France, Russia, Prussia, Austria 1500s-1700s

Adair Doran

France - advantages

Location Resources Leaders

France

Huguenots - French Calvinists• 40% of nobility

• many merchants and middle class

• problems for the king

Henry II (1547-1559)

Good ruler uniting country died in a freak accident

Catherine de Medici

Henry’s wife, becomes regent Italian not well liked Charles IX Henry III Religious wars 1661-1689

Henry III

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572 War of the Three Henry’s

• Henry of Guise

• Henry III

• Henry of Navarre

Henry IV (1589 - 1610)

Of Navarre Huguenot, becomes king in 1589 “Paris is well worth a mass”

• converted to gain support of Paris

Henry IV Duke of Sully - Huguenot Friend and chief advisor

• restored order

• rebuilt roads

• reformed tax collection

• encourged manufacturing

Henry IV

Henry IV Edict of Nantes, 1598

• gave religious toleration to Huguenots

• had same rights as Catholics

• allowed 100 walled (fortified) Huguenot towns with own soldiers

Louis XIII (1610 - 1643) Mother, Marie de Medici, regent staunch catholic, removed Sully Cardinal Richelieu (1624-1642)

• selected by Louis to rule for him

• believed in Machiavelli’s doctrine• “The good of the state is supreme.”

Louis XIII

Louis XIIICardinal Richelieu Had two goals

• Make the king supreme in France

• Make France supreme in Europe

• HOW?

• Had two obstacles• Huguenots and Nobility

Cardinal Richelieu

TO reduce to Huguenots’ power- ordered to tear down walls of

fortified towns if refused, were beseiged and

destroyed

RICHELIEU To reduce the power of the nobles- ordered to tear down fortified

castles set up spy system appointed local administrators from

the middle class outlawed dueling encouraged overseas trading

Richelieu

To make France supreme in Europe became involved in the 30 Years War (1618 - 1648)

Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Wars of religion, fought in

Germany resulted in rise of France and

decline of Hapsburg Germany and Spain

devastated German states

Thirty Years War France helped ___ side Treaty of Westphalia, 1648 victory for protestants ended dream of a united Christian

Europe spirit of toleration developing

Louis XIV (1643 - 1715) Becomes king at 5 mother, Anne of Austria, regent Cardinal Mazarin (1642 - 1661)

• trained by Richelieu in gov’t and diplomacy

• achieved Richelieu’s goals

Mazarin has trouble with nobles Fronde Resent increasing powers of the

French monarchy Develop idea of divine right

monarchy Bishop Bousset and Jean Bodin

Divine Right It is the distinguishing mark of the

sovereign that he cannot in any way be subject to the commands of another, for it is he who makes law for the subject, abrogates laws already made, and amends absolute laws.

Louis XIV ABSOLUTE MONARCH “none his equal” Symbol the sun divine right monarch “L’etat c’est moi”

Louis XIV

Lived too long outstanding ruler excellent advisors

Louisin bed-room

Louis XIV - advisors Colbert - financial advisor made economy prosper mercantilist

• built up French industry and trade

• cut down corruption in tax collection

• encouraged overseas colonization, trade, shipbuilding, roads, canals

Louis XIV Louvois - military advisor reorganized army, promoted by

merit, improved equipment harsh discipline (martinet) created quartermaster’s dept size increased from 100,000 to

400,000

Louis XIV - problems 1685 - Revocation of the Edict of

Nantes Numerous wars - desire for

grandeur, power, and territory Versailles

Louis XIV’s wars The War of the Devolution (1667-1668) Invasion of the Dutch Rhineland (1672-1678)

Seizure of the Dutch Rhineland and attempt to annex Alsace-Lorraine (1681-1697)• League of Ausgburg

The War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)• Grand Alliance

War of the Spanish Succession• Treaty of Utrecht, 1713-1714

• restored the balance of power• Spanish king (Philip V) renounced any claim to

French throne, Spanish empire partitioned• Hapsburg Empire acquired Spanish Netherlands

(now called Austrian Netherlands) and land in Italy

• England took Gibralter, Minorca, Newfoundland, Hudson’s Bay, and Nova Scotia

• France retained Alsace and city of Strasbourg

Versailles 12 miles outside of Paris Used to dominate nobility and

Paris mob 10,000 noblemen and officials live

there 60% royal tax revenue for

maintenence

Louis XIII’s Versailles

Louis XIVBedroom

View from bedroom window

Hall of Mirrors

Louis XIV Balance of power Leader in fields of art, literature,

culture France has Golden Age of culture

and cultural influences• French became “universal tongue”• French literature, art and style

dominate (dress, architecture, furniture)

Russia - Peter the Great 1682 - 1725 6’9” energetic, excellent mind 3 objectives

• Europeanize his people

• make his power absolute

• obtain a “window on the sea” learned from the West to

modernize his army and navy

Peter the Great Forced westernization New capital - St Petersburg fought Great Northern War (1701-

1721) Reorganized and centralized

government -- controlled church and military

Peter the Great Modernizes Russia

• Mainly army and navy and upper classes

• Burdens masses

“I hope God will forgive me my many sins because of the good I have tried to do for my people.”

RussiaCatherine the Great 1729 - 1796 married Peter III (Became tsar Jan

1762, died July 1762) German, Russified herself an “Enlightened Despot”

Catherine the Great Enlightened Despot

Created the Imperial Academy of the Arts

First college of pharmacy imported foreign physicians created a constitution reformed the law code

Catherine the Great

discussed liberty and equality annexed large parts of Poland took part of Turkey-”warm water

port”

Central Europe - Power vacuum Weak empires ruled central Europe Poland - large gap btw rich & poor Ottoman Empire - corrupt, poor

army Holy Roman Empire - name only,

300 states

Austria Most powerful state in the HRE -

Hapsburg controlled a diverse empire Charles VI (1711 - 1740) Pragmatic Sanction

• all countries recognized Charles daughter as heir, Maria Theresa “guaranteed” peaceful reign

Prussia Hohenzollern - ruling family of

Prussia Frederick William - the Great

Elector• developed strong standing army

Prussia Frederick I - first to call himself

king Frederick William I (1713 - 1740)

• harsh, unbalanced, loved his army

• doubled size of army

• promoted officers from landowning nobility - junkers

Prussia Frederick II (1740 - 1786) extended borders religious toleration promoted public education established improved roads, canals reformed justice encouraged immigration

Prussia - Frederick II

Ran country like an army Fought War of the Austrian

Succession, 1740 Seven Years War (1756 - 1763)

Poland

King elected by nobility usually a foriegner no power, no income, no army, no

courts, no officials liberum veto slowly annexed by Russia, Prussia,

and Austria