Francesco Algarotti on Admiral George Anson

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Francesco Algarotti

Sopra l'Ammiraglio AnsonDiscorso XII dei XX Discorsi MilitariinOpere del Conte Algarotti, Cavaliere dellOrdine del Merito e Ciamberlano di S. M. il Re di

Prussia, Tomo IIII, Livorno, MDCCLXIV, presso Marco Coltellini = Vol. V dell'Edizione 1779
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Path of the Centurion under the command of George Anson
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/CircumnavigationByGeorgeAnson_EN.svg


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George Anson, 1st Baron Anson23 April 1697 6 June 1762 (aged 65)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Service/branch Royal Navy

Years of service 1712-1762

Rank Admiral

Battles/wars War of the Austrian SuccessionWar of Jenkins' EarSeven Years' War

Admiral of the FleetGeorge Anson, 1st Baron AnsonPC, FRS,RN(23 April 1697 6 June 1762) was a Britishadmiraland awealthy aristocrat, noted for hiscircumnavigationof the globe and his role overseeing the Royal Navy during theSeven Years' War.During his time in office Anson instituted a series of reforms to the Royal Navy.Family and early career George's father was William Anson ofShugboroughin Staffordshire and his mother was Isabella Carrier,who was the sister-in-law ofThomas Parker, 1st Earl of Macclesfield, theLord Chancellor, a relationship that proved very useful tothe future admiral. George Anson entered the navy in February 1712, and by rapid steps became lieutenant in 1716, commander in1722, and post-captain in 1724. In this rank, he served twice on the North American station as captain ofScarborough and ofSquirrelfrom 1724 to 1730 and from 1733 to 1735. In 1737 he gained the command of the 60-gun ship of the line,Centurion. In1740, on the eve of theWar of the Austrian Succession(17401748), he became commander (with the rank of commodore) of thesquadron sent to attackSpanishpossessions in South America in the War of Jenkin's Ear.Voyage around the world See also: George Anson's voyage around the world The expedition failed to carry out its original

ambitious scheme. Anson's ill-equipped squadron that sailed later than intended, consisted of six warships: HMS Centurion(flagship), Gloucester,Severn,Pearl,Wager, and the sloop Tryal, plus the two store shipsAnnaandIndustry. Successive disasterseventually reduced his force to just Centurion. Two of his vessels, Pearland Severn, failed to round the Horn and returned home.Wagerwas wrecked off the coast ofChile. The lateness of the season forced him to round Cape Hornin very stormy weather, and thenavigating instruments of the time did not allow for exact observations. By the time Anson reached the island of Juan Fernndez inJune 1741, only three of his six ships remained, while the strength of his crews had fallen from 961 to 335. In the absence of anyeffective Spanish force on the coast, he was able to harass the enemy and to sack the small port city of Paita in Peru (13 15November 1741). The steady decrease of his crew by scurvy, and the worn-out state of his remaining consorts, compelled him tocollect all the remaining survivors in Centurion. He rested at the island of Tinian, and then made his way to Macauin November1742. After considerable difficulties with theChinese, he sailed again with his one remaining vessel to cruise in search of one of therichly laden Manila galleons that conducted the trade between Mexicoand the Philippines. The indomitable perseverance he hadshown during one of the most arduous voyages in the history of sea adventure gained the reward of the capture of an immensely richprize,Nuestra Seora de Covadonga, possessing 1,313,843pieces of eight, which he encountered off Cape Espiritu Santo on 20 June1743. Anson took his prize back to Macau, sold her cargo to the Chinese, and sailed for England, which he reached via the Cape ofGood Hopeon 15 June 1744. Theprize moneyearned by the capture of the galleon had made him a rich man for life, and it enabledhis heirs to rebuildShugborough Hall, the family estate. Anson's chaplain, Richard Walter, recorded the circumnavigation, which heincluded inA Voyage Round the Worldpublished in 1748. It is, "written in brief, perspicuous terms", wrote Thomas Carlylein hisHistory of Friedrich II, "a real poem in its kind, or romance all fact; one of the pleasantest little books in the world's library at thistime".Battle of Cape Finisterre Anson was Member of Parliament(MP) forHedoninYorkshire from 1744 to 1747. He took command ofthe Channel Fleet in July 1746 in succession to Admiral Martin. [1]In May 1747, he commanded the fleet that defeated the FrenchAdmiral de la Jonquire at theFirst Battle of Cape Finisterre,[1] capturing fourships of the line, twofrigatesand seven merchantmen.In consequence, Anson became very popular, and was promoted toVice Admiraland elevated to thepeerage as Lord Anson, Baronof Soberton, in the County of Southampton.[2]

First Lord of the Admiralty Anson subsequently continued his naval career with distinction as an administrator, joining theAdmiralty Board in December 1744, then becoming First Lord of the Admiraltyfrom June of 1751 to November of 1756, and againfrom June 1757 until his death. Among his reforms were the transfer of the Marines from Army to Navy authority, uniforms forcommissionedofficers, devising a way to effectively get superannuated Captains and Admirals to retire on half-pay and submitting arevision of the Articles of War to Parliament which tightened discipline throughout the Navy. During Anson's period at the

Admiralty they maintained a much larger peacetime fleet than had previously been allowed, largely due to the likelihood of imminentwar with France.Seven Years WarFurther information: Great Britain in the Seven Years WarLoss of Minorca Main article:Fall of MinorcaHe oversaw the Navy for much of theSeven Years War, and established a permanentsquadronat Devonportwhich could patrol the western approaches to both Britain and France. He was particularly concerned at theprospect of a French invasion of the British Isles[3] which led him to keep a large force in the English Channel. In 1756 he wascriticised for not sending enough ships withAdmiral Byng to relieve Minorcabecause he wanted to protect Britain from a threatenedinvasion, only to seeByng fail to save Minorcawhile no invasion attempt materialised. This led to him briefly leaving the Admiralty,but he returned to the post within a few months following the creation of the Second Newcastle Ministry.[4] Anson instituted amassive expansion of the Royal Navy, resulting in record numbers of ships and of men.French Invasion plans Main article:Planned French Invasion of Britain (1759)Anson oversaw Britain's naval response to a moreseriousFrench invasion attempt in 1759. He instituted a close blockadeof the French coast, which proved crippling to the Frencheconomy and ensured no invasion fleet could slip out undetected. The British victories at the Battle of Lagos and the Battle ofQuiberon Baydestroyed any realistic hope of a major invasion of the British Isles,[5] although a small force landed on the Irish coast.

Global expeditions As well as securing home defence, Anson co-ordinated with Pitt a series of British attacks on French coloniesaround the globe. By 1760 the British had captured Canada, Senegal and Guadeloupe from the French, and followed it up bycapturing Belle leand Dominica in 1761. In 1762 the entry of Spain into the war offered further chances for British expeditions.Anson was the architect of a plan to capture Havana and seize Manila in the Philippines. Anson had been concerned that the
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combined strength of the French and Spanish navies would overpower Britain, but he still threw himself into the task of directingthese expeditions. The British also captured Martiniqueand Grenada in theFrench West Indies.[6]In June 1761 he was advanced tothe post ofAdmiral of the Fleet.[7]By this stage, Anson had grown very ill. He retired to Bath where he died.[8]

Legacy Seven British warships have borne the name HMSAnson in his honour, as well as the Avro Anson aircraft of the RAF.Anson, Maine,Anson County, North Carolina, and Ansonborough in Charleston, South Carolina, are named in Anson's honour, aswell as a school house named atThe Royal Hospital School.In literature

Anson's circumnavigation of the globe is the subject of the novels The Golden Ocean andThe Unknown ShorebyPatrickO'Brian.

He is also mentioned in Thomas Pynchon's novel,Mason and Dixon. An incident on the round the world voyage is the subject ofWilliam Cowper's famed poemThe Castaway. George Anson is mentioned in J.-J. Rousseau's Julie ou la Nouvelle Hlose (1761) as leading an expedition around the

world which the novel's protagonist, St. Preux, is urged to join by his friend, Mylord Edouard (himself a friend of Anson's),so as to separate him from Julie, who is married to Mr de Wolmar. (vol. 3, letter xxv). St-Preux, a neo-romantic hero, willcome back (he who wanted to die) after "having much suffered, and having seen even more suffering ..." This tale ofthwarted love ("Hlose" refers to the history of Hlose and Ablard) was a best-seller at the time, Rousseau's book soscrambled after that it was rented by the hour in the book-shops. So Commodore Anson became known to a multitude offrancophone readers, who possibly were enticed to read Walter's account afterwards, enhancing their love for nature andthe "mythe du bon sauvage" who lies hidden in its pages.

A full-length novel by F. Van Wyck Mason, Manila Galleon, (1961) recounts the entire voyage of George Anson's expedition,including his flotilla's harrowing efforts to round the Horn, and the eventual success ofCenturion in capturing the Manila Galleon.References

1. ^abThe Peerage.com2. ^London Gazette:no. 8648, p. 2, 9 June 1747.3. ^ Lambert p.1494. ^ Lambert p.143-455. ^ Anderson p.381-836. ^ Corbett p.209-277. ^ The Perage.com8. ^ Corbett p.297-98 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopdia

Britannica(Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages Biography of George Anson at thePeerage.com

Bibliography

Anderson, Fred. Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766.Faber and Faber, 2001

Corbett, Julian Stafford.England in the Seven Years War: A study in combined operations, Volume II. London, 1907. Lambert, Andrew.Admirals: The Naval Commander Who Made Britain Great. Faber and Faber, 2009.

External links

Wikisourcehas the text of the 18851900Dictionary of National Biography's article aboutGeorge Anson.

Anson's Voyage Round the World, by Richard Walter, 1901, fromProject Gutenberg Portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1755

Archival material relating to George Anson, 1st Baron Anson listed at the UKNational Register of ArchivesParliament of Great Britain

Preceded byEarl of Mountrath

George Berkeley

Member of ParliamentforHedon

1744 1747With:George Berkeley174246Samuel Gumley 1746 Feb 47

Luke Robinsonfrom Feb 1747

Succeeded bySir John Savile

Luke Robinson

Political offices

Preceded byThe Earl of Sandwich

First Lord of the Admiralty

17511756Succeeded byThe Earl Temple

Preceded byThe Earl of Winchilsea and

Nottingham

First Lord of the Admiralty

17571762Succeeded byThe Earl of Halifax

Military offices

Preceded bySir John Norris

Vice-Admiral of Great Britain

17491762Succeeded byHenry Osborn

Preceded bySir George Clinton

Admiral of the Fleet

17611762Succeeded bySir William Rowley
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Peerage of Great Britain

New creationBaron Anson

17471762Extinct

Portrait of George Anson by Joshua Reynolds, 1755

George Anson's voyage around the worldFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaWhileGreat Britainwas at warwith Spainin 1740,CommodoreGeorge Anson led a squadron of eight ships on a mission to disruptor capture Spain's Pacific possessions. Returning to England in 1744 by way ofChina and thus completing acircumnavigation, thevoyage was notable for the capture of an Acapulco galleon but also horrific losses to disease with only 188 of the original 1854surviving.Prelude In 1739, the riches that Spain derived from theNew Worldwere well known throughout Europe. Huge quantities of silverwere shipped from Peru, carried over the isthmus at Panama and then loaded on another ship at Portobelo bound for Spain. Otherships carried luxury goods from Manilla to Acapulco from where they were taken to Vera Cruzand loaded along with Mexicansilver. Spain's Caribbean possessions provided sugar, tobacco, dyes and spices. Britain had negotiated a treaty that allowed TheSouth Sea Company to send one trading vessel per year to Spanish territory plus supply slaves but private British vessels, manyoperating out of Jamaica, carried illegal cargos which the Spanish attempted to intercept. After numerous incidents and with oldrivalry, tensions increased leading to theWar of Jenkins' Ear. Various schemes were proposed to attack Spanish possessions.EdwardVernoncaptured Portobelo in November 1739 with just six ships and a second squadron, to be led by George Anson, was to sailaround Cape Horn with six warships carrying 500 troops with instructions that might be described as ambitious. These were tocaptureCallao in Peru (the port that served the nearby capital Lima) and if possible take Lima as well), capture Panama with itstreasure, seize the galleon from Acapulco and lead a revolt of the Peruvians to Spanish colonial power. An earlier proposal to alsocapture Manilla was dropped.[1] It appears that a conflict of interest was, at least in part, behind the unreasonable orders given toAnson by the Duke of Newcastle on 28 June 1740. The attacks were suggested by Hubert Tassell and Henry Hutchison, previously
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factors(agents) of the South Sea Company who had a significant recent information about the area which the government lacked butwho also stood to gain if the area was opened up to British trade. Supporting this view was that the squadron was to carry 15,000 oftrade goods. Given the length of the voyage, it was expected that it would be necessary to buy provisions along the way. In friendlyports, bills of exchange would have been used. In enemy ports it may not have been possible to buy anything, though outright seizurewould be possible if the town was captured. The relationship of Tassell and Hutchison to the squadron was further complicated bythem supplying victuals (food) and that they would come along on one of the ships to oversee the trade goods. The squadron based inPortsmouthwas composed of six warships:[2]

Centurion (a fourth-rateship of 1,005 tons, 60 guns, 400 men and theflagship- see model) Gloucester(853 tons, 50 guns, 300 men) Severn (853 tons, 50 guns, 300 men) Pearl (600 tons, 40 guns, 250 men) Wager(599 tons, 24 guns, 120 men) Tryal(200 tons, 8 guns, 70 men)

Additionally, two merchant vessels, theAnna andIndustry, would carry supplies. (The former is often referred to as the "Anna pink"where "pink" is a "small sailing vessel with sharply narrowed stern and an overhanging transom" [2].) The provision of 500 troopswas farcical. No regular troops were made available so 500 invalids were to be collected from theChelsea Hospital. In this case, theterm invalidreferred to soldiers that were too sick, wounded or old for active duty but mightbe able to perform lighter duties. In anycase, on hearing details of the proposed voyage, those that could get away did and only 259 came aboard, many on stretchers. Tomake up for the 241 missing, marines were ordered aboard but these were such fresh recruits that few of them had yet been trainedhow to fire a gun. The squadron was as ready as it was going to get by mid-August but strong winds kept the ships in harbour. Before

heading to South America, Anson was required to escort a huge fleet of transports and merchant vessels out of the English Channeland the initial attempt to get to sea was abandoned as ships crashed into each other. Finally the squadron sailed from Spitheadon 18September 1740 overseeing a convoy of 152 ships. Unfortunately, with the long delays, French agents had picked up word of theexpedition and passed the information to Spain. In response, they sent five warships under Admiral Pizarro to lie in wait nearPortugueseMadeira which was neutral territory and to be Anson's first port of call.At sea The squadron reached Madeira on 25 October 1740, the journey taking four weeks longer than normal. Portuguese officialsreported that warships, probably Spanish, had been seen at the western end of the island so Anson sent a boat out to investigate but itreturned without sighting them. Fresh food and water were taken on with extra urgency and the ships slipped out without incident on3 November.[3]Had contact been made with Pizarro's squadron, the expedition likely would have ended since Anson's ships wouldneed to throw overboard the huge quantity of provisions cluttering the decks and preventing the effective working of the guns. Aftertaking three days at sea to transfer supplies, the Industry turned back on 20 November. By now, food had started to rot and the shipswere infested with flies. There was a desperate need to provide additional ventilation to the lower decks. Normally the gun portswould be opened but since the ships were riding so low in the water with the weight of provisions, this was impossible so six airholes were cut in each ship. However, this was only part of a bigger problem that was to have disastrous consequences. With theships' regular crew, the conditions were crowded with hammocks placed 14" apart, though the rotating watch system meant that onlyhalf would be below at any one time so effectively each had 28". However, the invalids and marines boosted the number of men onboard by about 25% and were forced to stay below most of the time as they would be in the way on deck. Typhus, orship fever, isspread by body lice which thrived in the hot, humid and unsanitary conditions. After two months at sea, this disease and dysenteryraced through the crews. The squadron reached Isla de Santa Catarina(St Catherine's), a large island just off the coast of Portuguesesouthern Brazil on 21 December and the sick were sent ashore, eighty from the Centurion alone. A thorough cleaning thencommenced with the below-deck areas first scrubbed clean, then fires lit inside and the hatches closed so that the smoke would killrats and other vermin, then everything was washed down with vinegar. Anson had hoped to stay only long enough to pick upfirewood, fresh water and provisions but the main mast of the Tryalneeded repairs that took almost a month. Meanwhile the men onshore in makeshift tents were exposed to mosquitos andmalariasoon appeared. Although 28 men from the Centurion had died whilein port, the number of sick taken back on board when they left on 18 January 1741 had increased from 80 to 96. [4]A wide variety offruits and vegetables were available but it is unclear how much actually came on board. The official account noted a "great plenty"but one journal keeper said it was enough only to feed all the crew for a single day. [5]Although Portugal was not at war with Englandand in theory was an ally under the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, the governor was later revealed to have notified Spanish BuenosAires where Pizarro's squadron had arrived. Although waiting for provisions, Pizarro immediately put to sea sailing south to get

aroundCape Hornbefore the British. Anson sailed 18 January 1741 intending to stop at Puerto San Julin (near the eastern entranceto the Strait of Magellan) where there was no European presence but supposedly bountiful supplies of salt. Four days later, in astorm, the repaired mast of the Tryalbroke, forcing the Gloucesterto take it in tow. During the same storm, thePearlwas separatedfrom the squadron and her captain died, with First Lieutenant Sampson Salt taking command. Sampson then sighted five ships withthe lead ship bearing English colors, but was dismayed to find at the last moment it was the Spanish ships. The crew frantically threwoverboard everything not immediately needed and hoisted extra sail. The Spanish ships held back from chasing believing the Pearlwas headed for a shoal but it was spawning fish, not rocks, that were disturbing the water, and the Pearlwas able to escape asdarkness fell. Even though the Spanish ships were known to be somewhere in the area, the squadron had no choice but to stop at StJulian, which was found to have no trees or fresh water and barely any salt. The Tryal's broken topmast was simply removed and aspare topmast used to replace the broken foremast, effectively reducing her rigging but probably the key to allowing her to weatherthe ferocious storms to come. The ships reachedStrait of Le Maire, the entrance to the path aroundCape Horn, on 7 March 1741 inunseasonably fine weather but shortly afterwards it turned to a violent gale from the south. Having avoided being blown onto StatenIsland, Anson ordered the Tryalto lead, on the lookout for ice. However, carrying sufficient sail to keep ahead of the other ships leftthe ship dangerously unstable, with the men on deck frequently exposed to the freezing water. Since the deck cannon were getting

continually doused, it would have been impossible to fire warning shots even if they had seen ice so the Tryalwas removed from thisduty and thePearltook its place leaving her Captain Saumarez to write, 'that really life is not worth pursuing at the expense of suchhardships'.[6]While fighting gale force winds and huge seas with a crew weakened by typhus and dysentery, scurvy broke out. Whatlittle useful information available on its prevention was ignored and it is unlikely that the navy could have procured sufficient vitamin
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Cfor 1,000 men even if it had recognized the need. Hundreds of men died of disease in the weeks during and immediately afterbattling around the Horn. In one incredible case, a man who had been wounded at the Battle of the Boynein 1690 but had made acomplete recovery, now found, 50 years later, that his wounds reopened and a broken bone fractured again.[7]At the beginning ofApril, the ships headed north believing that they were 300 miles (480 km) west of land. However, through lack of alternatives at thattime, ships had to estimate their east-west position bydead reckoning- calculating the distance covered knowing the ship's speed andheading - which could not account for unknown ocean currents and so on the night of 13-14th, the crew of the Anna were alarmed tosee the cliffs ofCape Noirjust 2 miles (3.2 km) away. They fired cannon and lit lamps to warn the others and they were just able to

claw their way out to sea although there was great concern that the Severn andPearlwere already lost as they had not been sightedsince the 10th. Another storm hit just as the Wagerfell from sight and on 24 April, both the Centurion and Gloucesterreported thatevery sail was torn or loose but the crew was too few and too weak to attempt repairs until the next day by which time the ships werescattered. The sailing instructions included three rendezvous points if the ships were scattered and the Centurion reached the first,Socorro (Isla Guamblin, 45S on Chilean coast) on 8 May. After waiting two weeks and seeing no other ships, Anson decided to sailforJuan Fernandez, the third rendezvous point, since the second, Valdivia, was on the coast and would be too dangerous to findbeing on a lee shore. However, the charts carried by the squadron placed Juan Fernandez at 3330'S and 135 miles (217 km) west ofValparasoon the South American coast. In fact, it is at 3447'S and 360 miles (580 km) west. Anson, now unsure of his charts andhis navigator's skills headed east and soon saw the coast of Chile. Turning back west, it took nine days to reach the area he had leftduring which time 70-80 men died. Juan Fernandez was then sighted at daybreak on 9 June. However, by now there were only eightmen and the remaining officers and their servants able to work the ship. After anchoring for the night they were too weak to lift theanchor the following morning but were lucky to be blown free by a sudden squall. As they manoeuvered into the bay they wereappalled to find no other ships waiting there but then sighted the tiny Tryalapproaching. Of the 86 crew and marines, 46 had diedand now only the captain, Charles Saunders, his lieutenant and three seamen were able to stand on deck. Those still able worked

desperately to get the sick ashore. Given the mortality rate on the Centurion and Tryal, it seemed likely that the crews of the otherships would all be dead if they were unable to reach Juan Fernandez in the next few days. On 21 June a ship was sighted with onlyone sail, apparently in trouble but it was another six days before the ship was close enough to be identified as the Gloucester. A longboat was sent out to meet the ship and but they were unable to get the ship into the anchorage at Cumberland Bay. The ship was thenblown out to sea and it was not until 23 July that the Gloucesterwas finally able to make anchorage. Since leaving Port St Julian, 254had died leaving 92 men, most debilitated by scurvy. Remarkably, the Anna was sighted on 16 August and without apparentdifficulty worked its way into Cumberland Bay. After losing sight of the other ships on 24 April, she had attempted to make therendezvous at Socorro and had been blown ashore. Just as all hope seemed lost, they saw the entry to a harbour (now called BahaiaAnna Pink, Chile at 45.83S 74.83W) and were able to take refuge. For two months they stayed to perform makeshift repairs to theship and allow the crew to recover their health before departing for Juan Fernandez. The harbour had a good fresh water supply, wildgreens and game. Given the abundant provisions and minimal crew on the merchant ship, the crew was in much better health eventhan those on the warships at the time she was blown ashore. However, a survey after arrival at Juan Fernandez reported that she wasso badly damaged that she was beyond repair so Anson had the ship broken up and the crew transferred to the Gloucester. Ansonprepared to sail in September 1741 but before leaving took a census which found that of the original 961 that had left England on theCenturion, Gloucesterand Tryal, 626 or roughly two-thirds, had died.[8]The fate of those on the other three ships was at that timeunknown.The missing ships

The Severn and Pearl The Severn andPearllost sight of the other ships during the night of 10 April 1741 although it is not clear ifthey also lost sight of each other until morning. There were accusations later that Captain Edward Legge on the Severn had madesome arrangement with Captain George Murray on the Pearlto break away from the group. Before the storm both captains reportedsevere problems with sickness with men dying every day and damage to ship but Anson brushed them off responding that theirsituation was no different from the others. The two ships headed north together attempting to rejoin the squadron but on the 13th theyalso sighted land which they believed to be hundreds of miles behind them. Luckily, they made landfall in daylight so they had betterwarning. As fog descended and not knowing what had become of the other ships, the Severn andPearlheaded west to get some searoom and the officers agreed that unless the winds became favorable, they would return around the Horn to safety. Then on the 17thviolent gales from the north-west pushed them back toward the land and lookouts believed they saw land, so to save the ships and thecrew, the order was given to turn the ships south and east and retreat around Cape Horn. In fact, mortality on thePearlwas not nearlyas severe as that on the Severn; by the time that ship reached Rio de Janeiro on 6 June, 158 of the ship's crew had died and of theremainder, 114 were too sick to be of use leaving just 30 men and boys to work the ship. This does not count the invalids and

marines, nearly all of whom died. After a month in Rio, Murray wanted to make another attempt to reach the Pacific but Legge, themore senior officer overruled him saying that both ships still had insufficient able-bodied men and in any case, even if Anson hadsurvived the storms, he may well be headed home by now. The two ships left Rio in December 1741, headed for England via theWest Indies. Although in London there were some gossip of desertion, the official report of the voyage in 1748 made no suchsuggestion but instead spoke of the 'great joy' aboard the Centurion after it reached Canton and learned that the two ships hadsurvived.The Wager The Wagerwas more a freighter than a fighting ship and so even though only the Tryalwas smaller, she carried thelargest number of invalids and marines (142, outnumbering the crew of 106) plus substantial stores for the other ships and guns andammunition for the soldiers to fight with on shore. David Cheap was her third captain since leaving England but had been sick duringmuch of the voyage and was below decks, sick in his cabin, when the damaged ship lost sight of the others after the narrow escapeoff Cape Noir. After feeling they had made sufficient distance out to sea, he gave orders to head for the first rendezvous point, theisland of Socorro just of the coast. His lieutenant Robert Baynes and the gunner John Bulkeley had argued that it was too dangerousto approach a target on the lee shore in a disabled ship with just 12 men fit for duty and so they should instead head toward JuanFernandez in the open ocean. They were overruled. On 13 May 1741, the carpenter John Cummins thought had glimpsed land to the

west. This seemed unlikely as the mainland was to the east of them but they had no proper chart and so the report was ignored. Asthey were soon to realize, they had sailed into a large bay with a peninsula blocking their progress to the north. After a struggle toturn the boat around with so few men, the ship was struck by a large wave causing Cheap to fall down a ladder dislocating hisshoulder. The surgeon gave opium to Cheap for the pain and he slept below. Instead of taking command, Baynes took to the bottleand also disappeared below. Lashed by the storm, the ship crashed on to rocks at 4am. For the next few hours she lurched from one
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rock to another and then just before sinking became completely stuck. At this point there was a complete breakdown of discipline asthe crew helped themselves to liquor and arms. The ship's boats were still serviceable and 140 made it to the exposed beach aliveincluding Cheap, who was carried ashore. He tried to maintain control but naturally, most blamed him for the loss of the ship andtheir current awful situation by his insistence on making Socorro.Admiraltyregulations meant that wages would not be accrued aftera wreck so most now held Cheap in contempt rather than authority. He now carried pistols at all times. His hasty decision to shoot adrunken crew member on 10 June followed by his refusal to allow the doctor to treat him meant that the victim took two weeks to dieand alienated most of his remaining supporters. After his death, about 100 remained alive on the beach with limited food salvaged

from the wreck and little shelter against the ferocious winds and driving rain of winter. There only likely hope was salvation was the38-foot (12 m) longboat, 30-foot (9.1 m) cutter and two smaller boats. The carpenter lengthened the longboat to 50-foot (15 m) andadded a deck so that most, though not all, would fit on board. While the work was underway, arguments developed about where to goand a slow-motion mutiny was underway. Cheap still insisted on sailing north to uninhabited Socorro in the hope of finding Ansonwaiting there. Valdivia was 600 miles (970 km) north but as a Spanish town, they would not find relief there. Bulkeley readNarborough's account of the passage through the admittedly treacherous Strait of Magellan 400 miles (640 km) to the south andconcluded it was their only viable option as they could then sail north to Brazil. He got 45 others to sign a paper agreeing to the plan.Cheap, now acting through his purser Thomas Harvey, attempted to win support to head north with the uncommitted with bribes ofliquor that he still had under his control. Bulkeley offered limited command to Cheap if he agreed to sail south and Cheap appearedto at least not reject it. By the time the modified longboat was ready on 9 October 1741, Cheap still had not made a final commitmentso Bulkeley had him arrested on the charge of murder and had him bound. Four days later, the newly-christened Speedwell, nowconfigured as a schooner, sailed south with 59 men aboard under the nominal command of Lieutenant Baynes, followed by the cutterwith 12 men, a 'barge'[9] with 10 and another small boat with Cheap, Lieutenant Hamilton and the surgeon. It appears that Bulkeleyand the others intended that Cheap would be left to his fate in the smallest and presumably slowest boat. About a dozen men had fled

the camp (to avoid the severe punishment Cheap so often ordered) and were left behind on the island. However, after making only afew miles progress in two days, a sail on the cutter tore and so the men on the barge were sent to get canvas from the camp. Onreturning they chose to follow Captain Cheap. The larger boats once again headed south only to lose the cutter a few days later in agale. There was not room on the Speedwell and 10 men, supposedly volunteers, were put ashore. Without any small boat, the onlyway to get ashore to search for food was to swim through the icy water and soon those that were too weak or who could not swimstarted dying. With disputes over navigation, wild currents, rain and fog, it took a month to reach the Atlantic and they were still farfrom relief. The Speedwell came in close to shore on 14 January 1742 at 3840'S[10] at Freshwater Bay, in what is today the resort cityofMar del Plata.[11][12]Those that swam ashore found fresh water and seals. Eight of them were dismayed to see the boat leavingwithout them and they would later accuse Bulkeley of abandoning them to save supplies while he claimed they were blown out tosea. Bulkeley, Baynes and 31 others sailed north, reaching the Portuguese waters of the Rio Grande on 28 January. Three men diedduring the journey and the rest were now close to it. Eventually some of the men made their way back to England by whatever routethey could. The eight men stayed for a month eating seal meat until they decided to make for Buenos Aires, 300 miles (480 km)further north. They twice ran out of food and water and were forced to return. One day Isaac Morris and three others returned to findtwo of the others stabbed to death and the remaining two missing. The guns, flints and the few other supplies they had were gone andtheir fire extinguished. After a failed third attempt on Buenos Aires, they were captured by Indians who took them on as slaves andthey were traded from one Indian group to another. In late 1743, an English merchant living in Buenos Aires paid for the release ofthree of them; the fourth of mixed race was kept by the Indians. However, the Spanish put them in jail and in early 1745 were put onboard Pizarro's former flagship, theAsia, as prisoners of war. Meanwhile, Captain Cheap back at Wager Island had a party of 19 menafter the deserters rejoined the camp. This included the surgeon Elliot and Lieutenant Hamilton who had been cast adrift with himplus midshipmen Byronand Campbell who had been on the barge. They rowed up the coast but were punished by continuous rain,headwinds and waves that threatened the boats. Sometimes they were able to get ashore but often they had to sleep in the boats. Onenight while on shore, one of the boats was capsized while at anchor and was swept out to sea with its two boatkeepers. One of themen was able to get ashore but the other drowned. Since it was now impossible for them all to fit in the remaining boat, four marineswere left ashore with muskets to fend for themselves. However, the winds prevented them from getting around the headland so theyreturned to pick up the marines only to find them gone so they returned to Wager Island in early February 1742. With one death onthe journey, there were now 13 in the group. A local Indian agreed to guide the men up the coast to Chiloe Islandon promise ofkeeping the boat on arrival so they set out again. Two men died and after burying the bodies, the six seaman rowed off in the boatnever to be seen again while Cheap, Hamilton, Byron, Campbell and the dying Elliot were on shore looking for food. The Indian thenagreed to take the remaining four on by canoe for their only remaining possession, a musket. Eventually they made it to be taken

prisoner by the Spanish. Fortunately the Spaniards treated them well and they were eventually taken to the inland capital of Santiagowhere they were released on parole. They heard that Anson had been generous in the treatment of the prisoners he had taken and sothis kindness was returned. The four men stayed in Santiago till late 1744 and were offered passage on a French ship bound forSpain. Campbell elected not to take the offer but took a mule across the Andes and joined Admiral Pizarro in Montevideoon theAsiaonly to find Isaac Morris and the two seamen that had been abandoned in Freshwater Bay. After some further time in prison in Spain,Campbell reached England in May 1746, followed by the other three two months later. Now that the major players were all back inEngland, accusations flew but the official court martial only examined the loss of the Wagerin which Baynes, in nominal charge atthe time, was acquitted of blame but reprimanded for omissions of duty. Disputes over what happened after the wreck were insteadplayed out as Bulkeley and Cummins, Campbell, Morris, the cooper Young and later Byron published their own accounts, the last ofwhich was the only one that in any way defended Cheap who had since died. Twenty nine crew members plus seven marines made itback to England.Attacks in Spanish America By September 1741 back at Juan Fernandez, most of Anson's men were on the way to recovery and astheir health returned, they were set to work carrying out much needed repairs on the ships - as best they could with limited materialsand without port facilities. The big question for Anson though was what to do next. Given that his force had been so drastically

reduced and that in the nine months since they had been at St. Catherines and received any news, the strategic situation may havechanged so that perhaps England and Spain were no longer at war. There was also no way of knowing what had become of Pizarro'ssquadron that had attempted to intercept them though he assumed that although they likely had troubles getting around the Horn, theyhad probably been repaired and resupplied and were now on the lookout for him. While contemplating an attack on Panama, a singleship was sighted on 8 September but it sailed past the island. Presuming it to be Spanish, Anson had the Centurion readied for sea
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and set after it but it disappeared into the night. They continued searching two more days but as they were about to give up, anothership was spotted coming directly towards them causing some alarm as they feared it might have been one of Pizarro's squadron but itturned out to be a lightly-armed merchant vessel. After the Centurion fired four shots into the rigging, she surrendered. The cargo oftheNuestra Seora del Monte Carmelo (henceforth, the Carmelo) was of little interest to Anson but the passengers carried 18,000of bullion. Of far greater value was the information obtained from documents found aboard. Spain was still at war with England anda British attack in the Caribbean had been repelled so there was now no hope of linking with friendly forces for a combined attack onPanama, nor could they be resupplied. However, there was no immediate danger from Pizarro as his squadron had suffered even

more terribly in their attempt to get around Cape Horn ahead of Anson. Expecting a relatively quick voyage and with access toSpanish-held ports in Chile, Pizarro's ships had set out with only four months provisions but were hit by ferocious storms afterrounding the Horn and were gradually pushed backwards. The paths of the British and Spanish ships must have crossed but whileconcentrating on survival and in minimal visibility, neither sighted the other. At some point, the Hermiona (54 guns) sank without atrace while on the other ships, the crews began to starve. Pizarro's flagship, theAsia (66 guns) and the San Estevan (40 guns) made itback to theRiver Plate with only half the crew still alive. On the Esperenza (50 guns), just 58 out of 450 reached safety. The hull ofthe Guipuscoa (74 guns) began to leak, and eventually she lost all three masts, by which time 250 of the 700 crew had died.Fortunately the wind blew the broken ship north past the Rio Plata rather than into the Atlantic. The largely helpless vessel ranaground near St. Catherine's. On arrival in Buenos Aires, Pizarro sent a message overland to Peru warning of Anson's likely arrival inthe Pacific and in response, four armed vessels were sent fromCallao supposedly with orders to kill rather than capture. Three werestationed offConcepcin[disambiguation needed] while the fourth was sent to Juan Fernandez. They gave up waiting in early June, concludingthat Anson's ships had either been lost at sea or had gone elsewhere. As it happened then, the chart that incorrectly placed JuanFernandez saved Anson's squadron : the nine days Anson wasted trying to find the island delayed his arrival until after the Spanishship had left. Furthermore, the ships from Callao had also been badly damaged by storms and would be in port for another two

months so there were now no Spanish ship looking for them, though suspicions would be raised again when the Carmelo failed toarrive within a reasonable period. In the meantime, Anson's ships could capture unsuspecting merchant vessels sailing along thecoast. The Gloucesterwas sent north to hunt outside Paita but to stay sufficiently far out to sea that she could not be seen from land.Twenty nine Spanish prisoners were sent aboard to help man her, although only seven were of any use but all had to be guarded. TheCenturion, Carmelo and the little Tryalwaited off Valparaiso. The Tryaltook theArranzazu, an unarmed merchant ship three timesher size carrying cargo of little use except for 5,000 in silver. The Tryal had been badly damaged by storms, so her guns weretransferred to the prize vessel and she was allowed to sink. The Centurion captured the Santa Teresa de Jesus whose cargo was nearworthless but the passengers included three women. Anson intended to demonstrate that he was a disciplined military officer ratherthan a ruthless buccaneer, and so treated his prisoners well, including assigning a guard for the women and allowing them to keeptheir cabins. TheNuestra Seora de Carmin was then seized and an Irish sailor on board revealed that Gloucesterhad been sightedby a ship entering Paita, and that the authorities has been alerted. With their cover blown, Anson decided to attack Paita immediatelyin the hope of intercepting treasure that was to be shipped to Mexico the next day. Given its small size, the town was lightlydefended. But with limited forces, Anson had no hope of conquering any of the major Spanish settlements. Sixty men went ashore atnight in the ships' boats and took the town with hardly a shot being fired by the Spaniards. One sailor was killed but it was believedto be 'friendly fire'. Most of the residents simply fled to a hill overlooking the town. Anson's men remained in the town for three daysferrying the contents of the custom's house out to the ships, along with livestock to feed the crew. On the way out, Anson ordered thatthe prisoners be sent ashore and that town be burned, with the notable exception of two churches. One Spanish vessel in harbour wastowed away and the rest were sunk. The tally of prize money came to 30,000 which, according to the rules, was to be distributed byrank regardless of who had actually gone ashore. This was one of many disputes over allocation of prize money. Meanwhile, theGloucesterhad captured two small vessels netting another 19,000. The squadron ofCenturion and Gloucesterplus six prize shipsthen set off toward Acapulco in the hope of intercepting the galleon from Manila. It would be two months before it would arrivewhich would normally be ample time, but both the Centurion and Gloucesterwere towing prize ships and the winds were againstthem. With water running short, they stopped at the island of Quibo (Isla de Coiba) where they also captured giant turtles for food,some of which were kept alive until needed. With good nutrition since leaving Juan Fernandez seven months earlier, only two of thecrew had died. Upon reaching what was thought to be the latitude of Acapulco on 26 January 1742 they turned east and seeing a lightin the distance through the darkness, the Centurion and Gloucesterset after it believing it to be the galleon. Dawn revealed it wasmerely a fire on a mountain. Anson needed to know if the galleon was already in port but Acapulco was nowhere in sight so, whilekeeping the ships well out to sea to avoid detection, he sent one of the ship's boats inshore to search for the port and to see if the shiphad arrived. After five days they returned unable to even locate the port. After sailing further along the coast the boat was sent out

again and this time they found Acapulco but also captured three fishermen who confirmed that the galleon had arrived three weeksearlier but the outbound galleon, loaded with silver, was to sail on 3 March, in two weeks. It had a crew of 400 and 58 guns. The planwas that the Centurion and Gloucesterwould take part in any action so Anson's men were concentrated on these ships, supplementedby slaves taken from the Spanish who were trained how to use the guns and promised their freedom. They would stay far enoughoffshore during the day to avoid being sighted but come in close at night in case the galleon tried to escape under cover of darkness.The three prize ships had minimal crew but were still useful to maintain a lookout further out. Nothing happened. The Spanish hadspotted the ship's boat as it had sailed along the coast and had decided not to send the galleon, rightly suspecting that a trap had beenset. There was no hope of a successful attack on the well-defended city so Anson gave up his frustrating wait at the start of April aswater was running dangerously low and headed north-east to Zihuatanejo where William Dampierhad reported a good water source.He left seven men in a cutter on patrol outside Acapulco to report later just in case the galleon sailed. Watering proved much moredifficult than expected as the river had reshaped the landscape since Dampier's visit in 1685 so the men had to walk a half-mileinland to reach water of barely acceptable quality. Since the Spanish were now on alert for his squadron, it was obvious that the wayhome would be by way of China to either the Portuguese colony at Macauor further up the river to Canton, a base for the EnglishEast India company, rather than back around Cape Horn. Before leaving though, there was still the question of what to do with the

prize ships. Anson had already decided to destroy the Carmelo and Carmin and given the severe shortage of men on the Centurionand Gloucestor, he concluded there was no choice but to also sacrifice theArranzazu, now renamed the Tryal's Prize and transfer themen, even though the impressive 600-ton ship was "in good repair and fit for sea". This was against the determined argument of theofficers from the Tryal since their transfer would mean loss of seniority and therefore pay and prize money. The cutter had noreappeared so Anson sailed back toward Acapulco in the hope of finding his men. Concluding that they had been captured, he sent
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six Spanish prisoners ashore in a small boat with a note saying he would release the res

Francesco Algarotti on Admiral George Anson

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Transcript of Francesco Algarotti on Admiral George Anson