APPENDIX A

FRANCESCO PA TRIZI'S LETTER TO ACHILLE

PETRUCCI ON THE ACADEMICA

INTRODUCTION

This letter, as well as most of the other correspondence of Francesco Patrizi of Siena, has never been printed as far as we have been able to discover, nor has it been discussed in print. No systematic attempt has been made to uncover all of the extant manuscripts of the letter, though we have looked through several manuscripts of Patrizi's corre­spondence in an effort to locate additional copies. We have succeeded in finding two copies and from these we have established the following text.

The two manuscripts upon which our edition is based are Firenze, Biblioteca Nazionale, Nuovi Acquisti 382, fols. r26-r3ov (F) 1 and Venezia, Biblioteca Marciana, lat. XIV. 262 (4719), fols. 75v-77v (V).2

Both of these seem to be of the fifteenth century. The Venice manu­script seems to be both more accurate and easier to read; in most cases when there have been discrepancies between the two we have followed it. On the other hand, V is incomplete, about one third of the total letter being omitted, apparently because one or more pages were missed out in some earlier transcription. F, though more complete, has certain inaccuracies and in a number of instances is impossible to read, because the ink has corroded the paper.

In our edition we have normalized the orthography, i.e. introducing the distinction between 'i' and 'j' and 'u' and 'v.' 'Academia' etc. have been used consistently, though both mss. waver between 'academia' and 'achademia.' Punctuation and capitalization have been altered for the sake of clarity and uniformity. Our aim has been to present as readable text as possible and one which conveys the meaning of the letter. For our purposes here, the letter itself is but of minor importance. A completely critical edition must wait until Patrizi's correspondence finds an editor.

1 Kristeller (rg63f.) I, 174. 2 Kristeller (rg63f.) II, 250.

Franciscus Patricius Achilli Petruccio S.P.D. Si vales, bene est, ego quidem valeo. Cum Tusculanas Quaestiones divine prope a Cicerone scriptas una superioribus diebus legeremus, in hunc mecum sermonem incidisti. Summae tibi admirationi esse quod nonnullis in locis veteres

5 Academicos a Cicerone nuncupatos reppereras, quasi duae sint Aca­demiae, vetus altera, altera nova. Neque quidem inter eas interesset de bonorum et malorum finibus, hoc est de felicitate et miseria, te in­telligere posse affirmabas deque me summopere efflagitabas, ut, si quippiam graece aut latine uspiam lectitassem ad hanc sententiam, tibi

ro quam primum aperire vellem, ne diutius huius rei ambiguitas te du­bium teneret. Quam quidem rem in hunc usque diem distuli, non quod quicquam tibi aliquo pacto negare velim aut quod ulla ex parte gra­varer, tibi officium hoc praestare, sed propter rei ipsius tum difficul­tatem, tum etiam scriptorum varietatem. Nunc autem, cum ruri essem

15 mihique a corpore optime, ab animo autem perbelle esset abundarem­que ocio et aliquid omnino ad te scribere destinassem, provinciam hanc, quam tam diu abdicaveram, sumendam censui, cum quo tibi morem gererem, ut reliquis omnibus in rebus quibus potui consuevi, tum etiam, ut, siquid voluptatis aut utilitatis in re esset, tecum patiar.

20 De Academia igitur aliquid pro viribus ingenii mei dicere conabor remque, ut potero breviter, perstringam. Est enim permagna et a Cicerone quondam libris, qui Academici inscribuntur, optime ut opinor illustrata, sed periere ii libris cum aliis plerisque tum eiusdem tum etiam Varronis et plurimorum clarissimorum scriptorum, maximum

25 enim librorum naufragium latinae litterae offecerunt. Verumtamen eorundem nonnulla vestigia etiam extant. Quondam in fragmento mu­tilo admodum et quod praeter Sybillam (ut dicitur) intelligat nemo. In quo Varronem Cicero secum et cum Attico loquentem facit. Audio tamen rumore potius incerto quam certa aliqua fama differri ad Cos-

APPENDICES 173

30 mum Medicem divitem illum et fortunatum virum hosce Academi­corum libros integros ultima usque ex Gallia nuper esse perlatos, qui et vetustissimi sint ac etiam plurime auctoritatis, sincere atque incor­rupte fidei, quod utrum Dii faciant. Opto enim id potius quam sperem, siquidem huiusmodi rumor saepenumero me falsum tenuit. Increbuit

35 enim non numquam et eiusdem de re publica libros adinventos esse et felicem Titi Livii historiam et reliqua complurima istius modi, que aut evanuerunt, quoniam nusquam apparent aut neutiquam uspiam adinventa sunt.

Si verum igitur id esset ut libri illi a Cicerone scripti de Academicis 40 repperirentur, in quibus omnia haec quae libabo affatim atque enu­

cleate ut reliqua ab eo omnia tractantur, et in manibus essent (ut dici­tur), hoc unum summopere postulo, ut hanc epistolam meam quam­primum scindas, ne audaciae atque inscitiae meae testis sit; nollem siquidem alicuius alterius auctoritatis fretus ab eo dissentire, quem

45 divinum, quem latinae linguae parentem atque auctorem semper esse duxerim. Hac igitur conditione ac pacto hoc a me accipe et que­cumque dictums sum benigne, ut semper consuevisti, audi. Socrates Sophronisci filius, quem Apollo omnium sapientissimum diiudicavit, consensu pene omnium scriptorum philosophiam a rebus occultis atque

so abditis et ab involucris naturae ad vitam communem atque hominum mores transtulit et de virtutibus ac vitiis et de bonorum et malorum finibus et de fugiendis atque expetendis rebus omnium fere primus disputare occepit. Ducebat enim celestia ilia, quae tantopere indagare conabantur veteres philosophi, aut principia[?] a cognitione nostra

55 abesse aut, si etiam uspiam nota nobis esse proderit, ad bene beateque vivendum parum admodum aut nihil prodesse. Quo circa omnem eius sermonem in hanc philosophiae partem quae de moribus inscripta est transtulit.

Sed ita tamen disputabat, ut affirmaret nihil aliosque refellere 6o conaretur. Inquisitionem quidem veritatis solum hominibus traderis.

Scientiam solius Dei esse arbitrabatur affirmabatque omnino se mhil scire praeter hoc unum, scilicet se utique ignarum esse. Quam quidem ob rem, ut Varro apud Ciceronem testis est, se sapientem ducebat a numine appellatum, quod haec una ac praecipua hominis sapientia

65 esset, non arbitrari se scire quae nesciat. Eius autem ratio, cum in utramque partem adhibita esset, propter variam interpretationem audientium varias conclusiones peperit, varias disciplinas, varias sec­tas. Fuere siquidem sibi discipuli complures et aliter eius scripta alteri atque alteri interpretati sunt.

1 74 APPENDICES

70 Praecipuos enim discipulos habuit: Platonem Academiae principem;

Antisthenem, qui Cynicus appellatus est vel a gymnasia Cynosargi ubi

versabatur docens vel &1to -rou xuv6c; est a cane, quoniam Cynici in

castigando mordaces erant, ut fuit eius discipulus Diogenes Sinopeus,

qui canis ob id solum nuncupatus est; ac etiam Aristippum patria

75 Cyrenaicum a quo Cyrenaici philosophi denominati sunt, qui sensuum

voluptatem summum bonum statuit; et plerosque alios inter se de

rebus ipsis non minime dissentientes. Omnium tamen doctissimus atque eloquentissimus fuit Plato, qui

Aristocles primo dictus a pectoris seu orationis latitudine Platonis

So nomen accepit. Is primus Academicus dictus est ab Academia uno

trium gymnasiorum, quae Athenis erant, in quo docere ac versari con­

stituerat. Reliqua autem duo fuerunt Lycium et Cynosarges. Eius de

summo bono ratio aut nihil omnino aut verbis tantum differt ab eius

discipulo Aristotele et ab his qui eum secuti sunt, quibus a deambulandi

85 in Lycio consuetudine (id enim significat m:pm<X-re:~v) Peripateticis

nomen inditum est. Nam et Porphyrins et Manlius Severinus philosophi

celebres id affirmant, quod etiam a Varrone et Cicerone scriptum erat,

inter Platonem et Aristotelem nullam nisi verborum differentiam esse.

Sed tamen una atque eadem philosophiae ratio bifariam propter Pia-

go tonis varium, multiplicem ac copiosum sermonem tributa est, et Aca­

demicorum Peripateticorumque vocabulis nuncupata; nam qui Pla­

tonis sororis £ilium Speusippum, quem suae philosophiae prope here­

dem Plato fecit, et deinde Xenocratem Calcedonium secuti sunt,

quoniam Socraticam dubitationem tenuerunt ac sine affirmatione

95 aliqua disserebant et in Academia versati sunt, Academicorum nomen

servaverunt; qui aut em Stageritem Aristotelem, qui artem quasi quan­

dam philosophiae et rerum ordinem ac disciplinae descriptionem ratam

admodum constituit, Peripatetici dicti sunt. Sed cum idem fons esset,

unde ii rivuli manabant, verborum inter eos magis quam sententiarum

roo differentia erat, nam rerum fugiendarum expetendarumque partitio

eadem fuerat. Unde apud Ciceronem undique invenire est veteres

Academicos ac Peripateticos simul iunxisse, quippe qui eosdem idem prope sentire animadverteret. Quo circa in quinto Tusculanarum Dis­putationum libro et in libris de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, id est

105 de felicitate et miseria, quod unum fundamentum philosophiae quam maximum est simul eos sentire facit, cum bona ab his trifariam tributa esse censeat; maxima animi, media corporis, et tertia externa. Quod quidem tam etsi Aristotelis esse videatur, tamen Platonis hoc idem

multo ante fuerat, sed propter eius disciplinas qui nihil umquam affir-

APPENDICES 175

no mabat, non plane idem asserere ausus esse videtur. Ducens Socratico more nihil omnino, tamquam ratum, affirmandum esse, quandoquidem veritas solius Dei esset, probabiliora tamen verbis impensius efferebat.

Quo fit, ut de summo hominis bono dupliciter locutus sit: posuit enim felicitatem contemplativam quam in sola animi virtute collocavit.

II5 Posuit etiam activam et civile bonum trifariam divisit maximum in animo, medium in corpore, minimum in fortuna esse existimans. Et haec omnia a natura optima omnium parente petenda esse ducebat, siquidem pluribus in locis dicat extremum rerum expetendarum esse animo, corpore, et vita, omnia a natura adipisci. Quae quidem etiam

120 a Peripateticis hisdem pene verbis com probata sunt, sed quoniam con­silii nostri non est, quid de summo bono quisque sentiat explanare, nee Platonis et Aristotelis differentiam, quae aut parva aut nulla est, verbis prosequi, refluat unde defluxit oratio et ad Academiae descriptionem ac distributionem veniamus. Dixi Platoni Academicarum principi

125 Speusippum successisse, qui ab eius decretis neutiquam aberravit. Nunc reliquos ordine percensebo, ut liquido constet cur veterem Aca­demiam Cicero et plerique doctissimi viri, tum Graeci tum Latini, ap­pellant. Post eum quem modo dixi Speusippum Xenocrates Academiae instituta tenuit, cui Polemon successit is, qui Zenonem Citieum eru-

130 divit, a quo Stoici Zenonii dicti sunt, nam Stoici ideo appellabantur, quoniam in porticu quae ut nosti a't'o&~:; dicitur a Graecis convenire ac disserere consueverant. Polemoni deinde Crantor et Crantori Crates Atheniensis successit; Crateti autem Arcesilas Polemonis etiam auditor quem nonnulli Arcesilaum vocant. In quo nomen veteris Academiae

135 obliteratum conquievit. Mutavit enim minimum quiddam, nomenque tum novae tum mediae Academiae, siquidem ad Carneadem usque perducta est, qui rursus instituta quaedam mutavit. Dicebat enim Arcesilas nihil omnino esse quod sciri posset, neque etiam illud idem quod Socrates reliquisset. Siquidem omnia circumfusa tenebrarum

140 caligne nusquam appareant atque undique lateant, aiebatque nihil oportere nee profiteri nee affirmare quemquam, cohibendamque asser­tionem omnem esse ducebat lapsumque temeritatis continendum, nee maiorem ullam stultitiam ac temeritatem iudicabat quam aut falsa aut incognita comprobare. Hac igitur opinione ductus contra omnium

145 sententias semper disputabat. Quocirca eius disciplina ac secta pene altera visa est, quamquam Varroni nulla ex parte diversa a Platone esse videatur, sed eadem fere. Nomen tam en, ut cum que res sese ha­beat, novae Academiae, ut plerisque videtur, ut aliis mediae, addunt siquidem tertiam, in hunc usque diem tenuit.

APPENDICES

rso Post hunc deinde Arcesilam in Academia hisdem quasi institutis successit Lacydes et post eum Evander Phoceus. Deinde Damon Leon­teus qui eandem Moschioni illi reliquit, qui successorem Evandrum Atheniensem habuit. Post quem locum tenuit Hegesinus, cui Car­neades Philocomi filius familiaris atque auditor suus successit. A quo

I55 quidem alteram Academiam, quam non nulli novam, non nulli tertiam appellant, inditam esse Graeci arbitrantur. Post quem duo duntaxat nomen Academiae servaverunt: Clitomachus, qui Hasdrubal cogno­men to appellatus est, et Charmadas eius discipulus, cum quo secta ipsa finita est. Siquidem Aristoteles maluit sui quam Platonis eius

r6o magistri similis videri. Carneades quidem maximus Stoicorum insec­tator frui primis naturae bonis, quae ille -r<X 7tpw-roc xoc-r<X cpuO"L\1 vocat, summum bonum esse censuit. In quibus connumeravit incolumitatem, conservationem omnium partium, valitudinem, sensus integros, doloris vacuitatem, vires, pulchritudinem et alia eiusdem generis, quorum

r65 etiam similia in animis posuit quasi quaedam virtutum semina, ut dexteritatem quandam discendi memoriam conservandi quae didi­cerimus et si qua alia mentis et ingenii propria sunt quae quidem perfici putabat consuetudine. Sed ut haec contra Stoicos disputaret magis quam uta Platonicis discederet posuisse videtur. Nam talia magna ex

r7o parte a Platone deducta sunt pauculis tamen rebus ex his detractis, quae forsitan addidit ut Stoicos acrius impugnaret. Petit enim Plato rationem bene vivendi a natura cui omnino parendum censet, quando ex ea summum bonum quo omnia referantur quaerendum sit. Unde invenies prima esse bona naturae a eo appellari tum quae in toto cor-

I75 pore sunt, ut vires pulchritudo, tum quae in partibus eius, ut est earundem praestantia ut pedum pernicitas, lacertorum ac manuum vires. Sic etiam in animis quae ad comprehendendam virtutem idonea essent et talia eiusdem generis. Haec omnia sic esse, ut dixi, si Cice­ronem diligenter lectitaveris, facile poteris invenire, tametsi eadem

r8o liquidius admodum apud Graecos appareant, quae etiam si libebit praeclare perspicies. Non igitur in posterum tibi admirationi sit si novas ac veteres Academicos uspiam legeris. Siquidem etiam tertios invenire est apud Graecos scriptores ut supra demonstravi, nam primae Academiae Platonem, secundae Arcesilam, tertiae Carneadem aucto-

I85 rem habuisti. Et haec quidem hactenus. Nolo enim ulterius me philo­sophum tibi praebere. Nam philosophari mihi placet, sed paucis, ut Neoptolemo illi apud Ennium, nam omnino haud rei meae conducit. Vale.

APPENDICES

NOTES TO APPENDIX A

I

4 6

II

IS-16 17 17-18 19-83 26 44 53 79 86 87-88 89 93 94 96 99

102 n8 121 123 131 138 139 140 145 q6-47 147 151-52 1 54 ISS I 56 157 157-58 159-60 161 164 165 168 170 173 174 174-75 1 75 176 179 181-82 187

Franciscus P.: V esse admirationi: F nee: F; quid: F; interesset om. V hanc: V; quod: V, quidem: F habundaremque: F; aliquod: F summendam: F cum quo ... potui consuevi om. F patiar ... aut verbis om. V estant: F, correxi auctorita: F, correxi et (post disputare) del. F; ilia (post ducebat) del. F Aristocrates; F, correxi Mallius codd.; Severanus: V quod ... esse om. F bifariam om. F Zenocratem: F ac: V, et: F; dubitata (post sine): F Stagerites: F magis addidi ac: F, a: V duo versus post extremum del. F senserit: V ad om. F portico: V, puncta: F contribuit (post mutavit) add. F; nee: F omnium: V apparerit : V ac om. V videatur a Platone: F res: V, rationes: F Leontinus: F Philconi: V, Philconii: F, correxi altera: F; Academiam (post Academiam) add. F inditam: V, inclitam: F; Graeci arbitrantur esse: F Critomacus: V, Chritomachus: F, correxi Astrubal codd., correxi; cognomen: F; Armadas: V magistri eius: F vocent: V eiusdem: F, eius: V animis: V, usque: F Sed haec ut: V pro (post sunt) add. F querundum: F esse: V, etiam: F; tumque: F corpore: V, compositione: F est: V, in: F pericitas: F diligenter om. F admirationi si novas Academice ac veteros Academicos uspiam legeris: F Neoptolomo codd., correxi; meae: V, mecum: F

177

APPENDIX B

DANIELE BARBARO'S PARAPHRASE OF THE ACADEMIC A

INTRODUCTION

This work has apparently never been printed and, as far as we have been able to discover, survives only in manuscript Magliabechiano VIII, 1492, fasc. 7 of the Biblioteca Nazionale of Florence. It seems to have been first mentioned in print by Kristellerl in 1963. It is contained in a miscellaneous manuscript, as a separate fascicle. It is written on paper in a neat sixteenth-century humanist hand, though it deteri­orates somewhat towards the end of the manuscript. There are various interlinear additions and changes in the manuscript, perhaps made by a hand different from that which wrote the remainder of the manu­script.

In the present edition we print approximately one half of the text. Since the major part of the manuscript is taken directly from Cicero's work, sometimes word for word, sometimes in a simple paraphrase, we have decided to print only characteristic sections. After the introductory letter addressed to the Cardinal of Ravenna (Benedetto Accolti), the exposition is divided into nine parts of which we print the first, the fourth, the fifth, and the ninth. This is followed by a section containing a few Latin definitions for Greek words used in the Academica, which is printed in its entirety. Then there are two groups of sententiae, also taken from the Academica, of which we print only characteristic samples. At the end there is a concluding section of a few lines, which seems to give some of Barbaro's thoughts, almost being a sort of postscript to the opening letter.

In our edition we have consistently expanded 'c:' to 'ae' and intro­duced the usual distinction between 'i' and 'j' and 'u' and 'v.' Punctu­ation and capitalization have been altered for the sake of clarity and

1 Kristeller (1963f.) I, 136.

APPENDICES 179

uniformity. The sections omitted from our edition are indicated by series of dots. Pointed brackets have been used to indicate the inter­linear additions to the manuscript and square brackets have been used to indicate the additions made by the editor.

Since the work contains significant sections copied from the A ca­demica, we have tried to indicate those parts taken directly from Cicero by printing them in italics. We have also placed appropriate references to the Academica in square brackets in the text.

Firenze, BN, Magl. VIII. 1492, fasc. 7·

rv Amplissimo et illustrissimo Cardinali Ravennae Daniel Barbarus s. Quem exitum meus hie labor sit habiturus non satis exploratum

habeo; nam, sive iudicium tuum acerrimum quidem illud et maximum per se requiram, sive id cum amore coniunctum postulem, unam certe ac singularem totius operis mei correctionem expecto. Quaeris, quam? 5 Lituram dico, non interlitam illam, quae tenues lapsus delet, sed aequabilem et continentem, in qua omnes scriptorum ineptiae, tan­quam in luto, demergi solent. Haec una erit meorum errorum depulsio, haec una mendorum emendatio. Quare, amplissime Praesul, quam sis laturus, sententiam fere non dubius expecto, sed nee ita certus, quin ro putem benevolentiam apud te plurimum posse atque amorem, qui, suavitate quadam illiquefacta, iudiciorum severitatem perfundit et mulcet. Atque hoc dico, ut ea mihi leniter et plane remedia afferas, quae tibi opportuna et ad meum morbum accommodata videbuntur. Habebis autem in Academicarum Quaestionum dialogos sectiones 15 quasdam meas eorum medicorum similitudine, qui humana mem­bratim corpora dissecant, ut quibus quaeque partibus constent, in­spiciant; quod, si parum perspicax et cautus in ea dissectione fuerim et aliquod membrum praetervolando omiserim, tu optime Ciceroniane id minutius concisum et in minima quaeque dispartitum considerato 20

meque innitentem atque adeo tentantem adiuva, quoniam non ca­daverum sectores, sed vivorum inspectores sumus. Quare cavendum est, ne quam minimum eos laedamus. Tu interim haec lege. De im­pressione nihil adhuc actum est, nullius quidem culpa, sed studio et desiderio ut res quam optime cedat et illustris illustri mittatur. Prae- 25 parata fere omnia sunt et quamprimum curabuntur. Vale. Venetiis idibus Februarii MDXLII.

18o APPENDICES

zr 'Magnum ingenium Lucii Luculli, magnumque optimarum artium studium.' [Acad. II, r-2, r-4]

Lucius Lucullus, homo illustris honore et nomine, libro Academi- 30 carum Quaestionum secunda introducitur a Cicerone, ut in Acade­micos invehatur et contra eorum decreta disputet. Quo fit ut com­mendetur imprimis et laudetur, nam illustres personae dialogis gravi­tatem et dignitatem addunt, sed quamobrem non hoc factum est libro superiore (ita enim mihi persuadeo, quoniam liber ille non extat), earn 35 reor esse causam, quod recentior tanti viri commendatio eius sermoni proxima legentes at~entiores et benevolentiores facit. Caeterum non sine ratione et ordine Cicero eius laudes commemorat, nam quod in eo fuerit optimarum artium studium, quod paternas inimicitias summa cum gloria sit persecutus, quod aedilis, quod praetor, quod quaestor, 40 quod consul, quod imperator, quod triumphator, et reliqua huiusmodi praeposita sunt iis laudibus, quae illum hoc sermone commendatum reddunt. Nam nihil est tam futile, quam quicquam approbare vel iudicare non cognitum. Quare artificiose in fine eas virtutes narrat, quae pertinent ad rem qua de agitur. Atque hae sunt, quod scilicet 45 tum maiori studio philosophiae, tum omni literarum generi deditus fuit, quam qui illum ignorabant, arbitrabantur; et quod Antioch urn Philonis auditorem excellentem philosophum secum habuerit, memo­riaque et ingenio praestiterit. Haec enim valde sunt necessaria his, qui disputaturi sunt. Atque hoc sit veluti prima proemii pars. 50

4 v Quart a pars 'Sequitur disputatio illa copiosa quidem sed paulo abstrusior' et reli­

qua. [Acad. II, ro, 30-31] Crescit oratio semper ex praecepto. Argumentatur autem Lucullus,

ut idem probet, sed abstrusius, ut vereatur ne maiorem ei qui contra- 55 dicturus est libertatem et licentiam tribuat. Primum igitur orditur ab ordine instrumentorum et ornamentorum, quibus natura hominem munivit. Aurea catena et ordo virtutum animae comprehendentium namque a sensu ad appetitum, ab appetitu ad mentem, a mente ad memoriam, ab hac ad artes, ab artibus ad scientias, a scientiis ad na- 6o turam perceptionis pervenit, ut consideret quanta artificio haec omnia natura fabricata sit et innuat omnia ad hunc finem facta esse, ut sub­sidio sint notitiae ac perceptioni.

'N ec vera satis constituere possum, quid sit eorum consilium' et reli-qua. [Acad. II, ro-rr, 32-36] 65

APPENDICES I8I

Inconstantiae et ignorantiae damnat Academicos, quasi ipsimet nesciant, quid sustinere velint. Sit ergo conclusio vestrum, 0 Acade­mici, consilium ignoratur aut quid velitis non dignoscitur. Ratio, quia inconstanter respondetis. Rationis confirmatio, nam cum ita conclu­dimus, si per vos ea, quae disputantur, vera non sunt, tum omm·a fore 70 incerta. Alii respondent, quid istud ad nos? Num nostra culpa est? N aturam accusa, quae in profunda veritatem penitus abstruserit. Alii vero elegantius (ironicum hoc) tum conquerentes, quod eos insimulemus omnia incerta dicere, tum distinguentes, quid intersit inter incertum et id quod comprehendi nequeat. His positis Lucullus priores tanquam 75 desperatos relinquit et hos qui distinguunt insequitur, ac primum eorum sententiam ponit. Volunt enim, inquit, et hoc q~tidem vel maxime animadvertebam vas moveri. Sententia est: datur aliquid probabile et verisimile et haec regula est actionum, quaestionum, et disputationum nostrarum, q .d. in ethicis, physicis et dialecticis. V erisimile et pro babile 8o aliquid esse quo tanquam regula in omnibus est utendum. Contra haec Lucullus primum dilemmate utitur, inquiens aut per hanc regulam notionem veri et falsi nullam habemus, aut certe habemus. Si nullam, nulla quoque regula est, propterea quod ea non possunt internosci. Si habemus, aut interesse oportet ut inter rectum et pravum, sic inter 85 verum et falsum - quorum primum ad actiones, alterum ad quaestiones et disputationes, hoc est ad physicem et dialecticem spectat - aut non interesse. Si primum est, habeo, quod volo, si secundum, rursus nulla regula est. Nee potest is, cui est visio veri falsique communis, ullum habere iudicium, aut ullam omnino veritatis notam. At si dicas, nego reliqua go tolli, quanvis concedo, quicquam posse ita videri, ut non eadem modo falsum etiam possit ita videri, quasi dicam, quo omnia iudicantur su­blato reliqua me nego tollere. Hoc inquit Lucullus esse puerile, perinde

5r ac, si quis quem oculis privaverit, dicat ea, quae// cerni possent, non se ei ademisse. Ut enim illa modo oculus cognoscuntur, sic reliqua visis. 95 Cum vero ad visum recurras, aut m eo inerit communitas cum falso, et sic nullum erit iudicium, ratio quia proprium in communi signa notari non potest; aut commune nihil erit, et ita habeo quod vola: id enim quaero, quod ita mihi videatur verum, ut non possit idem falsum videri. Praeterea eos increpat, qui veritate coacti perspicuum ponunt idque roo in animo impressum, sed non posse percipi defendunt, ut suo per­sistant proposito. Hos si interroges: ergo istuc quidem percipitis, irri-dent te: nee urgent ut coarguant neminem ulla de re posse contendere neque asserverant sine aliqua eius rei, quam sibi quisque placere dicit, certa et propria nota. His positis Lucullus ostendit istuc suum probabile 105

IBZ APPENDICES

nihil esse. N am, aut quod cuique occurrit et prima quasi aspectu probabile videtur, id confirmatur, aut ex circumspectione aliqua; si primum, nihil levius, si alterum, nullus exitus. Quod duplici ratione comprobatur: tum quia his visis, inter quae nihil interest, aequaliter omnibus abrogatur fides, tum quia si post circumspectionem sapienti (quod dicunt) aliquid no verisimile videatur et absit longissime a vero, nihil erit, quod sibi con­fidant, quod probatur a contrario, quia, ut confidant notum his esse debebit insigne veri, quo obscuro et oppresso, quod tandem verum sibi videbuntur attingere? Praeterea ostendit eorum dictum latere, cum ita loquantur, est hoc quidem rei illius signum aut argumentum et ea re id II5 sequor, sed fieri potest, ut id quod significatur aut falsum sit aut nihil sit omnino. Denique hanc partem claudit Lucullus et perspicuitatis figura, quam crUfL7tA~pwcrLv graeci dicunt, eleganter utitur. Ea fit, cum quid dictum et quid dicendum sit, ostenditur. Est autem hoc loco summus apparatus magnaque rerum supellex, ut hi, qui latine philo- r2o sophiam et dialecticam e barbarorum manibus ereptam scribere cu­piunt, maximum auferant emolumentum ac dimissam prope discep­tandi rationem ad verum revocent institutum.

Quinta pars

'His satis cognitis, quae iam explicata sunt; nunc de assensione atque I25

approbatione.' [Acad. II, I2, 37-39] Breviter de assensione agit, iccirco quia non semper ab initio repe­

tenda quaestio est, sed probatis tanquam concessis utendum est, quod observabis in Aristotele ac optimis aliis scriptoribus. Quia igitur iacta sunt fundamenta, superstruit aliqua Lucullus et breviter ponit assen- 130 sionis evidentiam et perspicuitatem, quam Academici penitus tolle­bant. Prima ratio est: sine assensione non percipit sensus. At qui osten-sum est sensum quaedam percipere: est igitur assensio. Secunda ab ea differentia sumitur, quae est inter animal et inanimum, quoniam animal

5v agit aliquid II sine sensu et assensione, unde quodammodo animus eripi- 135 tur his, qui neque sentire neque assentiri volunt, quoniam animus neces-saria perspicuis cedit idque similitudine quadam confirmatur; ut enim deprimi1ur lanx in libra ponderibus impositis, sic animus evidentibus cedat oportet. Inanimis autem nulla actio, nulla inest assensio, ut enim animal non potest non appetere id, quod est accommodatum ad naturam 140 eius, sic non potest rem perspicuam non approbare. Hinc corrigit se Lu­cullus, nam si qui percipit, assentitur statim. Non est opus de assensione omnino loqui. Demum brevi quadam consequentia ponit: ubi non est assensio, non est memoria, non ars, non notitia, non actio, non virtus,

APPENDICES

non libertas, non voluntas, quia priusquam agamus, necesse est videri I4S aliquid eique, quod visum sit, assentiri. Tota haec pars brevis et per­spicua est.

Pars nona

'Ad has omnes visiones inanes Antiochus,' et reliqua. [Acad. II, I6, 49] Lucullus breviatatem pollicetur et Antiochi prolixitatem respuit, ut ISO

attentiores ad id, quod restat, audientes habeat; quoniam vero in ratione colligenda error duplex inesse solet, ideo qui respondet, intueri oportet, ne quid ab adversario sit in utroque commissum. Primus error est argumentatio vitiosa, cum quis non ita, ut debet, instruit argu­mentum. Alter est assumptio falsa, cum quis falsa pro veris aut etiam ISS pro certis dubia sumit. Quo fit, ut primus ad formam, secundus ad materiem spectet. Prudens et cautus peritusque dialecticus ad primum primo animadvertet, deinde ad secundum; et quem in esse conspexerit, explicabit, alterum damnando, vitium si alter utrum inest, aut utrum-que, si utrumque inerit. Damnatur ergo primum a Lucullo captiosa et I6o fallax Academicorum interrogatio, quippe quae gradatim aut minu­tatim addit vel demit, quod demendum vel addendum non est. Hoc genere soritae utuntur. Soritae sunt, qui acervum, uno addito grana, efficiunt, indignum philosophi nomine genus, caeterum, ut hoc quoque dignoscatur, varium ac multiplex est additionis genus. Alterum de- I6S clarat, ut mortalis homo contrahit, alterum ut animal homo imminuit. Tertium, aethiops albus dentes. Ultimum rem perdit, ut homo mor-tuus. Hunc igitur in modum Academici addendo interrogabant, si tale visum obiectum est a Deo dormientt ut probabile sit, (de falso loquimur) cur non etiam ut valde verisimile sit? cur deinde non ut difliciliter a vero I70 internoscatur? Deinde, ut ne internoscatur quidem? Postremo ut nihil inter hoc et illud intersit? Docet Lucullus (quod disceptantes conside­rent), ne permittatur adversarius in huiusmodi captionibus ad summum

sr pervenire, nee illi quicquam temere concedatur. //Haec ad formam speciemque argumenti. Ad materiem vero, hoc est ad res ipsas, respon- I75 det Lucullus, assumptaque et connexa illa omnia negat et inficiatur aufertque omnem visorum inanium assertionem. Negat igitur connexa. Non enim sequitur falsum probabile fit. Ergo verisimile. Verisimile ergo difficiliter a vero dignoscitur. Difficiliter a vero dignoscitur, ergo idem est falsum et verum. Negantur assumpta, aut Deum omnia posse I8o aut ita facturum, si posset. Amplificatur locus iste ab Lucullo et respondetur sigillatim, primo ad visa, quae cogitatione depingimus,

APPENDICES

deinde ad somnia, paulo post ad furiosos et vinolentos. Haec enim omnia sunt tacta in argumentis Academicorum. Quare ex praecepto singulis est respondendum. Omnia tamen visa una depulsione labe- 185 factantur, nam revocati ad se omnes, qui aliquo visa commoti sunt, sive in somniis, sive in furore, sive in ebrietate, sive in motu mentis aliquo, aliter sentiunt et indicant. Ad id autem, quod Academici dice­bant, sapientes sustinere assensum, id enim addebatur superius argu­mento tertia, quamquam nos non posuimus, eo argumento respondet, 190 quod graeci ~~~~ov dicunt. Hoc fit, cum, quod firmissimum sibi adver-sarii praesidium putant, id nostrae causae prodesse ostendimus, ita tamen ut eos propriis telis transverberemus. Nam si per vos, o Aca­demici, Lucullus inquit, ea inter visa nihil interest, certe sapiens aut semper sustinebit assensum aut certe nunquam, quia non est maior 195 ratio ut hoc potius quam illo tempore sustineas assensum, cum nihilo plus aut minus visa discernat inter quae nullum est interstitium et discrimen. Praeterea inconstantes, leves et ridiculi estis, qui indicium ebriis, somnolentis et furiosis relinquitis et statim sequi dicitis, quod idem sit, quod simile esse videtur. Et te praesertim, Democrite, urgeo, 200

qui hoc statuis, ut quod simile alteri sit, id protinus idem censeas. Atque ita disputatio Luculli vehemens et acris absolvuitur maxima universae academiae irrisione, in qua multae sunt adnotandae senten-tiae, multa dialecticorum praecepta observanda, multa graecorum ver-ba Latinitate donata. Ita ut magna doctrinae et elegantiae supellex 205

studioso et diligenti parata sit, ut exercitii et memoriae causa inferius adnotavimus.

Verba graeca latinitate donata

e~pwv(~. id est dissimulatio. E:v&pye:~~. id est perspicuitas vel

evidentia. ~vvo~~. id est notitia. Idem

X~'t"&A"Y)I)i~c;.

E:n-ox~. id est retentio assensus.

auyxoc't"&8e:cr~c;, id est approbatio.

06y(.L~'t"~, id est decreta. &.n-6oe:~~~c;. id est argumenti con­

clusio vel accurata oratio. aO"Y)AOC, id est incerta.

x~'t"&,);YJ~Ji~c;. id est comprehensio vel notitia.

x~'t"OCA"Y)7t't"6v, id est quod com­prehendi potest.

b~xe:~ov, id est ad naturam accommodatum.

op(.L~, id est appetitus.

sv Sententiae ad mores et ad naturam pertinentes, hae sunt.

2!0

215

220

APPENDICES

Quo plus in negotiis gerendis res quam verba prosunt, hoc est rerum memoria quam verborum praestantior. [Acad. II, r, 2]

Videndum est, ne quid privatis studiis de opera publica detrahamus. [Acad. II, 2, 6] 225

Non decet clarorum hominum aut ludicros esse sermones aut tacitos congressus aut rerum colloquia leviorum.

Non debemus studium exquirendi defatigati relinquere.

Quae ad dialecticem pertinent et communia sunt.

Definitiones et partitiones et horum luminibus utens oratio, tum similitudines dissimilitudinesque et earum tenuis et acuta distinctio, fidentium est hominum illa esse vera et firma et certa, quae tutentur.

Oportet fabricare nomina, quod Aristoteles ovo[L<X'"t'OTioLdv dixit. Quaestio est appetitio cognitionis quaestionisque finis inventio.

230

gv Volui enim mihi potius satisfacere quam putare te his rebus indi- 235 gere, quem Ciceronem alterum absque adulatione amici vocare possunt, maxime autem Ciceronianum, qui bane sibi quoque laudem praeri­piunt. Ego utinam talis sim, qualem me esse debere cognosco. Tu vero, amplissime antistes, reliqua expecta et eo animo expecta, quo debes. Debes autem, ut innitentis et inenntis potius quam affirmantis adeo, 240 ut Academici magis quam peripatetici scriptis expectes. Et me ama.

NOTES TO APPENDIX B

4 23 47 56

130-31 143 153 159 166 167 170 172 174 182 186 230 237 239 240 241

id suprascr. cod. eos suprascr. cod. 'h' (in Antiochum) suprascr. cod. tribuat suprascr. cod. assensionis suprascr. cod. quaedam cod.: correxi in utroque suprascr. cod.; comissum cod.: correxi vitium suprascr. cod.; alter ex alterum corr. cod. homo suprascr. cod. ut suprascr. cod. ut suprascr. cod. disceptatens cod.: correxi pervinere cod. : correxi repondetur cod.: correxi na cod. : correxi partiones cod. : correxi sibi suprascr. cod. et suprascr. cod. quam affirmantis suprascr. cod. scrip tis ex scriptata corr. cod.

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INDEX

In the present index are primarily listed the proper names found in the text and footnotes of the book. Not listed, however, are the names of characters appearing in Cicero's work and very frequently occurring names such as Cicero, Scepticism, Academic, etc. The Bibliography (pp. 186-205) has not been indexed, though references to the individual names, which also occur in the body of the book, are here included. The names of recent scholars are printed in italics to distinguish them from the historical personages dealt with.

Accolti, Benedetto (the younger), 67, 6g, 178

Adams, Marilyn M., gn Agnoletto, Attilio, 6on Agricola, Rodolphus, 53n, 79 Agrippa, Henricus Cornelius, go, I3I,

I56, 167 Aire, 92 Alard of Amsterdam, 53n Alberigo, Giuseppe, 67n Albertus Magnus, 39n Aldovrandi, Ulisse, 111 Alfaric, P., 29n Al-Ghazzali, gn Allen, Don Cameron, 5, IO Ammianus Marcellinus, 24n Anaxagoras, 127, I30, I52-53 Antiochus of Ascalon, 2I, 22, 114 Aquinas, Thomas, 39, 1010, 147 Arcesilas, 21, 62, 70, 85, I6o Argyropoulos, Joannes, qn Ariston of Chios, I44 Aristophanes, 99n Aristotelianism, etc., 4, 7, 67, 72, 8211,

84, 87, 8g, 9I--94· 111-25, 128-32, qo, I62-63. See also Peripatetic.

Aristotle, 24n, 33, 67, 69, 79, So, 82n, 85, ss, gi, 92, 94, 96--97, 111-24, I37. J40, 14I, 149-50, I54-55

Arnim, H. von, I22n Ashworth, E. ]., 85n Athens, I8, 20

Atomism, I32 Aubert, Guillaume, I03, 104 Augustine, St. (of Hippo), I3, I6, 23-

25,28-33, 36.38.4I·43·53.92, IOO, I08, I37. I4I, I46, I47. I50, I58, I59

Augustinianism, 147, I52, I6o Aurispa, Giovanni, 47 Averroes, Ion, 129 Avicenna, u6n

Bacon, Roger, 36n, I31 Baeumker, Clemens, 12n, I3n Baif, Jean-Antoine de, I03, I04 Bainton, Roland H., 63n Baird, H., 64n Baiter, I. G., I8n, 34n Baglioni, Ivaldo, IX Barbaro, Daniele, 55, 56, 66-69, I36,

178-85 Barbaro, Ermolao, 67 Baron, Hans, 15 Barthel, B. 26n Bassi, Domenico, 49n Battaglia, Felice, 49n Baudrier, H. L., 55n Bayle, Pierre, I I In Barzilay, Isaac E., Ion Bee, 36, 45n Becker, C., 23 Bembo, Pietro, I4n Bendedei, Alberto, I5 Berthold, 45n

INDEX 207

Beze, Theodore de, 56, 59n, 62-66, 107, 166, 170

Billanovich, Giuseppe, 45n Biondo, Flavio, 47n Bischoff, Bernhard, 35n Boaistuau, Pierre, 105 Boas, George, 37n, ro3n Boccaccio, Giovanni, 14 Bochenski, I. M., 123n Boisset, ] ean, 59n Bolgar, R. R., 13n Bologna, 70, 110 Bonaventura, St., 147 Bonitz, Hermann, n7n Borromeo, Carlo, III Boyer, Charles, 29n Boyle, Robert, riD Bozza, Tommaso, 6gn Bracciolini, Poggio, 47 Brandt, Samuel, 25n, 26n Breen, Quirinus, 14D, I5D, 72D, 73D Brues, Guy de, 8, 57, 66, 8m, 82, I02-

8, 142 Bruni, Leonardi, So Bruno, Giordano, ron Bruto, Giammichele, 55 Bude, Guillaume, I4n, 57, 92 Bullinger, Heinrich, 64n Buridan, Jean, 9, 39, I29D Burley, Walter, 39n Buisson, Ferdinand, 63n, 64n Busson, Henri, 2, IO, r6, 57n, 8m, 8gn,

gon, 92n, 103n, 105, 107, 1370

Calcagnini, Celio, I5 Camerarius, Joachim (the elder), 55 Cammelli, Giuseppe, 14n Canterbury, 45n Capelli, L. M., 45n, 46n Carafa, Giuseppe, r ron Carneades, 21, 22, 122, 149 Castellani, Giulio, r6, 44, 56, 58, 66, 82,

90, lOOn, 104, 108-35, 138, 141-42, 150n, 1530, 156, 162-63, 166, 167, I6g

Castellani, Pier Nicola, uo, r nn Castellesi, Adriano, 131 Castellio, Sebastian, 56, 62-66, 107 Charles of Lorraine (Cardinal), 93, 103 Charron, Pierre, 78, I62 Chatelain, A., 1010 Clagett, Marshall, 129n Clement of Alexandria, 76

Clitomachus of Carthage, 22, 122 Clough, Cecil H., X College Royal (of France), 78, 82n, 92,

I06 Comparetti, Domenico, 33 Contantinople, 4 70 Copernicus, Nicolaus, r rn, go, 128 Courcelle, Pierre, 290, 300 Crescas, Hasdai, ron Cusanus, Nicolaus, 53

Daire, Louis Fran~ois, Brn Dal Pra, Mario, 122n Dandino, Girolamo, III, I24 Davies, John, 55n, 56, 76n Davis, Natalie, X De Backer, A., nrn Decembrio, Angelo, 47 Decembrio, Pier Candido, 47 Degli Alidosi, Lodovico, 48n De Greve, Marcel, 92n Delhaye, Philip, 34n, 35n Delisle, Leopold, 36n Della Scuola, Ognibene, 470 Della Seta, Lombardo, 46 De Maio, Romeo, 6gn Demosthenes, 250 Denifle, H., rorn De Nolhac, Pierre, 450, 550, Io2n Descartes, Rene, 2, nn, 31, 32, I62 Deschamps, P., 34n De Vocht, Henry, 570 De Vogel, C.]., ggn Dijksterhuis, E. ]., 12gn DiNapoli, Giovanni, non Diogenes Laertius, 12, 13, 22, 33, 42,

51, 56, 57. 73. 75. 76, 790, 8g, 104, 109, If4D, 1230, 130, 137, 144, 1450, 164, 170

Diomedes, 24 Dionysius the Areapagite, 51, r6o Dominici, Giovanni, 47 Dougan, T. W., 123n Douglas, Richard M., 57n Du Bellay, Joachim, 92 Duchesne, Leger, 55, 79

Edward VI, King of England, 64n Engelmann, W., 34n Epicureanism, etc., I6, 20, 21, So, 86 Epicurus, 95 Erasmus, Desiderius, I4n, 25n, 56, 59--

62, 66, 153. 170

208 INDEX

Erfurt, 48 Ernestus, Georgius, 136 Euclid, g6 Eusebius, 75, 76

Fabri, Filippo, 41n Fabri, Pierre, 55, 76-77, 163 Fabricius,]. A., 134n Fabronius, Angelus, 70n Faenza, 109, IIO, 125 Falloppio, Gabriele, uo, IIIn, 126-28,

130 Farel, Guillaume, 64n Favaro, Giuseppe, 126n Febvre, Lucien, 10, 104 Feist-Hirsch, Elisabeth, 57n, 63n Ferrara, IIO Fessler, Franz, 25n Ficino, Marsilio, 4, 51-53, 122, 138,

154. 160, 167 Fiesole, 35n Fleischmann, W. B., 138n Florence, 35n, 36n, 51, 66, 171, 178 Fran<;ois I, King of France, 97 Frankfurt, 134, 163 Freigius, J oannes, Thomas, qn Freytag, A., 59n Frager, L., 92n

Galen, 75, 77, Io4, 137, 164 Galilei, Galileo, I In

Galland, Pierre, 7, 92-Io2, I05-8, I6I-62, 167

Garin, Eugenio, 14n, 4In, 49n, 52n, lion

Gassendi, Pierre, lin, 78, I3I, I62 Gawlick, Gunter, 19n, 74n Gaza, Theodorus, 14n Gellius, Aulus, I3n Gerard of Abbeville, 36 Geremia da Montagnone, 36 Gerhardt, E., IBn Gilbert, Neal Ward, 79n, 92n, II2n Gilson, Etienne, 29n, 32, 37n, 39 Gmelin, H., 44n Gois, Damiao de, 25n Gonzaga, Cesare, 110 Gottschalk, H. B., IX Gouhier, Henri, 2

Goufet, Claude Pierre, g2n Goulu, Nicolas, 57 Gouveia, Antonio de, 93n Grabmann, Martin, zgn, 34n

Graf, Arturo, 34n Greenwood, Thomas, 2, I6n, 8In, 92n,

102n, 103n, 105, 107 Gregory, Tullio, 34n Grendler, Paul F., IX, 14n, I6g Grente, Georges, 92n Grifoli, Jacopo, 15 Guarino da Verona, 4 7

Haag, E., 64n Hadoardus, 35 Hagendahl, Harald, 29n, 30n Halevi, Jehuda, 9-Io Hall, Kathleen M., 105n Harvey, Gabriel, 14n Heath, Thomas, 128n Hellingen, I34 Henry of Bergen, 25n Henry of Gent, 37, 39-41, 43, q8, 159 Henry, Margaret Young, Ign Henry, R. M., 123n Hermannus Contractus, 45n Hermes Trismegistus, 53 Hervet, Gentian, 76, 13I, I56 Hicetas of Syracuse, IIn, 52n, 58, go,

!28 Hickey, ]. 5., 148n Hirzel, Rudolf, Ign Hoefer, ]. C. F., 76n, 112n Holmberg, John, 33n Holte, Ragnar, 29n Homer, 137 Hooykaas, R., 79n, 81n, 8gn, 91n Hartis, Attilio, 45n Hosius, Carl, Ign, 25n Humbert, ] ean, ggn Hume, David, IS

Iacopo Veneto, 47n Iolius, Antonius, 72n

]abre, Farid, Ion ]ames, M. R., 45n Jena, 134, 138, 141 Jiicher, Christian Gottlieb, 134n John of Salisbury, 35, 36-38, BI, 85,

143. I59. I63 Johnson, Samuel, I44 Johnston, Arthur, 135n Jourdain, Charles, 12n, I3n

Kelley, Donald, X Kibre, Pearl, 52n

INDEX 209

Kristeller, Paul Oskar, X, 29n, son, 52n,66, 104, 112n, 122n, 138n, 171n, 178

Lactantius, L. Caelius Firmianus, 13, r6, 23-28, 43, 81, roo, 101, 108, rs8-s9

Lambin, Denys, 55, 79, 92, 138 Lammert, Friedrich, 12n Lando, Ortensio, 14n Lanzoni, Francesco, rron Lappe, Joseph, gn La Rochelle, 76 Laubman, Georg, 26n Laudan, Laurens, X Laven, P. ]., 67n Le Caron, Loys, 57, 105 Lee, Rensselaer W., son Le Ferron, Arnold, 57 Leiden, 36 Lenient, C., 44n Liebeschutz, Hans, 37n Limberg, H., 26n Liruti, G. G., 69n Livius, Titus, 173 Locke, John, 131 Lohr, Charles H., X Lombard, Peter, 140 Louvain, 57n Lucca, 70 Luck, Georg, 19n, u8n Lucretius, 3, 44, 48, 84, 129, 132, 137-

38, rson Luther, Martin, 56, 59, 66, 153, 166 Lyon, 57n

M'Cosh, James, 155n McGuire, ]. E., X McKeon, Richard, 19n Maclean, I. W. F., IX Magalhaes- Vilhena, V., 99n Maggi, Vincenzo, 67, no, 11rn Mahoney, E. P., IX, IIIn Maier, Anneliese, 9 Maioragio, Marco Antonio, 15 Manitius, Max, 34n, 35n, 36n, 45n,

48n Manuzio, Aldo (the Younger), 55-56 Manuzio, Paolo, 55 Marmuda, M. E., ron Massa, Eugenio, 67n Maximus of Tyre, 57n Mazzoni, Jacopo, rq

Medici, Cosimo de' (il Vecchio), 50, 172-73

Medici, Cosimo I de' (Grand Duke of Tuscany), rro

Melanchthon, Philip, 7, 56, 59-62, 66, 142, 153, 163, 166

Menendez Pelayo, M., 74n Mersenne, Marin, I rn, 4rn, 148n, 163 Michalski, Konstanty, g, 39n, 42 Michaud, L-G., 76n Mittarelli, G. B., uon, run Modersohn, Anna-Brunhilde, 44n Monfasani, John, IX, 53 Montaigne, Michel de, 74, 78, 93n, 105,

!09, 156, !62, 166, 167 Montanari, Antonio, non, urn Morphos, Panos Paul, 81n, 102-5 Munich, 36n Muratorius, Ludovicus, 123n Mutschmann, Hermann, 12n

Nardi, Bruno, uon Nelson, Benjamin, IO, lin, 58ll Nelson, N. E., 33n, 35n Newton, Isaac, 5 Niccolai, Francesco, 55n Nicolas of Autrecourt, 9 Nicot, Jean, 103 Nizolio, Mario, 4, 15, 56, 72-73 Nonnius Marcellus, 23-24 Norden, Eduard, 33 Novati, Francesco, 48n Nunnesius, Petrus Antonius, 72n

Oberleitner, Manfred, 32n, 36n O'Connell, Robert]., 29n O'Malley, C. D., 68n O'Meara, John]., 30n, 38n Ong, Walter]., 79n, 81, 82n, g2n, 96n Orellius, I. C., 18n, 34n Orpheus, 53 Orsini, Fulvio, 55 Ovid, 3 Ovio, Giuseppe, 126n Owen, John, 10

Padua, 7, 67, 68, 70, I 10, 126 Pagani, Giuseppe, 14n, r5n, 72n Palmyraenus, Aulus Antonius, 55 Panaetius, 99 Paratore, Ettore, 33n Paris, 36n, 39, 44, 49n, 57, 77-108, II3,

138n, 161-62, 166

210 INDEX

Pascal, Blaise, IIn Passeri, Marcantonio de' (II Genua), 67

Patrick, Mary M., 122n Patrizi, Francesco (da Siena), 43. 46,

48, 49-51, 171-77 Pavia, 35n Pease, A. S., 25n, 34n, 54n Pendasio, Federigo, r I I Peripatetic, etc., 21, 79, So, 83, 86-88,

91, 93n, IIS, I 19, 129, 163. See also

Aristotelianism, Aristotle.

Peterborough, 35n, 36 Petrarca, Francesco, I, 2, 14, 39, 43-

47• 51, 159. 164 Petrucci, Achille, 50, 171-77 Philippson, L., rgn Philo of Larisa, 21-22, r6o

Philoponus, Joannes, 76, 121n

Picavet, F., 12n Pichon, Rene, 25n Pico della Mirandola, Gianfrancesco,

VII, ron, 14n, 25n.37.41,46,7o,8r,

85, 90, 91, 109, IIO, I 12, 123n, 125-

27, I3D-32, 135, 137, 141, 143, 147,

153n, 156, 163, 165-69 Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni, 25n,

51-53. Il4, 154. 167 Pisa, 70 Plasberg, Otto, rgn, 22n, 34n, 36n, 47n

Plato,21,25n.48, 51,72, 73n,82n,84,

85, 88, 89, 91, 93n, 99, I 14, I 15n,

137, 141, 149, 150, 161, 167, 168

Platonism, etc., 4. 8, 21, 29, 30-32, sr-

53. 73, 82n,88, 120-22,131,145-46,

152, 154. r6o, 161, 167 Pieiade group, 102 Pliny the Elder, 23 Plotinus, 51, r6o Plutarch,23,son,75, 76,104,137,144.

164 Pogiani, Giulio, 112 Pomponazzi, Pietro, 6, 132

Popkin, Richard H., LX, :2, ro-12, r6,

57n,s8,63,75n,8rn,g2n, ro2n, ro4,

ro6, rogn, 153 Pappi, Antonio, 4rn Postel, Guillaume, 167 Potez, Henri, 92n Prantl, Carl, 123n Preuss, E., 34n Price, John V., r8n, 74n Priscianensis, Franciscus, 72n

Proclus, 51, r6o

Protagoras, II5n Ptolemaeus, Claudius, 12n Pyrrho of Elis, II, 12, 22, 74, 8gn, 1 14n

Pyrrhonism, etc., 70-71, 74 Pythagoreans, 128

Quasten, 1 ohannes, 25n, 26 Quintilian, 23

Rabelais, Fran.,:ois, 92 Rackham, H., 2on Ramus, Petrus, 14n, 78-83, 87, 8g-gg,

IOI-2, 106-7, 141, 161-62, 166

Ramism, etc., 82, 85, 92-93, 162

Rand, E. K., 34n Randall, john Herman, Jr., 12on, 137n

Ratinck, Amplonius (of Rheinberg),

47-48 Ravenna, 67, 178 Reid, james S., rgn, 2on, 22n, 27n,

28n, 30n, 38n, 47n. 74· 76, 77· rrsn.

II8n, 12on, 137n, 139n, 146n, 148n,

149n, 150n, 151n, 152n, 153n

Reims, 35n Renazzi, Filippo Maria, uon

Rice, Eugene F., 57n Richard of Fournival, 35-36

Richards, R. C., 9n Robertello, Francesco, 56, 69-71, II4n,

130, 137. 164-65 Rolfe, john C., 33n Rome, 20, 22, 53. r ro Ronsard, Pierre de, 102, 103, 105

Rosa, Joannes, VII, r6, 37. 44. 53, 55.

56, 58, 66, 74, 82, 85, 10on, 104, 112,

134-57. 163, r66, 167 Rossi, Vittorio, 45n Rouse, Richard H., 36n Ruegg, Walter, 44n Rustow, Alexander, 123n

Sabbadini, Remigio, 3, 14, 36n, 44n,

45n, 46n, 47n, 48n Sabra, A. I., X Sadoleto, Jacopo, 8, 57-58, 105-6

Saitta, Giuseppe, r ron Salutati, Coluccio, 45n. 46, 48, 49, 51

Sanches, Francisco, rog, r66

Sandys, ] ohn Edwin, 34n, 6gn

Sanford, Eva M., 36n Santangelo, Giorgio, 14n Savonarola, Girolamo, r6g Schanz, Martin, rgn, 25n

INDEX 211

Schiaparelli, G. V., 12Sn Schmid, Wilhelm, son Scholasticism, 72, 82n, 131 Schorus, Antonius, 72n Schwenke, Paul, 35n Scott, I zora, qn, 44n Scotus, Joannes Duns, 39, 41, 147,

14Sn Seigel, Jerrold E., 14n, 46n, Son, S2n Serrano y Sanz, M., 74n Settle, Thomas, X Sextus Empiricus, VII, 8, IO-I3, I6,

2In, 22, 24, 30, 33, 4In, 42, 49, 52, ssn, s6, 58, 66, 6g-7I, 73-77. 79n, go, I04, I07, 109, 114n, II5ll, II8n, I23n, 125, I27ll, 130, I37, I41, 145ll, 148n, I53n, 162-67, r6g, I70

Shea, William, X Siena, 43, 46, 50 Siger of Brabant, rorn Simonides, 49n Simplicius, 76, II6, 129 Smith, Leslie F., 49n, son Smith, M. C., IX Socrates, rsn, 27, 51, 72, 73n, 85-86,

99, usn, r6o, I62, r6S Solana, Marcial, 7 4n Sommervogel, Carlos, I I rn Sophists, S6 Sardina, A., rSn Stiihlin, Otto, son Steiner, Grundy, 13n Steinmetz, Max, 134n Stephanus, Carolus, 72n Stephanus, Henricus, 72n, 76 Steuco, Agostino, I 14, 154, 167 Stobaeus, 76 Stoicism, etc., r6, 20, 21, 72, So, S2n,

S6, 99, r68 Strasbourg, I3S Strobel, E., 47n Sturm, J oannes, 13Sn Sussannaeus, Hubertus, 7211 Sweeney, Robert D., 34n

Tacitus, 44 Talon, Orner, 37. 43, 46, 53, 55-5S, 66,

79-9I, 93-95, 97-99, IOI, I06-S, I28n, 134, 135, 14I, 143, r6I-63, 166-68

Tempier, Etienne, rorn Tertullian, 23, 24n Testard, Maurice, 29n, 30n, 4on

Theophrastus, I29 Toffanin, Giuseppe, 44n, 6gn, II2n Tommasi, Pietro, 47n Totok, Wilhelm, ron Trapezuntius, Georgius, qn Traub, Gerhard, 33n Traversari, Ambrogio, I3n Trinkaus, Charles, 46n Troyes, 45 Turnebe, Adrien, 55, 56, 76, 79, 92, 138 Tuscanella, Horatius, 72n Tyard, Pontus de, 57, I05

Udine, 69 Uberweg, Friedrich, 21n Ullman, B. L., 45n, 47n, 49n Urbino, 35n

Valencia, Pedro de, 56, 74-76, 82, I63-I65

Valla, Lorenzo, 46, 79, So, I38 Vanni Rovighi, Sofia, 146n Vasoli, Cesare, 72n, 79n, 92n Vatable, Frans;ois, 92 Velsius, Justus, 57n Venice, 70, I7I Verdonk, ]. ]., 79n Vergil, 33 Versenyi, Laszlo, ggn Vesalius, Andreas, 6S, 126n Vettori, Pier, 55, 164 Victor, Joseph M., X Vienna, 35n, 36n Villey, Pierre, ro2n, I05 Vimercato, Francesco, 92 Vincent of Beauvais, 36 Vitruvius, 67 Voigt, Georg, 45n

Waddington, Charles, 79n Walker, D.P., X, 103 Walsh, james]., gn Walter, Johannes von, 59n Walton, Craig, 79n Waszink,]. H., 24n Watt, W. Montgomery, ron Webb, C. C. ]., 36n Webster, Charles, X Weinberg, Bernard, 6gn Weinberg, Julius, 9n Weische, Alfons, 19n William of Malmesbury, 3Sn William of Ockham, 9, 39

212

Williams, John R., 33n, 34n Wilpert, Paul, 23n

Wittemberg, 134 Wlosok, Antoine, 25n

Wolfson, Harry A., Ion Wright, Margaret M., IX

Xenophon, 99

Zabarella, Francesco, 48n

INDEX

Zabarella, J acopo, I 39n Zafra, 74 Zama, Giovanna, IX Zama, Pietro, I IOn Zambrini, Francesco, uon Zedler, Beatrice H., Ion Zedler, ]. H., I34n Zeumer, Joannes Caspar, 134n Zielinski, T., 33n, 44n Zoroaster, 53

ADDENDA

The following information came to our attention after this book had already gone to press.

p. 22, note 13: A new edition of the Academica posteriora with introduction and notes has

recently appeared as Cicero, Academica posteriora tiber primus ... , ed. Michel Ruch (Paris: P.U.F., 1970). This is a useful edition with an up to date bibliogra­phy, but introduces no new information to be taken account of in the present book.

p. 25, note 20: If the precise phrasing does not occur, the idea of Lactantius as a Cicero

Christianus goes back at least to Jerome. In Letter 58, he says: 'Lactantius, quasi quidam flu vi us eloquentiae Tullianae ... ' St. Jerome, Lettres, ed. J. Labourt (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1949f.), III (1953), 84. This is pointed out in Limberg's book, which I have now been able to consult. See also Sabbadini (1967) II, 66, who cites a similar text from Jean de Montreuil in the fourteenth century.

p. 57= To the materials cited in the text we might also add the following which devote

some attention to the Academic school of philosophy: Albertus Paschaleus, De optimo philosophorum genere libri duo (Venetiis: Ioannes Antonius et Fratres de Sabio, 1532), fol. 23; Tabula compendiosa de origine, successione, aetate et doctrina veterum philosophorum ex Plutarcho, Laertio, Cicerone, et aliis eius generis scrip­toribus a G. M orellio Tiliano collecta ... (Basileae: Ex officina Hervagiana, 1580), 6-7, 124-30, etc.

p. 59, note 71: There is now a new English translation and commentary of the works of

Erasmus and Luther referred to here. See Luther and Erasmus, Free Will and Salvation, ed. E. Gordon Rupp et al. (London: SCM Press, 1969; Library of Christian Classics, vol. 17).

p. 76: Dr. Frederick Purnell reminds me that there is ample discussion of Academic

doctrine in Iacobus Mazzonius, In universam Platonis et Aristotelis praeludia, sive decomparationePlatonis et Aristotelis (Venetiis: Apud Ioannem Guerilium, 1597). More light should be shed on this matter and other aspects of Mazzoni's life and thought when Purnell publishes the material, which he has been preparing. There is also further discussion of various aspects of scepticism in Mazzoni's earlier publication, De triplici hominum vita, activa nempe, contemplativa et reli-

ADDENDA

giosa methodi tres (Caesenae: Bartholomaeus Raverius, 1576}, including frequent references to Sextus Empiricus.

p. 82, note 13: A work which might be mentioned here as an example of the use of the short

title Academia in a sense completely different from the way in which it was used by Talon is Franciscus Junius, Academia. Libellus hoc tempore iuventuti studiosae utilis et necessarius ... (Heidelbergae, 1587). This work deals wholly with 'academy' in the sense of educational institution, surveying the origin of the notion, the meaning of the term, as well as other aspects of it. It concludes with a summary list of 'academiae totius Europae', i.e. a list of European universities. The same work was reprinted in volume II of Junius' [vernacularized as Du Jon] Opera theologica (Genevae, 1613).

p. 111, note 13: More recent literature on Dandino includes: the article by J. Ruysschaert in

Dictionnaire d'histoire et de geographieecclesiastiques, vol. 14 (1960), col. 56 and Correspondance des nonces en France: Capodiferro, Dandino et Guidiccione, I54I­IS46 ... ed. J. Lestocquoy (Rome-Paris, 1963; Acta nuntiaturae Gallicae, vol. 3), pp. L-LVII and passim.