Free Energy Research - Basics and Experiments - 2014

7/27/2019 Free Energy Research - Basics and Experiments - 2014

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Free Energy Research

Basics and Experiments

2014

FE R&D Group


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Free Energy Principles

Contents

Foreword..........................................................................................................................................2

A special words for smart skeptics ..........................................................................................3

First (classical) principle .................................................................................................................4

Generalization of the principle ....................................................................................................6

Gravitational field........................................................................................................................8

Heat pump .............................................................................................................................13

Magnetic field............................................................................................................................14

Electric field ..............................................................................................................................20

Second (synergy) principle............................................................................................................26

Dielectric absorption..................................................................................................................28

Van der Graaf generator ............................................................................................................29

Third principle ...............................................................................................................................30

Afterword ......................................................................................................................................33

Appendix A. ..................................................................................................................................34

Revision 3

FE R&D group http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/ferd041/info

2014


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Foreword

Many people spend lot of efforts, time, money and other valuable resources trying to replicate or

build some presumably FE/OU device. How we can avoid wasting time, resources and getting

frustrated about negative results?I often give an example can you build a radio or TV set yourself? Well, it could be a

challenging task even for experienced personbut most of OU researchers are amateurs.

So what to do when your next project does not work? With radio its easy, it was done before,

and we know that it is possibleso if it does not work you know for sure that something gone

wrong in our implementation Nobody going to say that radio or TV transmission is

impossibleand all radio / TV sets we see are fakes (*)

When building FE device we are in much more difficult situation. There are not so many

working examples around us and prevailing social perception of FE is that it is a fake.

There are many alternative theories like new physics with hundreds of pages of bla-bla-bla,

exotic words and tons of formulasbut they are useless for our real world engineering task.

Obviously we need a simple and practically applicable theory or method to check ideas. So that

we could know ahead could the device work in principle or not. It would be very unfortunate

throw away almost ready device but with some minor issue, and same in opposite spend years

trying build device which could not possibly work.

I spent a lot of time analyzing, comparing and trying replicate different devices. At the end I

think I have general and simple concepts of the FE. Everything started from Teslas article about

increasing human energy (see app. 1). It took several years for me to understand it and come up

with generalized principle based on it. I call it a First or Classic or Teslas principle. We can see

examples of it in nature. I continue thinking about different principles and I came up with two

more. May be there will be more, who knows?

By some reason it appeared that it is very difficult to explain these principles. Its kind of alienknowledge to what we were told in school and university. I keep trying come up with short and

clear explanation. Please give me feed back and hopefully together we can improve this book, so

more people can benefit from understanding of the principles.

To illustrate principles I decided present possible systems or setups. Each of this sketches give

some idea what system is and where energy supposed come from. These are not complete plans

to build practical devices. I would like to provide such plans but I dont have them(yet)

Each of concept devices can be used as a starting point for research. I still believe that principles

I am describing here give huge advantage and transforming abstract search into more or less

defined engineering problem.

Please dont be frustrated if something does not work right away. Most of our everyday

technology, which we are even not noticing anymore in our everyday life came out of manyyears of hard work of scientists and engineers.

* I know one guy who did not manage make crystal radio work and at the end he claimed that it is a fakeas most

of FE devices (actually, I not sure if it is funny)


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A special words for smart skeptics

Heavier-than-air flying machines are

impossible.

Lord Kelvin,President of Royal Society, 1895 (*)

- FE not possible due to laws of thermodynamic.

Before you say this please check your books one more timeand think carefully when these

laws can be applied.

- Nobody ever seen device with COP > 100% before

I sure you have seen one or perhaps tworight in your house. Both are using heat pumps and

I hope you can recognize them now ;-)

- Nothing free in this world

Money is humans invention and has nothing to do with laws of Physics. Sun shines free for

everyone. Building a FE device allows one tap energy himself and avoid paying constantly rising

energy prices.

(*) Ironically he discovered one of most interesting FE processes in nature (see Kelvin Dropper)


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First (classical) principle

I think it is obvious that environment or space around us contains energy, we can try extracting it

and use for our needs. So we dont need any fuel. I think first time such idea was described by

Nikola Tesla in his article The problem of increasing human energy with special references tothe harnessing of the Suns energy by Nikola Tesla, Century Illustrated Magazine, June 1900

And most important part is A Departure from known methods possibility of a self-acting

engine or machine, inanimate, yet capable, like a living being, of deriving energy from the

medium The ideal way of obtaining motive power.

Complete article available e.g. here http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1900-06-00.htmand most

important part of it in Appendix A in the end of this book.

I believe that everyone FE researcher read this article, but amazingly small attention was paid to

this principle and it seems to be ignored until now. One possible reason is a difficulty to

understand it. It took probably 5 years for me to get the Teslas idea since I first time read this

article.

Lets consider this principle in more details and use example from nature - natural water cycle

(or hydrologic cycle).

pic.1 Natural Water Cycle (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle)

Water vaporized from ocean (lake, ground etc.) goes up into atmosphere, condense there, form

clouds and drops as rain or snow, then flow thru rivers and returns to ocean.

This is a natural water flow which exists in environment. Humans use it to harness energy byinserting special devices (like hydropower stations) into the flow to capture energy.


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As you probably know Tesla built first hydro power station in Niagara Falls in 1895 (*). Perhaps

working on that project brought him the idea of extracting energy from environment.

I think is important to consider where energy comes from? Most people will say from Sun and

will be right, but not exactly. When water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings

and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment.

So if we assume that same amount of water first vaporized and condensed afterwards, fromglobal point of view no energy was consumed, heat was just transferred from one place to

another. Also water transferred from ground to some point above the ground and gravitation is

actual force which drives water down back to ground level and drive turbines in hydropower

station. So in theory, heat from Sun is not required here to continue the hydro cycle.

I am aware that this is very controversial claim and probably will not be accepted by many

people. As an argument to support my claim I can give an example we know that outer planets

(e.g. Saturn, Jupiter) located far away from Sun and therefore receive less Suns energy

(radiation) but we also know that there are very powerful tornados in their atmospheres, much

stronger than in Earths atmosphere (so this extra energy should come from somewhere and

gravitational field is very good candidate for such energy source).

Coming back to Earth and closer to Teslas principle lets try do some generalization.

* see e.g. this http://www.teslasociety.com/adams.htm


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Generalization of the principle

"If you only knew the magnificence of the 3, 6 and 9,

then you would have a key to the universe.Nicola Tesla (*)

pic.2 Idealized FE system

I presented working cycle of system based on Teslas principle on pic.2

Lets say we have a field (gravitational for example) and we have a working body some

substance which can change it aggregate state from liquid to gas and back (e.g. water).

The working cycle is shown on the picture.

Explanations:

4 -> 1 working body make a phase transition to the state where it does not interact with a field

(e.g. water vaporizing)

1 -> 2 working body moves to gain some potential energy (e.g. vapor comes up, we dont do

work here against the field)

2 -> 3 working body make phase transition to initial state (e.g. vapor condensing)

(*) some people think that N.T. refers to frequencies and harmonics; other suggests that it is a Fibonacci sequence

which defines a spiral, but


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3 -> 4 now working body start interacting with a field (water dropping down),

on this phase we can capture some energy.

The cycle repeats.

This is a quite simplified picture but it represents the principle.

Different fields can be used (gravitational, magnetic and eclectic), different working bodies and

phase transitions, so there are a lot of different systems possible.

We know 3 fields in nature (gravitational, magnetic and electric).

From practice we see also static and pulsed systems. In static system field present all the time

and working body make phase transitions, in pulse systems field appeared only for short time

and trigger phase transition in working body which continues itself by inertia after

triggering field removed. This gives us 6 possible FE setups/systems (Tab. 1)

Table 1. Field and corresponding phase transitions

field / mode static system pulse system

gravitation water cycle grav. wheels (?)

magnetic MEG, MHD negative inductance

electric vacuum tube,

Kelvin dropper

spark gap

As we see from practice some time it is enough to have only sharp parameter variation (not

phase transition). Some of possible phase transitions and property variations presented in Tab.2

Of course there could be much more implementations, on different levels etc.

Table 2. Possible FE systems based on 1st principle

field / mode phase transition parameter variation

gravitation liquid gas

magnetic Curie point,

ionization

saturation

electric electrostatic

induction

permittivity variation

So now, when you see some claim about FE you can ask yourself

- What field used to perform work?- What phase transition or related property change?

- Are there proper conditions to allow field perform work ?

- Is system parametric (load not affecting control) ?

And based on the answers you can make good guess could it work or not

Lets now consider some application of the principle and possible systems.


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Gravitational field

Pic.3 Conventional hydropower

As we know water cycle most common FE process we can see in nature. Conventionally its

done this way - we insert our device to harness energy into flow naturally existing in the

environment. So we need proper conditions and we change environment (usually not into better

direction).

However, in we could create our own flow, isolated from environment and capture energy in

it. We can do something like this:


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pic4. Concept of Isolated hydro power station

* Oil here used to prevent water from vaporizing in a wrong place

Key to working system is phase transition (liquid-gas) which allow gravitational filed perform

some useful work

A toy illustrating this principle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_bird

Since our system isolated we can use other working bodies e.g. with low vaporization

temperature, or we can lower pressure, so again vaporization will happen easier

One issue I see here is system will be quite big but still we could build it e.g. as a standard part

of every building, so why not? (*)

* You are welcome to make some calculation and estimate required dimensions for such system to deliverpractically usable power


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Lets take a look on another possible setup

pic5. Concept of device which use gravitation as a power source

Explanation:

- put electrolyze device into lake (any water reservoir)

- bubbles come up, put on the bubbles way a turbine, here our FE

- on the top, we collect bubbles, burn and drop water back to lake, use released energy to supply

power for electrolyze device

- COP of electrolyze device and burner not 100%, but we can use some part of FE to compensate

loses- power of device depends on how deep we put electrolyze device


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pic6a. My version of Lazarevs

Kolcar (cycler)

Another interesting toy which everyone can build at home is

Kulibins fountain or Lazarevs Kolcar or mono-therm.

Construction: A bottle separated in two parts with a

membrane, some amount of water placed in both upper and

lower compartment. A tube allows water to come from the

bottom of the bottle to the upper compartment.

Water under action of gravity will be pushed thru membrane

from top to bottom compartment of bottle. At the same time

pressure in the bottom part will rise and some water will be

pushed thru the tube back into upper compartment.

pic6b. Construction of Lazarevs Kolcar

1-porous membrane, 2-water, 3-tube

Some historical information about Ivan Kulibin: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Kulibin

Here some reading about Kulibins fountain and other gravity powered device

http://ua-

hho.do.am/publ/idei_po_ehnergii/v_vlasov_fountain_kulibina_as_a_generator_of_energy/2-1-0-

151

(unfortunately cant find any better text about Lazarevs Kolcar)


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As I stated at the beginning for every field we use two approaches of building devices are

possible (static and pulse). There is a small problem with gravitation field; we dont know

effective ways to switch it off (so far). However I believe that we still have some FE mechanical

systems with dynamically unbalanced wheels.

pic7. Campbell wheel (source: google image search)

* I was not paying much attention to this topic because I dont think that mechanical FE system is good idea. But if

you have good example please send it to me.


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Heat pump

I feel that it is absolutely necessary mention this device even if it doesnt fit very nice in my

classification. Heat pumps commonly used now days in heating/cooling systems and according

to Wiki have COP range 2 to 7.2. In other worlds many of us have FE device installed at home

(I let you decide for yourself why these devices still consume a lot of electricity)

pic.8 Heat pump (source: http://www.heatpump-reviews.com/heat-pump.html)

See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pump


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Magnetic field

Nickel Curie Point Engine http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzwGzJm41_o

In the video work performed by magnetic and gravitational field, heat used only to changeproperty of nickel washer and could be recycled.

Pic9. Nickel Curie Point Engine working points

(source: captured frames from above video)

Nickel washer attracted by magnet and pull pendulum into left. Due to heat nickel washer

occasionally loses its magnetic properties (when temperature reach Curie point) and became

non-magnetic, so pendulum returns to vertical position. Then washer cools down and process

repeats.

We can use not only heat but something else e.g. saturation.

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_%28electromagnetism%29


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Pic10. Magnetic permeability of Nickel vs Temperature

Variation of permeability in transformer core can be used to modulate field of permanent

magnet. So we can build a non-mechanical system, a special version of transformer.

Using proper coils arrangement we can change core permeability and avoid load reaction on

modulation coils, so work will be performed by permanent magnet.

pic11. MEG concept (INKOMP by Valery Ivanov, source mazeto.net)

There is well established theory for magnetic circuit calculations and simulation. Such system

can be designed using same methods which used to design conventional motors and generators.

pic.12 Magnetic circuit


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pic13. Some pictures from my MEG experiments

pic14. Eclin-Brown generator

- mechanical implementation of PM flux

modulating device


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Another interesting concept device can be based on variable inductor.

pic15. Non-linear inductance concept (mechanical)

pic16. Variable inductor good candidate to implement non-mechanical device

Compressing magnetic field (mechanically or by changing core properties) we can gain energy.

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosively_pumped_flux_compression_generator

(as usual, military applications go first )

More interesting links:

http://sparkbangbuzz.com/mag-audio-amp/mag-audio-amp.htm

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/popular-electronics/magnetic-amplifiers-jul-1960-popular-

electronics.htm

http://www.themeasuringsystemofthegods.com/magnetic%20amplifiers.pdf


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Here another interesting possible FE system (presumably developed by Tesla)

pic17. Electricity from air device sketch

Air (or some gas) ionized, ions moving in magnetic field separated and charge absorbed by two

collector plates. This is more sustainable version of modern MHD generators where ions

produced by burning some fuel. (See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHD_generator)


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So far we discussed static systems with magnetic field. Now lets consider some pulse systems.

pic18. Robert Adams pulse motor

Core in motor stator coil attracted to rotor magnet, so rotor rotates, when magnet comes near to

coil it is pulsed to create repelling force so it push rotor further. Significant part of energy used

to create this repelling force can be recuperated.

Another interesting effect which could be observed in pulse motors is that sharp magnetic field

pulses create negative inductance (avalanche magnetization) in driving coil cores. Some heat

energy converted into electricity. This is process is opposite to one which happen in magnetic

refrigerator.

pic19. Negative inductance test

setups

a) with ant aligned coils

b) with step-down flyback

Despite technical difficulties I believe that it is possible to build non-mechanical systems which

will use avalanche magnetization to convert environment heat to electricity (Zaevs concept).


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Some interesting links:

Magnetic refrigeration http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_refrigeration

Gadolinium motor http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2qO-AbH08A

Electric field

Now lets consider systems which use electric field.

Pic20. Concept of device using electric field and ionization.

High voltage ionize air and one type of ions (e.g. negative) moved by fan towards a collector

plate which is connected thru capacitor to ground. Positive charges pumped from the ground

wire. Load connected thru DC-DC step-down converter to the capacitor.

pic.21 Also symmetrical version (which does not require ground) possible.

For charge transfer we could use special tube (see below) or some other special setup e.g.

electrostatic sparing or ultrasonic evaporation.


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This device employs also second principle of FE (non-linear growth of energy in capacitor).

In these setups we have current (moving charges) supplied by one source and static electric field

accelerating these charges provided by other source. In other words this allows us combine

current and voltage from different power sources and so gain power. (UxI concept)

Interesting historical link

http://longstreet.typepad.com/thesciencebookstore/2013/07/history-of-lines-atomospheric-

electricity.html

We cold build a special vacuum tube and implement same principle as above on a low level

using electrons instead of ions (as perhaps did Tesla, Moray and Gray).

pic.22 "Static" electric field accelerates charges

pic.23 source Theory and applications of electron tubes, Herbert J Reich, page 58

Secondary emission which is responsible for negative resistance behavior and could be a source

of usable energy appeared in first tubes and was considered as a parasite effect, so there were

special changes in tube construction made to reduce or completely avoid this effect in newer

tubes. But some traces of the effect are still three even in modern tubes.


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pic.24 Temperature variation modulate capacitance

This is a twin-brother device of non-linear inductance device. But here we modulate

capacitance changing dielectrics properties inside capacitor. Changing charge density

(mechanically or changing dielectric properties) we can also gain energy.

Also dual system to MEG possible we can use electret and modulate its field changing

dielectric parameters.

Some interesting links:

http://ether.sciences.free.fr/electrets.htm

http://www.sae.edu/reference_material/audio/pages/Microphones.htm

http://www.capturedlightning.org/hot-streamer/pool/dielectric.htm


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Tesla coil based system could provide extra energy.

pic.25 Spark gap transmitter one of first FE devices ;-)

It is sad to hear how Teslas followers claim that Tesla never claimed or achieved Free Energy.

There are at least two possible sources of FE in spark gap transmitters:

- Earths natural electric field in combination with ionization provides negative resistance in

antenna

- Spark gap itself can be source of energy (see below)

Such system most probably will not be acceptable in modern word because it produces very high

radio interferencebut it may be it would be possible use 2 or 3 phase systems to reduce radio

emission.

Another FE process observed in nature was discovered by Lord Kelvin when he observed static

electricity in water falls. Traditionally mainstream science denied FE here usually claiming that

work performed by gravity ;-).

pic26. Kelvin dropper


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There are some difficulties preventing practical applications

- Effectively stepping down HV

- maintaining high charge flow

However with advancing of power electronics there more and more chances that we see such

devices in use.

(see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_water_dropper)

Spark gap represents most possible energetic phase transition (gas - plasma)

pic. 27 Concept of device utilizing electron avalanche in spark gap

(picture source: www.skif.biz)

Electron avalanche initiated with very short high voltage pulse. It produces 50 or even 100 times

more energy than required to start the avalanche (you should not try it at home :-)

This extra energy can be captured and used. Most known example is Edvin Grays devices.

pic.28 Variation of spark gap device (picture source: www.skif.biz)

* Here DC-DC step down converter should be used to convert charge collected by capacitor into

practically usable voltage

Edvin Gray used similar setup but he didnt have high voltage power MOSFETs in 1960s


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pic29. EVGray setup

* here HV DC power supply switched with electronic tube and current limited by resistor

connected in series. We dont know for sure but it could be also that Gray use bifilar coil (two

cylinders on the sketch) to collect displacement currents instead of capacitor used in system

presented on pic. 27 and 28

* Peter and John probably still having nice time laughing on innocent FE researchers searching for Electro-Radiant

Event and Cold Electricity :-/


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Second (synergy) principle

Since a nonlinear system does not exhibit linear superposition, a combination of inputs often

produces surprising, synergistic effects the whole becomes greater than the sum of its parts.

Quote fromTapping Zero-Point Energy by Moray B. King

pic. 30 Nonlinear system example(source: Tapping Zero-Point Energy by Moray B. King)

We often see this principle used together with first principle.

pic31. Charge and energy stored in capacitor

For example energy stored in capacitor will grow quadratically depending on the charge.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/capeng2.html


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(and we see similar quadratic growth in many other physical processes)

pic32. An experiment with charge transfer

Here simple experiment with a power source which provide 20v. Moving metallic object back

and forth we can charge a metallic can to any voltage, e.g. to 400v

This is what actually demonstrated here:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XaaP1bWFjDA#t=2680

* It is absolutely bizarre situation that FE device shown on one of the first Physics classes and at same time they

claimed that it is not possible


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Dielectric absorption

Dielectric absorption is quite unfortunate effect when you perform measurements but it can be

used as a power source. Dielectric absorption manifests in both situation when capacitor

discharged and when capacitor charged.

pic33. Dielectric absorption when capacitor discharged(picture source: Analog Devices ANALOG-DIGITAL CONVERSION,

Chapter 7. Data Converter Support Circuits, page 101

http://www.analog.com/library/analogdialogue/archives/39-06/chapter%207%20support%20circuits%20f.pdf)

These effects relatively small e.g. about 10% of overall capacitor energy for standard capacitors

(the worst possible capacitor should be selected).


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Van der Graaf generator

pic.34 Van der Graaf generator

(picture source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_de_Graaff_generator)

Van der Graaf generator is just automated version of experiment shown on pic. 32. If we

would use it to charge capacitor then we could get a modification of system shown on pic. 20,21

Pic.35 Small Testatica machine

You probably agree that following this logic we can guess that Testatica machine could use same

principle.

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_generatorand

http://www.coe.ufrj.br/~acmq/whyhow.html


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Third principle

We can use S-shaped Negative Differential Resistance to supply additional power to a load if we

subject NDR to short pulses. In some way we saw already this principle in pulse systems when

discussed first principle (e.g. discharge in gas can be represented as NDR).I still think it is appropriate list it as a separate principle because it refers to one of fundamental

property of mater inertia. We use small portion of energy to start some process and then we can

capture more energy back. Such behavior can be observer in many completely different systems.

Keeping in mind this principle could help us recognize potentially FE system/process.

As an illustration of my words I am adding here simulation results of very simple NDR

resistance circuit.

pic36. Test S-shaped NDR based on function f(x) = 1.3+(x-1)*(x-5)*(x-4)/15;

* Despite simple illustration that it is possible often mainstream science denies possibility use NDR to gain energy


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pic37. Simulation

pic38. Simulation results power supply voltage and current


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pic39. Simulation results power from power supply and in load

pic40a. Energy delivered by power supply pic40b. Energy dissipated on load resistor

pic41. Negative resistance


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Links about NDR:

1. Demystifying the Negative Differential Resistance Phenomenon

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Circuit_Idea/Negative_Differential_Resistance

2. Zinc Negative Resistance Oscillator http://www.sparkbangbuzz.com/els/zincosc-el.htm

3. Negative resistance in electrical discharge http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/dischg.htm

4. FE Basics, chapter 6 https://www.dropbox.com/s/plsrxlltgkl9wtb/fe_basics.pdf

Afterword

I would like ask reader excuse me for imperfections in this book, low resolution and hand drawn

pictures, bad formatting, wrong spelling and difficult to follow explanations. This is a third

redaction of the book and I still not happy about it content. I invite everyone to send me feedback

and contribute to improvement of the book. Only together we can bring bright future into our

everyday reality.

Best wishes to you and good luck in FE research

14 years in 21st

century but future still not here


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Appendix A.

THE PROBLEM OF INCREASING HUMAN ENERGY

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCES TO THE HARNESSING OF THE SUN'S ENERGY.

by Nikola Tesla

Century Illustrated Magazine, June 1900

http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1900-06-00.htm

A DEPARTURE FROM KNOWN METHODSPOSSIBILITY OF A "SELF-ACTING"

ENGINE OR MACHINE, INANIMATE, YET CAPABLE, LIKE A LIVING BEING, OF

DERIVING ENERGY FROM THE MEDIUMTHE IDEAL WAY OF OBTAINING

MOTIVE POWER.

When I began the investigation of the subject under consideration, and when the preceding or

similar ideas presented themselves to me for the first time, though I was then unacquainted with

a number of the facts mentioned, a survey of the various ways of utilizing the energy of the

medium convinced me, nevertheless, that to arrive at a thoroughly satisfactory practical solution

a radical departure from the methods then known had to be made. The windmill, the solar

engine, the engine driven by terrestrial heat, had their limitations in the amount of power

obtainable. Some new way had to be discovered which would enable us to get more energy.

There was enough heat-energy in the medium, but only a small part of it was available for the

operation of an engine in the ways then known. Besides, the energy was obtainable only at a

very slow rate. Clearly, then, the problem was to discover some new method which would make

it possible both to utilize more of the heat-energy of the medium and also to draw it away fromthe same at a more rapid rate.

I was vainly endeavouring to form an idea of how this might be accomplished, when I read some

statements from Carnot and Lord Kelvin (then Sir William Thomson) which meant virtually that

it is impossible for an inanimate mechanism or self-acting machine to cool a portion of the

medium below the temperature of the surrounding, and operate by the heat abstracted. These

statements interested me intensely. Evidently a living being could do this very thing, and since

the experiences of my early life which I have related had convinced me that a living being is

only an automaton, or, otherwise stated, a "self-acting-engine," I came to the conclusion that it

was possible to construct a machine which would do the same. As the first step toward this

realization I conceived the following mechanism. Imagine a thermopile consisting of a number

of bars of metal extending from the earth to the outer space beyond the atmosphere. The heat

from below, conducted upward along these metal bars, would cool the earth or the sea or the air,

according to the location of the lower parts of the bars, and the result, as is well known, would be

an electric current circulating in these bars. The two terminals of the thermopile could now be

joined through an electric motor, and, theoretically, this motor would run on and on, until the

media below would be cooled down to the temperature of the outer space. This would be an

inanimate engine which, to all evidence, would be cooling a portion of the medium below the

temperature of the surrounding, and operating by the heat abstracted.


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DIAGRAM b. OBTAINING ENERGY FROM THE AMBIENT MEDIUM

A, medium with little energy; B, B, ambient medium with much energy; O, path of the energy.

But was it not possible to realize a similar condition without necessarily going to a height?

Conceive, for the sake of illustration, [a cylindrical] enclosure T, as illustrated in diagram b, suchthat energy could not be transferred across it except through a channel or path O, and that, by

some means or other, in this enclosure a medium were maintained which would have little

energy, and that on the outer side of the same there would be the ordinary ambient medium with

much energy. Under these assumptions the energy would flow through the path O, as indicated

by the arrow, and might then be converted on its passage into some other form of energy. The

question was, Could such a condition be attained? Could we produce artificially such a "sink"

for the energy of the ambient medium to flow in? Suppose that an extremely low temperature

could be maintained by some process in a given space; the surrounding medium would then be

compelled to give off heat, which could be converted into mechanical or other form of energy,

and utilized. By realizing such a plan, we should be enabled to get at any point of the globe a

continuous supply of energy, day and night. More than this, reasoning in the abstract, it wouldseem possible to cause a quick circulation of the medium, and thus draw the energy at a very

rapid rate.

Here, then, was an idea which, if realizable, afforded a happy solution of the problem of getting

energy from the medium. But was it realizable? I convinced myself that it was so in a number

of ways, of which one is the following. As regards heat, we are at a high level, which may be

represented by the surface of a mountain lake considerably above the sea, the level of which may

mark the absolute zero of temperature existing in the interstellar space. Heat, like water, flows

from high to low level, and, consequently, just as we can let the water of the lake run down to the

sea, so we are able to let heat from the earth's surface travel up into the cold region above. Heat,

like water, can perform work in flowing down, and if we had any doubt as to whether we could

derive energy from the medium by means of a thermopile, as before described, it would be

dispelled by this analogue. But can we produce cold in a given portion of the space and cause

the heat to flow in continually? To create such a "sink," or "cold hole," as we might say, in the

medium, would be equivalent to producing in the lake a space either empty or filled with

something much lighter than water. This we could do by placing in the lake a tank, and pumping

all the water out of the latter. We know, then, that the water, if allowed to flow back into the

tank, would, theoretically, be able to perform exactly the same amount of work which was used

in pumping it out, but not a bit more. Consequently nothing could be gained in this double

operation of first raising the water and then letting it fall down. This would mean that it is

impossible to create such a sink in the medium. But let us reflect a moment. Heat, though

following certain general laws of mechanics, like a fluid, is not such; it is energy which may beconverted into other forms of energy as it passes from a high to a low level. To make our

mechanical analogy complete and true, we must, therefore, assume that the water, in its passage


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into the tank, is converted into something else, which may be taken out of it without using any,

or by using very little, power. For example, if heat be represented in this analogue by the water

of the lake, the oxygen and hydrogen composing the water may illustrate other forms of energy

into which the heat is transformed in passing from hot to cold. If the process of heat

transformation were absolutely perfect, no heat at all would arrive at the low level, since all of it

would be converted into other forms of energy. Corresponding to this ideal case, all the water

flowing into the tank would be decomposed into oxygen and hydrogen before reaching thebottom, and the result would be that water would continually flow in, and yet the tank would

remain entirely empty, the gases formed escaping. We would thus produce, by expending

initially a certain amount of work to create a sink for the heat or, respectively, the water to flow

in, a condition enabling us to get any amount of energy without further effort. This would be an

ideal way of obtaining motive power. We do not know of any such absolutely perfect process of

heat-conversion, and consequently some heat will generally reach the low level, which means to

say, in our mechanical analogue, that some water will arrive at the bottom of the tank, and a

gradual and slow filling of the latter will take place, necessitating continuous pumping out. But

evidently there will be less to pump out than flows in, or, in other words, less energy will be

needed to maintain the initial condition than is developed by the fall, and this is to say that some

energy will be gained from the medium. What is not converted in flowing down can just beraised up with its own energy, and what is converted is clear gain. Thus the virtue of the

principle I have discovered resides wholly in the conversion of the energy on the downward

flow.


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Free Energy Research Basics

or

what every FE researcher need to know

Revision 1

FE R&D group http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/ferd041/info

2014


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2

Chapter 1. Power measurements ................................................................................................................4

Hello, ...................................................................................................................................................... 4

Magic Box #1 .........................................................................................................................................6

Light bulbs.............................................................................................................................................. 8Measuring power in AC circuits .......................................................................................................... 11

Magic Box #2 ....................................................................................................................................... 13

Chapter 2. Flyback ................................................................................................................................... 16

Flyback circuit...................................................................................................................................... 19

Looping flyback ................................................................................................................................... 20

Trying harder.................................................................................................................................... 23

Simulating flyback ............................................................................................................................... 25

Magic Box #3 ....................................................................................................................................... 27

Joule Thief and LED lights .................................................................................................................. 31

Observing core saturation..................................................................................................................... 36

Simulation with real core and real diode....................................................................................... 37B-H curve model .................................................................................................................................. 39

Plotting BH curves yourself ................................................................................................................. 43

HV power source.................................................................................................................................. 46

Chapter 3. Resonance............................................................................................................................... 49

Parallel and series resonance circuits ................................................................................................... 49

Single switch driver.............................................................................................................................. 51

Push pull driver .................................................................................................................................... 53

Half bridge driver ................................................................................................................................. 56

Bridge drivers ....................................................................................................................................... 57

Analogue approach............................................................................................................................... 62

Extracting power .................................................................................................................................. 64More examples of power extracting circuits ........................................................................................ 67

Ferroresonance ..................................................................................................................................... 72

Properties of ferroresonance................................................................................................................. 77

Tesla switch and Co. ............................................................................................................................ 82

Switching coils and caps ...................................................................................................................... 83

Simulating switched capacitors............................................................................................................ 87

Switching coils and caps ...................................................................................................................... 90

Variable Inductor..................................................................................................................................93

Magnetic amplifiers.............................................................................................................................. 98

Parametric resonance.......................................................................................................................... 103

Building parametric resonator............................................................................................................ 106Standing waves or resonance in a media ............................................................................................ 109

Waves in ferrite core .......................................................................................................................... 111

Chapter 4. Bifilar coils ........................................................................................................................... 113

Permanent magnets ............................................................................................................................ 113

Magnetic field of aregular coil ....................................................................................................... 117

Simple magnetic field probe............................................................................................................... 119

Magnetic field of bifilar coil .............................................................................................................. 120

Magnetic field of bifilar coil 2 ........................................................................................................... 124

Opposite coils on ferrite rod............................................................................................................... 128

Opposite coils on the ring core........................................................................................................... 131

Reversed Phi transformer ...................................................................................................................135

Scalar coil ........................................................................................................................................... 137

Chapter 5. Displacement current ............................................................................................................ 145


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3

How they do that? .............................................................................................................................. 145

Coaxial transformer with a pipe ..................................................................................................... 150

Properties of coaxial transformer ....................................................................................................... 152

Displacement current in capacitor...................................................................................................... 155

Capacitor with a coil on ring core ...................................................................................................... 159

Capacitor with a coil of ferrite rod ..................................................................................................... 162

Coil - capacitor................................................................................................................................... 167Aligned and anti-aligned connection..................................................................................................170

Coil-capacitor on the ring core ........................................................................................................... 173

Chapter 6. Negative resistance ...............................................................................................................175

Examples of NDR with transistors..................................................................................................... 179

Zener diode......................................................................................................................................... 181

Core saturation ................................................................................................................................... 182

LC circuit as negative resistance ........................................................................................................ 184

Avalanche breakdown effect in transistor ..........................................................................................187

Broomstick antenna............................................................................................................................ 189

Spark gap............................................................................................................................................ 190

Shorting .............................................................................................................................................. 192Afterword ............................................................................................................................................... 194

Software ................................................................................................................................................. 195


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4

Chapter 1. Power measurements

Hello,

I am starting a series of posts about FE research basics.

As a start topic, lets consider some typical mistakes when power

measurements performed.

Here an example of message from overunity.com (it is from 2007 but you still

can occasionally re-posted by somebody).


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5

Another similar device, looks like Bedinis Tesla switch.

Here a photo of working device


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6

In other words, author said Hey, I have one bulb in series with power

supply and one on the output of my magic box. See, first lamp is just

glowing, and second one is shining bright. I got OU!

I am sure that everyone has seen such claims made by different people with

different devices many many times.

Magic Box #1

Let's take a look inside a "magic box" ;-)

To simplify simulation I am using alternative current and... just an regular

step-down transformer (1:10) as a "magic box" ;-)

I am also using resistors instead of light bulbs.

pic. Magic Box design


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7

pic.1 You can see that both voltage and current are greater on R2 in

comparison to R1

pic.2 So also power on R2 greater than on R1 (about 10 times in this

example) and if there will be lamps one would glow and second one would bebright...

However there is a bad news :-) Power on R1 is not the same as powerprovided by power source V1. And original author's assumption that inserting


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8

a light bulb in series with device could help comparing input vs. output

power is obviously wrong.

As it was expected in this setup all power comes from V1 and it is equal to

sum of power on R1 and R2 (not taking into account loses in the

transformer).

I let you as an "exercise" to design a "magic box" which works similar way

but with direct current :-)

Light bulbs

I used resistor in my previous post, now let's take a closer look on light

bulb as a load.

Many people use light bulbs as a load and often trying to estimate output

power based on bulb's brightness. You see it almost in every Youtube videowhere somebody showing its FE device.

There are 3 things that one has to remember about light bulbs:

1. Bulbs have non-linear resistance; it depends on voltage applied to the

bulb

See this:

Tab.1 Bulb's resistance vs. voltage


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9

pic. 1 Bulb's resistance vs. voltage

and this

pic.2a Bulb's current vs. voltage


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10

pic2b. Power vs. voltage

(original document can be found here

http://site.devicecraft.com/ApplicationNotes/60_watt_Incandescent_Bulb_Chara

cteristics.pdf)

2. Bulb's brightness also non-linearly depends on voltage (and frequency)

and it also changing with the lamp's age.

See this

3. Bulbs have "inertia". This means that it takes milliseconds or secondsuntil current thru the lamp became stable when constant voltage applied.

All these properties make accurate power estimation based on light bulb's

brightness very difficult.

Gustavo mentioned that bulb can be used as a current limiter. It's a quite

common application but one always has to remember about bulbs "inertia".

Many sensitive circuits can blow up completely while lamp is warming up :-)

P.S. Perhaps it would be interesting to make experiment and study bulb's

nonlinearities.


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11

Measuring power in AC circuits

Another interesting topic is Measuring power in AC circuits.

Let's consider a practical example.

You have some circuit, it produce some power on the output. You put a load

resistor and observing voltage on it with oscilloscope.

Here example picture (from my TV research)

pic.1 Sample waveform

Let's assume that load is 10 ohm resistor and peak-to-peak voltage on it

5.28v (channel one on the picture)

What is an output power here?

Let's use Ohm's law and calculate ;-)

I = U / R

P = U * I = U2/ R = 5.28 * 5.28 / 10 = 2.78 W

Ok, did you get OU? Ha, ha, perhaps :-)

After thinking a while you remember that it was actually peak-to-peakvoltage... so to get number comparable with DC you have to divide result by

2.... Oh no! Actually by 4 (because there is U * U in the formula)


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12

So it will be P = 2.78 / 4 = 0.69 W (is it still OU? ;-)

After thinking one more moment, you probably remember that you also have to

use RMS coefficient, so... again divide by two square root of 2, or

P = 0.69 / / = 0.34 W (what a disappointment! :-)

And if we collect everything in one formula we get P = Upk * Upk / R / 8.

This coefficient ( ) depends on signal shape.

Here some reading about RMS

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_square

and an example simulation to consider

pic. Comparison of power in DC and AC


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13

Magic Box #2

And last thing I can't leave without our attention in this thread - yet

another "magic box" case :-)

a.k.a. Power consumption drop under load.

Have you ever met a person who claims: "Hey guys, I made amazing device.

When I put load on it actual power consumption is dropped. This is a

straight way to over unity!"

He, he... I have met many...

So let's consider another magic box (version 2)

pic.1 Magic Box #2 concept

In first case (top picture), power source is driving only the Magic Box.

When we attach some load (bottom picture), amazingly, power consumption

decreases even some power goes into load.

Ok, can we make such "magic box"? Sure, we can :-) Here my design. I am

again being lazy and do it for AC, you can build DC version yourself.


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14

pic.2 Magic box design and simulation


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15

pic.3 Power measurements

After all, do you think it was "wrong way"? ;-)


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16

Chapter 2. Flyback

Hello,

I am continuing the "entertainment" and starting new thread about Flybackcircuit, its properties and applications.

A word before going into details...

After doing FE research for some time I realized that

- Mathematics don't care about reality

- Electronics don't care about anything, it just use ready available

components with known properties

- Modern Physics unfortunately forget almost at the beginning about reality

and goes deep into math and spend most of the time writing formulas :-)

And we have to bind all three together, fix when necessary and make serve

our needs. While doing electronics we need perfect understanding of physics

involved and we need math to do calculations. Sometimes it's a realchallenge.

Flyback usually consists of two coils. Lets start with one.

pic 1. Pulsing an inductor

pic 2. Current thru L1

When we turn switch on current begin grow until it reach maximum value which

depends on power supply voltage and coils internal resistance (Imax = U /Rcoil)


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17

This grow is exponential as it shown on pic.2, however in practice usually

we will be using only very beginning of the process so current grow will be

almost linear (see region t < 0.1ms).

It is often said that current thru coil cant change fast or momentary.

This is not exactly true as we will see soon. While current grows magnetic

field also building up and some energy being stored in magnetic field

across the coil (E = L * I * I / 2)

If we disconnect coil from power source, current thru coil stops abruptly,

so magnet field collapse and big voltage spike appears across the coil (if

no load connected).

pic.3 Switching off

This process can be seen on pic.3, size of voltage spike across the coil

depends on coils parameters (capacitance, internal resistance etc.)


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18

pic.4 Same process observed in real schematic with oscilloscope

pic5. Here an example schematic which can be used for this experiment

And here some links with info to consider:

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/electromagnetism/magnetism.html

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/indsol.html


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19

Flyback circuit

As we saw in previous post, when we disconnect power supply energy stored in

magnetic fields "disappears" (from our circuit). This is not very good, so

let's add another coil and "capture" this energy back :-)

pic.1 This a typical Flyback setup.

Diode in the secondary needed to prevent current thru the load during first

working phase when energy stored into magnetic field. In the second phase,

collapsing magnetic field creates voltage on the secondary coil and if there

is a load connected; current begins to flow (almost immediately). This

current creates own magnetic field which oppose to original field. It is

interesting that the lower load resistance the higher current will be in

secondary and stronger field it creates, therefore the longer (wider) output

pulse will be. Another interesting feature is that fly back always draws


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20

same power from power supply independently what load applied to secondary,

it also does not afraid of shorting output.

This kind of setup used in many different variations in nowadays power

supplies.

Here some interesting is reading about flyback:

http://www.dos4ever.com/flyback/flyback.htmlhttp://www.ti.com/lit/ml/slup261/slup261.pdf

Looping flyback

As we discussed earlier, we put some energy into magnetic field with

primary coil and then collect it back with secondary coil. By some reason

people tend to think that we can get out here more than we put in.

Just imagine, you put some water in a cup and when you drink it appeared

that there is more water than you put in.

Wouldnt it be nice to have such magic cup

Ha, ha, anyway, people keep trying and I cant resist give it a try as well


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21

pic.1 Simulation of looped flyback

Notice power supply and coils current values ;-)

pic.2 Experiments schematic


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22

pic3. Switch control pulse (A) and voltage in point (B)

pic4. Switch control pulse (A) and voltage in point (C) = current thru coil

L1 (Spikes at the beginning of the pulse caused by MOSFET gate charging

process)

pic5. Switch control pulse (A) and voltage in point (D) = current thru coil

L2


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23

pic6. Experimental setup (some components are not used in this experiment)

As simulation show, this setup consumes very small current 100uA 5mA

depends on pulse width and coils and can be used to measure loses in

ferrite.

Trying harder

Somebody probably say: "You not being serious and you not trying hard!"

Ha! ha! Being serious will not help us

Here similar Flyback looped setup I tried earlier


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24

pic1. One of the earlier trials

The issue with flybacks is diode in secondary, voltage drop on it, internal

capacitance and limited turn-on time (delay). Adding small inductor in

series sometimes can help to handle current spikes.

Decreasing capacitor connected to power gives possibility observe how power

transferred from secondary.


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25

Simulating flyback

Despite that currents in primary and secondary winding never exists at the

same time, if we start changing number of turns (and therefore inductance)

of primary and secondary, Flyback will behave in a similar way as "regular"transformer. We can gain voltage or current but not both :-)

pic1. Flyback circuit model

pic2. L1 = 400uH


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26

pic3. L1 = 200uH

pic4.L1 = 100uH

I made this simulation to illustrate how change off L1/L2 ratio affects

output voltage and current.


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27

Magic Box #3

Lets consider another Magic Box.

From time to time you see a video or post where some smart guy telling thathe invented very advanced schematics which allow you to power some load from

battery and charge the battery at the same time. Wouldnt it be nice to have

such circuit?

pic.1 Magic Box #3 concept we attach something to the battery via current

meter and surprisingly it shows that current actually flowing into the

battery...Does it charging the battery ?

Well, this magic box creates much more controversy rather than two previous.

I would like to show two similar devices behaving like described magic

box, both devices are based on flyback circuit.

pic1. Magic LED light charging small NiMH battery


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28

pic2. top MOSFETs drain, bottom current thru battery

pic3. top MOSFETs gate, bottom current thru battery


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29

pic4. top(yellow) MOSFETs gate, bottom (blue) voltage on battery

As you can see, circuit creates current pulses into battery ;-)

pic5. Experimental setup

I let you decide yourself what is wrong with this magic box


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30

pic6. Another similar device

Author claims that this circuit allows power some small load from

rechargeable battery for period about 2 years.He also said that after that time battery's electrodes dissolved almost

completely and he had to throw it away


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31

Joule Thief and LED lights

I think you agree that Joule Thief is one of most popular circuits on the

web.

It is not a flyback but I think it is kind of related circuit and it wouldbe interesting to mention it.

pic1. Joule Thief simulation


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pic2. Some variation


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33

pic3. MCU based flash light

pic4. Slightly modified MCU based flash light


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35

pic5. Different JT-like circuits

pic6. My version of LED flash light, I think more practical

Suggested reading:

- SMPS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply

- blocking oscillator http://mysite.du.edu/~etuttle/electron/elect37.htm


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Observing core saturation

pic1. Core saturation

top MOSFET control pulse; bottom current in the primary coil (observed

across resistor in MOSFETs source)

* Notice that after some time current start growing very fast (and non-linear)

pic2. Example circuit

This is same looped flyback circuit I posted before.


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37

To observe saturation you just need gradually increase pulse width and

observe current thru resistor in MOSFETs source (point C). When

experimenting with saturation you should take care about MOSFET cooling

because current grows very fast and transistor can became very hot.

Transformer core saturation one of most common reasons of low efficiency in

power supply circuits.

Some related links

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_%28magnetic%29

(Surprisingly not much information on the topic on the web)

Simulation with real core and real diode

LTSpice gives some possibilities to simulate behaviour of real cores and

other components like diodes.I dont think that it is very practical but interesting to try


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38

pic.1 Flyback with real core (based on LTSpice built-in model)

* notice shape of current in primary and secondary


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39

pic2. Adding real diode to the simulation

* notice oscillations on primary

So its looks quite similar to what real oscilloscope shows.

B-H curve model

As we saw "real" core in transformer brings non-linearity

Let's consider these effects in more details

pic.1 A page from LTSpice manual about built-in core model


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pic.2 BH curves drawn with above formulas


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41

pic3. Inductance (H) vs. current (A) based on above BH curve

This result opens quite interesting possibility to model non-linear

inductance ourselves.


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42

pic4. Simple circuit with linear inductance

pic5. Simulation for above circuit made in SCI lab using model for non-linear core


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43

Graphs from top to bottom:

- voltage on power source,

- current thru inductor,

- voltage on inductor,

- inductance of inductor vs. time

* Notice current and inductance variations

This simulation made using Finite difference method to solve differential

equation

Us = IR + L dI / dt

It might be not very straight forward to perform (comparing to LTSpice

simulation) but it gives us full control on the model.

Some links:

https://www.dropbox.com/s/lx23vkvjpsgi0hc/John%20Chan%20Nonlinear_Transforme

r_Model_for_Circuit_Simulation.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_difference_method

Plotting BH curves yourself

We saw quite a lot of theoretical staff about BH curve and core non-

linearity.

Perhaps it would be interesting to do something practical about it.

pic.1 Core tracer schematic

With this simple circuit and oscilloscope we can observe actual

magnetization curves for different cores.

It is also interesting how magnet affects these curves.


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44

pic2. Effect of magnet attached to the core's side

Here some pictures of experimentally obtained BH curves for Ferroxcube N30

ring core.


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45

pic3. Effect of magnet inserted into cores gap


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46

pic4. BH curve for N87 ferrite from datasheet - looks similar to what we see

in experiment

Plotting Magnetization Curves

http://info.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Workshop/advice/coils/BHCkt/index.html

http://www.cliftonlaboratories.com/type_43_ferrite_b-h_curve.htm

HV power source

We saw a step-down flyback application in MB3,

another very important application of step-up flyback is a spark gap drivers

and HV DC power sources.


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47

pic1. Schematic HV pulse generator and optional voltage multiplier

pic2. Pulse generator and multiplier assembled in plastic boxes


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48

pic3. Side view

pic4. Testing before placing into boxes

This simple circuit produces short pulses up to 5KV (without multiplier)and capable to supply about 1ma current at 5KV with 10 stage multiplier.

Output voltage can be adjusted in some range by changing pulse width (20k

pot.).

Please be careful when working with high voltage!

Some related links:

10KV power source http://www.sentex.ca/~mec1995/circ/hv/hvdcgen/hvdcgen.html


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49

Chapter 3. Resonance

Resonance is next topic I would like to discuss.

Lets start with two most common setups

Parallel and series resonance circuits

In these two setups energy from capacitor (C * U * U / 2) flow to inductor

(L * I * I / 2) and back. Originally this energy comes from power supply

(V1). Resonance circuit accumulate energy until power of source became

equal to power of loses in the circuit. Or Pcirc = Psource * Q where Q is

quality factor

pic1. Parallel resonance circuit

pic2. Simulation of parallel resonance circuit


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50

In parallel resonance circuit we have circulating current Q times more than

power source current

* notice current decreasing while oscillation settling down

pic3. Series resonance circuit

pic4. Simulation of series resonance circuit

In series resonance circuit voltage on capacitor (and inductor) Q times more

than voltage on power source.

* notice voltage grow while oscillations settling down

We can accumulate some energy in resonance circuit, we can extract this

energy back at any time and rate butno more than we put there from powersource.

By some reason people tend to believe that there is extra power in resonance

circuit and we just need to find a way how to get it from there ;-)


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51

Some reading about resonance:

http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_6/1.html

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/series-resonance.html

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/parallel-resonance.html

http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/315/Waves/node12.html

Single switch driver

Let's review methods how we can power resonance circuit

and start with single switch driver

pic1. Model for single switch driver setup

pic2. Simulation (driver frequency equal to resonance frequency)


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pic3. Simulation (driver frequency 10 times lower than resonance frequency)

pic4. Simple driver setup schematic

* notice diode in MOSFETs drain to prevent built-in zener diode to

interfere


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pic5. top driver signal (point A), bottom voltage on inductor andcapacitor (point B)

This circuit quite simple and can be used for experiments on frequencies up

to 100kHz. Two transistors can be replaced with integral MOSFET driver like

TC40204029 (or similar) For higher frequencies cd4011 can be replaced with

74hc00 (requires 5v power supply and changes in MOSFET driver).

Push pull driver

more powerful option

pic.1 Push-Pull driver with TL494


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It appeared that TL494 does not work well on low frequencies so I made a

simple substitution for it using CD4011 and CD4013. Other possibility is to

use KA7500 (pin-to-pin replacement for TL494 which works ok on low

frequencies) or some other PWM chip.

pic2. Push pull driver using CMOS logic

* 50k pots are mechanically connected so driver legs adjusted synchronously

** Additional 4011 elements after 4013 needed to avoid loading 4013 outputs

by RC chains (number of elements can be reduced by using 4001 elements and

rearranging the circuit)


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pic3.top - one MOSFETs drain, bottom - secondary (w/o capacitor)

pic4. MOSFET drains

pic5. top one of MOSFETs drain, bottom - secondary (with capacitor

connected)

This circuit can also be used as an inverter to provide power to some

appliances like led lamps etc.


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Links:

- Designing Switching Voltage Regulators With the TL494

http://www.ti.com/lit/an/slva001e/slva001e.pdf

- http://www.instructables.com/id/250-to-5000-watts-PWM-DCAC-220V-Power-

Inverter/

Half bridge driver

pic1. Simple half-bridge driver based on 74HC4046 VCO.

* Power supply voltage can be increased up to 35v

** Value of resistor in 2n7000 drain may be need to be changed (depends on

frequency and power supply voltage)

pic2. Voltage and current in inductor

This driver works quite ok up to 200-300kHz


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Bridge drivers

Lets review one of possible MCU controlled HBridge setup

pic.1 Regulated DC-DC converter (output voltage can be adjusted 50-200v)


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pic.2 One half of bridge driver

pic.3 LPF filter


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pic.4 PWM signal created with MCU

pic.5 Bridge assembled on prototype board


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pic.6 top - signal after LPF, bottom - before LPF


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pic.7 Simulation of HBridge

This is example of much more complicated setup. MCUs allow modify operation

of the bridge without changing circuit. But it is also possible use

hardware PWM like TL494 to produce PWM signal to control the bridge

output.

Embedded software for MCUs created using Win AVR C compiler (see attached

archives).

Some links:

- see page 40 for more advanced version of the bridge driver

- http://www.tantratron.tk/index/tantratron.html

- http://winavr.sourceforge.net/

- http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-042711-

190851/unrestricted/PWM_Techniques_final.pdf

- http://uzzors2k.4hv.org/index.php?page=ihpll1

- http://webpages.charter.net/dawill/tmoranwms/Elec_IndHeat1.html

- https://www.fairchildsemi.com/an/AN/AN-9012.pdf


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Analogueapproach

We saw variety of digital drivers, but it is also possible to do it in a

"pure analogue" way. This is more (or less) conventional electronics, so I

will just list circuits which I tried.

pic.1 Sin wave generator

pic2. Simple sin wave generator which require with one power supply voltage


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* Disadvantage of both generators is that FET transistor and precise

selection of components needed

pic3. Simple power amplifier

* Perhaps too simple, it has big crossover distortion

pic4. Simple driver (circuit found as a generator for tape recorder erase

head)

* Despite simplicity it works very nice, it tunes resonance automatically if

L or C changes

Links:

http://sound.westhost.com/articles.htm


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Extracting power

We saw many different driver setups; all of them allow us put some power

into resonance circuit and create some oscillations. Now lets consider ways

how we can extract power back.

pic1. We can use small additional winding on inductor

pic2. Simulation for circuit with additional winding


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pic3. We can take power from capacitor

pic4. Simulation for extracting from capacitor circuit

Some people are claiming that they just invented new and very advanced

concept of extracting power from resonance circuit. Well, for me it sounds

naive. It all was invented about 100 years ago, we just got better

components (e.g. diodes) but ideas are the same.


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pic5. Crystal radio as an example of power extraction circuit

pic6. More powerful setup

We cam use different setups, with diodes or switches but at the end load (or

extracted power) always work as Q factor loss in resonant circuit. (This

claim easy to prove using electrical circuits theory by drawing equivalent

schematics).

Links:

High Power Crystal Set http://hibp.ecse.rpi.edu/~john/xtal.html

http://www.crystalradio.net/crystalplans/

http://www.makearadio.com/

http://www.radiosparks.com/schematics.asp?UID=Crystal+Radio

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihajlo_Pupin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loading_coil


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More examples of power extracting circuits

These two circuits are my implementation of Hectors transverter (TV) which

is often discussed on EVGRAY group.

It could be a nice tool to learn about resonance, drivers and powerextracting circuits However, I see these circuits as an over complication

in a hunt for magic resonance or frequency. If there would be a real

extra power no such complex setup would be needed, just a regular diode

bridge work fine ;-)

First setup is MCU based, MCU control driver and diode plug switches.

pic1. MCU used to control the setup


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pic2. Other parts of the setup (driver, transformer, diode plug, zero

crossing detector and discharge switches)

Below shown less complicated setup, without MCU.


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pic3. Simple diode plug (two zero-crossing detectors and triac drivers)

Here some diagrams from important points in the circuit

pic4. top transformer output, bottom - voltage on positive leg capacitor


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pic5. top transformer output, bottom - voltage on negative leg capacitor

pic6. top transformer output (more power injected), bottom - voltage on

the output (Rn)

I made this simulation to illustrate the idea of TV setup. Transformer core

is linear in this simulation.


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pic7. Simple TV model


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pic8. Simulation results

After all I still think that no mater what driver we use and how complicated

extracting circuit, energy stored in LC circuit comes from power source

unless some real magic happen ;-).

Ferroresonance

Whatwould happen if we "put" too much power into LC resonance circuit?

Ifthere is a core in inductor, occasionally it get saturated and

ferroresonance occurs.

As you remember saturation causes non-linear change of inductance. This non-linearity in combination with oscillations produces many interesting

effects.

Let'stake a closer look on ferroresonance.


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pic1. Parallel ferroresonance model

pic2. Simulation of parallel f

Free Energy Research - Basics and Experiments - 2014

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