Framework of the study

Problem definition Objectives of the studyBackground of studied area Methodology Results and discussionConclusions and recommendations

The agricultural sector employs more than 55% of labors force .

Rain, spate and spring irrigation were predominant in the past in Sana’a Basin.

Since thirty years ago tub-wells became the main source for water irrigation.

Agriculture consumed approximately 90 % of groundwater for irrigation by using traditional irrigation methods

Problem Definition

Groundwater depletion is About 5-7m per year Estimated Withdrawal is ≈ 260Mm3

Recharge of groundwater is about 46Mm3

Quality of water degradation So agriculture activities will face a big problem in the

near future

Quantity of Water abstraction from groundwater for maigor uses

58.6

209.2

4.76 0.360

50

100

150

200

250

Domastic Agricultur Industrial Tourism

Water

Cons

umpti

on(M

CM)

To discernment irrigation water management on-field level. To evaluate the role of economic incentives in groundwater

depletion. To assess farmers awareness, policy and the application of

legislation to improve irrigating water uses efficiency.

Study Objectives

Background of Studied Area

<2000m

>3600m

N 1666100, 1750000

E 390000, 452150

Area 3250 Km2

325000 ha

Within districts

National Capital

Bani al Harith

Sanhan including Bani Bahloul

Bani Hushaish

Khawlan

Hamdan

Bani Matar

Arhb

Nihm

Touch the basin

Raydah

Iyal Suraih

and Kharif

Districts of Sana’a Basin 43.2%38,891

24.2%10,046

100%73,957

100%1,747,834

74.9%63,612

28.6%28,605

80.6%64,832

32.5%11,779

5.9%3,009

100%

Rainfall

>315mm

<100mmThe average of rainfall is 200-

250mm/y.

1- Quaternary alluvium 2- Quaternary volcanic3- Tertiary volcanic4- Cretaceous sandstone 5- Jurassic limestone

Geology

Sub-basin

13.79

88.66

118.42

17.66 15.92

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

ab

str

acti

on

( M

CM

)Groundwater aquifers

1. Italconsult between 1970-19732. Howard hammvi, 1980-1983 3. Russian study by Mosgiprovodkhoz, 19864. TNO, 1987-19965. WEC studies in 2001.6. Hydrosult, SBWMP, 2003 ( continues) 7. GAF, 20058. JICA studies in 2007

Sana'a basin submitted to many studies but the important of them is:

Previous Studies

Number of wells Used for Irrigation

7848

6786

3463 3323

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

Wells for Irrig. opreration Wells opreration dugwlls

opreration deapWells

Nu

mb

er

of

we

lls

Well Uses for Irrigation

300189

667

107 44191

69

622

1124

10

734

118

13

643581

104

66

199

994

110

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Sanhan Sana’a Hamdan Nihm Khaw lan Arhab Bani- Matar Bani- Al Bani-Har

Bani Hushai Aill Soraie

District

Nu

mb

er o

f W

ells

oprerationdug w lls

oprerationdeap Wells

Points of water for irrigation in Sana’a Basin

Distribution of Irrigated agriculture

Bani-hashish

Bani-Al-Harith

Hamdan

Abstraction and Irrigated Area

WEC-ITC 2000 Well Inventory 2002 GAF 2007

Irrigated area

Abstraction Irrigated area

Abstraction

Irrigated area

Abstraction

23.380* 151.4** 26.577* 217.5** 18.953* 193.47**

*hectare ×1000 **MCM

23.38

151.4

26.577

217.5

18.953

193.47

0

50

100

150

200

250

Irrigatedarea

Abstraction Irrigatedarea

Abstraction Irrigatedarea

Abstraction

WEC-ITC 2000 Well Inventory 2002 GAF 2007

Area Proportion

Qrops Irrigated Area

60%

31%

8% 1%

Qat

Grip

Other

Fruit

Rainfed and Irrigated Agriculture Area

51%49%Irrigated area

Rain cultivated area

Methodology

• Library activity• Responsible Interview• Data collection

1.Questionnaire Design2.Sampling Plan3.Farmers Interviews

• Data analysis

Number of questions (87) are included in the following factors:

1.General questions2.Crop pattern and water

management 3.Economic incentives4.Social awareness5.Institutional effort6.Laws, legislations and water

conflicts issues

Questionnaire design

No. of Samples

63

14

310

4

8

9Sanhan

Alsabaeen

Hamdan

Nihm

Khawlan

Arhab

Bani- Matar

Bani- Al Har

Farmers Interview

Results and discussion

General questions

Educational level

29.80%21.10%

31.60%

12.30%3.50% 1.80%0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

Illette

red

prim

ary

scho

ol

Second

ary s

choo

l

colle

giate

High

diplo

ma

mas

ter's

degr

ee

Major income resource

93.00%

3.50%

3.50%

Agriculture

Militarization

Officer

Sources of irrigation water

82.50%

1.80% 1.80%

10.50%

1.80% 1.80%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

Well Rain waste water

Well, Rain

Well, Spring

Dam, Well

Own wells percentage

49.10%

27.30%23.60%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

One Tow More

Type of well

80.00%

12.70%

1.80%5.50%

Borehole

Dug-Bore

Dug

Borehole, Dug-Bore

Deeping well

54.50%45.50%Yes

No

Drilling well

43.20%

56.80%

Yes

No

Reducing cultvation

71.70%

28.30%

Yes

No

cultvited crop low water requirment

35.00%

65.00%

Yes

No

Buy from near well

62.20%

37.80%Yes

No

Selected option under limitation of irrigation water

Purchase water for irrigation

56.40%

43.60%Yes

No

20.7%

65.5%

13.8%

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

transport near well transport, near well

From Where you buy water irrigation?

Crop Pattern and Water Management in the Field

Type of irrigation

64.40%6.70%

28.90%

Irrigated

Rained

Supplementary

Irrigation method

90.70%

4.70% 4.70%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

Flood Drip Drip , Flood

Estimated distance between the farm and source of irrigation water

9.60%

48.10%

30.80%

11.50%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

<101 101-500 501-1000 >1000

distance(m)

Economic Incentives

Type of used pump

77.20%

5.30%14.00%

0.00%10.00%

20.00%30.00%40.00%

50.00%60.00%70.00%

80.00%90.00%

diesel diesel andelectric

electric

pump

37.50%

62.50%

Yes

No

Do you get more yield If you add more water for crops?

Are you using modern irrigation technologies?

10.70%

89.30%

Yes

No

Reasons which delay using modern irrigation methods

routineTechnical experience

subsidies

Water quality

Water scarcity

Unavailable

Unsuitable For

some crops

Small and scatter farms

lack of information

High cost

Reasons

Problems accompanying using modern irrigation methods

1. Blockage2. Design difficulties 3. Unsuitable for big tree4. Expensive5. Bad quality6. Lack of instructions 7. Tilling8. Scattering of frame parts9. Low yield 10.Change crops 11.Long distance between farm and well

Crops need more water irrigation

3.51% 3.51% 1.75% 1.75% 3.51% 1.75%

28.07%

5.26%8.77%

17.54%

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

40.00%

45.00%

50.00%

Are you cultivated crops need more water?

93%

7%

Yes

No

Reasons

Self-sufficiency

Good income

and produce

Easy cultivated

For saleNo

alternative

Social Awareness

Are your region suffer from water lack?

94.50%

5.50%

Yes

No

Are you member in WUA?

89% 11%

Yes

No

Are there any WUA in your Village?

20%

80%

Yes

No

Goals of WUA

1. Rationing water used by using modern irrigation Methods

2. Guidance farmers to use modern irrigation Methods, non expended in area of cultivation and no flooding

3. Water saving

4. Awareness and advice

5. Subsidies and entering modern irrigation Methods

Reasons of non existence of WUA

Awareness absenceIlliteracyMistrustAware around problem is lately. Useless The absence governmental role.No agreement between the farmers themselves.Interest conflict

Institutional Efforts

Is their any support for using modern irrigation methods?

18.20%

81.80%

Yes

No

35.60%

40.00%

24.40%

Yes

No

do't know

Are their any obstacles due to using modern irrigation methods?

34.50%

65.50%

Yes

No

Are their any institutional program for increasing your awareness about importance of modern irrigation?

43.60%

56.40%

Yes

No

Are their any institution responsible for given well licenses?

40.00%

30.00%

15.00%

5.00%

10.00%National waterresources Authority

Water project

Ministry of water

Local councel

I don’t not know

Who is given you licenses?

Laws, Legislations and Conflicts

Are their any laws and legislation governing the use of water?

15.70%

84.30%

Yes

No

16.10%

83.90%

Yes

No

Have you heard about Water Law?

78.20%

21.80%

Yes

No

Customs and Traditions relevant to water used

Traditions and Customs

Distance between wellsArbitrationShaike guidelinesPublic and private rightsDocuments Al-ala fl al-ala Contribution of Payment Priorities upon farm size

64.30%

35.70%

Yes

No

Water conflicts

Type water conflicts

• Partnerships problems• Random drilling• Short distance between wells• Water Transfer by Tankers • Irrigation schedule• Pumping

55.60%

13.30%

22.20%

4.40%

4.40%Customs and traditions

Customs and traditions,Sheikh

Customs and traditionsand the law

Customs and traditionsand the law, Sheikh

Law

Water conflicts solutions

1. Educational weakness

2. Increasing population

3. Income weakness

4. Increase number of wells

5. Increase irrigation Area

6. Institutional Weakness

7. Water quantity and quality degradation

8. Reliance ( responsible & farmer )

9. Misunderstanding

Conclusions

10. Absence role of law ( force & application)

11. Low distribution modern irrigation methods

12. Absence role of WUA, WUG among farmers

13. Increase water competition

14. Absence water meter, registration, permit

15. subsidies fuel

16. Absence Water tax

17. Absence role of media

18. Absence role of law in solve water competition

Recommendation

Enhancement educationEnforce water lawUplift subsidies on fuel Increase reliance between responsible and

farmersCreate WUA, WUG among farmers Increase applied studies around water and

agriculture Increase awareness of importance modern

irrigation methods

Encourage exploitation among farmers Subsidies and enforcement using

modern irrigation methods Encourage and enforce wells permit and

registration, water meter Make Workshops of operation and

maintenance modern irrigation methods Studies update Water harvesting for irrigation

Planning according on scientific studies Increase role of Sana’a Basin committee Cooperation between different

institutional sector in MWE, MAI Aware farmers about importance using

wastewater treatment in limited irrigation Prevent farmers from used wastewater

before treatment.

Thank you for attentionThank you for attention