Frank J. LaFontaine 1, Robbie E. Hood 2, Courtney D. Radley 3, Daniel J. Cecil 4, and Gerald...
1
Frank J. LaFontaine 1 , Robbie E. Hood 2 , Courtney D. Radley 3 , Daniel J. Cecil 4 , and Gerald Heymsfield 5 1 Raytheon Information Solutions, Huntsville, AL, 2 NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, 3 Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, AL, 4 University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 5 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Low Rain Intensity High The Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer was deployed on the NASA ER-2 for the Tropical Cloud Systems Processes experiment. AMPR provided high resolution imagery that is used for precipitation and land surface studies. The Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR) in Brief Passive at 10.7, 19.35, 37.1, and 85.5 GHz Scans + 45 degrees about nadir • 50 samples (pixels) per scan • Rotating polarization Swath width 40 km at 20 km ER-2 altitude AMPR Precipitation Index (API) 6 rain levels and 4 ice levels LIP data used to correlate electric fields to API Developed with AMPR TBs and EDOP reflectivity data from CAMEX-3 and CAMEX-4 Qualitative measure of precipitation-sized rain and ice content An example of API with LIP electric fields and EDOP reflectivi ties for the first of two ER- 2 overpasses of Hurricane Emily on 17 July 2005 (Halverson et al., accepted Hot and cold load calibration loads • Hot load ~ 45 Celsius • Cold load ~ ambient air temperature Scan rate is 3 seconds • 50 milliseconds per pixel • 0.5 seconds to reposition mirror Classification of Tropical Oceanic Precipitation using High- Altitude Aircraft Microwave and Electric Field Measurements Robbie E. Hood, Daniel J. Cecil, Frank J. LaFontaine, Richard J. Blakeslee, Douglas M. Mach, Gerald M. Heymsfield, Frank D. Marks Jr., Edward J. Zipser, and Michael Goodman (JAS 2006) The figure to the left represents horizontal mapping of the AMPR Precipitation Index (API) and projections of 3D electric field and aircraft location onto (a) longitude–altitude plane, (b) latitude– altitude plane, and (c) longitude–latitude plane for Hurricane Bonnie in 1998. The “S” denotes start of aircraft track (1500 UTC), and the “e” denotes end of aircraft track (1600 UTC). API color scale is shown. Electric field and aircraft location are plotted as if projected onto three sides of a box. The projections of the electric field onto (a)–(c) are plotted as barbs originating at the aircraft location. A barb extending 2 km above the aircraft track denotes a +1 kV m−1 (positive charge below the aircraft) electric field. Note that the vertical component dominates the longitudinal and latitudinal components of electric field in (a) and (b). Barb lengths are scaled by a factor of 10 in (c) because the horizontal components of the electric field are so small. The table represents number of occurrences of weak, medium, and strong vertical electric fields as a function of the maximum API value in the vicinity. Taken from subjective analysis of 11 tropical cyclone and three non-cyclone aircraft missions. Analysis of electrification tends to be weak when the 37.1 GHz channel is not scattered. There usually is significant electrification when the 37.1 GHz channel is scattered and strong electrification when the 19.35 GHz channel is scattered. Surface resolutions • 2.8 km at 10.7 GHz • 2.8 km at 19.35 GHz • 1.5 km at 37 GHz • 0.64 km at 85 GHz TD 4 (Dennis), 05 July Hurricane Dennis, 09 July TS Dennis, 06 July TD 7 (Gert), 23 July TS Gert, 24 July API Samples from TSCP Flights Imagery shows the API for selected overpasses of tropical cyclones Dennis and Gert observed during TCSP. Monitoring Surface Water and Flooding AMPR 10.7 GHz 05:21:22 - 05:33:17 UTC AMPR 10.7 GHz 05:53:12 - 06:04:02 UTC AMPR 10.7 GHz 06:20:36 - 06:28:32 UTC AMPR 10.7 GHz 04:55:28 - 05:09:16 UTC AMPR 10.7 GHz 06:35:44 - 06:49:24 UTC After landfall of Tropical Storm Gert on 25 July 2005, AMPR 10.7 GHz brightness temperatures indicated areas of significant change in the microwave signals from the land surface. This could be an indication of standing water or flooding. Comparison with MODIS leaf area index and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data are the next steps in the study. The AMPR Precipitation Index (API) characterizes the four independent brightness temperature data from AMPR into a simple index of qualitative amounts of rain water and ice. It was developed in part with use of EDOP (ER-2 Doppler Radar) data. Hurricane Emily Eye Overpass 1 Preliminary Comparison of AMPR and EDOP Observations for Hurricane Emily The two direct ER-2 overpass legs of the eye of Hurricane Emily are plotted and displayed. AMPR and EDOP data were matched when the API indicated precipitation. The API and the two AMPR brightness temperature observations at nadir were averaged and compared with the time coincident EDOP maximum reflectivity and maximum velocity (updraft) between 1 – 13 kilometers altitude. (Note - the Doppler velocities are not yet corrected for fall speed.) The increases in the 10.7 GHz rain and 85.5 GHz ice scattering signals show good correlations with increasing radar reflectivity. The maximum updraft velocities tend to have a fairly strong 10.7 GHz rain signal and some 85.5 GHz ice scattering. Hurricane Emily Eye Overpass 2 High Ice Intensity Low O verpass 2: 08:34:31 -08:57:30 U TC 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 U pdraftM ax (m /s) TB (K ) 10.7 G Hz 85.5 G Hz O verpass 2: 08:34:31 -08:57:30 U TC 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 R eflectivity M ax (dB Z) TB (K ) 10.7 G Hz 85.5 G Hz O verpass 1: 07:42:03 -08:02:47 U TC 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 U pdraftM ax (m /s) TB (K ) 10.7 G Hz 85.5 G Hz O verpass 1: 07:42:03 -08:02:47 U TC 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 0 10 20 30 40 50 R eflectivity M ax (dB Z) TB (K ) 10.7 G Hz 85.5 G Hz O verpass 2: 08:34:31 -08:57:30 U TC 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 17 33 49 65 81 97 113 129 145 161 177 193 209 225 R elative S can R eflectivity M ax (dB Z) API O verpass 2: 08:34:31 -08:57:30 U TC 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1 16 31 46 61 76 91 106 121 136 151 166 181 196 211 226 R elative S can U pdraftM ax (m /s) API O verpass 1: 07:42:03 -08:02:47 U TC 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127 R elative S can R eflectivity M ax (dB Z) API O verpass 1: 07:42:03 -08:02:47 U TC -4 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 1 9 17 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 97 105 113 121 129 R elative S can U pdraftM ax (m /s) API The EDOP reflectivity maximum and API The EDOP reflectivity with line plots of the AMPR 10.7 and 85.5 GHz brightness temperatures (Note, The EDOP data are missing in the eye region of overpass 1) The API The EDOP vertical velocity with line plots of the AMPR 10.7 and 85.5 GHz brightness temperatures The EDOP updraft maximum and API Ice Level 0 Ice Level 1 Ice Level 2 Ice Level 3 (No Ice or Undetectable Ice) No apparent 85 GHz ice scattering signal “Moderate” Ice Content 85 GHz ice scattering “High” Ice Content 37 GHz ice scattering “Very High” Ice Content 19 GHz ice scattering Index
-
Upload
lucinda-holland -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
3
Transcript of Frank J. LaFontaine 1, Robbie E. Hood 2, Courtney D. Radley 3, Daniel J. Cecil 4, and Gerald...
Frank J. LaFontaine1, Robbie E. Hood2, Courtney D. Radley3, Daniel J. Cecil4, and Gerald Heymsfield5
1Raytheon Information Solutions, Huntsville, AL, 2NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, 3Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, AL, 4University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 5 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 Low Rain Intensity High
The Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer was deployed on the NASA ER-2 for the Tropical Cloud Systems
Processes experiment. AMPR provided high resolution imagery that is used for precipitation and land surface studies.
The Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR) in Brief Passive at 10.7, 19.35, 37.1, and
85.5 GHz Scans + 45 degrees about nadir
• 50 samples (pixels) per scan• Rotating polarization
Swath width 40 km at 20 km ER-2 altitude
AMPR Precipitation Index (API)
6 rain levels and 4 ice levels
LIP data used to correlate electric fields to API
Developed with AMPR TBs and EDOP reflectivity data from CAMEX-3 and CAMEX-4
Qualitative measure of precipitation-sized rain and ice content
An example of API with LIP electric fields and EDOP reflectivities for the first of two ER-2 overpasses of Hurricane Emily on 17 July 2005 (Halverson et al., accepted by BAMS).
Hot and cold load calibration loads• Hot load ~ 45 Celsius• Cold load ~ ambient air temperature
Scan rate is 3 seconds• 50 milliseconds per pixel• 0.5 seconds to reposition mirror
Classification of Tropical Oceanic Precipitation using High-Altitude Aircraft Microwave and Electric Field Measurements
Robbie E. Hood, Daniel J. Cecil, Frank J. LaFontaine, Richard J. Blakeslee, Douglas M. Mach, Gerald M. Heymsfield, Frank D. Marks Jr., Edward J. Zipser, and Michael Goodman (JAS 2006)
The figure to the left represents horizontal mapping of the AMPR Precipitation Index (API) and projections of 3D electric field and aircraft location onto (a) longitude–altitude plane, (b) latitude–altitude plane, and (c) longitude–latitude plane for Hurricane Bonnie in 1998. The “S” denotes start of aircraft track (1500 UTC), and the “e” denotes end of aircraft track (1600 UTC). API color scale is shown. Electric field and aircraft location are plotted as if projected onto three sides of a box. The projections of the electric field onto (a)–(c) are plotted as barbs originating at the aircraft location. A barb extending 2 km above the aircraft track denotes a +1 kV m−1 (positive charge below the aircraft) electric field. Note that the vertical component dominates the longitudinal and latitudinal components of electric field in (a) and (b). Barb lengths are scaled by a factor of 10 in (c) because the horizontal components of the electric field are so small.
The table represents number of occurrences of weak, medium, and strong vertical electric fields as a function of the maximum API value in the vicinity. Taken from subjective analysis of 11 tropical cyclone and three non-cyclone aircraft missions. Analysis of electrification tends to be weak when the 37.1 GHz channel is not scattered. There usually is significant electrification when the 37.1 GHz channel is scattered and strong electrification when the 19.35 GHz channel is scattered.
Surface resolutions
• 2.8 km at 10.7 GHz• 2.8 km at 19.35 GHz• 1.5 km at 37 GHz• 0.64 km at 85 GHz
TD 4 (Dennis), 05 July Hurricane Dennis, 09 JulyTS Dennis, 06 July
TD 7 (Gert), 23 July TS Gert, 24 July
API Samples from TSCP FlightsImagery shows the API for selected overpasses of tropical cyclones
Dennis and Gert observed during TCSP.
Monitoring Surface Water and Flooding
AMPR 10.7 GHz 05:21:22 - 05:33:17 UTC
AMPR 10.7 GHz05:53:12 - 06:04:02 UTC
AMPR 10.7 GHz06:20:36 - 06:28:32 UTC
AMPR 10.7 GHz04:55:28 - 05:09:16 UTC
AMPR 10.7 GHz06:35:44 - 06:49:24 UTC
After landfall of Tropical Storm Gert on 25 July 2005, AMPR 10.7 GHz brightness temperatures indicated areas of significant change in the microwave signals from the land
surface. This could be an indication of standing water or
flooding. Comparison with MODIS leaf area index and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data are the
next steps in the study.
The AMPR Precipitation Index (API) characterizes the four independent brightness temperature data from AMPR into a simple index of qualitative amounts of rain water and ice.
It was developed in part with use of EDOP (ER-2 Doppler Radar) data.
Hurricane Emily Eye Overpass 1
Preliminary Comparison of AMPR and EDOP Observations for
Hurricane Emily The two direct ER-2 overpass legs of the eye of Hurricane Emily are plotted and displayed. AMPR and EDOP data were matched when the API indicated precipitation. The API and the two AMPR brightness temperature observations at nadir were averaged and compared with the time coincident EDOP maximum reflectivity and maximum velocity (updraft) between 1 – 13 kilometers altitude. (Note - the Doppler velocities are not yet corrected for fall speed.)
The increases in the 10.7 GHz rain and 85.5
GHz ice scattering signals show good correlations with increasing radar
reflectivity.
The maximum updraft velocities tend to have
a fairly strong 10.7 GHz rain signal and some 85.5 GHz ice
scattering.
Hurricane Emily Eye Overpass 2
H
igh
I
ce
Inte
nsi
ty
Lo
w
Overpass 2: 08:34:31 - 08:57:30 UTC
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Updraft Max (m/s)
TB
(K
)
10.7 GHz
85.5 GHz
Overpass 2: 08:34:31 - 08:57:30 UTC
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Reflectivity Max (dBZ)
TB
(K
)
10.7 GHz
85.5 GHz
Overpass 1: 07:42:03 - 08:02:47 UTC
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Updraft Max (m/s)
TB
(K
) 10.7 GHz
85.5 GHz
Overpass 1: 07:42:03 - 08:02:47 UTC
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
0 10 20 30 40 50
Reflectivity Max (dBZ)
TB
(K
)
10.7 GHz
85.5 GHz
Overpass 2: 08:34:31 - 08:57:30 UTC
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 17 33 49 65 81 97 113 129 145 161 177 193 209 225
Relative Scan
Reflectivity Max (dBZ)
API
Overpass 2: 08:34:31 - 08:57:30 UTC
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 16 31 46 61 76 91 106 121 136 151 166 181 196 211 226
Relative Scan
Updraft Max (m/s)
API
Overpass 1: 07:42:03 - 08:02:47 UTC
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127
Relative Scan
Reflectivity Max (dBZ)
API
Overpass 1: 07:42:03 - 08:02:47 UTC
-4
1
6
11
16
21
26
31
36
1 9 17 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 97 105 113 121 129
Relative Scan
Updraft Max (m/s)
API
The EDOP reflectivity maximum and API
The EDOP reflectivity with line plots of the AMPR 10.7 and 85.5 GHz
brightness temperatures
(Note, The EDOP data are missing in the eye region of
overpass 1)
The API
The EDOP vertical velocity with line
plots of the AMPR 10.7 and 85.5 GHz
brightness temperatures
The EDOP updraft maximum and API
Ice Level 0 Ice Level 1
Ice Level 2
Ice Level 3
(No Ice or Undetectable
Ice)
No apparent 85 GHz ice
scattering signal
“Moderate” Ice Content
85 GHz ice scattering
“High” Ice Content
37 GHz ice scattering
“Very High” Ice Content
19 GHz ice scattering
Index
