r_rsm;ESifh ydwfqdk@ta&;,lr_rsm;jzifh vnf;aumif;oifhawmfaom tumtuG,fay;r_rsm; &Sdoifhonf?


74/75

The protection of freedom of association does not

cover abuses in the exercise of the right to strike

involving failure to comply with reasonable

requirements regarding lawfulness, or consisting of

acts of a criminal nature; any sanctions imposed in

the event of abuse should not be disproportionate to

the seriousness of the violations.


75/75

vGwfvyfpGm toif;tyif; zGJ@pnf;cGifhonf Oya't& t"dyg,f&Sdonfhvdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh rudkufnDaom odk@r[kwf &mZ0wfr_ajrmufonfhvkyf&yfrsm;yg0ifaom oydwfarSmufcGifhtm; tvGJokH;pm;y&ma&mufonfhusifhokH;r_rsKd;rsm; tusKH;r0ifyg/ Todk@ tvGJokH;pm;yjcif;tay:[ef@wm;ta&;,l&mwGifvnf; usL;vGefonfhtr_. av;eufr_ESifh

tcsKd;tpm; rudkufnDjcif;rsKd; rjzpfoifhyg?

Freedom of Association C-87

Documents

Transcript of Freedom of Association C-87