Freedom in the 50 States Pennsylvania Perspective
description
Transcript of Freedom in the 50 States Pennsylvania Perspective
www.antolin-davies.com
$0
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
$40,000
$50,000
$60,000
19
77
19
78
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
Stat
e a
nd
Lo
cal
Tax
Re
ven
ue
s
Pennsylvania’s state and local tax revenues have grown 5.7% annually (on average).
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Tax Foundation2
www.antolin-davies.com
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
19
77
19
78
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
But, state and local tax revenue has remained constant at 9.6% (+/- 0.6%) of GSP…
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Tax Foundation3
www.antolin-davies.com
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
19
77
19
78
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
…despite large fluctuations in unemployment...
4Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Tax Foundation
www.antolin-davies.com
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
3.5%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
19
77
19
78
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
…despite fluctuations in income tax rates...
5Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Tax Foundation
www.antolin-davies.com
$0
$50,000
$100,000
$150,000
$200,000
$250,000
$300,000
$350,000
$400,000
$450,000
$500,000
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
19
77
19
78
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
Re
al G
SP (
mill
ion
s 2
00
0$
)
…and despite real economic growth.
6Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Tax Foundation
www.antolin-davies.com
Tax Revenue = (State’s Share of GSP) (Gross State Product)
This suggests that tax policies aimed at raising revenues will fail because the state has no (or little) control over its share of GSP.
Fixed at 9.6% of GSPFluctuations in tax revenues are driven by fluctuations in this.
7
www.antolin-davies.com
Tax Policy Tax Revenue
How does tax policy affect tax revenue?
Economic Activity Tax Revenue
Tax Policy Economic Activity Tax Revenue
Old School
New and Cool
8
www.antolin-davies.com
Is this disconnect between tax policy and tax revenues unique to Pennsylvania?
9
www.antolin-davies.com
$0
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
$6,000
$7,000
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
Stat
e a
nd
Lo
cal
Tax
Re
ven
ue
pe
r ca
pit
a
Top Marginal Income Tax Rate
Effect of Top Marginal Income Tax Rates on Tax Revenues (2006)
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Tax Foundation10
Across states, there is no apparent relationship between state income tax rates and tax revenues.
www.antolin-davies.com
$0
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
$6,000
$7,000
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8%
Stat
e a
nd
Lo
cal
Tax
Re
ven
ue
pe
r ca
pit
a
State Sales Tax
Effect of Sales Tax Rates on Tax Revenues Across States (2006)
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Tax Foundation11
Across states, there is no apparent relationship between state sales tax rates and tax revenues.
www.antolin-davies.com
$0
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
$6,000
$7,000
$20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000 $70,000 $80,000
Stat
e a
nd
Lo
cal
Tax
Re
ven
ue
pe
r ca
pit
a
GSP per capita
Effect of GSP on State and Local Tax Revenues Across States (2006)
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Tax Foundation12
Across states, there is a relationship between GSP and tax revenues.
On average, each additional $1 in GSP per-capita generates $0.08 in state and local tax revenue per-capita.
www.antolin-davies.com
Pennsylvania’s current budget situation is the result of years of spending growth outpacing economic growth.
13
www.antolin-davies.com
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Growth in GF Appropriations Growth in GSP
Over the past six years, PA’s general fund expenditures have grown at 1.4 times the rate of the state’s economy.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Pennsylvania Office of the Budget14
www.antolin-davies.com
2. The current budget situation stems from state spending growing faster than GSP.
3. The only way to grow tax revenue is to grow GSP.
4. Therefore, the only way to balance the state budget is either to:
a. Cut spending, orb. Grow the state economy.
Review
1. The state cannot affect tax revenue directly – revenue is always around 10% of GSP.
15
www.antolin-davies.com
Cut Spending
Put Public School Teachers on Defined Contribution Retirement
Public school teachers currently have defined benefit retirement plans.
Cost is 3.6 times the cost of a comparable private sector retirement plan.
Estimated savings: $400 million annually.
16
www.antolin-davies.com
$0
$50,000
$100,000
$150,000
$200,000
$250,000
$300,000
$350,000
22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78
An
nu
al C
ost
of
Emp
loye
e
Age
Cost of Public School Teachers versus Nurses in Pittsburgh
Nurse
The total cost of a nurse is $5.0 million.
Source: The Higher Cost of Education, Matthew Marlin, Duquesne University; Pittsburgh Federation of Teachers Contract 17
www.antolin-davies.com
$0
$50,000
$100,000
$150,000
$200,000
$250,000
$300,000
$350,000
22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78
An
nu
al C
ost
of
Emp
loye
e
Age
Cost of Public School Teachers versus Nurses in Pittsburgh
Public School Teacher Nurse
The total cost of a nurse is $5.0 million.The total cost of a public school teacher is $9.6 million.
Source: The Higher Cost of Education, Matthew Marlin, Duquesne University; Pittsburgh Federation of Teachers Contract
In present value terms, each teacher costs the same as 2.6 nurses.
18
www.antolin-davies.com
Cut Spending
Privatize Pennsylvania State Stores
Segal and Underwood (Reason Foundation) estimate that Pennsylvania could raise $1.7 billion from the sale of its liquor stores.
Pulito and Davies (Commonwealth Foundation) estimate that privatization will have no deleterious social effects.
19
www.antolin-davies.com
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
NABCA Full Control Moderate Control
Light Control License
Alc
ho
ho
l U
se A
mo
ng
12
-20
Ye
ar
Old
s
Source: Government-Run Liquor Stores: The Social Impact of Privatization, Commonwealth Foundation Policy Brief. 20
Alc
oh
ol U
se A
mo
ng
12
-20
Ye
ar O
lds
State control has no effect on the incidence of underage drinking.
PA is a “full control” state
www.antolin-davies.com
-
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
NABCA Full Moderate Light License
Dri
ve
rs i
n F
ata
l C
rash
es
pe
r 1
00
DU
I A
rre
sts
Source: Government-Run Liquor Stores: The Social Impact of Privatization, Commonwealth Foundation Policy Brief. 21
State control does not reduce DUI fatality rates.
PA is a “full control” state
www.antolin-davies.com
Grow the State Economy
Cut Pennsylvania’s sales tax to 4%.
22
Sales tax 2% Tax revenue $3 b.
OMG! We can’t afford that!
www.antolin-davies.com
Grow the State Economy
Cut Pennsylvania’s sales tax to 4%.
Evidence from across the states suggests that a 1-percentage point reduction in the state sales tax is associated with a $400 to $1,200 increase in per-capita GSP.
23
Sales tax 2% GSP $10 b. to $30 b. Tax revenue $1 b. to $3 b.
www.antolin-davies.com
Centralized approach
Increase federal/state spending Problem: Shifts economic activity from the future to the present. Problem: Resources allocated according to political value.
Decentralized approach
Reduce burdens on consumers and producers Solution: Creates activity rather than merely shifting activity. Solution: Resources allocated according to economic value.
How do you grow the economy?
24
www.antolin-davies.com
$0
$200,000
$400,000
$600,000
$800,000
$1,000,000
$1,200,000
$1,400,000
$1,600,000
Salary Health Benefit Retirement Benefit
Present Value of Lifetime Employee Costs
Public School Teacher Nurse
Source: The Higher Cost of Education, Matthew Marlin, Duquesne University; Pittsburgh Federation of Teachers Contract 25