The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

In collaboration with

The Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MANR)

FRAMEWORK

FOR

ZANZIBAR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION INFORMATION AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEM

(ZANZIBAR FSNIEWS)

FINAL DRAFT

Project: UNJP/URT/138/UNJ

Zanzibar,United Republic of Tanzania

Matthias MitiNational Consultant

July 2013

Table of Contents

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS....................................................................................................................... 4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................................................ 7

1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................. 11

1.1 BACKGROUND......................................................................................................................................................111.2 ZANZIBAR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT............................................................12

2. FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION SITUATION, EMERGING ISSUES FOR ZANZIBAR...........................................14

3. OVERVIEW OF EXISTING FOOD SECURITY INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND CONSTRAINTS.................................16

3.1 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION MONITORING (APM).....................................................................................................163.1.1 Key institutions.........................................................................................................................................163.1.2 Contraints of APM systems.......................................................................................................................16

3.2.0 MARKET INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS)................................................................................................................183.2.1 Key institutions.........................................................................................................................................183.2.2 Functional and institutional constraints of MIS........................................................................................18

3.3 VULNERABLE GROUPS MONITORING SYSTEM AND MONITORING FOOD AID ASSISTANCE.....................................................203.3.1 Key institutions.........................................................................................................................................203.3.2 Key data management constraints of MVG systems................................................................................20

3.4.0 FOOD AND NUTRITION SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM (FNSS)............................................................................................213.4.1 Key institutions.........................................................................................................................................213.4.2 Data management system constraints.....................................................................................................21

4. INTERVENTIONS REQUIRED TO IMPROVE EXISTING FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN ZANZIBAR..................................................................................................................................................... 23

5. PROPOSED FRAMEWORK OF ZANZIBAR FSNIEWS..........................................................................................29

5.1 OVERVIEW..........................................................................................................................................................295.2 OVERALL GOAL.....................................................................................................................................................305.3 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES.............................................................................................................................................305.4 OUTCOMES AND IMPACTS......................................................................................................................................305.5 INTEGRATED ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORKS OF ZANZIBAR FSNIEWS..................................................................................325.6 KEY ACTIVITIES AND EXPECTED INFORMATION OUTPUTS................................................................................................325.7 INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK OF ZANZIBAR FSNIEWS...........................................................................33

5.7.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................................335.7.2 National Food Security and Nutrition Council (NFSNC).............................................................................345.7.3 Inter-Sectoral Steering Committee (ISSC)..................................................................................................355.7.4 Zanzibar FSNIEWS Secretariat..................................................................................................................355.7.5 Technical Working Groups (TWGs)...........................................................................................................375.7.6 District Management Committees (DMCs)...............................................................................................425.7.7 Shehia Food Security and Nutrition Committees.......................................................................................435.7.8 Linkages between Zanzibar FSNIEWS, Food Reserve and Dasaster Management...................................43

5.8 MONITORING AND EVALUATION RESPONSIBILITIES OF DIFFERENT ACTORS OF ZANZIBAR FSNIEWS.....................................44

6.0 KEY INTERVENTIONS PLAN, COMMUNICATION PLAN AND INDICATIVE BUDGET...........................................46

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6.1 REQUIRED HUMAN RESOURCES...............................................................................................................................466.2 ZANZIBAR FSNIEWS COMMUNICATION PLAN...........................................................................................................476.3 PROPOSED KEY INTERVENTIONS AND INDICATIVE BUDGET FOR ONE YEAR.........................................................................506.4 PROPOSED SOURCES OF FINANCING FOR ZANZIBAR FSNIEWS......................................................................................526.5 OVERALL CONCLUSION AND NECESSARY IMMEDIATE ACTIONS........................................................................................52

7.0 APPENDICES................................................................................................................................................ 53

APPENDIX I: RESULTS OF FOOD SECURITY INFORMATION USER SURVEY................................................................................53APPENDIX 2: ZANZIBAR FSNIEWS KEY INDICATOR PERFORMANCE FRAMEWORK....................................................................54APPENDIX 3: BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................................................................64APPENDIX 4: LIST OF PEOPLE CONSULTED.......................................................................................................................68APPENDIX 5 : FUNCTIONS OF FSND AS DEFINED BY ARTICLE 14(1) OF THE ZANZIBAR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION ACT, 201169APPENDIX 6: PROPOSED DATA MANAGEMENT TOOLS........................................................................................................70APPENSIX 7: EXISTING FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION RELATED INFORMATION.....................................................................76

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Result based Operational framework of Zanzibar FSNIEWS..........................................31Figure 2: Integrated Food security and nutrition analytical frameworks..........................................32Figure 3: Proposed institutional framework for Zanzibar FSNIEWS................................................34Figure 4: Plan of the flow of information between Information Providers and APM/TWG............38Figure 5: Plan of the flow of information between Information Providers and MIS/TWG..............39Figure 6: Plan of the flow of information between Information Providers and MVG/TWG............40Figure 7: Plan of the flow of information between information providers and FNSS/TWG...........41

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Key interventions and information outputs of Zanzibar FSNIEWS..........................32Table 2: Composition and responsibilities of the APM/TWG............................................................37Table 3: Composition and responsibilities of the MIS/TWG......................................................38Table 4: Specific roles and composition of MVG/TWG.....................................................................40Table 5: Specific roles and composition of FNSS/TWG....................................................................41Table 6: Human resources required for the Zanzibar FSNIEWS Secretariat.................................46Table 7: Zanzibar FSNIEWS Communication Plan for three years.................................................47Table 8: Proposed key interventions and indicative budget for establishment and institutionalization of Zanzibar FSNIEWS for one year......................................................................50

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSAPM Agricultural Production and Monitoring ASP Agricultural Sector PolicyBEO Block Extension Officer BNP Basic Needs PovertyBOT Bank of Tanzania CFSAMS Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission CFSVA Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability AnalysisDHIS Department of Health Information ManagementDMC District Management CommitteeDMD Department of Disaster Management DoE Department of EnvironmentFAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FBO Faith Based Organization FEWS NET Famine Early Warning Systems Network FIVIMS Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information and Mapping Systems FNSS Food and Nutrition Surveillance SystemFP Food PovertyFSN Food Security and NutritionFSNAT Food Security and Nutrition Analysis TeamFSND Food Security and Nutrition DepartmentFSNIEWS Food Security and Nutrition Information and Early Warning SystemFSNMT Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring TeamGDP Gross Domestic ProductGIEWS Global Information and Early Warning SystemGIS Geographical Information SystemRGoZ Revolutionary of Government of ZanzibarHBS Household Budget SurveyICT Information , Communication and TechnologyILO International Labour Organization IPC Integrated Phase ClassificationISSC Inter -Sectoral Steering CommitteeM& E Monitoring and EvaluationMANR Ministry of Agricultural and Natural Resources MDAs Ministries, Departments and AgenciesMIS Marketing Information SystemMKUZA Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umasikini ZanzibarMLEEC Ministry of Labour, Economic Empowerment and CooperativesMLF Ministry of Fisheries and LivestockMoEVT Ministry of Education and Vocational TrainingMFEDP Ministry of State (President’s Office ) Finance, Economy and

Development PlanningMSWYCD Ministry of Social Welfare, Youth, Women and Children’s Development MTEF Medium-Term Expenditure FrameworkMTIM Ministry of Trade, Industry and Marketing MVC Monitoring Vulnerable Children MVG Monitoring Vulnerable GroupsMWG Multisectoral Working GroupNFSNC National Food Security and Nutrition CouncilNGOs Non-Government Organizations

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OCGS Office of Chief Government StatisticianPEM Protein Energy Malnutrition SIAT Strategic Intervention Advisory TemplateSME Small and Medium EnterprisesSP Strategic PlanSUZA State University of ZanzibarSVPO Second, Vice President Office TASAF Tanzania Social Action Fund TDHS Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey TMA Tanzania Meteological AuthorityTRA Tanzania Revenue AuthorityTWG Technical Working GroupUN United Nations UNDAP United Nations Development Assistance Plan UNICEF United Nations Children's FundUSAID United States Agency for International Development VAM Vulnerability Analysis and MappingWFP World Food Program WHO World Health OrganizationZFDB Zanzibar Food and Drugs BoardZFSN Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition ZNCCIA Zanzibar National Chamber of Commerce, Industry and AgricultureZSGRP Zanzibar Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report presents the proposed framework for Zanzibar food security and nutrition information and early warning system (Zanzibar FSNIEWS). Zanzibar is one of the partner states forming the United Republic of Tanzania. It has two main islands-Unguja and Pemba, which lie about 40km and 60 km off the east coast of Mainland Tanzania respectively. The framework is intended to guide relevant stakeholders to effectively monitor food availability, access, stability, utilization and provide meaningful and timely notice when food crises threaten so as to elicit appropriate and timely responses.

Zanzibar experiences both transitory and chronic food insecurities, which affects a sizeable proportion of the population. Findings of the Zanzibar Food Balance Sheet report (2007-2011) show that about 39 percent of the Zanzibar population is undernourished/food insecure. The Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA 2010) indicates that less than acceptable food consumption was more common in households reliant on aid (5.7%), agriculture (4.8%), other livelihoods (4.2%) and agro-pastoralists (4.2%). Households headed by illiterate household heads, female headed households and those with a high crowding index appeared more likely to have poorer food consumption than other households.

Based on the 2009/10 Household Budget Survey (HBS), about 44 percent and 13 percent of the Zanzibar population live below basic needs poverty and food poverty line, respectively. Poverty is much higher in rural Zanzibar (BNP=51%, FP=17%) than in urban Zanzibar (BNP=36%, FP=8%). Poverty is also geographically concentrated, being higher in Pemba than Unguja (HBS 2009/10). The number of the Basic Needs Poor surged from 526,352 in 2005 to 535,464 in 2010, while that of the Food Poor rose from 141,504 to 157,780 respectively (HBS 2004/05, HBS 2009/10).

Micronutrient deficiencies and protein energy malnutrition (PEM) have persisted in Zanzibar with women and under-five children being the most vulnerable groups. An estimated 30 percent of under-fives are characterised as stunted, 12 percent wasted and 20 percent underweight (TDHS 2009/10). Prevalence of nutritional anaemia is equally high with about 69 percent for under-fives and 59 percent of women in the age group of 15-49. The high prevalence of diseases, including HIV/AIDS, malaria, acute respiratory infections negatively affects food security and the overall well-being of people. Zanzibar Food Balance Sheet report (2007-11) shows a deficiency in protein consumption in all the years below WHO/FAO recommendations. The poor incentive structure, weak asset base coupled by purely rain fed farming systems undermine the availability of food from domestic production and productivity.

The major types of shocks preventing households to access sufficient food and affecting their ability to obtain high yields are high and volatile food prices (56%) with monthly food inflation oscillating between 4 and 29, plant disease/animal pests (49%) and drought (45%) (CFSVA 2010). High post harvest losses ranging from 7% -49% across different crops also significantly undermine food availability in Zanzibar.

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As a responsive mechanism, several overarching policy and legal frameworks have been ratified to guide Government’s efforts in addressing the underlying causes of food and nutrition insecurity in Zanzibar. These include Zanzibar Development Vision 2020; Zanzibar Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (ZSGRP) also called ‘MKUZA II’, its Swahili acronym, the Food Security and Nutrition Policy (2008) and the Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition Act (2011). Both Zanzibar Development Vision 2020 and MKUZA II articulate food security and nutrition issues with clear operational targets of attaining food security and nutrition. Furthermore, various decision making institutional structures such as National Food Security and Nutrition Council (NFSNC), the Inter-Sectoral Steering Committee (ISSC), Food Security and Nutrition Department, District Management Committees (DMC) and the Shehia Food Security and Nutrition Committees (SFSC) to galvanise effective implementation of food security and nutrition interventions as called for in the Food Security and Nutrition Act No. 5 of 2011 have been put in place.

However, due to the weak food security and nutrition analysis and multi-sectoral coordination, it has been difficult to monitor the impact of food security and nutrition interventions to understand fully the underlying causes and related food security and nutrition consequences. There are also emerging concerns over the adequacy, reliability and usefulness of routine food security information being generated with much fragmented and donor support to support evidence based response mechanisms.

It is against this context that the FSND under the MANR received technical support from Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) within the context of UN Delivering As One Programme (UNDAP–Economic Growth Programme towards the formulation of the framework for Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition Information and Early Warning System (Zanzibar FSNIEWS) (Project UNJP/URT/138/UNJ). With this UNDAP key action, it is anticipated that the FSND will be a strengthened to plan, implement and monitor FSN objectives and outcomes as laid out in the national strategy. The FSND has the core mandate for monitoring the food security situation in Zanzibar.

The FAO of the UN contracted a National Consultant between March and July to work closely with the Task Force elected at the first stakeholders meeting to develop a framework for improving livelihood based food security and nutrition analyses in Zanzibar.

The proposed framework has been designed based on multi-sectoral, multi-temporal, multi-scale, conceptual model of nutrition status at the household level, conceptual pillars of food security and livelihoods analysis analytical approaches while also drawing on useful insights and lessons from other food security and early warning systems in Sub-Saharan Africa specifically; Tanzania food security and nutrition analysis system, National early warning system (NEWS) of Uganda, National FIVIMS strategy for Fiji, National FIVIMS strategy for Samoa, the USAID-Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWS NET).

The comprehensive analysis system will consistently consolidate the fragmented food security information sub-systems of multiple Government and development agencies to guide the generation, management, analysis and dissemination of evidence based and actionable knowledge in form of recommendations to various decision makers to enable them make better

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decision pertaining development planning, formulation, review and implementation of appropriate policies and programmes at all levels of Zanzibar. Specifically, the system will provide timely supply of food security information and early warning signals which can contribute significantly to prevention of food security disasters especially for populations vulnerable to periodic food crises.

The proposed framework is also designed based on existing government organizational structures for the reason of long-term sustainability. The Food Security and Nutrition Department is the designated Focal point for the Zanzibar FSNIEWS. It also serves as the Secretariat for the National Food Security and Nutrition Council (NFSNC)- the highest decision making body on food security matters on behalf of the RGoZ. The Secretariat is responsible for updating the food security database and control panel, preparation, keeping and organizing of minutes of NFSNC and TWGs meetings, coordination of the Zanzibar FSNIEWS and TWGs, general documentation, preparation and dissemination of information outputs such as bulletins.

Meanwhile, Inter-Sectoral Steering Committee provides technical advice and guidance to both the Council and its Secretariat, promotes policy coordination and monitoring, approves and coordinates food security and nutrition policies, programmes, workplans and budget proposals from key ministries.

Institutionalization of Multisectoral Technical working groups (TWGs) based on the four food security information systems namely agricultural production monitoring, market information, monitoring vulnerable groups and nutrition surveillance is recommended to improve coordination, capacity and supervision of various institutions involved in routine data collection, analysis and dissemination.

The Zanzibar FSNIEWS Secretariat will be managed by the relevant staff of the FSND, Food Security and Nutrition Information Monitoring Team (FSNIMT) and the four multisectoral Technical working groups. FSNIMT consists of focal persons of key ministries who happen to be lead managers of the TWGs, Seconded Technical Advisors from other relevant and institutions while the FSNAT is a highly dedicated and specialized sub-team of FSNIMT which could take lead in conducting situation analyses such as rapid emergency assessments, vulnerability mapping and food insecurity assessments.

The District management Committees (DMCs) draw together staff at the district level including representatives from the private and civil society sectors. Essentially, the work of the DMC focuses on information collection from the Shehias, monitoring of vulnerable groups and areas, conducting situation and intervention analyses, taking decisions and actions with respect to the nature of the food security findings. It is suggested that DMCs work with lower level stakeholders including Block Extension Officers (BEOs), livestock assistants, beach recorders, leaders of community socio-economic groups and Shehia Food Security Committees (SFSC) to effectively perform its FSN analysis functions.

The key output of the Zanzibar FSNIEWS is timely provision of actionable knowledge for decision makers who include Shehia members (smallholder farmers, household fisher folks, FSN Committees); Consumers especially household members largely dependent on the Market for food; District Management Committees; national policy makers such as ISSC and NFSNC;

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Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Representatives of Government Agencies, Business Community (Traders), Media people, Development partners and the Public at large. It is expected that the Information generated can usefully guide effective food security interventions including policy implementation, development programmes, emergency response and disaster risk reduction contributing to reduction of extreme poverty and hunger, food and nutrition insecurity and realization of the human right to food in Zanzibar.

The key activities that would be performed by the Zanzibar FSNIEWS Team include: Situation Analysis—Real-time updates of current and projected food security and nutrition

conditions. Monitoring and analysis of national food security and Emergency Response interventions

such as policies, strategies, periodical MDA workplans, programmes and provision of appropriate recommendations

Management of FSN Information and early warning database system that enable timely and accurate data flow and exchange protocols, automated analysis, Archiving and easy accessibility

Support, strengthen and establish Comprehensive food insecurity and vulnerability mapping systems

Technical and institutional Capacity building of key sectors and districts in vulnerability mapping and Food security and nutrition information analysis

Documentation of lessons learned and conducting demand driven and applied research studies on emerging and cut-across food security issues such as underlying causes of food insecurity

Meanwhile, the expected information outputs for dissemination to decision makers are: Updated Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) statement; Regularly updated seasonal Food Security and Nutrition, Food Balance Report, Rapid

Emergency Vulnerability mapping and livelihood based markets and market information assessment reports to complement the IPC;

Strategic Intervention Advisory Template (SIAT) with a summary of recommended actions to decision makers;

Timely, accurate and clear reports, Website, SMS Data Flow System, Digital Library, Database, and Geographic Information System;

Comprehensive food insecurity and vulnerability mapping systems established at community level to guide and trigger emergency response and food aid;

Established and strengthened District management Committees (DMCs) and Shehia Food security and nutrition committees with the well built capacity to undertake FSN Analysis, data flow, and reporting and quality controls;

Supported and well developed centralised and sector specific food security information systems;

Applied research reports on an ad-hoc basis based on the national research agenda and other emerging issues affecting food security in place; and

Ensuring partner agencies are well informed, fulfilling commitments, and providing them with feedback

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The proposed key interventions for the establishment and institutionalization of the Zanzibar FSNIEWS will require an estimated Tsh.1,292,771,000 (Approximately US$ 807,983) in the one year startup phase for capacity building, technical expertise and systems strengthening.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BackgroundZanzibar is one of the two partner states that form the United Republic of Tanzania, comprising of two main islands – Unguja and Pemba, which lie about 40km and 60km off the eastern coast of Mainland Tanzania respectively. The total land area of Zanzibar is 2,643 km2 (Unguja 1,658 km2 and Pemba 985 km2). Based on the recent 2012 Population and Housing Census General Report, the total population of Zanzibar is estimated at 1,303,569 of which males account for 48.4 percent while females account for 51.6 of the total population. The average annual population growth rate of Zanzibar was around 2.8 percent while the average household size is 5.1 over the period 2002-2012. The population density per square kilometer is about 530 persons, making Zanzibar, the most densely populated part of East Africa in comparison with Tanzania Mainland (49 persons per km2) and Kenya (54 persons per km2).

Administratively, Zanzibar is divided into five regions of which three regions namely North, South and Urban West are found in Unguja Island and two regions: North and South are found in Pemba Island. Each of the regions is subdivided into two districts that as well subdivided further into Shehia. Zanzibar has 331 Shehias1.

The climate of Zanzibar is characterized as tropical lowland and humid. The mean maximum annual temperature is 25.90C and 26.30C for Unguja and Pemba respectively. The cropping year runs from October through September the following calendar year. The average annual rainfall amount received in Zanzibar is approximately 1700 mm, distributed in two rainy seasons including; the long (masika) rains accounting for 29 percent from March through June and the short (vuli) rains with 52 percent of annual rainfall from October to December.

Agriculture2 is the dominant economic activity in Zanzibar accounting on average 30 percent of the GDP over the period 2006-11; providing about 75 percent of the foreign exchange earnings. Over 70 percent of the population are directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods. Due to highly limited output-enhancing asset base and poor incentives including high market failure rates, traditional subsistence farming is still widely practiced with usual low yields far below the potential levels. Since food domestic production is low in the Islands, the current food needs especially rice−¿which is the staple food, can largely be met through food imports. High post-harvest losses for major food crops-cassava(26%), maize (22%), rice (13%), sweet potatoes(15%), bananas(22%), yams(12%),dry beans(24%), tomatoes (42%); and fish (25%) exarcebate further food supply in the isles (MANR,July 2012). Inaddition, the high import dependency levels coupled with higher and volatile food prices pose a serious threat to low income households and subsequently increase their vulnerability to food and nutrition insecurity.

Although progress has been slow, some improvements have been made. Several food security related policies and strategies are in place. In 2004/05, half the population of Zanzibar (49%)

1 The Shehia is the lowest officially demarcated administrative and political unit consisting between 2 and 10 villages with several households.2 Agriculture includes the crop, livestock, fisheries and forest sub-sectors

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lived below the basic needs poverty line3, but this fell by about five percentage points by 2009/10 (44%). Meanwhile, food poverty – which acts as an extreme poverty line – is much lower (13%). One reason for the slow progress is that the depth of the underlying causes and related food security and nutrition consequences which have not yet been fully understood. Moreover, due to the weak food security and nutrition analysis and multi-sectoral coordination, it has been difficult to monitor the impact of food security and nutrition interventions in the country. There are also emerging concerns over the adequacy, reliability and usefulness of routine food security information being generated with much fragmented and donor support to support evidence based decision making processes. Information is often untimely communicated with lead time for publication. The areas covered are often incompatible which makes it hard to compare data gathered from different systems/sources. This makes it difficult for the Food Security and Nutrition Department (FSND) to generally trigger evidence based response mechanisms.

The generation of reliable and timely action-oriented food security information can play a critical role in ensuring proper planning and implementation of appropriate food security and nutrition interventions, reducing the possibility of risks to food security shocks and threats as well as safeguarding deterioration of livelihoods. Given the extent of vulnerability of Zanzibar to natural and technological hazards such as earthquakes, floods, tsunami, cyclones, drought, landslides, lightening, outbreaks of epidemics, plant/animal diseases, pest infestation, environmental degradation and pollution, high and volatile food prices, fire outbreaks, power failure, civil disorder, oil spill, terrorism, aircraft accidents, , strong winds, and poor policy decisions, and its limited capacity or preparedness to respond, the urgent need to strengthen and integrate a comprehensive Food Security and Nutrition Information and Early Warning System cannot be overemphasized.

It is against this background that the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) within the context of UN Delivering As One Programme (UNDAP–Economic Growth Programme4); provided technical support to the FSND within the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources in the formulation of the framework for the Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition Information and Early Warning System (Project UNJP/URT/138/UNJ). This UNDAPkey action is anticipated to be derived through activities leading to ensuring achievement of a strengthened Food Security and Nutrition Department in Zanzibar to plan, implement and monitor FSN objectives and outcomes as laid out in the national strategy. This framework will therefore guide relevant stakeholders to effectively monitor food availability, access, stability, utilization and provide meaningful and timely notice when food crises threaten so as to elicit appropriate and timely responses.

1.2 Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition Policy and Institutional ContextSeveral overarching policy and legal frameworks guide Government’s efforts in addressing the underlying causes of food and nutrition insecurity in Zanzibar. These include Zanzibar

3 The food poverty line was set at TSh.960 per adult per day in 2010, while the basic needs poverty line was set at TSh.1,465, or approximately

one US dollar a day4 One of its key outputs in supporting the efforts of the government is to ensure that “National agricultural sector programmes, which foster productivity and food security have improved information systems”

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Development Vision 2020; Zanzibar Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (ZSGRP) also called ‘MKUZA II’, its Swahili acronym, the Food Security and Nutrition Policy (2008) and the Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition Act (2011). Zanzibar Development Vision 2020 articulates a long-term focus on attaining sustainable human development with a specific objective to reduce the number of people below the food poverty in the isles. The MKUZA II mainstreamed food security and nutrition issues with clear operational targets of attaining food security and nutrition.

Similarly, Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition policy provides the overall policy framework for attaining food security and improved nutrition at national and household levels. The policy recognises the realisation of the Right to Food for all, and emphasises the application of human rights principles and good governance practices. Several other relevant sector policies, strategies and plans have been formulated and are being implemented. This marks an important milestone in the efforts to address poverty and underlying causes of food insecurity, vulnerability and malnutrition in Zanzibar. Some of them are presented hereunder:

Agricultural Sector Policy (ASP) of 2002 and its attendant Agricultural Sector Strategic Plan (SP) of 2004 which emphasize increasing agricultural production and productivity, rural incomes, attaining national and household food security and support overall economic growth;

Health Policy (2002), which aims to improve an sustain the nutritional status of Zanzibari people, particularly that of women and children;

National land Use Plan(1995) with a focus on access to arable land as an important prerequisite for food security and nutrition for many rural families;

National Water Policy (2004) which recognises the right to adequate clean and safe water as a vital element to health, safety, food security, poverty reduction and socio-economic development of people;

Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Policy (2006) which aims at creating a conducive environment for promotion of SMEs to increase employment and income earning opportunities and capacity for competitive production;

Trade Policy (2006) that seeks aims to strengthen private sector participation in the trade of goods and services in Zanzibar and effective coordination of trade related initiatives;

Zanzibar Investments Policy (2005) providing opportunities for rural landless and urban unemployed youth to benefit from the investment sector;

Zanzibar Tourism development Policy and Tourism Master Plan (2004) which seeks to stress on the quality, environmental impact and offer institutional and market incentives to players in the tourism industry;

Zanzibar Education Policy(2006); and Zanzibar Vocational Education and Training Policy (2005) which promote household food accessibility through improving the human resource(labour) skills and capabilities in terms of competitiveness, entrepreneurship and quality, resulting into employability and self employment and thus, increased opportunities for income generation;

Zanzibar National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan (2004/5-2008/9) which underlines strategic actions towards control and prevention of any further spread of the disease, health care and support to people living with HIV/AIDS through community home-based care of people living with HIV/AIDS;

Zanzibar land Husbandry Improvement Strategy and Action Plan (2003) which outlines the integrated approach towards improving soils and land husbandry practices to increase agricultural production and productivity and the ensure local food availability;

Draft Zanzibar Social Protection Policy which addresses social protection issues of different vulnerable groups in Zanzibar ; and

Zanzibar Information Policy (2005) which promotes effective communication on the impact of food security related policies, programmes and community issues with regard to poverty, food insecurity, malnutrition and good governance.

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Furthermore, various decision making institutional structures5 to galvanise effective implementation of food security and nutrition interventions as called for in the Food Security and Nutrition Act No. 5 of 2011 have been put in place. These structures provide a platform for multi-sectoral stakeholders’ collaboration and engagement in addressing food security and nutrition issues.

2. FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION SITUATION, EMERGING ISSUES FOR ZANZIBAR

Zanzibar experiences both transitory and chronic food insecurities6, which affects a sizeable proportion of the population. Findings of the Zanzibar Food Balance Sheet report (2007-2011) show that about 39 percent of the Zanzibar population is undernourished/food insecure.

The Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA 2010) indicates that less than acceptable food consumption was more common in households reliant on aid (5.7%), agriculture (4.8%), other livelihoods (4.2%) and agro-pastoralists (4.2%). Households headed by illiterate household heads, female headed households and those with a high crowding index appeared more likely to have poorer food consumption than other households.

Many factors interrelate to create food insecurity and malnutrition situations in the isles. The level of household poverty and asset wealth in terms of access to livestock particularly cattle, cultivation of a household garden, farming more than one hectare of land, engaging in multiple livelihood activities, and use of chemical fertilizer greatly influence food consumption patterns The major types of shocks preventing households to access sufficient food and affecting their ability to obtain high yields are high and volatile food prices (56%), plant disease/animal pests (49%) and drought (45%)(CFSVA 2010).Monthly food inflation rate was on average 15% over 2007-2011, oscillating between 4 and 29.

Although acute hunger and absolute unavailability of food are not problems on the islands, the ability and flexibility of households to achieve an adequate level of consumption throughout the year is a major issue. This is fostered by high levels of poverty in both rural and urban areas. Based on the 2009/10 Household Budget Survey (HBS), about 44 percent and 13 percent of the Zanzibar population live below basic needs poverty and food poverty line, respectively. Poverty is much higher in rural Zanzibar (BNP=51%, FP=17%) than in urban Zanzibar (BNP=36%, FP=8%). Poverty is also geographically concentrated, being higher in Pemba than Unguja (HBS 2009/10). The number of the basic needs poor surged from 526,352 in 2005 to 535,464 in 2010, while that of the food poor rose from 141,504 to 157,780 respectively (HBS 2004/05, HBS 2009/10). As a result of the low purchasing power, poor households are more likely to deplete their asset base in exchange for food supplies and purchase of low quality food items.

The poor incentive structure, weak asset base coupled by purely rain fed farming systems undermine the availability of food from domestic production and productivity. Many major crop yields are estimated to be below 60 percent of the potential partly due to the high pre-harvest and post harvest losses. The study conducted in 2009, estimated post harvest losses of various crops and fish in Zanzibar as high as: Cereals (7%-13%), Roots and tubers (12%-26%), Leguminous crops (16%-32%), Fruits (22%-49%), Vegetables-Tomatoes(42%) and Fish (25%).

5 These include the National Food Security and Nutrition Council (NFSNC), the Inter-Sectoral Steering Committee (ISSC), Food Security and Nutrition Department, District Management Committees (DMC) and the Shehia Food Security and Nutrition Committees (SFSC). 6 Transitory food insecurity is associated with temporary decline in household access to adequate food while chronic food insecurity is associated with continual inadequate intake of food caused by sustained inability to meet the food needs.

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Although Tanzania has mandatory legislation to fortify wheat flour with at least iron or folic acid, 7 8 food fortification has been delayed in Zanzibar due to a number of political and other issues which has aggravated vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Mass food fortification programs add specific nutrients (including vitamin A, iron, B vitamins, folic acid, and zinc) to commercially processed staples like maize and wheat flour, rice, condiments, sugar, salt, and cooking oil. Similarly, more emphasis on the adherence to existing food quality and safety regulations of local and imported food items is required from Zanzibar Food and Drugs Board (ZFDB).

Another critical issue is the high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and protein energy malnutrition (PEM) with women and under-five children being the most vulnerable groups in Zanzibar. According to the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (DHS 2009/10, about 30 percent of under-fives are characterised as stunted, 12 percent wasted and 20 percent underweight. Prevalence of nutritional anaemia is equally high with about 69 percent for under-fives and 59 percent of women in the age group of 15-49. The high prevalence of diseases, including HIV/AIDS, malaria, acute respiratory infections negatively affects food security and the overall well-being of people.

Moreover, available but highly unreliable data suggest that Zanzibar has low dietary diversity. Zanzibar Food Balance Sheet report (2007-11) indicates that a large share of the total daily per capita energy came from carbohydrates (75%), followed by fats (16%) and proteins (8%) over the period 2007-11. Relative to WHO/FAO recommendations, this pattern shows a deficiency in protein consumption in all the years. However, given the poor quality of data and information in Zanzibar, this casts doubt about the accuracy of these assessments which are expected to improve with the operationalization of the Zanzibar FSNIEWS. Limited livelihood activities, inadequate caring practices, limited nutritional education, inadequate health services together with an unsanitary environment and insufficient availability of/ or poor access to safe drinking water have been noted as some of the underlying causes of nutritional insecurity in Zanzibar.

7 Flour Fortification Initiative8 See the updated list and map at http://www.sph.emory.edu/wheatflour/globalmap.php

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3. OVERVIEW OF EXISTING FOOD SECURITY INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND CONSTRAINTS

This section presents a summary of the existing food security information systems in Zanzibar and highlights their respective principal constraints.

3.1 Agricultural production monitoring (APM)

3.1.1 Key institutions The APM system may take into account the selected major staple (rice) and production performance of other competing crops, livestock, fisheries and marine products. In this regard, the key institutions under the APM systems include:

a) Office of Chief Government Statistician(OCGS)-Agricultural and Environment Statistics Section

b) Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MANR)c) Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MLF)d) Tanzania Meteorological Agency(TMA)

3.1.2 Contraints of APM systemsA. Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MANR) Crop statistics received at the Ministry level are aggregated at the district level without

providing the much needed details at the Shehia of livelihood zone level for targeted actions.

There are serious gaps in available data such as crop yields, cultivated land, and production per crop and by district and yet seasonal crop forecasting which is essential to FSNIEWS control panel requires such historical statistics. In addition, data on some cash crops such as spices and fruits that are locally grown is excluded. Poor quality agricultural statistics are partly attributed to the inconsistent use of the already inadequate standard data collection equipments coupled with unharmonised and unreliable data collection and analysis methodologies and procedures at the community level. Block Extension Officers (BEOs) occasionally employ one or a combination of “eye-of God” estimation (observation), farmer reference and “foot-pacing” methods across different farms to estimate cultivated area of each food crop and weights of food items. Seasonal yield surveys on randomly selected farms are usually conducted for only rice and in an ad hoc manner.

Furthermore, in the calculation of seasonal production statistics, the crop yield data from previous Agricultural censuses are usually multiplied with the total crop area sown or planted by district. However, these yield figures may not be reliable as they vary depending on seasonal production factors and type of farming systems. Meanwhile, food commodity weights are usually estimated rather than measured with standard equipments such as weighing scales. Importantly, the low sample size of the crop farm analyzed suggests that

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the data gathered has unlimited representativeness of the whole population. The relatively low education levels and capacity of BEOs and the livestock health Officers who are in charge of surveys and measurements affect the reliability of data. Efforts should also be made to collect historical data series which may be on papers scattered in various offices.

Zanzibar consists of several Islands with diverse variations in livelihood zones. Therefore, monitoring of diverse livelihood and agro-ecological zones with varying socio-economic and agro-ecological factors such as soil type, climate, incidences of pest and diseases, livelihood activities, multiple cropping methods and a wide range of food items consumed is a challenge which the ministry has to cope with.

Inconsistent and timely flow of data with delays and lags of 1-2 months in the flow of agricultural statistics from the sources to OCGS are common.

Inaddition to data availability, are data analysis and dissemination issues without which it is difficult to plan evidence-based actions.

B. Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA) Meteorological data is only collected from two Agro-Meteorological stations at

Matangatwani (Pemba) and Kizimbani (Unguja); and two Synoptic9 stations at Abed Karume Airport (Unguja) and Karume Airport (Pemba) that are aggregated at the national level rather than the district or livelihood zones. It is therefore, difficult to conduct seasonal crop forecasting and weather predictions across different geographical and farming areas.

Although rainfall data from 36 other sub-meteorological centers or rainfall sub-stations under the MANR is recorded on daily basis on rainfall cards, there are gaps for some months due to inadequate incentives for data recorders and weather equipments at some of these stations are obsolete. Therefore, the only reliable weather data gathered is that from the four major stations.

Limited capacity to undertake agro-meteorological analyses by the team at TMA Office in Zanzibar. Most of the analyses are centralized at the TMA Office in Mainland Tanzania.

C. Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries (MLF)The collection of livestock, marine and fisheries data is done by the Departments of Animal Production, Veterinary Services, Marine Resources and the Fisheries Development Division. Key constraints include:

Data on fish catches and marine products is recorded in the register book (with different forms) on a daily basis for 16 days of high fish production season by beach recorders at only 32 out 256 landing sites.

A smaller random sample size of livestock keepers taken by district officials during extension service delivery visits to estimate livestock products while other livestock statistics are gathered by only reviewing records kept at the Animal Health and Production Centers. This may not be representative of the existing district livestock population and keepers and therefore reveals issues of data underestimation. Moreover, livestock data is aggregated at the district level leaving out the needed details at the shehia level.

There is limited human resource capacity and training opportunities to undertake monitoring and evaluation functions at the ministry, district and shehia levels. Some M& E units are either understaffed or the level of data management skills of the existing staff is wanting! This affects the quality of data collected by beach recorders at the fish landing sites, animal production and veterinary assistants at the Animal clinic level, district fisheries and livestock

9 They have wide coverage of meteorological parameters which can be used for weather prediction compared to the agro-metric stations

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officers. In addition, only a few livestock farmers and community fishing groups along coastal areas do keep records. Moreover, the timing of production of livestock products and fish pond products varies across different livestock farmers.

Some of the essential equipment such as weighing scales and calculators for measurement of fish catches and marine products are of poor quality, quickly rust away and become unusable. Therefore, they have to be replaced after every 5- 6 months. On the other hand, MLF has to deal with the challenge of resistance of some fishermen to measure their fish at the landing sites. Also, stocks of drugs and reagents for diagnosis of animal diseases and pests are often insufficient.

Overall, some of the institutions such as districts are incapacitated to disseminate the required data and information to potential users in time due to in appropriate and up-to-date data processing software programmes and inadequate data processing equipments such as computers and accessories. They keep on breaking down due to attacks from computer viruses and power outages. As a result, there are reported delays in the submission of reports by the District Fisheries and Livestock officers to the MLF.

Limited financial resources are allocated to agricultural production monitoring activities. Moreover, key data management personnel are reportedly not usually involved in annual planning and budgeting processes. As a net result, there are inadequate facilities as already mentioned, limited data supervision and follow up especially at the district and shehia levels and data collectors are not committed to their work which undermines data quality. Furthermore, data collection forms were inconsistently availed to Beach recorders at some of the fish landing sites and sea weed production data is sometimes collected from only 12 private companies leaving out others. Generally, M&E functions are usually performed effectively under funded projects as an external requirement and the data systems are usually not sustained upon termination of projects.

3.2.0 Market Information Systems (MIS)

3.2.1 Key institutionsThe key market information services providers in Zanzibar include:

a) Ministry of Trade, Industry and Marketing (MTIM)b) Office of Chief Government Statistician(OCGS)-Price Statistics and Marketing Unitsc) Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources(MANR), Agricultural Market information

Unitd) Tanzania Revenue Authority(TRA)e) Bank of Tanzania (BoT), Zanzibar Branchf) Zanzibar Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture (ZNCCIA)g) Ministry of State (President’s Office ) Finance, Economy and Development Planning

3.2.2 Functional and institutional constraints of MIS Unreliability of the market information data given that the weight of the food commodities

relative to the prices are largely estimated as opposed to being measured by standard equipments such as weighing scales. Moreover, the use of two separate groups to collect commodity weights and prices respectively may raise questions on the quality data collected as commodity prices must reflect their relative weights.

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Whereas for quite some time market information has not been disseminated, currently there are ongoing efforts at MTIM and MANR to publish such information so as to benefit farmers, traders, middle-men, retailers and consumers.

Unavailability of consistent data on food consumption and demand by season, age group, district and national level. Data on farm gate or producer prices and prices of locally produced food items and re-exports are also not captured by the systems.

Tendencies of duplication of efforts, inconsistency between data sets and wastage of public resources. Although designed for specific and different objectives, both MTIM and MANR were at one time involved in market surveys from the same information sources (markets) and competed to meet the needs of similar information user groups. There is need for sufficient cooperation, collaboration and networking between these two sector ministries in providing market information services.

Insufficient computer facilities within Statistical Units of the MTIM may delay the rapid shift from manual to electronic information systems that could facilitate timely processing of the required food security data and information. Data management staff sometimes use their personal laptops for back up of data and information when the office computer breaks down.

Inadequate capacity of staff in data processing, database management, statistical methods and absence of a market information communication strategy are a challenge.

Market information gathered by OCGS is used in the compilation of monthly food and non-food inflation and national accounts but it is not disaggregated for urban, rural and selected food insecure areas in Zanzibar. The coverage is also not wide enough to include imported commodities by origin. In the case of Rice, only the price of Thai Rice was being recorded and used in the computation of the Consumer price Index(CPI) before August 2012, though imported rice from other sources like Vietnam, Pakistan, and India are equally important. Rice recorded the highest weight share in total CPI (%) of 12 % in 2004/05 HBS) and 11% in 2009/10 HBS. Consumption of Vietnam rice as an example, could be higher despite the lower price offered for Thai rice price.

Although, there exists a regulatory price territorial structure (categorized into Urban West, Rural Areas and Pemba) stipulating price ceilings for rice, wheat flour and Sugar, the relevant Unit within MTIM does not have sufficient human resource and technical capacity to monitor effective market operations and the level of adherence to the set price ceiling by traders and retailers. Apparently, ZFDB is also engaged in monitoring of the quality of both local and imported products.Hence, indicating duplication of efforts by both entities.

Market Information Systems (MIS) face the difficulty of frequent and reliable forecasts of import, export and international price changes due unavailability of correct historical and up-to-date data on consumption patterns and demand. Many importers and food

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stockists were reported as not ‘transparent and cooperative’- since they sometimes under-declare the amount, value and quality of the items imported and stocks. The Items declared on the import documents are sometimes different from the contents of the container while some of containers of food disappear before being cleared by the customs Office (TRA) and ZFDB10.

There are varying market information and data sets kept by MTIM, TRA, OCGS and Bank of Tanzania (BoT). In addition, data on short-term food aid and assistance from imports or local purchases for distribution or subsidized sale to beneficiaries in times of crises are not currently captured by the database at MTIM.

Trade data captured by the customs officials in the registers from the import customs forms at the ports of entry are inconsistently recorded and kept in different uncalibrated units such as packets and sometimes generalized as food stuffs. This makes the estimation of actual quantities and values of commodities difficult.

3.3 Vulnerable Groups monitoring system and monitoring food aid assistance

3.3.1 Key institutions The key institutions that would be engaged in monitoring of vulnerable groups and Food Aid include:

a) Ministry of Social Welfare, Youth, Women and Children Development (MSWYCD)b) Ministry of Labour, Economic Empowerment & Cooperatives (MLEEC)c) Second Vice President’s Office, Disaster Management Department(DMD)d) Ministry of Education and Vocational Training(MoEVT)e) Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF)f) Ministry of Infrastructure and Communicationg) First Vice President’s Office, Department of Environment (DoE) h) Other opted international agencies and NGOs include: Food and Agriculture

Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), International Labour Organization (ILO), World Food programme (WFP), Save the Children and Red Cross

This Technical Working Group has the responsibility of monitoring vulnerable groups or groups at risk of food insecurity in selected sentinel areas.

3.3.2 Key data management constraints of MVG systems Most of the data sources have weak information management systems to the extent that

‘some don’t monitor and store any information’. Data on vulnerability is not priotized by cross-sectoral line ministries and there is irregular flow of data from the Monitoring Vulnerable Children Committees to the Ministry.

Whereas useful data is collected mid-yearly by use of Monitoring Vulnerable Children (MVC) Forms, there is no clear and objective criterion for identification of vulnerable households. More emphasis is placed on children under 18 years compared to other categories of the

10 Interview held with the ZFDB staff on 20th June 2013

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vulnerable populations. Moreover, sentinel areas- with high levels of food insecurity are not routinely monitored.

The MVC committees, Health personnel at the Clinics and NGOs at the Shehia level have inadequate skills in data collection. MVC Forms from the communities are returned with several mistakes which affect the quality of data entered and information outputs.

Data management staffs in some institutions have not been recruited. The MVC M&E Officer who is very instrumental in collection and dissemination of information on vulnerable groups under MSWYCD has not yet been recruited. Worse still, some of the available M&E personnel reported having limited training opportunities and capacity to use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) equipments, and inadequate skills in basic computer servicing and maintenance, data analysis, database management, information processing and reporting. This partly explains why MVC information outputs are not routinely published and the MSWYCD keeps on seeking for technical assistance from the OCGS.

Absence of standardized data collection tools during labour inspections, tracing and reporting disaster occurrences at the Shehia level and undercoverage of youth unemployment data are a major constraint.

The DMD focuses on monitoring mainly large scale disasters and pays less attention to minor and seasonal risks to food insecurity which may cumulatively but gradually result into chronic food insecurity. Environmental impacts are not irregularly assessed by Department of Environment (DoE) as this depends on how often hotel owners submit their requests to the office for such a service. This challenge may likely persist since most of relevant staffs have limited expertise in disaster preparedness and management, food security and nutrition issues, vulnerability mapping and assessments.

Social protection programmes under TASAF are indirectly and ineffectively monitored by the Agency as this responsibility is relegated to Sector Ministries.

Less effort has been made to assess the impact of food aid operations on food security of the target groups, production, marketing and consumption as well as setting up a database for monitoring Food Aid and assistance by development. Data on a) estimated food aid requirements, b) needy groups to be targeted, and c) appropriate type of aid to be allocated is critical in making important decisions regarding allocation of food aid in emergency situations.

3.4.0 Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (FNSS)

3.4.1 Key institutionsSince much of the data FNSS relates to health and nutrition, members of the FNSS/MWG include:

Ministry of Health (Department of Health Information Management System and the Nutrition Unit of the Department of Preventive medicine)

Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (MoEVT) World Health Organization(WHO) United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

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3.4.2 Data management system constraints

Department of Health Information Management System (DHIS) under the Ministry of Health has one of the most effective information management systems. Other MDAs can learn a lot from this system. Health and nutrition data flows from data entrants placed at different health facilities who feed it into the web-based database system at the end of every month and published in the health Bulletin once a year. This electronic system makes most of the data available at the health centre level to the end users. However, vital anthropometric data on wasting (Weight-for-Height) and stunting (height for Age) are not captured by DHIS. Moreover, the coverage of the population and level of aggregation of health and nutrition data collected is at the health centre or clinic level which may not be useful in Shehia level targeting of nutritional interventions.

School children could be used to gather anthropometric data since they represent a high proportion of the population. However, the MOEVT is currently not involved the monitoring the nutrition status of school children. It will be a potentail source of anthropometric data on stunting, underweight, records of enrollment and attendance, school performance, consumption, income and expenditure when it starts to implement the School Feeding Programmes in the two project initial areas of Micheweni and North A districts and School Health Programs-where routine check-ups of the health status of school children at pre-primary and primary level could be undertaken through collaboration with nearby health facilities.

Demographic health Survey data on micronutrient deficiencies (Vitamin A, Iron, Iodine) and other health indicators is not disaggregated by districts and population groups such as age, gender, school children and pregnant mothers as required by the information users.

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4. INTERVENTIONS REQUIRED TO IMPROVE EXISTING FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN ZANZIBAR

4.1 Introduction

Reliable and timely food security and nutrition data across various sectors will be required for the FSND to successfully conduct evidence based analysis. Findings of the FSN information provider survey revealed several data challenges from multiple sectors which should be addressed if the FSNIEWS is to be effective and functional.

Although, existing sectoral information systems do face several information gaps and challenges, they are currently serving important institutional mandates. The fact that they have continued to operate is a clear indication of their likelihood to sustain themselves though they require improvements. MKUZA Secretariat is also pushing for similar systems changes to improve accountability and value for development funds, and attainment of the set national goals and targets.

4.2 Establishment and operationalization of Information management and coordination structures

It is important that a multisectoral food security monitoring team which would constitute representatives from all the relevant Ministries, Civil Society Organizations, international agencies and donors as observers be established with a focal office within the FSND to bring together the expertise and outputs of various systems operating in Zanzibar and also coordinate all the activities of food security monitoring and early warning systems, review and synthesize messages from various sources for timely and effective policy responses.

Setting up and operationalization of Multisectoral Working Groups (MWGs) based on four food security information systems namely agricultural production monitoring, market information, monitoring vulnerable groups and nutrition surveillance would also be necessary to improve coordination, capacity and supervision of various institutions involved in planning, design and collection of routine data collection, analysis and dissemination.

Some of the systems like the Department of Health Information management systems (DHIS) under the MoH were found to be working well with a lot of information to share with the FSND and therefore requiring minor improvements. Data are generally collected from different sources right from the shehia level and passed on to the districts that then aggregate them before sending them to the respective line ministries. The ministries aggregate it further before sharing with the target audiences including MKUZA Secretariat and OCGS which happens to be the

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current national data repository. It is important to note that at least more than one in two key institutions are willing to provide and deliver hard-copy reports on a quarterly basis but upon official request to relevant authorities by the FSND.

Since the FSND is new and faced with so many analytical and demanding requirements, it will draw learning insights from some of sector specific and national level information systems like OCGS and MKUZA. It will also be important to conduct joint collaborative engagements across centralized information storage units in Zanzibar involving MKUZA Secretariat, OCGS and FSND. Development of harmonized and acceptable procedures and protocols (Memoranda of Understanding/cooperative agreements specifying the nature of collaboration and outputs with external information providers such as NGOs will help ensure systematic and sustained data flow, collection and analysis of reliable data, continued functioning and sustainability of the Zanzibar FSNIEWS.

Consistent and timely flow of data from Central Policy and Planning Departments of Sector Ministries to OCGS and FSND can be improved through holding frequent meetings, strengthening communication sector strategies and plans, designing of standardized data dissemination formats, setting deadlines for submission of data, and permitting Sectoral Ministries to be responsible for final dissemination of all sub-sectoral data.

4.3 Formulation of a clear Key FSN indicator framework

A key food security and nutrition indicator framework will help consolidate, harmonize and integrate food security information from a number of existing information sector systems into a single coherent system for integrated food security analysis. Only relevant data has to be collected, analyzed and reported based on the established information user needs. The framework would be reviewed regularly by MWGs to build consensus on appropriate measures or indicators of food security and nutrition in Zanzibar to be placed on the routine database and control panel.

Baseline studies should be undertaken to fill the gaps in the routine indicator information so as to set a point of reference for subsequent monitoring purposes. It would also be necessary to engage relevant authorities to incorporate some of the M & E indicators into existing national surveys such as Household Budget Survey (HBS) and Tanzania Demographic Health Survey (TDHS).

4.4 Use of livelihood and household food economy approaches

It is anticipated that Zanzibar FSNIEWS will collaborate with relevant stakeholders to periodically gather information on people’s livelihood activities at the household level and vulnerable population groups. Such information can help identify impending food related disasters and is also essential in the formulation of programmes and policies to mitigate household food insecurity. The Household Economy Analysis conducted by the Government of Zanzibar (GoZ) in collaboration WFP and SC-UK in 2003 that identified ten (10) broad livelihood zones11 in Zanzibar is a case in point though it requires updating. Access problems arise at the

11 Zone 1: Semi coral fishing, Zone 2: Deep fertile soils with no fishing, Zone 3: Deep fertile Soils with fishing, Zone 4: Pemba peri urban, Zone 5: Pemba urban, Zone 6: Fishing and Tourism, Zone 7: Semi coral fishing, Zone 8: Clove production, Zone 9: Unguja

peri-urban and Zone 10: Unguja urban. However, the Food Security and Nutrition Policy (2008) outlines three main livelihood systems namely the fertile agricultural zones, fishing zones and the urban and peri-urban zones.

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household level since even if a country has potentially adequate food availability, not all households will have adequate access to food (Gilbert; 2011:16).

Furthermore, the use of food insecurity and vulnerability systems can help to identify the causes of food insecurity and malnutrition at the household level. Deliberate efforts need to be made to arrange Crop and Food Security Assessment Missions (CFSAMS) for Zanzibar. Collaborative linkages of the Zanzibar FSNIEWs with FAO Country Stat, Global Information and Early Warning System (GIEWS), Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information and mapping Systems (FIVIMS, World Food Summit), Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWSNET, USAID) would be useful in dissemination of its information outputs at the sub-country level.

4.5 Building human resources capacity and strengthening Institutional infrastructure

For an effective Zanzibar food security information and early warning system, sufficient, right skilled, well trained and motivated personnel are needed to perform the monitoring and evaluation functions and tasks such as routine data collection and information management. Most data management units within the existing systems were understaffed and most of the available staff seemed inadequately competent to routinely collect appropriate data, interpret and produce regular food security and nutrition policy analytical outputs which could be used by the FSND to conduct further analyses, educate, inform and influence decision makers.

Relevant and tailor-made trainings should be provided to all staff of the statistical Units within Sector Ministries or targeted institutions at both national and district levels are required to address to challenge of poor quality data and food security analyses. External consultants can also be hired for focused inputs. in food security, data collection, analysis and

Important also, is the need to ensure capacity of good quality staff by introducing incentives demonstrated competences in the area of work; being clear about staff expectations; keeping track of staff performance through regular appraisals; outsourcing data verification and providing equipments them with tools of work.

The institutional infrastructure for data collection already exists for Zanzibar from the shehia, to the district and national levels, and may only requires strong mandate and resources to reorganize, integrate and align it to the goals of the proposed Zanzibar FSNIEWS .

4.6 Strengthening information management for timely data generation, analysis and reporting

The proposed FSN analysis system will be fed with available statistics from line ministries, agencies, districts and seasonal food security assessments. However, some of the information systems have inadequate capacity in data processing and storage and lack basic data processing software and hardware equipments which could hinder information flow to the FSND. The information provider study results showed that most of the information systems transfer hardcopy reports which are sometimes hand-written to central levels. This causes delay in the flow of data for a period of 1-2 months from the sources to the intended users of the information outputs. Although well organized data systems do not necessarily have to be digital, the use of Information Communication and Technology (ICT) in data coordination, quality control, improving access and dissemination should be considered. Availability of timely

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information for making appropriate decisions and quality of information presented to decision makers play an important role in strengthening the information –action linkages (ROP,2005: 16).

Provision of needed basic data processing software and hardware equipments; establishment of decentralized user friendly, electronic and accessible databases that are clearly linked to the centralized Zanzibar FSNIEWS database system are urgently needed

Training should be provided to the staff of the FSN Monitoring and Early Warning Unit and TMWG members on how the installed Food security database system is structured and works.

It is important that a dedicated Information Technology and Communication (ICT) person has to be recruited to provide technical backstopping and support to the staff in charge of data sub-systems and effectively manage the central database.

In addition to conducting routine field assessments, the FSN Monitoring and Early Warning Unit and or Team should establish light sentinel site systems for selected districts with chronically food insecure areas, cement gaps in key data sets and also utilize the ‘SMS’ data transfer technology to automate the system.

4.7 Coordination between users and providers of food security and nutrition data

The existing systems focus primarily on data collection and pay less attention to the use of information for decision making and as a result the impact of such information on food security status in Zanzibar has been negligible. Improving coordination among these haphazard information generators could create effective demand for food security information from decision makers. It is also necessary to initiative regular communication and feedback platforms such as multidisciplinary FSN working group meetings, planning and consultative meetings of data producers (sources), data processing Units and major data users especially the ISSC and NFSNC members to ensure relevance of collected data by the system and increased coordination between data producers and users. Information user needs surveys or assessments of the impact of the information made available should be routinely performed.

4.8 Flexibility of the Zanzibar Food security information and early warning system

The information generated from the Zanzibar FSNIEWS could also be guide emergency planning, programme design and policy formulation by the sectoral institutions. Such information would be useful in monitoring, analysis and review of sector workplans and Emergency Response interventions, and provision of sound technical recommendations (budget proposals) to the Inter-Sectoral Steering Committee (ISSC) to ensure that food security and nutrition issues are mainstreamed into all key Ministries’ budget plans.

4.9 Improvement and harmonization of methodologies and tools for data collection and analysis

The lack of harmonized, comprehensive and standardized methodologies, tools for data collection & analysis results into inconsistent and unreliable routine agricultural, livestock and trade data across respective sectors and OCGS! Sector specific data collection and analysis tools need major improvements.

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Building the capacity of different FSN information providers and staff of the FSN Monitoring and Early Warning Unit in standardized data collection methodologies could reduce the intensity of contradictory data across respective sectors and prevailing inefficiencies in the collection and analysis of information. Such trainings will help to harmonize variations in data collection and processing methods and data processing tools.

Organizing Multisectoral Working Group meetings will also provide space to discuss existing gaps in the tools, validity of data collection methods, reliability and accuracy of data collected and explore areas of improvement. Standard data collection forms and formats which can be sent by fax or email to FSNIEWS through the MWGs should be prepared in collaboration with the information providers.

Furthermore, industry-recognized practices such a measuring farm fields, weighing commodities at markets; fish and marine products at landing sites relative to their prices, use of rain-gauges, having representative survey sample sizes among others should consistently be adopted.

4.10 Comitment of financial resources for Monitoring and Evaluation (M& E) functions

Sufficient financial resources are required for transport, data collection, printing of data collection forms, supervision, data processing, purchase of relevant software for downloading satellite imagery to support field data for early warning service bulletin, computers, equipments and other measuring gadgets for use in information analysis, storage and processing.

M&E costs were mainly covered in project rather than institutional budgets A good number of institutions lacked sufficient resources to purchase data collection equipments such as rain-gauges, weighing scales for commodities at farm and market level, tapes and GIS tools for measuring agricultural fields. The situation was blamed on the low budgetary allocation to each sector. According to the information provider survey results, only 3 in 10 FSN institutions visited had allocated funds in their Annual Implementation Sector Budgets for M & E functions and in most cases, the amount varied from Tsh.5-12 million per year while only one had committed 13.6 percent of its annual budget.

For some sectors, monitoring of Government interventions was done on an ad-hoc basis and there were no clear data management mechanisms which would supplement efforts in tracking the impact of Government expenditure and justify value for public tax payer’s money as well as aid in better planning and decision making processes. Lack of sufficient resources to support the information systems may put the sustainability of the systems to a constant jeopardy.

Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) should make a provision of 5-10 percent of the total budget finances for monitoring and evaluation activities as recommended by MKUZA II and the Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) should reflect the same requirement. Efforts being made by some institutions visited to develop the monitoring performance frameworks and recruit relevant personnel aimed at improving their information management systems are highly commendable.

4.11 Consideration of incentives

Closely tied to effectiveness and proper functioning of the proposed food security and information early warning system is the consideration of incentives as both an intermediate and

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long-term strategy. Some of the possible incentives include: provision of good office space, availability of necessary equipments, timely and reliable means of transport for work and allowances for report writing, clarity of M&E responsibility in job descriptions and work plans, salaries and other rewards such as housing, making financial and other support resources easily available and professional development for career advancement. There is also need to ensure a two-way flow of information as one way to motivate data collectors and maintain flow of reliable data from routine sources.

4.12 Conclusion

In short, addressing the constraints related to timely flow of information in accessible formats from multi-sectors to the FSND will be a complex and up-hill task requiring a great deal of time and resources. Sufficient cooperation and networking across the central and parallel information systems under the FSND, OCGS and MKUZA Secretariat will not only be necessary but also building synergies in engaging relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) and districts to improve their data systems, and setting strategies for maximizing the potential for utilizing the information generated.

A sustainable and effective system would require strengthening of coordination structures, building human resources and institutional capacity in food security analysis, commitment to finance monitoring and evaluation activities including incentives, flexibility in usage of information for emergency planning, programme design and policy making by various sectors, frequent evaluation of the system against methods employed, its timeliness and extent of meeting the needs of information users.

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5. PROPOSED FRAMEWORK OF ZANZIBAR FSNIEWS

5.1 OverviewFood security information and early warning analysis systems that are effective and having a high degree of reliability are increasingly becoming helpful in providing policy makers with accurate, up-to-date information and enabling them to make better decisions pertaining development planning, formulation, review and implementation of policies and programmes.

Results of the Information Provider Survey conducted by the consultant revealed several challenges with regard to the quality and accuracy of data, appropriateness of data processing methodologies, effectiveness of the information disseminated and its use in planning and policy making purposes. Therefore, the systems are somehow not helpful in monitoring fairly and reliably the overall food security and nutrition situation in Zanzibar. This can be attributed to the limited in-country capacity for food security analysis and the existence of fragmented and parallel food security information systems in Zanzibar.

Strengthening institutional arrangements of the food security and nutrition monitoring systems would increase their effectiveness in tackling chronic food insecurity facing Zanzibar as they would no longer give mixed messages to the decision makers. They would generate information outputs that impact significantly on the food security decision making processes.

This requires coordination to integrate the activities of the different information systems, fostering interaction, cooperation and collaboration in information generation and use, and better division of labour (who does what) to reduce repetition of information outputs. It is against this backdrop and the extreme need to address such serious information constraints, that a comprehensive and integrated food security and nutrition information and early warning system is proposed in Zanzibar under the management of the FSND.

As noted earlieron, the purpose of the framework for Zanzibar FSNIEWS is to guide the generation, management, analysis, communication, and monitoring and evaluation of food security and nutrition information, and warning signals for the purpose of providing recommendations for appropriate responses and decision making processes in food security and nutrition related development planning at all levels in Zanzibar.

A framework for such an information analysis system can contribute to coordinating, consolidating and consistently integrating a synthesized analysis of food security information generated from multiple government and development agencies and guide the generation, management, analysis, communication, and monitoring & evaluation of food security and nutrition data and information for the purpose of providing actionable knowledge in form of recommendations to a broad range of decision makers for appropriate policy, emergency responses and agricultural development planning at all levels in Zanzibar.

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The Zanzibar FSNIEWS will operate following a systematic flow of result oriented interventions for improving food security and nutrition situation as calledfor by the overarching and sector policy frameworks. The Result-based Operational framework of Zanzibar FSNIEWS is illustrated in Figure 1. It integrates information from multiple sectors forming the four information systems, major activities and outputs that will be disseminated to various stakeholders by use of different media formats and channels for awareness raising and strategic decision making processes.

5.2 Overall goal To generate and provide meaningful, well analysed, accurate, update and timely information on the incidences, status and causes of chronic food security and vulnerability to decision makers for better planned, implemented and targeted food security policies and programs; emergency response and disaster risk reduction interventions in Zanzibar

5.3 Specific objectives The specific objectives of the Zanzibar FSNIEWS are:

i). To issue early warnings on impending food crises and potential impact (extent and type), the areas and people that will be affected; and identify needed actions to reduce the negative impact of such food related crises;

ii). To cause release of relief and emergency aid towards the groups that need it;iii). To identify vulnerable groups to food insecurity and change in their situation;iv). To keep track of the stability of food supplies and variations in stocks for efficient

management of major food commodities and Zanzibar Food Reserve;v). To assist in the prevention of risks of food security shocks and crises; and reduce their

potential impact as well as safeguard livelihoods in the short, medium and long-term, vi). To provide disaggregated data and information on the status of food availability, access,

vulnerability and nutrition situation in Zanzibar; and vii). To make recommendations on appropriate food security and nutrition related policy and

development interventions

5.4 Outcomes and impacts

Outcomes Increased awareness of major stakeholders on food security and nutrition situation Well informed and targeted policy decisions and development interventions to address

underlying causes of food insecurity and malnutrition.

Impacts Increased household food access through purchase and diversified production Sufficient health care services and healthy environment Adequate caring capacity for children and women

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Sectors Crops Livestock FisheriesInfrastructure

Markets & Trade Gender Water & Sanitation

Natr’l Resources

Applied Research, Periodic Reviews and Lessons Learnt Reports

Situation Analysis—Real-time updates of current and projected food security and nutrition conditions

Management of FSN Information and early

warning database system-

(Timely and accurate data flow and exchange

protocols, automated analysis, archiving, easy accessibility &

analysis)

Income & Employment

Strategic Intervention Advisory Template (SIAT)Policy briefs

Networking, collaboration

and Management

of Institutional Relationships

Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) report Monthly Early Warning Bulletins Updated seasonal FSN reports SUA/Food Balance ReportsRapid Emergency assessment reportsVulnerability mapping & food insecurity reports

Health &

nutrition

Education

Monitoring & Analysis of national

food security and Emergency Response

interventions (Ppolicies, Strategies, periodical MDA workplans, Programmes &

Prov. of appropriate commendations

Technical and institutional Capacity

building of key sectors and districts- in vulnerability mapping and Food security and

nutrition information analysis

Timely, accurate and clear reports Website, SMS data flow System, Digital Library, Database,Geographic Information System

Support, strengthen &

establish Comprehensive food insecurity

and vulnerability mapping systems

Documentation of lessons learned and conducting demand driven and Applied Research Studies on emerging and cut-across food security issues such as underlying causes of food insecurity, gender, climate change, HIV/AIDS, urbanization, bio-fuel, etc

Hard & soft copy reportsPolicy briefs /leaflets Fact sheets MapsBrochures and fliers Public Memos/Letters

Photos & Videos

TV programs/Broadcasts Radio programs/Broadcasts Electronic & Social media platforms (Fax, CD/DVD, Facebook & E-mail)Meetings Public Notice Boards

Outputs

Activities

Established and strengthened District management Committees (DMCs) & Shehia Food security and nutrition committeesSupported Sector information systems

Comprehensive food insecurity and vulnerability mapping systems established at community level to guide and trigger emergency response and food aid

Case Studies News paper articlesPowerPoint papersPhotos & videosIEC MaterialsPublic notices

Formats

Print media (Newspapers, magazines & Bulletins) Zanzibar FSNIEWS WebsitePresentations/BriefingsWorkshops/Strategy SeminarsMarket and Community Notice BoardsAgricultural Exhibitions and Trade Fairs

Media

Information users (Decision Makers and Action Takers):NFSNC, ISSC, Sector Ministries, Media, Civil Society organizations, Development Partners, Shehia Members, Producers, Traders & Consumers

Reliable, Relevant, Timely,

evidence (Information)

for Awareness Raising & Strategic Decision making

Environment

Agricultural production monitoring (APM) Market Information

Systems (MIS) Food & Nutrition surveillance Systems Monitoring Vulnerable Groups System Systems

Figure 1: Result based Operational framework of Zanzibar FSNIEWS

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5.5 Integrated analytical frameworks of Zanzibar FSNIEWS

It suggested that Zanzibar FSNIEWS Unit and the Food Security and Nutrition Information Monitoring and Early Warning Team (FSNMT) be involved in the analysis and implementation of the following analytical frameworks indicated in Figure 1:

Figure 2: Integrated Food security and nutrition analytical frameworks

Various sources: (Haan Nicholas et al.2009, Klaus K.2009)

5.6 Key activities and expected information outputs The key activities that would be performed by the Zanzibar FSNIEWS Unit and expected information outputs for dissemination to decision makers are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Key interventions and information outputs of Zanzibar FSNIEWS

Functions /Activities Key information Outputs1. Situation Analysis—Real-time updates of

current and projected food security and nutrition conditions Key FSN Indicator Monitoring Trend analyses and estimates Forecasting of major food crops

production and yield situation and provide early warning signals of the impending food shortages

Emergency Assessments Livelihood based, vulnerability, markets

and market information assessments Seasonal food Security and nutrition

assessments Vulnerability mapping and livelihood

based systems Assessments

Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC12) statement, updated as and whenever the situation changes in a given area. It should summarize the nature and severity of the food security situation into a standardized and comparable scale of five Phases (Generally Food Secure, Moderately Food Insecure, Acute Food and Livelihood Crisis, Humanitarian Emergency, and Humanitarian Catastrophe/Famine)

Regularly updated seasonal Food Security and Nutrition, Supply User Account/Food Balance Report, Rapid Emergency Vulnerability mapping and livelihood based markets and market information assessment reports to complement the IPC

2. Monitoring and analysis of national food security and Emergency Response

Strategic Intervention Advisory Template (SIAT) with a summary of recommended actions to decision

12 The IPC draws together any and all existing information for an overall statement on the nature and severity of food security situations using a convergence of evidence approach and consensus building among technical experts. The IPC, initially developed by FAO, is increasingly being adopted globally by national governments and international agencies as a common and comparable system for ‘big-picture’ food security analysis

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1. Multi-Sectoral—Crop Production, Nutrition, Livestock, Fisheries, Markets and Trade, Water, Health, Education, Gender, Natural Resources, Income, and Infrastructure

2. Multi-Temporal--Including immediate, medium, and long-term food security situation analysis and recommendations

3. Multi-Scale—including Shehia(village) to national level analysis

4. Conceptual model of nutrition status at the household level showing immediate, underlying, and basic causes of malnutrition.

5. Conceptual Pillars of Food Security—Availability, access, utilization and stability

6. Livelihoods Analysis—Including baseline livelihood profiles, analysis of livelihood strategies (food sources, income sources, expenditures, and coping strategies), and livelihood assets (financial, human, natural, social, and physical).

7. Food Economy analysis —Effects of shocks on household livelihood zones

8. Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability—assessing the risk of food insecurity by drought, floods, economy, policy, conflict and other potential hazards and their implications on populations’ vulnerability to that hazard.

interventions such as policies, strategies, periodical MDA workplans, programmes and provision of appropriate recommendations

makers to improve effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability and impact of food and nutrition security interventions

3. Management of FSN Information and early warning database system that enable timely and accurate data flow and exchange protocols, automated analysis, Archiving and easy accessibility

Timely, accurate and clear reports, Website, SMS Data Flow System, Digital Library, Database, and Geographic Information System

4. Support, strengthen and establish Comprehensive food insecurity and vulnerability mapping systems

Comprehensive food insecurity and vulnerability mapping systems established at community level to guide and trigger emergency response and food aid

5. Technical and institutional Capacity building of key sectors and districts in vulnerability mapping and Food security and nutrition information analysis

Established and strengthened District management Committees (DMCs) and Shehia Food security and nutrition committees with the well built capacity to undertake FSN Analysis , data flow, and reporting, Quality Controls

Supported sector information systems with well built capacity in data collection and information analysis, processing, storage, dissemination, harmonized tools, operation of the designed central FSN information system

6. Documentation of lessons learned and conducting demand driven and applied research studies on emerging and cut-across food security issues such as underlying causes of food insecurity

Applied research reports on an ad-hoc basis based on the national research agenda and other emerging issues affecting food security in place

7. Institutional Relationships Ensuring partner agencies are well informed, fulfilling commitments, and providing feedback

5.7 Institutional Management Framework of Zanzibar FSNIEWS

5.7.1 Introduction

Since the use of existing infrastructure and institutional structures for monitoring and evaluation has proven to be more successful (ROP, 2005: 5), the proposed institutional framework, which is an important component of the Zanzibar FSNIEWS, should be integrated into the decision making processes of RGoZ.

This will ensure sustainable and strong operational linkages with the decision makers at the national and sub-national levels; institutionalize and integrate the fragmented food security information analysis systems; tap the commitment of relevant stakeholders who will use the information in planning and policy design, and ensure consistency of monitoring and evaluation activities with the priorities of the RGoZ. Figure 1 indicates the proposed institutional framework for Zanzibar FSNIEWS.

Figure 3: Proposed institutional framework for Zanzibar FSNIEWS

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5.7.2 National Food Security and Nutrition Council (NFSNC)

The Zanzibar Food Security Information and Early Warning System will be coordinated and supervised at the national level by the National Food Security and Nutrition Council (NFSNC) consisting of the following members: 1) Second Vice president, who shall be the chairperson; 2). Minister responsible for Food security; 3).Sectoral Ministers as prescribed in the first schedule of the Zanzibar Food Security Act No.5 of July 2011; 4). Regional Commissioners; and two proposed representatives of the Steering Committee. The Principle Secretary responsible for administration of Food Security and Nutrition is the Secretary to the Council.

As articulated in Article 6 of the Act, the NFSNC is required to oversee the effective implementation of the Food Security and Nutrition Policy and Programmes to achieve the stated goals through: a). ensuring availability of and equitable distribution of resources, (b) monitoring the progressive realization of the right to food; c).providing guidance to the Steering Committee; (d) ensuring accountability of Key Ministries in the implementation of the Act; and e) deciding on behalf of the Government a crisis situation warranting Zanzibar Food Reserve release, and what level thereof.

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The Council is required to meet at least twice a year; with half of the members of the Council forming the quorum at any Council meeting convened though the Chairperson may convene extra ordinary meetings when deemed necessary.

The Secretariat of the Council is housed in the Food Security and Nutrition Department and it is headed by the Principal Secretary. The Secretariat overseas and coordinates the implementation of the Council’s decisions, recommends and offers advice on the actions needed to be taken by the Council; makes arrangements for periodical evaluation of the policy and programmes implementation; and establishes and maintains relationships with other supportive institutions focusing on food security and nutrition matters.

5.7.3 Inter-Sectoral Steering Committee (ISSC)

The ISSC consists of the Principal Secretary as the Chairperson, Principal Secretaries of all Key Ministries, one representative from Zanzibar National Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture (ZNCCIA), one representative of Non-Government organizations in Zanzibar dealing with food security and nutrition intervention and the Director of the Department of Food Security and Nutrition as a Secretary.

ISSC meetings ought to be conducted quarterly a year with a half of the members forming the quorum at any meeting. The ISSC may establish Task Forces to assist it in the performance of its functions and such Task Forces may include non-members of the Steering Committee.

As defined by Article 11(2) of the Act, the functions of the Steering Committee are to: (a) safeguard effective communication and policy coordination; (b) guide, direct, approve and supervise activities of the Council as provided by the Act, (c) provide guidance on the implementation of the policy according to defined priorities and implementation strategies on developing key food security and nutrition strategies; (d) advise the Council and provide expert opinion on matters related with and incidental to the implementation of the policy and programme; (e) approve food security and nutrition workplans and budget proposals from key ministries; (f) promote efficient allocation and utilization of resources for the achievement of the policy goal and targets and provide guidance on resource mobilization; (g) monitor the implementation of the Zanzibar food security and nutrition policy and programme and make adjustments if necessary;(h) make recommendations on the prospect of food security and nutrition interventions and identify areas that need special attention; (i) prepare agenda for the meetings of the Council; and (j) invite any person on an ad-hoc basis to assist in it in carrying out its functions.

Both the NFSNC and ISSC could ensure inter-ministerial coordination for information sharing, integrated analysis and linking food security information activities to food security actions.

5.7.4 Zanzibar FSNIEWS Secretariat Zanzibar FSNIEWS Secretariat will be housed in the FSND ( See Appendix 4). Furthermore, as per the ZFSN Act of 2011, the FSND acts as the Secretariat for the NFSNC. It is important to note that the Zanzibar FSNIEWS Secretariat will be responsible for the establishment, maintenance and management of the integrated food security database and Food Security Control Panel (forecasts and early warnings) systems.This will be done in close collaboration with Food Security and Nutrition Information Monitoring Team(FSNIMT) that consists of the Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Team and Lead Managers (focal persons of key ministries and agencies) 13 of the four Multisectoral Technical Working Groups (TWGs) on production, marketing, vulnerable groups and nutrition).

13 It is was agreed at the national validation workshop of the framework that a small team of four (4)- eight (8) managers of the technical

MWGs to join the Food security monitoring Team will be nominated afterwards.

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Overall, Technical MWGs will be responsible for regular updates of the ‘feeder’ data bases on which the FSNIEWS database could rely. Since the Control Panel is a forecasting tool, it will be used for communication of indirect indicators, trend analyses development and warning signals.

Integrated analyses and forecasts of production, markets and price trends, dietary allowances of energy and nutrients and so forth could be conducted by the Zanzibar FSNIEWS Secretariat based on the regular information provided by the MWGs.

Data on agreed key indicators could be processed by each of the information providers and fed into the Food Security Database and Control Panel which should be constantly updated and easily accessed by decision makers. The FSNIEWS Unit is required to integrate, aggregate, process and supply the FSN information outputs to various decisions makers at all levels through the preferred media such as email, website, presentations, radio and television programs, updates and fax services, briefings; and formats such as hard-copy and electronic reports, maps, dashboard, powerpoint, photos and videos, bulletins, brochures, policy briefs, among others based on the user information needs.

A) Food Security and Nutrition Information Monitoring Team (FSNIMT)

This Team would consist of the staff of the FSND, Seconded Technical Advisors (Full or part time) from other international and local institutions such as FAO, USAID,UNICEF, WHO, WFP, and Save the Children among others; focal persons of the key ministries and districts (ZFSN Act, 13(4));. The Focal Persons would be responsible for facilitating and supervising food security and nutrition activities within their key sector and districts.

At the operational level, it is essential that the Zanzibar FSNIEWS Secretariat strategically sources expertise in disaster analysis by closely working with the Disaster Management Department (DMD) under the Second Vice President’s Office (SVPO) and also develops formalized collaborations with relevant ministries, Departments, Districts and Agencies through MWGs ensure multi-agency ownership, oversight and sustainability of the system.

Relevant international agencies with a strong focus on livelihood, food security and nutrition analysis such as FAO, WFP,UNFPA, WHO, UNICEF among others could provide technical assistance and direct support towards cementing the human resource and analytical capacity gaps in existing information systems as indicated in the Key Interventions Workplan for establishment and institutionalization of the Zanzibar FSN Information Monitoring and Early Warning system.

Also, maintaining collaboration and essential linkages with the Office of Chief Government Statistician (OCGS), Tanzania Revenue Authority(TRA), Zanzibar Food and Drugs Board (ZFDB), MKUZA Secretariat, the Academia (State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), Zanzibar University, Kizimbani Agricultural Research Station and other research institutions in the areas of agriculture, livestock, fisheries, Development Partners, Civil Society Sector and private sector agencies and consumers is crucial.

B) Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Team (FSNAT)

The FSNAT is a sub team of FSNIMT that would participate in conducting situational analyses such as rapid emergency assessments, vulnerability mapping and insecurity analyses, seasonal food security and nutrition assessments. FSNAT which already exists is multisectoral in nature. It draws technical expertise from various multisectoral institutions including: sector ministries such as Agriculture and natural resources; OCGS; trade, industry and marketing and so forth.

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5.7.5 Technical Working Groups (TWGs)

Analysis of food security and nutrition is closely linked to four main aspects including production, marketing, nutritional monitoring and monitoring of vulnerable groups. In this regard, the Zanzibar FSNIEWS can have four sub-information systems namely Agricultural Production Monitoring (APM), Market Information System (MIS),Vulnerable Group Monitoring System (MVG) and Food and Nutrition Surveillance System(FNSS) .

The principal information providers and users in each sector of Zanzibar FSNIEWS could be structured into four multidisciplinary Technical Working Groups (TWGs) according to their principal food security areas. As coordinating structures, the TWGs are indispensable to the functioning of the Zanzibar FSNIEWS. The Food Security and Nutrition Information Monitoring Team within the Secretariat of Zanzibar FSNIEWS and NFSNC Secretariat has a key role of coordinating the TWGs.

Generally, the TWGs should function as specialized technical Committees in their respective basic food security and nutrition areas, and will have a major role of providing the relevant information, review, validation, processing and analysis of information, preparation of monitoring outputs for publication and dissemination to policy makers and the general public14. Each TWG will specifically have its own composition and specific functions. These are elaborated further below.

I). Agricultural Production Monitoring Technical Working Group (APM/TWG)The key role of the APM/TWG is to coordinate all information regarding the monitoring of the agricultural production. This working group will draw membership from agricultural production information providers and users and perform such responsibilities as presented in Table 1.

Table 2: Composition and responsibilities of the APM/TWG

Composition of APM/TWG Responsibilities of APM/TWG1) One representative from the Food Security and Nutrition

Monitoring Team (Lead Manager with specialized training in the area of Agronomy)

2) One representative from the Office of Chief Government Statistics (Agriculture and Environment Statistics);

3) One representative from Tanzania Meteorological Agency(TMA);

4) Two representatives from Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Agricultural Statistics Sections of the Department of Planning, Policy and Research and Department of Agriculture);

5) Two representatives from Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries (Statistics section of the Department of Planning, Policy and Research and Department of Fisheries);

6) District Agricultural Officers;7) District Livestock Officers;8) District Fisheries Officers ;9) Two representatives from relevant local Media and NGOs; 10) Representative from FAO, WFP and any other relevant and

interested International Agency

a) Collect reliable data and information taking into consideration the diversity in agro-climatic environments and the key indicators to facilitate assessment of national and sub-national food availability and stability and issuance of early crop harvests forecasts;

b) Monitor progress of the agricultural sector policy and strategic plans, agricultural related emergency response interventions to establish potential impacts and risks of food crisis;

c) Review and validate data collected before analysis, compile reports, and recommend appropriate measures to help decision makers improve food availability and stability;

d) Publish all data collected and analyzed using relevant media to reach the target audiences ;

e) Provide relevant trainings to national and sub-national information providers to improve capacity on data collection, analysis, interpretation and reporting

f) Participate in the review of the Zanzibar FSNIEWS and propose or make necessary adjustments to make it relevant to different contexts.

Figure 4: Plan of the flow of information between Information Providers and APM/TWG

14Members of the TWGs can form further Task Forces to accomplish their respective functions such as information gathering, analysis and report writing, critical review and

validation of produced reports and findings as well as formulation of policy recommendations.

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II). Market Information System (MIS/TWG)Market information service will be led by the MIS/TWG. This will involve collection gathering, processing and dissemination of market related information on a regular basis for the purpose of monitoring market prices, stocks situation/availability/stability of supplies of selected commodities, imports and exports. It will have linkages with the management of Zanzibar Food Reserve. The composition and responsibilities of the MIS/TWG are outlined in Table 2.

Table 3: Composition and responsibilities of the MIS/TWG

Composition of MIS/TWG Responsibilities of MIS/TWG

1) One representative from the Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring Team(FSNMT) serving as the Lead Manager and should have specialized training in the areas of Economics, Entrepreneurship or Business Management

2) Two representatives from the Prices; Trade and Marketing Statistics Units of the Office of Chief Government Statistician(OCGS)

3) Two representatives from the Agricultural Market Information Unit of the Department of Planning, Policy and Research under the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources(MANR)

4) Two relevant representatives from the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Marketing (MTIM)

5) Two representatives from Tanzania Revenue Authority

1) Collection of reliable data and information on stability of supplies, stocks and trends in markets and prices and quantities for selected food commodities, origin of products and how the market works.

2) Conducting data analysis and report writing, critical analysis and validation of monitoring and early warning findings and recommending appropriate measures to help policy decisions to improve food security situation in Zanzibar

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(TRA), Zanzibar Office 6) One representative from Zanzibar Chamber of Commerce,

Industry and Agriculture (ZNCCIA)7) One representative from Bank of Tanzania (BoT), Zanzibar

Branch8) One representative from the Ministry of State (President’s

Office ) Finance, Economy and Development Planning9) One representative from Zanzibar Food and Drugs

Board(ZFDB) 10) Any other representatives from the Private Sector, Non-

government Organisations (NGOs), consumer and farmers associations

3) Dissemination of market information such commodity prices, quantities and qualities through relevant media to different users such as farmers, consumers, traders and trade sector institutions.

4) Training of field staff (agents) attached to different ministries (trade, agriculture) and private sector or Non-government Organisations (NGOs) in charge of collecting data at food markets.

Figure 5: Plan of the flow of information between Information Providers and MIS/TWG

III). Monitoring of Vulnerable Groups Technical Working Group (MVG/TWG)The key institutions forming the MVG/TWG can primarily provide monitoring data on vulnerable groups, food aid and estimations of changes in food security at the macro, meso and micro levels. The MVG/TWG will specifically focus on monitoring of people at high risk of chronic, cyclic and transitory food insecurity and well as socio-economic economic status of vulnerable groups. The specific roles and composition of MVG/TWG are outlined in Table 4.

Table 4: Specific roles and composition of MVG/TWG

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Composition of MVG/TWG Responsibilities of MVG/TWG

1. Two representatives from the Ministry of Social Welfare, Youth, Women and Children Development (MSWYCD)

2. Two representatives from Ministry of Labour, Economic Empowerment & Cooperatives (MLEEC)

3. Two representatives from Second Vice President’s Office, Disaster Management Department(DMD)

4. A representatives from Ministry of Education and Vocational Training(MoEVT) ( Department of Policy Planning and Research )

5. Two representatives from Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF)

6. One representative from Ministry of Infrastructure and Communication

7. One representative from the First Vice Presidents Office, Department of Environment (DoE)

8. One representative from the Ministry of State (President’s Office ) Finance, Economy and Development Planning

9. Observers from International agencies and NGOs include: International Labour Organization (ILO), World Food Programme (WFP), Save the Children and Red Cross

10. Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources –(DPPR)11. Minitry of Health ( Dept. of Preventive & Helath Services -

Nutrition Unit)

1. Ensuring collection of reliable data and information on food intake (quality and quality), livelihood profiles and maps, livelihood groups(activities) by age and sex, food shocks like volatile and high food prices and disasters, food and basic needs poverty levels, household income and expenditure patterns, markets, unemployment levels, coping strategies, health and nutritional status of vulnerable groups.

2. Provision of support in Emergency assessments 3. Monitor food emergency response interventions and make

appropriate recommendations4. Assist in the establishment of food insecurity and vulnerability

mapping systems at community level to guide emergency response and food aid

5. Conducting livelihood and vulnerability analyses—including baseline livelihood profiles, analysis of livelihood and coping strategies, and livelihood assets to identify the causes of food insecurity and malnutrition at the household level

6. Assessment of risks for different livelihood areas/population groups to food insecurity and their implications

7. Preparation of relevant publications and disseminate monitoring findings to guide formulation and implementation of programmes and policies to mitigate household food insecurity

Figure 6: Plan of the flow of information between Information Providers and MVG/TWG

IV) Technical Working Group on Food and Nutrition SurveillanceThis Technical Working Group focuses on keeping track of health, nutritional status and consumption patterns of various population groups at different levels. Nutritional status data may include

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underweight stunting, wasting and, food intake, Vitamin A deficit, body mass indices while health status data may include birth weights, underfive and infant mortality rates and prevalence of common diseases. Key members of the FNSS/TWG and its responsibilities are presented in Table 5.

Table 5: Specific roles and composition of FNSS/TWG

Composition of TWG/FNSS Responsibilities of TWG/FNSS

1) Two representatives from the Ministry of Health−Department of Health Information Management System and the Nutrition Unit of the Department of Preventive medicine;

2) Two representatives from Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (MoEVT) –Department of Policy Planning and research

3) Observers from United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF), USAID, World Health Organization(WHO) and other health related actors

Collect and analyze of data on protein energy malnutrition and micro-nutrient deficiencies disaggregated by population groups such as age, gender, school children and pregnant mothers at the district, clinic and shehia levels

Monitor the impact of health and nutrition interventions such as School Feeding Programmes

Undertake routine Health and nutrition check up programs of school children at pre-primary and primary level

Ensure that Demographic health Surveys data is disaggregated by district rather than region, and population groups such as age, gender, school children and pregnant mothers for proper targeting of interventions.

Conduct periodic representative surveys or community weighing programmes covering all populations at risk of food insecurity at least once yearly

Assist in the preparation of relevant food security and nutrition publications and dissemination

In order to assess and analyze the food and nutrition security and nutrition conditions in Zanzibar, multiple indicators will have to be used to reflect the macro, meso and micro levels15 and dimensions of the problems. The presentation of methods to analyze the food and nutrition security situation is based on the conceptual framework of malnutrition developed by UNICEF.

Figure 7: Plan of the flow of information between information providers and FNSS/TWG

15 Macro (world, region and nation), Meso (community (province/city, district/town, village), Micro (household/family and individual levels)

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5.7.6 District Management Committees (DMCs)At the district level, the District Management Committees (DMCs) would be involved in information collection from the shehias, vulnerable areas and groups, situation and intervention analyses, taking relevant decisions and actions with respect to the nature of the food security and nutrition monitoring findings.

Article 17(1) of the Act empowers the DMCs to support food security and nutrition activities at the district and Shehia levels. A DMC typically consists of the following members: (a) District Commissioner who is the chairperson; (b) District Planning Officer; (c) District Agricultural Officer;(d) District Livestock Officer; (e),District Health Officer; (f) District Social Welfare Officer; (g) District Women and Youth Development Officer; (h) District Education Officer; (i) Representative from farmer association; (j) Representative from Civil societies; (k) Representative from private sector; (l) Representative from Local Government; and (m) District Administrative Officer who serves as the Secretary.

The DMCs are required to perform the following functions as specified in Article 18(2): (a) to support the identification of food security and nutrition issues which are relevant in the district and their adequate integration into district development plans; (b) provide technical guidance for the implementation of the policy and programme at district and shehia levels, including development of workplans and budgets; (c) to ensure the proper identification of eligible programme beneficiaries and the correct application of eligibility criteria; (d) to identify capacity building needs at district and shehia levels and participate in appropriate training activities; (e) to guide and supervise civil societies and organizations contracted to provide food security and nutrition related services; (f) to prepare monitoring and evaluation reports regarding the implementation of food security and nutrition interventions and their impacts; and (g) to report to the ministry responsible for regional administration through regional offices and submit copies of the reports to the Department (See Table 5 for details). DMCs would report through existing Government channels of communication to relevant Ministries at the upper level.

5.7.7 Shehia Food Security and Nutrition Committees

According to Article 18(4), DMCs can appoint sub-committees at shehia level to assist in the carrying out of its functions under the Act. In this respect, it is suggested that DMCs work with existing lower level stakeholders including: Block Extension Officers (BEOs); Livestock Assistants; Beach Recorders/Landing Officers; Community and /or Group leaders; Shehia Food Security and Nutrition Committees16,socio-economic groups and household members to effectively perform their food security and nutrition analysis functions.

5.7.8 Linkages between Zanzibar FSNIEWS, Food Reserve and Dasaster Management The proposed system will provide timely supply of food security information and early warning signals which can likely contribute significantly to prevention of food security disasters by triggering early responses especially for populations that are vulnerable to periodic food emergencies.

16 The Shehia Food Security and Nutrition Committees has a broad representation of several community level structures including the Shehia Development Committee, Shehia disaster management committee, Water and Sanitation (WASH) Committees, Shehia Health Committee (SHACOM) and Shehia/Most Vulnerable Children Committees (MVCC)

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In this way, the Government can be able to avoid high costs of coping with sudden food emergencies. Such information could also be essential in making decisions on the likely need to import, or export; making releases from the reserve to cope with envisaged food shortages and determining the size of the reservation stocks of the food reserve needed to address social protection issues.

Some of the low income households that reside in certain livelihood zones characterized as fishing and tourism, semi coral fishing and urban may not usually have resources to purchase all their food needs

from the market and could be vulnerable to shortfalls in market supplies and /or exceptionally high and unaffordable price levels. Having an effective market information system, can help to carter for such groups by releasing additional supplies onto the market from imports or sales from the reserve, thereby exerting a downward pressure on prices.

Meanwhile, rural based households living in livelihood zones characterized as deep fertile soils with no fishing, deep fertile soils with fishing and clove production which could be normally self-food sufficient may face food shortages resulting from poor harvests or damage to their on-farm stocks. However, they may not at that material time have the necessary resources to purchase additional food needs from the market. Under such circumstances, special relief programmes such as food-for-work, food stamps and supplementary feeding programmes could be arranged for them based on the information revealed by the Zanzibar FSNIEWS.

An effective market information system could be crucial in producer prices support and consumer price stabilization if the food policy makers decide to maintain the prices of major food items within a price range i.e. a price band that includes a floor (producer) price normally set at about the cost of production and the consumer.

Parallel to the Zanzibar FSNIEWs, are the disasater management bodies that will collaborate with the Zanzibar FSNIEWS Secretariat (See Figure 3). They include: Shehia Disaster Management Committee, District Management Committees, Disaster Management Secretariat and National Disaster Management Committee(NDMC).

5.8 Monitoring and Evaluation responsibilities of different actors of Zanzibar FSNIEWSThe roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders at each level with respect to the institutional structure are summarized in Table 6.

Table 6: M & E responsibilities of different actors of the Zanzibar FSNIEWS

Level Responsibility for

implementation

Monitoring and Evaluation roles and responsibilities

Household Household members

Keep and provide records on agricultural production, sales, income, expenditures, child growth, food consumption

Community based group

Group leader Collect and consolidate relevant information at the group level; Facilitate record keeping by group members at household level; and Provide FSN data from the village group level to Shehia level

Shehia Shehia FSN Committee/Designated Person

Collect routine FSN information from various group leaders within the shehia and submit it to the BEO;

Liaise with responsible persons for each project to monitor the progress of FSN related project activities in the Community FSN Action Plan being implemented within the shehia;

Organize information sharing, learning, review and planning sessions at the shehia level;

Organize or participate in periodical meetings to learn from shehia FSN interventions; and

Coordinate implementation and review of FSN policies & strategies and plans,

42

Level Responsibility for

implementation

Monitoring and Evaluation roles and responsibilities

community food security and nutrition development plans , disaster response & risk management plans

Block Extension Officer (BEO)/Animal Health Officer, Beach recorder

Capture and consolidate FSN information from a particular Shehia; Facilitate, check and verify information collected by the Shehia FSN committee; Transmit / feedback information collected from shehia to the district level

District District Management Committee /District Planning Officer

Gather, capture and consolidate FSN information from all shehia in the district and advise the NFSC through its Secretariat, at first signs of a food crisis;

Facilitate, validate, collate, analyze and consolidate FSN information received from the BEO/ Animal Health Officers and Beach recorders;

Regularly fill in the Food Security monitoring sheets with accurate and adequate FSN information and submit them in time to the FSND and other relevant stakeholders;

Organize or participate in periodical meetings to learn from the district FSN interventions;

Participate in the review of the M& E system at their levels Monitor the distribution of food aid in the district in liaison with the Disaster

Management District Committee (DMDC); Keep an updated district database on changing food security situation; and Write articles on food security for the local press and the Zanzibar FSNIEWS.

National Technical Multisectoral Working Groups

Modify the data collection sheets for updating databases at the TWG meetings; Provide technical support on any M&E activities such as review and approval

the M&E related reports, plans and tools, training community based group leaders, shehia and District Management Committees on data collection, analysis, interpretation and reporting;

Review the M&E system and propose or make necessary adjustments to make it relevant to different contexts; and

Provide secondary data on production, livestock, fisheries food imports and demand, markets and market information, nutrition, and the most vulnerable groups to food insecurity

Zanzibar FSNIEWS Secretariat Team

Prepare and organize NFSNC and TWGs meetings according to the jointly agreed meeting schedule;

Keep and organize minutes of NFSNC and TWGs meetings Coordinate the Zanzibar FSNIEWS and TWGs; Prepare and disseminate information outputs such as bulletins. Conduct situation analysis and provide real-time updates of current and

projected food security and nutrition conditions; Monitor and analyse national food security and Emergency Response

interventions such as policies, strategies, periodical MDA workplans, programmes and provide appropriate recommendations;

Manage and maintain FSN Information and early warning database system and ensure timely, accurate data flow and dissemination in the most appropriate communication mode to target information users to trigger the required actions;

Manage the Zanzibar FSNIEWS through reviewing, updating and implementing its M & E plan;

Support, strengthen and establish Comprehensive food insecurity and vulnerability mapping systems;

Provide technical and institutional capacity building to key sectors and districts in vulnerability mapping and Food security and nutrition information analysis to improve data reliability, quality and usefulness;

Manage the Documentation Unit, document lessons learned and conduct demand driven and applied research studies on emerging and cut-across food security issues; and

Network with local regional and international early warning centers to foster information exchange

Department of Food Security and Nutrition (FSND)

Serve as Secretariat to the National Food Security and Nutrition Council. Coordinate implementation implementation of food security and nutrition

interventions and policies Monitoring Food security and nutrition situation and evaluate progress of the

43

Level Responsibility for

implementation

Monitoring and Evaluation roles and responsibilities

implementation of the food security policy and programmes through the Zanzibar FSNIEWS Unit

Management of the Zanzibar Food Reserve Facilitate capacity building activities at various levels of implementation to

promote understanding and adherence to right to food principlesInter-Sectoral Steering Committee (ISSC)

Safeguard effective communication and policy coordination; Guide, direct, approve and supervise activities of the Council Provide guidance on the implementation of the policy according to defined

priorities and implementation strategies on developing key food security and nutrition strategies;

Advise the council and provider expert opinion on matters related with and incidental to the implementation of the policy and programme;

Approve food security and nutrition workplans and budget proposals from key ministries;

Promote efficient allocation and utilization of resources for the achievement of the policy goal and targets and provide guidance on resource mobilization;

Monitor the implementation of the Zanzibar food security and nutrition policy and programme and make adjustments if necessary

Make recommendations on the prospect of food security and nutrition interventions and identify areas that need special attention

National Food Security and Nutrition Council (NFSNC)

Ensuring availability of and equitable distribution of resources, Monitoring the progressive realization of the right to food; Providing guidance to the steering committee; Ensuring accountability of key ministries in implementation of the Act Deciding on behalf of the Government a crisis situation warranting Zanzibar

food reserve release, and what level thereof.

6.0 KEY INTERVENTIONS PLAN, COMMUNICATION PLAN AND INDICATIVE BUDGET

6.1 Required Human Resources As pointed out by the Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition Act, 2011 (Part II), the lead agency in implementing the Zanzibar FSNIEWS is the FSND which also serves as the Secretariat for the NFSNC. It is therefore, suggested that the FSND contributes the required human resources and also integrates the Zanzibar FSNIEWS into its core activities in the long-term. However, additional personnel are definitely required from other agencies. In addition, financial resources are needed to pay for the costs of office renovation, office administration and operation including electricity, water, communication, fuel, publications and disseminations, office equipments, local and international travel and situation analyses.

Table 6: Human resources required for the Zanzibar FSNIEWS Secretariat

Human resources required Unguja Pemba TotalA Core Staff

Technical Coordinator 1 - 1Economists 1 1 2Agronomists 1 1 2Nutritionists 1 1 2Disaster analysts 1 1ICT Officer 1 1Communication Officer 1 - 1Data Clerks/ Statistician(s) 1 1 2Documentation Officer 1 - 1

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Sub-Total 9 4 13B Technical Advisors (Full time or Part time) ? ? ?C Lead/Assistant Managers of MWGs 8

The Secretariat will responsible for updating the food security database and control panel, preparation, keeping and organizing of minutes of NFSNC and TWGs meetings, coordination of the Zanzibar FSNIEWS and TWGs, general documentation17, preparation and dissemination of information outputs such as bulletins. It is therefore essential for all the Secretariat staff to receive suitable training to enable them perform such roles.

6.2 Zanzibar FSNIEWS Communication PlanTable 7: Zanzibar FSNIEWS Communication Plan for three years

Categories of FSN

Information users

Information Needs/Priorities Media of communication

Media Format Frequency Responsible

Institution(s)

/person

Annual Indicative

Costs(USD)

1) Development Partners /Donor Agencies

Impact of FSN policies, strategies, programmes, laws and funded FSN interventions

Areas with food surplus and vulnerable to food insecurity to guide development, emergency response and disaster risk reduction Programmes

Macro-economic performance (Food and Non-food inflation, Poverty levels, employment levels, GDP)

Lessons learnt and best practices during implementation of FSN interventions

Updated Zanzibar FSNIEWS website

Electronic & Social media (Email & Facebook page)

Donor meetings & conferences

International Media (TV & Radio broadcasts)

Newsletters FSN & Early

warning bulletin Policy

papers/briefs (IPC) reports FSN Study

reports Newspaper

Articles/supplements

Financial & narrative reports for funded projects

Quarterly

Annually

Director 13,125

2) National Policy Makers/Decision Makers National Food Security and Nutrition Council

Data and information on food security and nutrition situation based on the four dimensions

Early Warning Signals of impending food crisis to trigger release of Zanzibar food reserve and other emergency response

Technical recommendations from FSN policy and program reviews and FSN interventions at the key ministerial, district and shehia levels

Lessons Learned and FSN Best Practices, Challenges and evidence of existing FSN interventions

NFSNC Meetings

FSN newsletters /bulletins

Sensitization Workshops

Training sessions

Radio broadcasts

Integrated Food security Phase Classification (IPC) reports

Strategic Intervention Advisory Template (SIAT)

Updated seasonal FSN

Monthly Quarterly Annually

Principal Secretary(MANR)

NFSN Council Secretariat Staff (Director)

15,088

17 A documentation Unit of Zanzibar FSNIEWS should be established, and managed by the Documentation Officer. Documentation includes NFSC records, monthly records of TWGs meetings, copies of key documents in the four food security areas, regularly updated files on national officials, contacts and studies in areas of interest to Zanzibar FSIEWS, copies of documents regarding similar experiences in other countries, a library of reference documents on methodologies and publications

45

Categories of FSN

Information users

Information Needs/Priorities Media of communication

Media Format Frequency Responsible

Institution(s)

/person

Annual Indicative

Costs(USD)

(NFSNC) Main content of FSN Policy and FSN Act, concept of the right to food and good governance among local institutions

Television broadcasts

Electronic media (Fax, Email, Social Media, CD/DVDs)

Website Presentations Print media (a)

News papers) (b)Magazines, Newsletters & Bulletins

reports FSN policy

briefs FSN applied

study reports Case studies &

Maps Newspaper

Articles Monthly FSN&

Early Warning bulletin

Summary National and Regional Food Balance Sheet reports

Rapid Emergency Assessment Reports

Published FSN Websites

Simplified Leaflets/Flyers

3) Inter-Sectoral Steering Committee (ISSC18)

Data and information on Food Security and Nutrition situation and Early Warning Signals

Areas, groups and number of people vulnerable to food insecurity to guide development, emergency response and disaster risk reduction Programmes

Status of implementation of the food security policy and programmes including technical advice (recommendations) ,

Good practices, lessons learnt and key challenges from implementation of FSN interventions within Zanzibar and other countries in the implementation of the Human right to food, norms, standards and principles

Food Security and Nutrition Issues and Proposals to be integrated in the key Ministries’ Budget Plans

Food Stock levels (held Private Sector & Zanzibar Food Reserve)

Main content of FSN Policy and FSN Act , Right to food and good governance principles

Sensitization Workshops

Training sessions

Radio broadcasts

Television broadcasts

Electronic media (Fax, Email, Social Media, CD/DVDs)

ISSC Meetings Website Presentations Print media (a)

News papers) (b)Magazines, Newsletters & Bulletins

Monthly QuarterlyAnnually

Director

Chief planning Officer Head of FSNMT

17,825

4) Key Ministries and Representatives of Government Agencies

Food Security and Nutrition Issues and Proposals to be integrated in the key Ministries’ budget plans

Data and information on Food Security and Nutrition situation and Early Warning Signals of impeding food crises

Print media (bulletin)

Review Meetings Sensitisation

workshops Electronic &

Social media (Email)

Memos/Letters Powerpoint

papers IPC reports SIAT reports FSN reports FSN policy

briefs FSN applied

study reports Monthly FSN&

Early Warning bulletins

Director 13,425

5) FSN District Management Committee

Main content of FSN Policy and FSN Act, FSN pillars, right to food and good governance principles

District Food Security and nutrition Status reports

Food security and nutrition early warning signals of impeding food crises

Areas vulnerable to food insecurity to guide development, emergency response and disaster risk reduction Programmes

Newsletters Case studies Face to face

M&E feedback Meetings reports

Training/awareness workshops

IEC Materials

Monthly FSN& Early Warning bulletins

Monthly Quarterly Annually

Heads of N&S Technical and M&EW Sections

37,500

6) Shehia Members (FSN Committees, Community Based

Main content of FSN Policy and FSN Act, FSN pillars such as food availability, food accessibility, stability and food utilization

Incidences (outbreaks) of Crops and animal diseases

World market price trends of imported food and exported (cloves)items

Sensitization Workshops

Training sessions

Radio broadcasts

Television

Brochures, Maps and flyers

IEC Materials Radio and TV

programs IEC Materials Simplified

Monthly Quarterly

FSNMT Heads

of National and Sub-national

93,093

18 ISSC acts as a platform for shared learning among key FSN ministries46

Categories of FSN

Information users

Information Needs/Priorities Media of communication

Media Format Frequency Responsible

Institution(s)

/person

Annual Indicative

Costs(USD)

Groups, Household Farmers, Fisher Folks, Consumers(Households dependent on the Market for food supplies)

Local Retail and whole sale prices of major food items−Rice (Mapembe), Cassava, Banana, Wheat flour, Maize (low Production), Sugar, Fish, Beef, Chicken, relative to their weights

Food and Non-food inflation Prices of agricultural and livestock inputs and

support services and Suppliers Buyers of different agricultural and livestock

commodities Quality, Grades and standards; Packaging

specification preferred by local & foreign buyers Transaction costs (Transport, transporters;

Market fee/levy/charges, taxes, etc;) Weather information covering: temperature,

rainfall, climate change, soil moisture Post-harvest losses and food Storage/

Conservation techniques Coping or Survival Strategies during food crises Flow of food/Food available in the markets Health & nutrition status

broadcasts Electronic media

(CD/DVDs) Community/

group Meetings (face to face)

Print media (Newsletters & Bulletins)

Agricultural Exhibitions and Trade Fairs

Community Notice Board

Community Events

Religious Functions

leaflets/Briefs/Fliers

Verbal briefings

Technical Section

TWGs Key

FSN Ministries

DMCs SHFSN

C

7) Private sector /Business Community (Traders)

World market price trends of Imported Food and Exported Items

Retail and whole sale prices of major food items19 relative to their weights

Quantities of Major Food Imports and Exports Food and Non-food inflation Poverty levels by area (district) Local production levels of main food items Product Storage techniques Changes in Food Stocks at the regional and

national levels Areas with Food surplus and Deficit

Sensitization/Training Workshops

Radio broadcasts

Television broadcasts

Electronic media (Email, Social Media, CD/DVDs)

Meetings Website Presentations Verbal briefings Print media (a)

News papers) Print media

(Bulletin) Agricultural and

Trade fairs

FSN and early warning bulletin

FSN policy briefs

Brochures and fliers

FSN situation analyses reports

Case studies News paper

articles TV & Radio

programs Published FSN

websites Public notices Simplified

leaflets/briefs/flyers

Monthly Quarterly

Director FSNMT

Staff

15,000

8) International Agencies, Local NGOS and FBOS, Tanzania Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance (TCHRGG)

Local production levels of main food items Areas with Food surplus and Deficit Imports and exports of major food items Areas, groups and number of people vulnerable

to food insecurity to guide development, emergency response and disaster risk reduction

Food and Non-food inflation Poverty levels Unemployment levels Changes in Food Stocks at the regional and

national levels Health & nutrition situation by Area(district) e.g.

Available nutrients, food intake, disease prevalence

Sensitization/Training Workshops

Electronic media (Email, Social Media, CD/DVDs)

Meetings Website Presentations Print media

(Bulletin) & News papers

Agricultural and Trade Fairs

FSN and early warning bulletin

FSN policy briefs

Brochures and fliers

FSN situation analyses reports

Case studies News paper

articles Simplified

leaflets/flyers Letters Powerpoint

Monthly Quarterly

FSNMT Staff

17,500

9) Media Institutions/ Actors

Areas with seasonal food surplus and deficit Areas, groups and number of people vulnerable

to food insecurity to guide development, emergency response and disaster risk reduction

Training sessions

Radio programs Television

FSN and early warning bulletin

FSN policy briefs

Monthly Quarterly Annual

Head of FSNMT

Director

99,375

19 (Rice, Cassava (locally produced), (Wheat flour Banana, Sweet potatoes, Millet, Yams, Maize (low Production), Coco-Nut, Fish, Sugar, Chicken, Beef, Goats meat and Milk)

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Categories of FSN

Information users

Information Needs/Priorities Media of communication

Media Format Frequency Responsible

Institution(s)

/person

Annual Indicative

Costs(USD)

and the General Public

Programmes Changes in Food Stocks at the regional and

national levels Content of FSN Policy and FSN Act, FSN pillars

such as food availability, food accessibility, stability and food utilization

Coping or Survival Strategies during food crises Flow of food/Food available in the markets Food and Non-food inflation Food Storage/ Conservation methods Good lessons and FSN best practices and

Challenges Health and Nutrition status disaggregated by

groups and geographical areas Local production levels of main food items Major Food Imports and Exports including animal

products National Food security and nutrition situation and

early warning signals such as occurrence of droughts etc

Post-harvest losses and techniques Poverty levels Prices of agricultural and livestock inputs and

support services Purchasing Power/Income levels of vulnerable

groups Retail and whole sale prices of major food items Unemployment levels Weather information covering: temperature,

rainfall, climate change, soil moisture World market price trends of imported food and

exported items (cloves)

program Electronic media

(Fax, Email, Social Media, CD/DVDs)

Meeting (face to face)

Website Presentations Print media (a)

News papers, (b)Magazines, Newsletters & Bulletins

Agricultural and Trade Fairs

Press Conferences

Public Notice Boards

Fact Sheets Brochures and

fliers Livelihood

profiles FSN situation

analyses reports

Case studies Mass media

(News paper articles, TV & Radio programs)

FSN Early Warning reports

National and district Food Balance Sheets monitoring reports

Published FSN websites

I.E.C materials Verbal briefings Public notices

Total Cost (USD) 321,931

Total Cost (Tsh) 515,089,600

6.3 Proposed key interventions and indicative budget for one year

Preliminary financial budget estimates for one year period is US$ 807,983 (Tsh.1,292,771,000). Details of the costs by component are indicated in the table 8.

Table 8: Proposed key interventions and indicative budget for establishment and institutionalization of Zanzibar FSNIEWS for one year

Key Activities Cost (Tsh) Cost (US$)

1. Strengthen timely, production, collation, management, analysis and dissemination of food security and nutrition information and early warning outputs to target audiences 1.1. Map out, collate, and consolidate existing food security and nutrition early warning information

systems in Zanzibar and propose how they could be streamlined 24,000,000 15,000

1.2. Support the establishment and strengthening of Markets/Trade Information Services Unit within the MTIM and MANR

34,000,000 21,250

1.3. Design/ develop a centralized user friendly20 database with links to the national CountryStat Programme, sector and district security and nutrition information and early warning analysis systems

38,000,000 23,750

1.4. Design and maintain a website to house relevant data systems for the overall FSNIEWS with links to relevant sectors and districts

23,000,000 14,375

1.5. Provide Capacity building training to relevant staff responsible for management of Zanzibar FSNIEWS System

35,000,000 21,875

Sub-Total Cost154,000,000 96,250

2. Support and build the capacity of FSN information sources and FSNIMT Team in data collection and information analysis, processing, storage, dissemination, development of processing tools, operation of the designed central FSN information system2.1. Develop and support implementation of harmonized and acceptable procedures, protocols and 25,890,000 16,181

20 All web-based interventions should be compatible with ongoing Government Platforms and software

48

comprehensive methodological guidelines to ensure systematic data flow, collection and analysis of reliable food security and nutrition related statistics agreed to by relevant stakeholders.

2.2. Conduct food security and nutrition information collection and management needs assessments for food security actors at the national and district levels

5,178,000 3,236

2.3. Arrange training /refresher training courses on survey questionnaire design, data analysis, database software and management of the set up system, information processing and reporting, basic computer maintenance to staff of the FSNIEWS Unit and MWG members

10,356,000 6,473

2.4. Develop training modules on improving food security and nutrition statistical data collection and information methodologies

3,600,000 2,250

2.5. Support long-term training programmes in Food Security and Nutrition related areas for relevant staff attached to the Zanzibar FSNIEWS Secretariat 51,200,000 32,000

2.6. Support procurement and provision of equipments (computer and accessories) and appropriate data processing software programmes for nine key FSN sector ministries

28,800,000 18,000

2.7. Conduct advanced trainings on livelihood based food security and nutrition, vulnerability assessment and analysis methodologies targeting MWGs

16,311,000 10,194

Sub-Total Cost 141,335,000 88,334

3. Establish and build Capacity of District Management Teams and Shehia Food Security and Nutrition Committees in data collection and analysis and report writing 3.1. Provide support to Districts in setting up and maintenance FSN websites 23,000,000 14,375 3.2. Arrange sensitization trainings on importance of fish statistics, data entry, database management and

data analysis skills targeting fishermen, Beach Recorders and District Fisheries Officers 13,828,000 8,642 3.3. Provide technical support to all District Management Committees on conducting regular

comprehensive food security, nutrition and vulnerability assessments and analysis 24,576,000 15,360

3.4. Support districts to develop databases for livelihoods, food security and nutrition (agricultural, livestock, Fisheries, Marine and Forests products) linked with the Central database systems (FSND and Line Ministries)

26,000,000 16,250

3.5. Support the procurement of data measurement equipments and tools for BEOs and Beach Recorders such telephones for automated ‘SMS’ early warning systems, weighing scales, calculators and GPS tools

54,650,000 34,156

3.6. Strengthen existing minor weather stations to improve geographical distribution of climatic data for Agrometerological analysis

60,000,000 37,500

3.7. Conduct training sessions to (livestock and crop data enumerators) at the community level and animal Health Assistants in Farm Record Management to improve data quality.

20,712,000

12,946

3.8. Train Shehia FSN Committees in setting up and management of community FSN information systems

162,190,000 101,369

3.9. Strengthen capacities of information systems of four(4) districts faced with severe food security and nutrition problems through provision of hardware equipments such as computers and accessories and relevant data management software programmes

12,800,000 8,000

3.10. Support livestock and agricultural research stations with appropriate equipments, tools, stocks of chemicals and drugs for rapid assessment of pests and disease outbreaks

18,000,000 11,250

Sub-Total Cost 415,756,000 259,848

4. Support regular monitoring of the food security situation in Zanzibar 4.1. Design and print cost effective FSN Assessment methodologies 14,500,000 9,063 4.2. Train and support Zanzibar FSNIEWS Teams to conduct food security and nutrition situation,

emergency (in sentinel sites) and intervention impact assessments and analyses to guide vulnerability and emergency response mechanisms 22,000,000 13,750

4.3. Support revival of/pilot routine general health and nutrition check-ups especially for schools 21 children at pre-primary and primary level coordinated by nearby health facilities under MoH and MoEVT in 4 districts with high levels of food insecurity

18,400,000 11,500

4.4. Conduct representative surveys or national community weighing programmes with the aim of weighting all children over a period of about two days twice yearly to address data challenges of under-coverage.

89,370,000 55,856

4.5. Conduct research studies and publications on issues of vulnerability, food security and nutrition in collaboration with MKUZA and OCGS

7,650,000 4,781

Sub-Total Cost 151,920,000 94,950

5. Strengthen and rebuild livelihoods, coping capacity and resilience of poor/vulnerable communities/groups to effectively respond, cope with and mitigate the effects of disaster or emergency occurrences through crisis recovery interventions 5.1. Support establishment of a comprehensive food insecurity and vulnerability mapping systems at the

community level to provide information for triggering and strengthening the capacity to respond to emergency and food aid

82,750,000 51,719

5.2. Train and support Shehias and /or Socio-economic groups to draft and implement short term (emergency), medium and long-term food security and nutrition development plans and disaster response and risk management plans

81,900,000 51,188

5.3. Develop and implement an Advocacy Strategy for mainstreaming vulnerable issues and gender sensitive selected FSN indicators into national surveys and sectoral M & E systems and plans.

17,000,000

10,625

21 Since school children represent a high proportion of the population, anthropometric data can be analyzed by geographical area and related

determining factors such as income, environmental sanitation and wealth to explain relative nutritional conditions of different groups.

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5.4. Arrange and support short-term courses on disaster preparedness and management, food security and nutrition, vulnerability mapping and assessment for the MWG on monitoring Vulnerable Groups (MVG).

16,000,000

10,000

5.5. Support and conduct trainings on vulnerability mapping and livelihood based, markets and market information assessments.

16,000,000

10,000

5.6. Hold meetings to map out, assess and define unclear roles and mandates related to vulnerability and emergency response coordination structures

750,000 469

Sub-Total Cost 214,400,000 134,001

6. Support Improvement of inter-institutional collaboration/coordination, regular communication and feedback stakeholder platforms to facilitate timely decision making and required actions6.1. Organize National food security and nutrition council (NFSNC) meetings twice a year and follow up

any action items /decisions made 6,540,000 4,088 6.2. Conduct Inter-Sectoral Steering Committee(ISSC) meetings once per quarter 10,920,000 6,825

6.3. Identify, appoint and operationalise sectoral FSN Focal persons of sectoral and district food security workplans and reports 3,080,000 1,925

6.4. Arrange Multidisciplinary FSN Working Groups (MWGs) and relevant stakeholders’ review meetings once per quarter to review existing gaps in the FSN tools and improvements in data collection metholodologies, storage and dissemination

2,400,000 1,500

6.5. Facilitate enhanced capacity and building of synergies among key food security and nutrition actors at the national and shehia level.

2,700,000 1,688

6.6. Organize food security and nutrition collaboration, networking and sector and cluster Public Expenditure Review meetings involving key ministries and other relevant stakeholders including, district and shehia level officers twice a year

7,320,000 4,575

Sub-Total Cost 32,960,000 20,600

7. Equip and build the capacity of the Zanzibar FSNIEWS Secretariat for effective coordination 7.1. Renovation of existing Office space 60,000,000 37,500 7.2. Equipments (hardware and software equipments-computers and accessories) for networking the

information system32,000,000

20,000 7.3. Vehicle (1) 40,000,000 25,000 7.4. Office administrative and operational costs (Utilities,communication, fuel, publications and

disseminations)14,400,000 9,000

7.5. Facilitate participation in the local, regional and international FSN relevant Meetings 36,000,000 22,500 Sub-Total Cost 182,400,000 114,000Grand Total Cost 1,292,771,000 807,983

6.4 Proposed sources of financing for Zanzibar FSNIEWSThe proposed ‘startup’ phase interventions for the establishment and institutionalization of Zanzibar FSNIEWS are expected to be financed by both the RGoZ and development partners. The RGoZ will provide most of the technical personnel needed to ensure smooth coordination and management of the Zanzibar Secretariat. These staff will be part of the Food Security and Nutrition Information Monitoring Team. It would also make available office space and other facilities for use by staff to conduct training courses. In addition, Zanzibar Government would meet all costs related to inter-institutional collaboration, regular communication and feedback stakeholder platforms to facilitate timely decision making and required actions, office administrative and operations.

Additional funding from development partners would be essential especially for development of information systems, capacity enhancement interventions at national and district levels; and development of information systems. Initially, external technical expertise will be necessary to kick-start the process.

6.5 Overall conclusion and necessary immediate actions The RGoZ has made great strides towards the establishment of a comprehensive and multisectoral food security and nutrition system. In view of the above fact, the proposed Zanzibar FSNIEWS has been designed based on already defined institutional information legal mandates. Existing information systems could be integrated into national Government structures for long-term sustainability of the Zanzibar FSNIEWS. As earlier on mentioned, the Zanzibar Food security and Nutrition Act (2011) ratified the FSND with the legal mandate to act as both the focal point for monitoring food security and

50

Secretariat for the high level decision making bodies specifically the ISSC and the NFSNC. It also established DMCs and SFSNCs at the decentralized levels.

It is therefore recommended that awareness be raised among key decision makers and other relevant user groups about the importance of Zanzibar FSNIEWS related data and information. The Secretariat of NFSNC can prepare and submit the final draft Zanzibar FSNIEWS to the ISSC for approval, which could also submit it to the NFSNC, for endorsement. It should also follow-up actions of the Council with regard to the use of the framework in planning and monitoring of food security related development programmes.

In parallel with the preparation and submission of the final draft framework to ISSC and NFSNC, the Secretariat can use it to develop a technical proposal which would include the identification of high priority interventions and circulate it to possible Development Partners for funding. Important also, is the urgent need to appoint and operationalise sectoral FSN Focal persons of key Ministries and districts, and also ensure that the TWGs are established and function.

There is also need to support the Secretariat to finalize, publish and widely distribute information provider assessment report to build awareness of the pertinence of problems with food security and nutrition information in Zanzibar.

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7.0 APPENDICES

Appendix I: Results of Food Security Information User SurveyInformation Priorities Frequency

of receiving information

Preferred Media

Preferred FormatFood Availability Food Accessibility Stability of

food supplies

Nutrition

1) Incidences of animal and human health diseases

2) Availability of Agricultural Inputs

3) Rainfall Amount and Distribution

4) Number and characteristics of Zanzibar population

5) Availability of land suitable for Agricultural Production especially in areas vulnerable to food crises (Semi-coral Areas)

6) Crop harvest damage7) Incidences of Droughts8) Local production levels of

main food items (Rice, Cassava (locally produced), (Wheat flour Banana, Sweet potatoes, Millet, Yams, Maize (low Production), Coco-Nut, Fish, Sugar, Chicken, Beef, Goats meat and Milk)

9) Major Food Imports and Exports including animal products

10) Post-harvest losses

1) Areas with vulnerable to food insecurity to guide Sector development, emergency response and disaster risk reduction Programmes

2) Coping or Survival Strategies during food crises

3) Flow of food/Food available in the markets 4) Purchasing Power/Income levels of

vulnerable groups 5) Infrastructure(Status and Availability of

Roads (Km) & Transaction costs 6) Groups Vulnerable to Food Insecurity/Food

Crises by category & numbers 7) International market prices of imported

Food Items 8) Retail and whole Sale Prices of Major Food

Items −(Rice (Mapembe),Cassava, Banana, Wheat flour, Maize (low Production), Sugar, Fish, Beef, Chicken, relative to their weights

9) Food and Non-food inflation 10) Poverty levels 11) MKUZA II Progress Indicators 12) Unemployment levels13) Buyers of different agricultural and

livestock commodities14) Quality, grades and standards; packaging

specification preferred by local & foreign buyers

15) Social impact assessment reports

1) Changes in Food Stocks at the regional and national levels

2) Dimensions of Food Security

3) Areas with Food surplus and Deficit

4) Imports and exports

5) Food Storage/ Conservation methods

1) Changes in dietary habits

2) Food intake (Calorie consumption) disaggregated by age and sex

3) Available nutrients (Calories, Proteins and Fats)

4) Health & nutrition of pregnant women

5) Micro-nutrient deficiencies

6) Nutrition status at village level

Annual for Technical reports to capture policy impact

Monthly Quarterly

Agricultural fairs

Electronic media (email)

Meetings Physical

delivery of printed materials

Presentations Print media

(news papers, magazines and newsletters

Radio and TV broadcasts

Website Workshops

Annual technical reports

Brochures and flyers on nutrition especially for pupils

Bulletins/E-new letters

Newspaper Articles (Zanzibar Leo).

Official Memos/Letters Across Ministries

Photos and Videos

Policy briefs (printed)

Printed bulletins (news-letters)

Written(hard-copy) reports

52

Appendix 2: Zanzibar FSNIEWS Key Indicator performance framework KEY /TRIGGER INDICATOR

REQUIRED INFORMATION TO CONSTRUCT INDICATOR

RESPONSIBLE TWG

INFORMATION SOURCES

FREQUENCY KEY INDICATOR TARGETS/TRIGGER INDICATOR THRESHOLD

INDICATOR BASELINE

CURRENT STATUS

MKUZA II Goal 1.2: Promote sustainable and equitable pro-poor and broad based growth

Policy Goal 1: Improved food availability22 through enhanced domestic food production23

Increased agricultural sector growth from 4.4% in 2009 to 10% by 2015

1) Monthly rainfall amount and distribution by district/Island

Rainfall amount (in mms) Minimum amount of rainfall required

(650mm) for major during Masika and Vuli seasons by district or Island

Historical data, considering other relevant factors24

APM/EW TMA, MANR(ARI, DA) Monthly Seasonally (Vuli

and Masika)

One month with more or less rainfall amount (in mms) than the minimum required (650mm) for major during Masika and Vuli seasons by district or Island compared with historical data, considering other relevant factors

2) Major Crop Harvest Forecasts (Rice, Cassava, Banana & Sweet Potatoes )

Monthly Rainfall Mean Sunshine Hours/month Mean Min. and Max. Temperature per

month Mean Relative Humidity max and Min)

per month (%) Area planted Wind, Soil quality, Flood (of excess

water) & Drought

APM/EW X% estimated or confirmed reduction in dominant crop yield and presence of abnormal coping

3) Incidences of plant and animal pests and diseases

APM/EW

4) Prices of agricultural and livestock inputs & Support Services(seed, fertilizers, pesticides, extension services, tractor services and equipment)

Household usability and accessibility of Agricultural inputs

Prices of agricultural and livestock inputs & Support Services

APM/EW MANR (DA and DI ) OCGS FSNA

Quarterly /Seasonal basis Increase in proportion of farming

h/holds using improved seed varieties from 76% in 2003 to X in 2015

5) Amount of major food stocks (Rice, wheat & sugar in relation to consumption requirements at the National and Island level

Amount of food stocks at national and island level

Consumption of major food Items ( Rice, Wheat & Sugar)

MIS/EW MTIM MANR/MLF/FSNA

Monthly basis Increased Total Domestic Food Supply(Production + Imports+ Changes in stocks (-or+)) increased from 223,000 Mt in 2007 to 446,000 Mt by 2015

6) Import-Dependency Ratio(IDR)/ Self-sufficiency Ratio(SSR)

Volume of food imports, exports and production

MIS Monthly basis for food imports and exports

Reduced Import-Dependency Ratio from 49.9% in 2007 to 10% by 2015/ Increased Self-sufficiency food Ratio(SSR) from 50.1% in 2007 to 90% by 2015

Total food requirement met by local production increased from 59% in 2010 to 70% by 2015

22 Weather conditions and prevailing crop performance will be monitored as early warning signs to detect (forecast) anticipated food production or availability ( surplus and deficit) levels and food self-sufficiency in specific areas for selected crops 23

Specifications on district level targets for yield increases in annex 3a of ZFSN Programme24

Initial trigger indicator and threshold development work uses the food security pillars (availability, access and utilization/consumption) as a starting point, with significant triangulation/validation of component parts (e.g., early warning indicators, coping, comparison with historical data, to create a convergence of evidence). Other relevant factors include: Agro-ecological zone, Soil type, Development stage of and associated water requirements for the dominant crop, Household dependence on own crop production for food and income, Level of market integration within/between implementation area

53

7) Banana Gross Production (Bunches or Mt )

Area (ha) Cultivated and yield(Bunches/Ha) of Banana by district

APM MANR (SUA/FBS), OCGS (Agricultural

Census) ZFSNSA Crop assessments

Twice a year for the ZFSNA

Annually for the FBS

Increase in annual national and district yield for banana25 with 58.3% by 2015

8) Gross Cassava Production26 (Mt) (by District)

Area (ha) cultivated and Yield (mt/ha) of cassava (by district)

APM MANR (SUA/FBS), OCGS (Agricultural

Census) ZFSNSA Crop assessments

Twice a year for ZFSNA

Annually for FBS

Increased annual production of cassava from 2010 to X, and X by 2015

Annual national and district annual yield root and tuber crops increased from an average of 5 mts in 2009 to 12 mt per ha in 2015

Increase in national and district yield for cassava with 60-100% by 2015

9) Gross Sweet Potato Production in Mt (by District)

Area(ha) and yield (mt/ha) of sweet potato cultivated by district

APM MANR (SUA/FBS), OCGS (Agricultural

Census) ZFSNSA Crop assessments

Twice a year for the ZFSNA

Annually for the FBS

Increased annual production of sweet potatoes by X over 2010-15

Increase in national and district yield for sweet potato with 50-100% by 2012

10) Total paddy (rain-fed) production in Mt (by district)

Area (ha) cultivated and Yield (mt/ha) of paddy (rainfed) by district

APM MANR (SUA/FBS), OCGS (Agricultural

Census) ZFSNSA Crop assessments

Twice a year for the ZFSNA

Annually for the FBS

Increase in national and district yield for paddy-(rainfed) by 66.6% i.e. from 1 ton in 2009 to 3 tons per ha in 2015

11) Total paddy-irrigated production in Mt(by district)

Area (ha) and Yield (mt/ha)of paddy-irrigated cultivated by district

APM MANR (SUA/FBS), OCGS (Agricultural

Census) ZFSNSA Crop assessments

Twice a year for the ZFSNA

Annually for the FBS

Increase in national and district yield for paddy-irrigated by 43% i.e. from 4 mts in 2009 to 7 mts in 2015

Share of domestic rice in the local market increased from 15% in 2009 to 35% by 2015

12) Total land under irrigation (ha) by district

APM MANR (SUA/FBS), OCGS (Agricultural

Census) ZFSNSA Crop assessments

Twice a year for the ZFSNA

Increase in land under irrigation from 640 ha in 2010 to 2550 ha by 2015

13) Livestock conception rates

Number of livestock have conceived by district

Total livestock population by district

APM/EW

14) Incidences (Outbreaks) and severity of livestock parasites and diseases

 Number of Livestock poor body conditions

Number of sick livestock by type disease and parasite by district

Total livestock population by district

APM/EW OCGS (Agricultural Census)

Livestock Assessment s FSNA

Quarterly Annual for livestock

pop. & products

15) Livestock mortality(death) rates

  Number of deaths of livestock (Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Poultry) by district in the past three months

Total livestock population by district

APM/EW OCGS (Agricultural Census)

Livestock Assessments Monthly reports of Dept.

Of Vet. Services (MLF)

Quarterly for poultry & Seasonal for cattle, sheep and goats

Annual for livestock pop. & products

16) Incidences and rates of theft of livestock and

Number of livestock stolen and incidences of theft of livestock and

APM/EW Livestock Assessment s Monthly Annual for livestock

25 JIDDECO-a faith based NGO in Uganda estimates annual banana production levels by use of the number of healthy banana stools planted or growing at the household level26 The number of plants normally growing can also be used to estimate cassava production levels. One acre of a cassava garden spaced at 3ft by 3ft, can have up-to 5,184 plants

54

crops at the shehia level crops Annual for livestock pop. & products

pop. & products

17) Availability livestock services by district

 Number of livestock vaccinated Total livestock population by district

APM/EW OCGS (Agricultural Census)

Livestock Assessments Monthly reports

Monthly Annual for Total

livestock population by district

18) Number of cows slaughtered by district / weight of carcass sold

Number of cows slaughtered Population of beef cattle and average

weight of beef cattle

APM/EW Livestock Assessments MANR (SUA/FBS),

OCGS (Ag census

MonthlyAnnually

19) Production of cow’s milk (by district)

Number of dairy cattle by district Average milk productivity of dairy

cattle (by district )

APM MANR (SUA/FBS) MLF/ OCGS (Ag census)

 Annually Improved dairy production by (40-60)% by 2015

Milk productivity of dairy cattle from 7 litres in 2010 to 10 litres by 2015

20) Total number of indigenous cattle production/year

Number of households engaged in indigenous cattle production (by district)

Average number of indigenous cattle/ household/district

APM MANR (SUA/FBS) OCGS (Ag census) Livestock Assessments

Annually Increased indigenous cattle production by 60% by 2015 at the national and district27 levels

21) Total number of indigenous goat, production/ year,

  Total number of h/holds indigenous goat keepers (by district)

Average number of indigenous goat/ household/district

APM MANR (SUA/FBS), OCGS (Ag census)

Household farm records

Annually Increased indigenous goats production by 60% by 2015

22) Production of goat milk (by district)

Number of dairy goats by district Average milk productivity of dairy

goats (by district )

APM MANR (SUA/FBS) MLF/ OCGS (Ag census)

 Annually Increase in market share of domestically produced eggs , poultry and red meat by 50% by 2015

23) Quantity of chicken eggs (in trays) laid by improved layers district by year

 Number of improved layers reared No. of household farmers rearing

improved layers

APM MANR (SUA/FBS), OCGS (Ag census)

Household farm records

24) Number of improved chicken for meat reared (alive)/ year

Number of h/holds keeping improved chicken (by district)

Average H/hold No. of improved chicken reared by district

APM MANR (SUA/FBS), OCGS (Ag census)

Household farm records Livestock assessments

Quarterly

Annually

Increase in improved chicken production with 40-50% by 2015

25) Number of indigenous chickens reared (alive)/ year/district

 Households engaged in indigenous chicken production (by district)

Average number of live indigenous chickens / household by district

APM MANR (SUA/FBS), OCGS (Ag census)

Household farm records

Increased indigenous chicken production with 20-40% by 2015

26) Quantity (in trays)of indigenous eggs laid by district/year

Total population of indigenous Hens reared(alive)/ year

Average number of eggs laid per indigenous hen

APM MANR (SUA/FBS), OCGS (Ag census)

Household farm records

 Seasonal

27) Market Prices of Fish commonly consumed by low income households

Price of fish during normal season(Tsh/Kg)

Prevailing Market price of Fish commonly consumed by low income h/holds

APM/EW FSNA MLE (Dept. of fisheries)

Monthly X% monthly change in the prices of Fish commonly consumed by low income households

28) % Change in Fish Catches in the past three months(Mt)

Market prices and quantities of fish APM/EW MLF (dept. of fisheries) Monthly X% reduction in fish catches in the past three months

29) Incidences of disease/infection/parasite

Estimated population of deaths APM/EW Monthly

27 Specifications on district level targets for livestock productivity increases in Annex 3b of ZFSN Programme

55

and death outbreaks of fish reported

30) Total production in Mt of Fish & Seafoods by district

Quantity of fish catches (including seafood) Fish production (Mt) and revenues by district level/Island.

APM ZFSNSA / Dept. of fisheries – MANR/MLE); SUA/FBS

Monthly National increase in fish and seafood production growth increased from 2.4% in 2009 to 5% by 2015

MKUZA II Goal 1.3:Reduce income poverty and attain overall food security

Policy Overall Goal: Contribute towards (1) reducing extreme poverty and hunger, (2) reducing food and nutrition insecurity, (3) advocating active participatory process and (4) fostering the Human Right to Food in Zanzibar

Policy Goal 2 : Improved food access through enhanced purchasing power for all resource poor households

31) One of more months of significant price variance for main Food Items28 relative to their weights , considering inflation and other relevant factors, during a specific season compared with month-on-month trends and historical data

Retail and Whole sale Prices of major food items aggregated by farm gate (rural), urban and district

Relative weights of main food items Food Basket Price Min,Medium & High Income amount

MIS/EW MANR , MLF and OCGS MTIM (Local market

price surveys)

Monthly 10 % reduction in the Food Basket Price/Minimum Income/Wage Ratio

X% increase in Consumer Prices for Basic Foods, considering Inflation, compared with monthly trends, other relevant wage rates and historical data and presence of abnormal coping

32) Food inflation by geographical area (Urban, Rural, Pemba and Unguja)

Commodity prices by geographical area (Urban, Rural, Pemba and Unguja)

Relative weights of commodity items

MIS/EW OCGS MTIM

Monthly 50 % increase in monthly food inflation above 10

Inflation rate reduced from 8.9% in 2009 and maintained to 5% by 2015

33) Changes in international prices trends) of Key Imported (Rice) and Exported Commodities (Cloves)

CIF /FOB prices of imported varieties of rice per Mt

MIS/EW TRA/MTIM/OCGS FAO website

X % change in the international prices of rice

34) Availability of infrastructure in food insecure areas

Availability of markets (Distance of food insecure households to nearest market

Type of goods at local markets Prices of major food items relative to

their weights Availability of roads in good condition

(Kms) Number of schools Health services (hospital)

MVG/EW FSNA Twice a year

35) Proportion of households employed in major livelihood sources

Total Number of H/holds Number of H/holds in Agriculture, Fishing and Tourism

MVG/EW FSNA Twice a year

36) Average monthly household income from different sources of income per district

Proportion of people engaged in the sector (many or few)

MVG/EW

37) Unemployment levels among food insecure groups

Estimated income received from different major sources

MVG/EW Unemployment rate for Youths reduced from 19.6 % in 2009 to 11.4 % by 2015

Employment in Private sector increased from 11,827 in 2008/09 to 21,000 in 2015

38) Social indicators29 /Coping strategies used by vulnerable individuals and

Number of meals consumed per day Amount of basic food30 items

consumed per day Dietary diversity of meals consumed

MVG/EW FSNA WFP (CFSVA, HEA)

Twice a year % reduction in number of meals consumed

Reduction in recommended dietary allowances consumed,

28 ( Rice, Cassava, Banana, Sweet potatoes, Maize flour, Wheat flour, Fish , Beef, one Cattle, one Goat, Goats meat, Chicken Eggs, Milk, Tomatoes, Cucumber, Egg Plants, Sweet Banana)29

Social indicators are signals that families are in a serious financial difficulty which forces them to convert their much needed resources into cash. These coping strategies can be categorized as adaptive coping, liquid and productive asset divestment.

56

households in situations of short-term foreseeable crisis

Sale of liquid and productive assets such as small ruminants & Seeds reserves

Number of H/households taking on informal loans, borrowing, bartering

No of H/holds that have reallocated their resources such as labor, from one activity to another – such as from own agricultural production to charcoal production, hunting, fishing, gathering, begging for food aid or labor migration

Increased sale of liquid and productive assets such as small ruminants & seeds

Generally food secure if livelihood assets are generally sustainable utilization, moderate to low probability of hazards

Moderately food insecure if there is stressed and unsustainable utilization of livelihood assets, unstable & disruptive tension, insurance strategies

Acute food & livelihood crisis: if there is accelerated and critical depletion or loss of access to livelihood assets; if destitution/Displacement is emerging & diffuse, limited sread,low intensity conflict , crisis strategies> reference & increasing

Humanitarian emergency: near complete & irreversible depletion or access of livelihood assets; if Destitution/Displacement is concentrated and increasing,distress strategies significantly . reference

Famine/Humanitarian Catastrophe: if there is effectively complete loss or collapse of livelihood assets; If Destitution/Displacement large scale and concentrated

39) Incidences of conflicts related to land use among farmers and livestock keepers, access to water, crop and livestock thefts

Number of conflicts related to land use among farmers and livestock keepers, access to water, crop and livestock thefts cases reported at Police stations quarterly

Total number of cases reported quarterly

MVG/EW Ministry of responsible For Internal Affairs

Wide spread, high intensity conflict

40) Consumer Price Index (CPI)31 (mainly based on consumption basket in urban areas)

Monthly Price data for a sample of goods and services purchased by households from a sample of sales outlets in a sample of locations

Weighted data (estimates) which are added together and averaged

MIS/EW OCGS - dept. of economic statistics

Expenditure surveys for a sample of households or upon estimates of the composition of consumption expenditure in the National Income and Product Accounts.

Twice a year

30 Proportion of persons within the focus group indicating eating the foods categorized as Cereals, roots and tubers an plantains, vegetables, Fruits, (meat, poultry, offal), eggs, fish and sea foods, pulses, legumes and nuts, milk and milk products, oil/fats, Sugar/honey and others(to specified). See Food Security and Nutrition Assessement (FSNA) household questionnaire for details 31A consumer price index (CPI) measures changes in the price level of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The CPI base year was Dec. 2005 for the total Food and Non Food available on monthly basis. There is also need to strike a balance between resource poor households (goal) vs food insecure households (target). However, the coverage of the index is limited because the rural population may or may not be included; certain groups such as the very rich or the very poor may be excluded. Saving and investment are always excluded

57

41) The number of people (headcount) that fall below the established Food Poverty Line divided by the total population32*100%)

Food Poverty Line (Expenditure on food)Total population at any point in timePopulation living below the established FPL

MVG OCGS (HBS 2004/05,2009/10), ZFSNSA

OCGS (census 2002, annual projections)

Annually Reduced population below food poverty line 33 from 13.04% in 2010 to 7% by 2015

42) The number of people (headcount) that fall below the established basic needs poverty line divided by the total population34*100%)

Basic Needs Poverty Line (Consumption expenditure per month)Total population at any point in timePopulation living below the established BNPL

MVG OCGS (HBS 2004/05, 2009/10), ZFSNSA)

OCGS (Census 2002, annual projections)

Annually Reduced population below basic needs poverty line 35 from 49% in 2005 to 25% by 2015

49 44.4

43) Ratio of Consumption expenditure of the poorest (Quintile 1) to the richest (Quintile5)

Household consumption expenditure MVG OCGS (HBS 2004/05,2009/10) ZHDR

Annually Distribution36 of Consumption Expenditure (Increased from 8.9% in 2010 to 11% for the poorest and reduced from 40.1% in 2010 to 35% by 2015 for the richest

44) Percent mean per capita expenditure (28 days) on food & Non Alcoholic beverages by Rural, Urban and Total

Total expenditures; household size; share of income allocated for food

MVG OCGS (HBS 2004/05, 2009/10)

After 5 years Increased mean per capita food expenditures of food insecure households by 40% (adjusted for inflation) by 2015

59.8 58.050.1 47.0

55.1 52.2

45) Average Total Household Expenditure level for (28 days) by District (Tsh.)

 Amount spend per month(28 days) by sampled households throughout the year

MVG OCGS (HBS 2004/05, 2009/10)

 Twice a year for the FSNA

After 5 years for the HBS

234,114 242,266

46) Percentage of households by number of meals consumed per day by district and Total

Total number of sampled households Number of sampled households who

consume three means the previous day

MVG MSWYCD T (DHS 2004/05,2009/10) OCGS(DHS) MANR(FBS) FSNA

Annually (Once a year)

X % increase in the percentage of households consuming less than normal (> three) meals per day

56.9 66.2

47) Percentage of households with less than three meals for more than one week by district and Total

Total number of households in the sample

Number of sampled households consuming less than three meals for more than one week

MVG OCGS (HBS 2004/05, 2009/10)

5% increase in percentage of households consuming less than normal (3) meals for (more than week )

7.5

48) Mean number of days of consuming specified basket of food in the preceding week by district, rural and urban area and Total

Number of days of consuming specified basket of food in the preceding week

MVG OCGS (HBS 2004/05, 2009/10)

MKUZA II Goal 2.2: Improved health delivery systems particularly the most vulnerable groups MKUZA II Goal 2.5 : Improve nutritional status of children and women , with focus on the most vulnerable children

Policy Goal 3: Increased intake of adequate, nutritious and safe food by all members of the household

32 The proportion of people (headcount) that fell below the established Food Poverty Line was 13% in 2004/05 (distribution by district available, HBS 2004/05)33The established cut-point of expenditure on food was Tshs.12,573/ person / month for 2004 and Tshs.26,904 for 201034 The proportion of people below basic needs poverty line was 49% in 2004/05(distribution by district available, HBS 2004/05)35 The consumption expenditure per month/person established by a product of average exchange rate(about a dollar a day) and 28 days) was TSH 20,185 for 2004 and Tshs.41, 027 in 2009/1036Equitable distribution of income expenditure could be done through progressive taxation and pro-poor policies

58

49) Proportion of infants breastfed for 6 months)

Number of infants below months) who exclusively breastfeed

Total number of infants aged 0-6 months *100%)

FNSS MoH/DHIS DHS 2004/05,2009/10

Five years for TDHS

All infants (0-6 months) exclusively breastfed by 2015

15

50) Percent of under-five children underweight categorized as (moderate & severe) and Severe37)

Total number of under-five children in sampled population

Number of under-five children below the reference standard (*100%)

FNSS DHS 2004/05,2009/10 (projections in age / sex distributions)

FAO, Human Nutrition / WHO Growth Standards to be adopted in Znz

Quarterly health days38

Five years for TDHS

Quarterly

Underweight in children aged 6-59 months reduced from 19% in 2010 to 15% by 2015

19 19.9

51) Percent of under-five children stunted (Moderate and Severe)-Below -2SD from median Height for age of reference population

Total number of under-five children in sampled population

Number of under-five children below the reference standard (*100%)

Weight-for-age reference standard for all ages

FNSS DHS(2004/05,2009/10) (projections in age / sex distributions)

FAO, Human Nutrition / WHO Growth Standards to be adopted in Znz

Quarterly health days reports

Every 5 years for TDHS

Quarterly for DHIS/MoH

Stunting in Children aged 0-59 months reduced from 23% in 2010 to 20 by 2015

Generally food secure: Stunting:<20%%%(h/age<-2z-scores)

Moderately/Borderline food insecure:(>20%%(h/age<-2z-scores)

23.1 30.2

52) Percent of under-five children wasted (Moderate and Severe): Below -2SD from median Weight for Height of reference population

Total number of under-five children in the sampled population

Number of under-five children below the reference standard (*100%)

Weight/Height reference standard for all ages

FNSS DHS (2004/05,2009/10) (projections in age / sex distributions)

Quarterly health days reports

Every 5 years for DHS

Quarterly for DHIS/MoH

Wasting in Children aged 0-59 months reduced from 12% in 2010 to 5 % by 2015

Generally food secure:3%(w/h<-2z-scores)

Moderately/Borderline food insecure:>3% but<10%(w/h<-2z-scores)usual range, stable

Acute food & livelihood crisis: Acute malnutrition (10-15%(w/h%(w/h<-2z-scores) than usual range, increasing

Humanitarian emergency: Acute malnutrition>15%%(w/h<-2z-scores) >usual, increasing

Famine/Humanitarian Catastrophe: Acute Malnutrition:>30%%(w/h<-2z-scores)

6.1 12

53) Percentage of children aged 6-59 months who have received at least two dozes of Vitamin A capsules in a certain year.

Total number of aged 6-59 months in the sampled population

Reference standard for all ages Number of aged 6-59 sampled with

Vitamin A defict (<0.825 umol/L) (*100%)

FNSS At least two dozes of Vitamin A per child per year

Vitamin A deficit (<0.825 umol/L) in children aged 6-59 months

38

54) Prevalence of anemia among under-five

Total number of under-five children in the sampled population

FNSS DHS 2004 Cut-off point WHO < 12

% years for DHS Quarterly for

Anaemia in children aged 6-59 months reduced from 75% in 2010 to 60% by

68.5

37 Moderate & severe-below -2SD from Median Weight for Age of reference population and Severe- below -3SDs from Median Weight for age of reference population

38 Clinical data available is only for children 0-2 yrs. Therefore, routine data will be improved for children > 5 yrs during the health days in joint collaboration with the MoH

59

children Reference standard for all ages Number of under-five children below

the reference standard *100%)

hg/ml DHIS/MoH 2015

55) Percent of Women (15-49 yrs) with low Body Mass Index ( BMI) < 18.5

The number of women in reproductive age (15-49 yrs) in total population

Body weight of Women(15-49) years in kg / Height in meters squared)

FNSS MoH (TDHS 2004/05, 2009/10),

DHIS/MoH

5 years for DHS Quarterly for

DHIS/MoH

Proportion of women (15-49 yrs) with Body Mass Index (BMI) < 18.5 (kg/m2) reduced from 13.9% in 2010 to 5% by 2015

17.1 13.9

56) The number of women (15-49 yrs) with BMI > 25.0 (kg of body weight / height in meters squared) divided by the total number of women in that age group (*100%)

The number of women in reproductive age (15-49 yrs) in total population

Weight of these women Height of these women

FNSS TDHS 2004/05, 2009/10) DHS/MoH Quarterly

Every 5 years for TDHS

Quarterly for DHS/MoH

Proportion of women (15-49 yrs) with Body Mass Index (BMI) > 25.0 (kg/m2) reduced from 30.4% in 2010 to 20% by 2015

26.9 30.4

57) Prevalence of Anaemia in pregnant women aged 15-49 years

The number of women in reproductive age (15-49 yrs) in total population

Standard for women for iron deficiency anemia

The number of women who fall below the standard (*100%)

FNSS DHI S(MoH) DHS 2004 Cut-off point WHO < 11

hg/ml

Every 5 years for TDHS

Quarterly for DHS/MoH

Anaemia in pregnant womenaged 15-49 year reduced from63% in 2010 to 40% by 2015

58) Prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency among under-five children(6-59 months)

Total number of under-five children in the current population

VAD reference The number of under-five children who

fall below the standard (*100%)standard

FNSS MoHSW, DHS 2004 (projections in age / sex distributions)

Cut off points?

Every 5 years for TDHS

Quarterly for DHS/MoH

Prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency among under-five children(6-59 months) reduced from 38.0% in 2010 to 30% by 2015

39.8

59) Percentage of school children from the age of 6-10 years with goitre

Number of schoolchildren with goiter (Urinary Iodine)

Total number of school children aged 6-10 years

FNSS Clinical exam (G3,G4) Every 5 years for TDHS

Quarterly for DHS/MoH

Prevalence of Goitr e in school aged children reduced from 26% to 16% by 2015

26

60) Proportion of households using hydrated consuming salt with the iodine content

Iodine content per unit of salt(30 pp (potassium iodate)/ grams at household level

Households consuming iodine content of salt

FNSS DHS2004/05,2009/10) Every 5 years for TDHS

Quarterly for DHS/MoH

Proportion of households consuming Iodine Content of Salt increased from 49.3% in 2010 to 70% in 2015

49.3

61) Proportion of Population undernourished

Number of Population undernourished National Population in Mil. Dietary Energy Supply(Kcal/p/day) Minimum Dietary Energy Supply

(MDER)

FNSS Zanzibar Population 'Census / Economic Survey

Food Balance Sheet FAO/SOFI website

Annual for Socio-Econ. Survey

Annual for FBS & Web.FAO updates

39.2

62) Food Intake (Calorie Consumption/Per Capita Dietary Energy Supply (Kcal/day)

Average daily calories in take-if possible disaggregated by age, sex, stage in life cycle

FNSS FBS FAO recommended level

(2100 Kcal/p/day)

Annual Minimum DEC for Tanzania (2012) is 1690 Generally food secure: Food

Access/Avail. usually adequate(>2,100 kcal ppp day),stable

Moderately/Borderline food insecure: Food Access/Availability: borderline adequate(2,100 kcal ppp day),unstable

Acute food & livelihood crisis: Food Access/Avail.: Lack of entitlement,(2,100 kcal ppp day)via Asset Stripping

Humanitarian Emergency: Severe entitlement gap, unable to meet 2,100 kcal ppp day)

2,104 2,397

60

Famine/Humanitarian Catastrophe: Extreme entitlement gap; much below 2,100 kcal ppp day)

63) Population Size by Age, and district (Numbers, growth rate, Average H/hold Size, % of age group)

Household members disaggregated per gender and age groups

Average Household size

FNSS OCGS(HBS & DHS), FSN surveys

Annual (Once a year)

Reduce population growth rate from the current 3.1% to 2.8% percent per annum by the year 2015

3.1

64) Proportion of households with access to safe and clean water in rural and urban areas

Number of households sampled with access to safe water sources Total sampled number of households

FNSS ZAWA and LGA reports and

TDHS(2004/05,2009/10) HBS

Five years for DHS Annual for HBS

Increased proportion of households with access to safe and clean water increased from (a) 60% in 2010 to 75% in 2015 in rural , (b).80% in 2010 to 95% in 2015 in Urban areas &( c). 79.4% in 2010 to 90% by 2015 nationally

Water access/Avail: usually adequate (>15 litres ppp),stable

79.4

65) Proportion of households having and using sanitary facilities at district and national level

Availability and access to adequate sanitary facilities

FNSS MoH (Health Information Management Unit)

Five years for TDHS

Quarterly for DHIS/MoH

Reduced proportion of households without access to any latrine from 24.9% in 2010 to 5% by 2015

75.1

66) Low birth weight Percentage of children born with less than 2.5Kg

FNSS DHIS/MoH TDHS(2005,2010

Five years for TDHS

Quarterly for DHIS/MoH

67) Underfive mortality rate)

Probability of dying between birth and exactly five years of age expressed per 1,000 live births

FNSS DHIS/MoH TDHS(2005,2010

Five years for TDHS

Quarterly for DHIS/MoH

Reduce underfive mortality from 79/1000 in 2010 to 50/1000 by 2015

Generally food secure: Crude Mortality Rate(CMR):<0.5/10,000/day

Moderately/Borderline food insecure: CMR:<0.5/10,000/day,U5MR<1/10,000/day

Acute food & livelihood crisis: CMR: :<0.5-1/10,000/day,U5WR:1-2/10,000/day

Humanitarian emergency: CMR: 1-2/10,000/day,>2 x Reference Rate, increasing, U5WR>2/10,000/day Famine/Humanitarian Catastrophe: CMR: >2/10,000/day, (e.g.6,000/1,000,000/30 days)

79/1000

68) Infant & maternal mortality (death) rates for women and children under five years

Probability of dying between birth and exactly one year of age expressed per 1000 live births

FNSS DHIS/MoH TDHS(2005,2010)

Five years for TDHS

Quarterly for DHIS/MoH

Reduce infant mortality from 54/1000 in 2008 to 48/1000 by 2015

54/1000

69) Prevalence of commonly preventable diseases

Incidences of common diseases registered FNSS DHIS/MoH TDHS(2005,2010 HBS(2004/05/2009/10)

Five years for TDHS

Quarterly for DHIS/MoH

Annual for HBS

Incidence of malaria cases reduced from 0.9% in 2008 to 0.5% by 2015Pandemic

- 25.5

a) Malaria 8.9 11.5

b) Diarrhea incidence <5 per 1000

6.8 7.8

c) Diabetes 2.8 3.4

d) Intestinal Worms, 0.7 0.4

61

62

Appendix 3: Bibliography

African Union (2008). Meeting the Challenge of Conflict Prevention in Africa: Towards the Operationalization of the Continental Early Warning System: Status of implementation of Early Warning Systems in the Regional Economic Communities, Background paper No. 4

Awatif Ayadh Ali (November 2009). The Impact of Early Warning System on Food Security at Red Sea State – Eastern Sudan , Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein

Birikit Terefe Tiruneh, Establishing an Early Warning System in the African Peace and

FAO (2005)). Formulation of a national FIVIMS strategy for SAMOA , End of Workshop Report by Lafaele Enoka & Immink Maarten. Matautu-Uta, Apia, Samoa, 30 th September -4 October 2002, Rome.

FAO (November 2006). Assessment of Food Security Early Warning Systems in sub-Saharan Africa: A synthesis of key findings and recommendations, Policy Brief Issue 4.

FAO(1997).Strategic grain reserves: Guidelines for their establishment, management and operation by John Lynton-Evans. Marketing and Rural service, FAO Agricultural support systems Bulletin 126.Rome.

FAO(2005). Formulation of a national FIVIMS Strategy for Fiji, End of Workshop Report by Joape k.Waquabaca, Suva, Fji,16-18 September 2003,Rome.

FAO(2009). Enhancing food security and nutrition policy assistance Lessons from experience: Policy Assistance Series 5 edited by Jean Balié. Agricultural Development Economics Division, Rome.

FAO(July 2000).Handbook for defining and setting up a food security information and early warning system(FSIEWS),Rome.

FAO. The Global Information and Early Warning System(GIEWS) on Food and Agriculture Security Architecture: Challenges and Prospects, KAIPTC Occasional Paper No. 29, September 2010

FSN Monitoring Team (July 2009). Routine data assessment final report. MANR, Zanzibar.

FSND(2013).Draft Social Communication Strategy and Plan (2013-2015), 3rd draft, Zanzibar.

Gilbert, Christopher L.; (2011); Food Reserves in Developing Countries: Trade Policy Options for Improved Food Security; ICTSD Programme Agricultural Trade and Sustainable Development; Issue Paper No. 37; International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva, Switzerland, www.ictsd.org.

Haan N. & Vedasto R.(Sept.2009).Mfumo wa Unchambuzi wa Uhakika wa Chakula na Lishe (MUCHALI): A framework for Tanzania food security and nutrition analysis system, FAO,UN Tanzania Joint program,Tanzania

63

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2006). How conduct a food security assessment: A step-by-step guide for National Societies in Africa, Second edition (1st edition December 2005),2nd edition. Geneva.

International Labour organization (January 2010). Social Protection Expenditure and Performance

Review and Social Budget, International Labour Office – Geneva, Zanzibar.Klaus Klennert (Editor). Achieving Food and Nutrition Security: Actions to meet the Global Challenge: A training Course Reader, 3rd edition, Feldafing , Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation of Development, In went capacity Building International, Germany

MALE & MOHSW (June 2006). Zanzibar Food Security & Nutrition Situational Analysis.

MALE (October 2009). Final Study report on Marketing Information: Agricultural Services Support Programme (ASSP) & Agricultural Sector Development Programme – Livestock (ASDP-L).

MANR(July 2012).Assessment of Post harvest losses of major food crops and fish in Zanzibar by FAO & United Nations Tanzania, Zanzibar.

MANR & OCGS. Agricultural Sample Census 2002/03, September 2005

MANR (2012). Food Security and Nutrition Department’s mandate and organizational structure, Zanzibar.

MANR,FAO& WFP (June 2012). Zanzibar Food Security Assessment, Zero draft report

MANR. Zanzibar Agricultural Sector Strategy – Draft

Maren Egedorf et.al (January 2008), Improving Food Security Monitoring and Vulnerability Assessment Capabilities, USAID.

Margaret Buchanan-Smith. Role of early warning systems in decision making processes. Humanitarian policy group, overseas Inistittute, London.

Marjorie Mbilinyi (Coordinator & Editor)( 23rd July, 1999). Rural food security in Tanzania: the challenge for human rights, democracy and development, Rural food security policy and development group, Institute of Development Studies, University of Dar Es Salaam.

Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment (MALE), (March 2006). FINAL REPORT of the Rapid Vulnerability Assessment (RVA) of the Effect of Prolonged Dry Spell on Agriculture, Livestock Production and Environment in Zanzibar during the Agricultural Season 2005/06 ,Zanzibar.

Miti Matthias & Hassan Nadhif . (2012).Draft Right to Food Monitoring and Evaluation framework for the Food Security and Nutrition Department, MANR, (unpublished).

Miti Matthias, Challenges of the Food Security and Nutrition Information Systems in Zanzibar, a paper presented during a consultative meeting with stakeholders, 21st

December 2012

64

National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), Famine Early Warning System: Use Case for Food Security Cyber-infrastructure, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

OCGS (July 2012), Household Budget Surveys, 2004/2005, 2009/2010.

OCGS(January 2012). Food Security and Nutrition Analysis of Zanzibar Household Budget Survey 2004/05 and 2009/10, ZERO DRAFT REPORT.

Rene Verduijn (February 2005). Strengthening food Insecurity and vulnerability information management in Lesotho: Final FIVIMS Assessment report, FAO.

RGoZ (April 2008). Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition Programme

RGoZ (January 2013).Multisectoral National Nutrition Strategy & Costed Implementation Plan (2013-2017).

RGoZ (October 2010).Zanzibar Strategy for Growth and Reduction Of Poverty (ZSGRPII), 2010-2015,MKUZA II, A successor to the Zanzibar Strategy For Growth and reduction Of Poverty(ZSGRP II) 2007-2010.

RGoZ(April 2008). Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition Policy

RGoZ(August 2011). Zanzibar Disaster management Policy, The second Vice president’s office.

RGoZ(August 2011).Emergency preparedness & Response Plan (ZEPRP), 2nd Vice President’s Office.

RGoZ, URT & WFP(September 2010). United Republic of Tanzania 2009/10 Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA).

RGoZ, World Food Programme and Save the Children ( May 2003). Household Economy Analysis for Zanzibar-Final Report,

RGoZ. Zanzibar Disaster Preparedness Plan, Disaster Management Department, The Second Vice President’s Office

RGoZ. Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition Act No.5 of 2011.

Rodriquez (11June, 2013).International course on monitoring and evaluation of food and nutrition security policies and programmes (70/50),03-21 June ,2013, exercise on food basket-measurement of access to food, Wageningen UR-centre of Development Innovation.

Rural Outreach Programme (ROP) (2005). African Journal of Food Agriculture and Nutritional Development (AJ FAND), Volume 5.

SADC. Food Security Early Warning System, Agromet Update. January 2011/2012 Agricultural Season, Issue 05 Month: Release date: 21-02-2012.

Stephen Devereux et.al (August 2012). An Overview of Poverty, Vulnerability And Social Protection in Zanzibar, 4th Draft, Centre for Social Protection, Brighton UK.

65

United Republic of Tanzania (URT), 2012 Population and Housing Census.

United Republic of Tanzania (URT). Tanzania Agriculture and Food Security Investment Plan (TAFSIP) 2011/12 - 2020/21: Working Paper No. 9: Disaster Management, Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation.

URT. Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (2010 TDHS).

USAID (June 2012). Early warning Systems and Indicators in Title II Development Food Aid Programs: What’s working, key challenges, and how to make them better by Laura M. Glaeser: Food and Nutrition technical Assistance III Project (FANTA), Washington D.C.

USAID (October 2009). Markets, Food Security and Early Warning Reporting, FEWS NET Markets Guidance, No 6.

World Bank et al. Multi-Hazard Early Warning and Decision Support Systems Workshop Report, Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, China , March 21 -23, 2012.

World bank(1984). Nutritional surveillance by John B.Mason,jean-Pierre Habich,Tabtabai & Valverde:Geneva & Belgium.

World Bank. (2004). Ten Steps to a Results- Based Monitoring and Evaluation System: A handbook for development practioners, by Jody Zall Kusek & Ray C. Rist.

66

Appendix 4: List of people consulted Name of people

consultedPosition Telephone

ContactEmail

1. Mwalimu Office of Chief Government Statistician(OCGS)

Head of Agriculture and Environment Statistics Unit

0777-465968 mwaliju@hotmail.com

2. Khamis Ahmada Head of Prices Statistics Unit

0777-099069/0713-776991

Khamsoon50@yahoo.co.uk

3. Shaban Abdul TASAF Coordinator (Unguja)

TASAF Coordinator

0774-452075

4. Iddi Othman Iddi Zanzibar Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture (ZNCCIA)

Membership Services Manager

0777-418205/0715-418205

info@znccia.org/msm@znccia.or.tz/iddiugowe28kidifu@yahoo.com

5. Hassan K.Juma ANGOZA Executive Secretary

0773-306684 angoza@yhaoo.co.uk

6. Muhamed K. Ngwali

Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA)

Acting Director-Zanzibar

0777-467605 mngwali@meteo.go.tzmngwali@gmail.com

7. Hafidhi Juma Bakar

Acting Head of Operations

0777-467605 Bahfidh2002@yahoo.com

8. Dr.Yusufu Haji Khamis

Veterinary Services Department, MLF

Director 0777-426581 yussfuvet@hotmail.com

9. Abdalla Rashid ZAWA Planning Policy Officer

0773-334793 binrashid@gmail.com

10. Jamila Abbasi MKUZA Secretariat Head of M & E Division

0777-425929 jamilaaseif@gmail.com

11. Asha Hassan MoH, Nutrition Section under Department of Preventive Medicine

Nutritionist 0777-420959 ashasalmin@yahoo.com

12. Zainab Mosi MoH, Department of Health Management Information System (HMIS)

Information officer

zeynmosi@yahoo.com

13. Haji Shomari Haji Min. of Livestock & Fisheries (MLF), Fisheries Development Department

0777-487413 mazizini@gmail.com14. Nassor Abdalla Head of

Fisheries Statistics

0777-854336 Bin_abdulla23@yahoo.com

15. Ali Said Mkarafu 0777-45717016. Hamad Said

KhatibHead of Market and Value Addition Section

0777-420065 hamkhatib@yahoo.com

17. Maimuna A.Ismail MLF, Administration &Human Resources Management Department

Planning Officer 0773-208737 maibalozi@yahoo.com

18. Riziki D. Yusufu Second Vice President’s Office, Disaster Management Department (DMD)

0773-065754 rizikidy@yahoo.com19. Haji Faki Hamduni 0772-280273 yazidifaki@yahoo.com20. Makame

Kh.Makame0773-335227 makesme16@yahoo.co

m 21. Omar Ali Moh’d DMD Officer 0773-517465 omikea@yahoo.com 22. Mzee Moh’d Mzee MANR ,DPPR Head of 0777-470446 mzeemohamed

67

Agricultural Statistics

@hotmail.com

23. Saleh Muhammed Head of Research Section

0777-499161 Jumasm05@yahoo.com

24. Muna Omar Said Department of Social Welfare, MSWYWCD

Social Welfare Officer

- munaos@yahoo.com

25. Hamza Amur Hamza

MTIM, DPPR Statistician 0774-127214 hammr45@hotmail.com/hammr45@gmail.com

26. Khamis M.Yusufu MTIM, Department of Trade

Senior Trade Officer

0777-450769 khamismallim@hotmail.com

27. Madina M.Mwinyi MoEVT, DPPR Director of Policy Planning and Research

0777-416071 Mwinyimadina@yahoo.com

28. Makame Ali Makame

Min. of Infrastructure and Communication, DPPR

Director 0777-430220 makameali@gmail.com

29. Thuwaiba Ameir Hafidh

Statistical Officer

0777-477829 thuwaha@yahoo.com

Appendix 5 : Functions of FSND as defined by Article 14(1) of the Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition Act, 2011

68

Coordinate implementation of food security coordinate towards implementation of food security and nutrition interventions and policies through various bodies or organizations;

compile and review food security and nutrition work plans and subsequent budget proposals, and provide technical recommendations to the Inter-Sectoral Steering Committee (ISSC) to ensure that food security and nutrition issues as highlighted in the policies are mainstreamed into all key Ministries’ budget plans;

monitor the food security and nutrition situation and evaluate progress with the implementation of the food security policy and programmes and advise the Steering Committee accordingly on technical issues related to implementation of different Government approved programmes on food security;

collaborate with other stakeholders in the management of the Zanzibar Food Reserve established under Section 24(1) of this Act, as directed by the Council;

initiate, undertake and participate in the collection, preparation, production and dissemination of data and information on food security and nutrition;

liaise with the district level technical teams in coordinating and monitoring district level implementation of the Policy and Programme;

facilitate capacity building activities at various levels of implementation to promote understanding and adherence to right to food principles;

Serve as a Secretariat to the Council; and Perform any other duties as the Steering Committee or the Minister may direct. Invite any other person on ad-hoc basis to assist it in carrying out its functions

Appendix 6: Proposed data management tools A: Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC392) Statement( Zero draft template)

Issue date: ___________________________________________Administrative Area/Location: (Shehia/ District / Region/Country):___________________________________Resident population: ________________________________________Issued by:_______________________________

Description of key current reference outcomes on lives and livelihoods based on the FAO IPC thresholds/cut-off points

Recommended Interventions40

(What, for who & how long)

Resources required

(Estimated Cost )

Phase classification

Crude Mortality

Acute Malnutrition

Disease Food Access/Availability

Water Access/Availability

Destitution/Displacement

Civil Security

Coping Livelihood Assets

1A Generally food secure

1B Generally food secure

2 Moderately/Borderline food insecure:

3 Acute food & livelihood crisis

4 Humanitarian emergency

5 Famine/Humanitarian Catastrophe

39 The IPC draws together any and all existing information for an overall statement on the nature and severity of food security situations using a convergence of evidence approach and consensus building among technical experts. The IPC, initially developed by FAO, is increasingly being adopted globally by national governments and international agencies as a common and comparable system for ‘big-picture’ food security analysis40

See IPC- Strategic response framework objectives : Mitigate immediate outcomes, support livelihoods and address underlying causes

69

B: Integrated Food Security Phase Classification Reference Table

70

C. Emergency Response and Livelihood Analyses

Issue date: ___________________________________________Administrative Area/Location: (Shehia/ District / Region/Country):___________________________________Resident population: ________________________________________Issued by:__________________________________________

IslandLivelihood Zone41 No.

Livelihood Zone

Description of location including Foods making dietary Minimum42

Number of people in livelihood zone

Rainfall amount (Range)

Vulnerable groups

Major Food Security Risks43

Effect of risks on livelihoods

Recommended interventions & Resources Required (Estimated Cost)

Pemba

1 Semi Coral Fishing

This zone stretches along the eastern side of Pemba and is characterized by “semi–coral” soils with patches of arable land in between coral areas. In zone 1 rainfall is unreliable, and sometimes the short (vuli) rains are missed. However, livestock are abundant and almost every household owns a cow. Main crops grown between coral areas include cassava, bananas and paddy while limited maize, sorghum and millet are also grown by many households. They also grow tomatoes commercially. Income is also earned from selling fish, seaweed, other sea products, bricks, aggregates and lime. Although there are no clove trees in zone 1, a large number of households engage in agricultural clove labour and trade in cloves44

2 Deep Fertile Soils No Fishing

This zone is located in the centre of Pemba island, with no access to the sea. The mainstay of the households in zone 2 is own crop production (crops grown include cassava, bananas, paddy and cloves) and clove related agricultural labour and trade.

3 Deep Fertile soils With Fishing

This zone stretches along the western side of Pemba. It is an area with fertile soil and reliable rainfall. Zone 3 differs from zone 2 mainly because it has fishing as an additional activity. Seaweed farming has not caught up.

4 Pemba Peri Urban45

This zone is made up of 3 pockets around Pemba’s bigger towns of Mkoani, Chake Chake and Wete.

41 The Household Economy Analysis for Zanzibar conducted by the Government of Zanzibar (GoZ) in collaboration with the World Food Programme (WFP) and Save the Children (SC-UK) in 2003 established these ten (10) broad livelihood zones42

Mean number of days of consuming specified foods in the preceding week by region was extracted from (2009/10 HBS,94)43

Market  analysis  for  food  security  monitoring  and  early  warning  purposes  focuses  on  signs  of  deterioration  or  improvement in food  security  that  are  related  to  food  availability  and  access. This may include production  shortfalls,  non-seasonal  increases  in  the  prices  of food  and  inputs,  falling  agricultural  output  prices,  distress  sales  of  livestock  (e.g.,  sales  of  breeding  stock  or  draft  animals),  uncharacteristically  early  or  large  migration  of  people  in  search  of  causal  employment (FSIEWSNET, October 2009,4), climatic and environmental changes: droughts, floods, environmental degradation, deforestation, (b) demographic and economic changes: rapid population growth, sharply rising consumer prices or falling producer prices, (c) health and di s ease s : HIV/AIDS pandemic, high malaria incidence, plant pests, (d) wars and armed conflicts, and (e) laws, policies and regulations that adversely affect the resources.44

For Pemba, some households from zones 4 and 5 do also depend on cloves through supply of labour and involvement in clove trade. This implies that all zones in the island depend on the clove crop though at different levels.45

Peri-urban and urban based zones, including zones 4, 5, 9 and 10, have limited agricultural activities due to lack of access to land for cultivation. Majority of persons in these areas depend on income earned from services and trade, petty trade and casual labour opportunities.

71

Households have better access to town markets and town facilities than the other rural zones.

5 Pemba Urban

This zone covers the largest three towns in Pemba, i.e. Chake Chake, Mkoani and Wete.

Unguja

6 Fishing And Tourism

This zone stretches along the northern and eastern coastline of Unguja Island. It is characterized by mainly-coral land, with pockets of shallow, fertile soil. It is located in coral areas with patchy arable land where the major crops grown include cassava, yams, pigeon peas and cow peas, coconut, banana and tomato. Households engage in fishing and seaweed farming. Because most Zanzibar’s hotels outside town are located in this zone, local population earns limited income from tourism related activities.

7 Semi Coral Fishing

This zone stretches along the southern coastline of Unguja Island. Like zone 6 it is characterized by “semi-coral” land, but there is more arable land in this zone than in zone 6. It is dominated by coral soils but has a high level of diversity in terms of livelihood activities. Some communities are predominantly engaged in fishing and/or seaweed farming while some produce mangoes and tomatoes for sale and others specialize in firewood collection and charcoal making for sale.

8 Clove46 Production

This zone is located in the centre of the Unguja island. It has fertile productive land and relatively high population density compared to the other zones.Zone 8 is the only area in Unguja Island where cloves are produced. It is also characterized by good quality and high production of coconut and mango trees. It is also the main rice producing area in Unguja. Other crops grown in the zone include cassava, banana, paddy, yams, coco-yams, sweet potatoes and cowpeas. The area holds most of Unguja’s livestock. In addition to clove related incomes, other sources are sales of livestock and livestock products; coconut leaves (makuti), petty trade and firewood collection.

9 Unguja Peri Urban

This zone is located along the periphery of Zanzibar town.

10 Unguja Urban

This area covers all of Zanzibar town and part of the periphery.

46 Although the livelihoods look diverse, four zones including zones 1, 2, 3 and 8 are clove dependent. In except in zone 1 of these four, in the rest cloves are extensively grown and

nearly all households own clove trees.

72

D: Development Programmes

Issue date: ___________________________________________Administrative Area/Location: (Shehia/ District / Region/Country):___________________________________Total resident population: ________________________________________Issued by:__________________________________________

Title of food security project/Program

Places implemented

Target beneficiaries

Expected Results/ Targets

Current Status

Limitations of current

implementationOpportunities for improvement

E: Crop Data Collection Sheet for Zanzibar FSNIEWS’ database

Data collection date: ________________Crop description: _______________ Crop code: _____________

Agricultural /Calendar Year

Prefecture Code/District

Area (ha)

Yield (kg/ha)

Gross Production (Mt)

Total No. of Households

Total No. of Households growing Crop

Source

F: Livestock Data Collection Sheet for Zanzibar FSNIEWS database (zero draft template)

Data collection date: ________________

Livestock type/description: _______________ Livestock code: _____________

Year Prefecture Code/District

No. of livestock type

Total Number of Households

Total No. of Households Rearing Livestock type

Source

73

G: Estimation (Calculation) of Average Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Zanzibar population

Age (years) Number of Zanzibar population by age group

% of total population

Energy requirements (Kcal/day)

Kcal/day

<11<22<33<55<7

7<1010<1212<1414<1616<1818<3030<60>=60

Total 100Recommended dietary allowances from: WHO Technical Report series.No.724,1985.(Energy and protein requirements: report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation). Recommendations for male should be used for calculations

G: Calculation of the required amount of basic foods to meet the RDA and WHO population nutrient goals

Nutrients Lower limit Upper limit 1. Total Protein 10% of energy 15% of energy 2. Total Fat 15% of energy 30 % of energy 3. Saturated Fatty Acids 0% of energy 10% of energy 4. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 3% energy 10% energy 5. Dietary Cholesterol 0mg/day 300 mg/day6. Total Carbohydrate 55 % energy 75% energy7. Complex Carbohydrate 50% energy 70% energy8. Free Sugars 0% energy 10% energy9. Fruits And Vegetables 370g/day10. Pulses, Nuts And Seeds 30g/day (raw) which yields

approx.90g/day(ready-to-eat)From, WHO Technical Reports series No.797,1990.(Diet, nutrition, and the prevention of chronic diseases. Report of a WHO study group:

H: Calculation /Estimation of the Food Basket Price Food Ready-to-eat amount Raw Price per unit Average Price

1. Milk and milk products

2. Meats3. Poultry4. Eggs5. Fish6. Beans 7. Rice8. Bread9. Tubers

74

10. Leafy vegetables11. Other vegetables12. Citric fruits13. Other fruits14. Vegetable oil15. Animal fat16. Sugar and sweetsTotal Basic foods are generally classified in fifteen food groups

I: Information breakdown for setting up the database, control panel, and warning signals(Availability section)Warningsignals

Monitoring/Forecasting

Routine Indicators

NecessaryInformation to construct indicator

Information/Data sources

Media

Appensix 7: Existing food security and nutrition related information

75

Key institution

Available FSN data Data Sources Frequency of data collection

Periodicity of

publication

Information/data users

1) Agriculture and Environment Statistics Section, Office of Chief Government Statistician (OCGS)

Crop area planted Dept. of Agric. (DA) & Dept. of Policy Planning and Research (DPRR)

Quarterly Quarterly (Unpublished) and Annual Releases

System Of National Accounts (OCGS) used in the preparation of the annual Socio-economic survey

Crop yield Quarterly Bank of Tanzania (BoT) Research Institutions Universities

(SUZA,UDM, SUA, Chwaka)

International agencies such as JAICA, TUKI university of Finland

Fish catches Min. of Livestock & Fisheries Monthly Livestock products47 (slaughtered) Quarterly Seaweed production Monthly Rubber production Agro-TECH Quarterly Forest products (Charcoal ,Firewood and Poles) Dept. of Forest & Non-Ren. Resources Monthly Cloves and clove stems ZSTC Quarterly

2) Prices Statistics Unit(OCGS)

Retail and whole sale commodity prices Prices data is collected from only six selected outlets/ shops and centers (3 in Unguja and 3 in Pemba)

Monthly (10-20th of every month)

BOT for preparation of monthly food and non-inflation figures

National Accounts Unit (Calculation of National Deflator)

NGOs Embassies and

consulates such as India MFEDP-Presidents

Office3) TASAF

(Unguja ) Fish processing machinery Fish marketing centers constructed Water sources Vegetable production Rice production Education feeder roads construction Livestock Value addition Seed capital for procurement of raw materials Trade and agriculture

Project beneficiaries Depends on the type of project, work plan, procurement plan and project phase.

For livestock sub-projects, it is 3-6 months.

Quarterly reports are prepared for the Executive Director of TASAF and the Principal Secretary.

I.E.C materials are prepared every 6 months

For Media broadcasts and releases. Depends also on availabbility of funds

General public through village leaders (sheha

Regional and district Local Government Authorities

Government sectors NGOs

4) Zanzibar Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture (ZNCCIA)

List of importers (Sugar ,Rice, Cooking oil, Beans and Maize)

Members - Quarterly (news letter)

Members Public Institutions

47 The major groups of Livestock from which data on related products is collected include: Cattle, Goats Sheep, Pigs, Chicken and Other Birds.76

5) Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA)

Rainfall Temperature Humidity Sunshine hours Sunshine intensity Wind direction and speed

Agro-metric stations Matangatwani Kizimbani Synoptic stations48 (Abed Karume Airport

(Unguja) and Karume Airport (Pemba) 36 rainfall stations49 are under the MANR

Daily Published twice a year.

They have planned to publish the data outputs thrice per year.

Permanent Secretary, MANR

Second Vice President’s Office (Department of Disaster Management (DMD)

Media Red Cross

6) Department of Veterinary Services, MLF

Livestock diseases (cattle, sheep, goats) etc Livestock deaths and sickness Vaccination records for various diseases Livestock imports and exports Imports and exports

of livestock products Number of livestock slaughtered from Zanzibar

and mainland New diseases Number of livestock inspected and condemned for

destruction per district Nutrition (feeds analysis- fibre, proteins and fats

contents of pasture and crops

Reports from District Veterinary Officers Records at animal clinics

Monthly Compiled on a monthly, quarterly, mid-year and annual basis

Principal Secretary, Ministry of Livestock and fisheries

OCGS

7) ZAWA Number and list of customers with water connections

Water billing system (Name of customer and Bills)

OCGS Clients in areas being serviced with water

Monthly No publication but provided on request. Information remains on the database but they are planning to publish annual reports

OCGS (Annually for the number of new water connections, water source and coverage)

Researchers ZAWA Internal use for

budgeting and reporting

8) Department of Policy Planning and Research,(Research and Planning Unit),MANR

Availability and use of inputs Food storage, processing and preservation Agro-processing equipments Agricultural Production related indicators

Own surveys MANR reports OCGS reports

Irregularly and occasionally

Irregularly Internally used by the Department of Policy planning and research

MANR but mainly for reporting purposes

9) MKUZA Secretariat

See MkuzaII publication Cluster 3 MKUZA Sectors Expected monthly from the sectors50 but the field supervision is done on a quarterly basis

Compiled quarterly from sector reports but published annually under MKUZA progress

Communication Technical working group51

MKUZA stakeholders (Government and

Private)

48 They have wide coverage of meteorological parameters which can be used for weather prediction compared to the agro-metric stations. TMA releases weather predictions twice a year; at the end of February for Masika season and before September 20th for Vuli season. The rainfall amount is reported as normal (average), above normal or below normal.49 Although rainfall data from these stations is recorded on daily basis on rainfall cards, there are gaps for some months owing to lack of no incentives for the data recorders and weather equipments at these stations are obsolete. A historical weather data dates more than 30 years and it is usually collected for both research and operational use. The only reliable weather data is that collected at the four major stations.50 The release of development funds to various sectors is based on their timely and consistent submission of progress reports to the MKUZA Secretariat 51 The Communication Technical Working Group is committee of 8 selected principal secretaries mainly from Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resource (MANR), Ministry of Finance, Economic Development and Planning, Second Vice President’s Office, Ministry of Infrastructure and Communication and Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (MoEVT) among others whose main task is to review the progress of the annual work plans, allocation of resources and challenges .

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& Human Development reports

10)Department of Health Information Management Systems, MoH

Weight for age Malnutrition (severe and moderate) Birth Weight disease outbreaks (diarrhea, cholera, malaria etc) Reproductive Child Health (RCH) Outpatient department (OPD) reported cases Immunization including growth

assessment/nutritional status for under five children

HIV CT Sexually transmitted Infections and HBC

Community Corps ( they identify cases of malnutrition and refer them to health centre facilities)

Records of two data entrants per district based at the health centre level

Monthly (Every end of month)

Annually through the Health Bulletin

Researchers Staff of the MoH OCGS

11)Department of Preventive medicine (Nutrition Section), MoH

Weight for age Mid-Up Arm circumference Underfive coverage of vitamin in A supplement Under five coverage of dewormed children

Health facilities Communities (Shehia)

Monthly One a year ( Health Bulletin)

Government Ministries and agencies

District official Community members Development partners

12)Fisheries development division

Fish catches per landing center Marine products List and number of fishermen

Fishermen Beach recorders at 32 productive landing

sites. In total there are 256 landing sites. District Fisheries Officer

Recorded daily for 16 days of high season but compiled monthly

Quarterly reports Survey reports after 3-4 years

OCGS Researchers International

organizations BoT Director of Fisheries Politicians University of Dar Salaam

Institute of marine Sciences

List & No. of registered vessels Fish disease and death outbreaks

Fishermen and vessel owners

13)Department of Marine Resources

Marine exports Marine products (seas weed) Fish pond production Fish catches

Beach recorders at the landing sites (30) 12 Private companies for sea weed Community Fishing groups for fish catches

from ponds at the coastal areas

Fish catches are recorded daily during the high season but compiled monthlySeasonal (depending on the size of the fish).

No publication

Internal quarterly reports are compiled Provided on request

BoT OCGS Line Ministries FAO

Country Stat.

14)Disaster Management Department (DMD), Second Vice President’s Office

Rainfall amount and patterns Major Disasters reported at the Shehia

level(Disease outbreaks, drought) Fire accidents Boat/Ferry accidents Number of Shehia trained on DMD issues List /No. of DMD committees and contacts (186

Shehia)

TMA DMD groups/committees at the Shehia level

92 Pemba and 94 Unguja) Local Governments(LGs) or Districts

Quarterly basis for copies of reports from LGs

No publication National DMD Committee(headed by the Second Vice President)

Ministry of Finance, Economic Development and Planning

House of Representatives

15)MANR, Department of Policy Planning and Research, (Agricultural

Crop Production Area planted per crop No. of farmers per crop Weekly commodity market prices of major food

items such as Cassava, Banana, Sweet potatoes,

Department of Agriculture(DA) who gather it from the Block Extension Officers and District Agricultural officers (DAO)

quarterly No publications OCGS International Agencies

such as FAO and WFP FSND & DMD Line Ministries

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Statistics Unit), Cocoa-nuts) for dissemination to farmers to enable them embrace agribusiness (stopped in 2013 due to unavailability of weighing scales) by then, the MTIM was collecting this information.

Traders of Agricultural commodities (Darajani,Mwanakwerekwe, Mombasa, Kinyasini and Mkokotoni markets

NGOs like Save the Children, Action Aid international

Researchers 16)Department of

Social Welfare, MSWYWCD

Total No. of adults per Shehia Total No. of vulnerable adults per shehia Total number of children per Shehia List/No. of vulnerable children per Shehia (0-18

years) by sex, date of birth, age, H/hold number, religion, nationality, category, cause of vulnerability education level, school, reason for dropping out of school, type of support being received,& service provider, Date of recognized & Departure from home and reason, Nutrition status(0-5 years), ,whether completed vaccination doze.

List/No. of vulnerable H/Holds by sex, age, education level, employment, relations with children, Number of H/hold dependents.

MVC committees Health personnel in the Shehia

Semi-Annually/Every six months

Annually MVC Committees Health personnel at the

Clinics NGOs

17)Department of Trade, MTIM

Weekly retail and wholesale commodity prices Weights of consumer commodities Stocks of Rice, Sugar and Wheat flour Imports of Rice, Sugar and Wheat flour Exports of Rice, Sugar and Wheat flour(special

permission be sought for a trader to export these food items given the price differentials between Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar

Mwanakwerekwe Market Wholesale and retail shops Tanzania Revenue Authority(TRA) Office Importers ‘Go-down’ stores(( about 12)

Daily but compiled at the end of every month.

No publication yet but plans are underway to publish a monthly bulletin

Information is provided on request

Students, Researchers , Traders, Government Institutions

such as OCGS, MFEDP for preparation

of annual budgets, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources(MANR)

18)Department of Livestock Production , Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries(MLF)

Livestock production ( Cattle, Goats, chicken, etc)

Livestock products such as Milk, meat, eggs)

District Livestock Officers Production and Veterinary assistants Individual livestock keepers and Farmer

groups Records at Animal Health & Production

Centers

Monthly No publication OCGS Department of Policy

Planning and research (DPPR)

19)Department of Policy Planning and Research, MLEEC

List/Number of Cooperatives registered disaggregated as Financial (SACCOs) and Non-Institutions(Production, Service, Hand-crafts) categories

Production capacity and number of employees of registered cooperatives at time of registry

Number of entrepreneurs trained Number of people receiving credit Children in difficult circumstance being supported

by different agencies e.g. Save the Children) Unemployed youth List/number of importers, (private sector agencies)

Cooperatives Entrepreneurs Employers Local governments (Districts and Shehia) Department of Cooperatives

Daily for registration of cooperatives, Private sector agencies and organizations

1-3 months for vulnerable children

Monthly for credit recipients

Irregularly for unemployed youth

Quarterly but for internal reporting purposes

OCGS Zanzibar Investment

Promotion Authority (ZIPA)

Ministry of Public Service & Good Governance (President’s Office)

MFEDP Public & Private Sector

Employers Trade Unions such as

Zanzibar Trade Union Congress (ZATUC)

ILO HoR SVPO

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20)Department of Environment(FVPO)

Areas being polluted by solid wastes and expired foods

Number of dumping sites earmarked by the Zanzibar Municipality Council

Level of adherence to environmental regulations (use of plastic bags by shop owners)

Number of people trained in environmental education

Natural resources such trees and land management practices

Environmental impacts

Hotels Shop owners ( for routine checks on usage of

plastic bags Zanzibar Municipality Office

Monthly

Irregularly for environmental impacts assessed. This depends on requests submitted by hotel owners.

Annually

Quarterly (internal reporting )

Minister Zanzibar Investment

Promotion Authority Hotels (environmental

education) OCGS

21)RED CROSS, ZANZIBAR

Weather Conditions (rainfall) Major disasters such as drought

TMA and DMD PIROI system ( Indian Ocean Platform run by

the French Red Cross A regional Disaster response group has been

formed including Zanzibar, Comoro, Madagascar, Seashells, Mauritius and Tanzania mainland

Irregularly Done at the national level annually for Development Partners

Universities Development Partners

and Diplomatic Missions

22)MoEVT, DPPR (DPPR)

School enrollment Student attendance Academic performance

23)Min. of Infrastructure and Communication, DPPR

Road transport information (Condition, Lengths by type of road per district, number of

roads and bridges rehabilitated and constructed

Zanzibar Ports Corporation (ZPC)Zanzibar Civil Aviation Zanzibar Marine time AuthorityZanzibar Shipping Corporation (ZSC)Officer in Charge of PembaDepartment of Road Construction and Maintenance

Ad-hoc No publication except the quarterly reports

Available /Rreleased upon request

OCGS (on quarterly basis)

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