FPInnovations: Canada’s Forest Research Institute; A ... · Sustainable forestry Sustainable...
Transcript of FPInnovations: Canada’s Forest Research Institute; A ... · Sustainable forestry Sustainable...
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Possibilities with Wood Possibilities with Wood Systems in Construction
Marjan PopovskiBuilding Systems DepartmentDallas / Irving, Texas Building Systems Department g,
December 07, 2011
FPInnovations: Canada’s Forest Research Institute;A Canadian Public-Private Partnership
Federal Government Provinces & Territories Industry Members
Main Laboratories:Main Laboratories:VancouverMontrealQuebec CityQuebec City
Sustainable forestry Sustainable design
FPInnovations - Background
• With over 550 employees across the country and an annual budget of $90 million it is theand an annual budget of $90 million it is the world’s largest private, not-for-profit forest products research institutep
• This unique forestry research centre is capable of providing complete value chain solutions – from forest management and transportation to products, such as structural
tsystems
FPInnovations System Approach
Performance Demands on Building SystemsPerformance Demands on Building Systems
The Wood Products Council and AIA/CES
• “The Wood Products Council” is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education S t (AIA/CES) C dit( ) d l ti f thiSystems (AIA/CES). Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon requestmembers are available upon request.
• This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsementmay be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or productor product.
• Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Copyright Materials
This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display py g p , , p y
and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is prohibited.
© The Wood Products Council 2011
Learning Objectives
• Attributes that affect the design and construction will be presentedconstruction will be presented.
• Description of 3 wood-based building systems (light platform-frame heavy columns and(light platform frame, heavy columns and beam and cross-laminated timber) will be given with examples.
• Earthquake simulation tests on 6 and 7-storey buildings will be presented.
• Examples of hybrid construction (wood/non-wood) will be presented.
Wood is Light and has High Strength to Weight Ratio
Mosquito Airplane WWII (mostly wood)
Wood is Durable and Long-Lasting
Norwegian Stave churches – circa 1200
Wood Structures Have Good Seismic Performance
Wood Structures are Aesthetic Pleasing
Ahmet Afif Pasha Yali, Istanbul - 1910
First storey isFirst storey is masonry
3 storey plus attic is3 storey plus attic is wood
We Used to Build Higher Wood Buildings in the Past
180,000 ft² (17,000 m²)
Masonry/Heavy Timber Construction
7 storey + 2 lower storeys
Height: 30m
Kelly, Douglas and Co. Warehouse; Vancouver - 1905
Objective-Based Codes Provide New Opportunities
• The adoption of objective-based building codes (2005 in Canada) offered significant advantages for ) g gdesigners and partially eliminated the bias against wood that was inherent in previous prescriptive codesThe ne format recogni es “Acceptable Sol tions” and• The new format recognizes “Acceptable Solutions” and “Alternative Solutions”
• The proponent of an “Alternative Solution” shall p pdemonstrate that proposed design is equivalent to an “Acceptable Design” specified in the CodeB ildi th t f l l itt d t b f• Buildings that were formerly only permitted to be of non-combustible construction can now be built of wood, provided they can offer equivalent performance
Building Types Today
BUILDINGS
Residential Non-Residential Res / Non-Res
Single Family
Low-riseApartment
Mid- and High-rise
Duplex
Commerciale.g.,
shopping mall
Industriale.g.,
sawmill
3-5 Storey Apartment on
Retail Storey(s)
Other Applications
Institutione.g.,
school
Recreationale.g.,
arena
Multi-Family
3-5 Storeys Apartment 5+ Storeys
Triplex
Attached Townhouse
Largely dominated by light-frame wood structures
Largely dominated by steel, concrete, and masonry
Wood-concrete, steel and masonry
What is Possible to be Build with Wood Today
• Light Wood Frame Construction (up to 4 or 6 Storey)Storey)
• Heavy Timber Frame Buildings (up to 10 storey) • Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Applications (up ( ) pp ( p
to 10 storey)• Mixed (dual) systems including any combinations
of the systems above• Hybrid systems that include wood and other
t t l t i lstructural materials
Platform Frame Construction in Canada
• Over 80% of residential buildings up to 4 storeys are built with this systemstoreys are built with this system
• Limited to 4-storeys in Canada• British Columbia was the• British Columbia was the
first Province in Canadathat allowed residentialt at a o ed es de t awood-frame constructionup to 6 storeys
• Ontario and Quebecare expected to followsuite soon
6-Storey Wood-Frame Building Initiative in BC
• Started as an announcement by the Premier of BC in the Fall of 2008of BC in the Fall of 2008
• BC Building and Safety Policy Branch of Ministry of Housing and Social DevelopmentMinistry of Housing and Social Development led the code change process
• Input received from leading experts and put ece ed o ead g e pe ts a dstakeholders from the residential building industry
• Code change became effective in April 2009
Some Areas of Concern were Raised
• Seismic performance• Fire protection• Fire protection• Shrinkage Control
B ildi l f• Building envelope performance• Acoustic Performance
Solutions for the Seismic Issue
• FPInnovations and Colorado State University conducted a parametric study on a number of 4 and 6 p ystorey building designs which showed the proposed seismic provisions are adequateFPInno ations joined the NEESWood research team• FPInnovations joined the NEESWood research team to conduct a shaking table tests of the 6-storey Capstone Wood-Frame building in Miki, Japan
Shaking Table Tests of 6-Storey NEESWood Building
At two locations it used high capacity Midply wall system developed by FPInnovations and UBC
The NEESWood Capstone Building
6 d f b ildi
Midply Walls
• 6-storey wood-frame building constructed with lumber from Canada
• Tests conducted in summer of 2009
• At two locations it used high capacity Midply wall system developed by FPInnovationsdeveloped by FPInnovations and UBC
• From Canadian side NRCan, FII and CWEP funding for materialmaterial
Shake Table Test of 6-storey Wood-frame Building
Midply Wall System (FPInnovations/UBC)
2x4 studsStandard shear wall
16” 16” 16”
SheathingMIDPLY shear wall Cladding/Sheathing
24” 24”
Drywall/Sheathing
• Sheathing nailed to wide side of studs
Reasons for Improved Performance
Nails work in double shear
Sh hiStud or
thus increasing the lateral load capacity
Greater edge distance panel
Sheathing Plate
89 mm 38 mm 38 mm Greater edge distance - panel
chip out failure is reduced
Nail head away from panel Nail in single shear
Nail in double shear
Grain direction
Stud or Plate
y psurface - nail pull through failure is prevented
single shear shear
Capable of accommodating additional sheathing
Midply Wall System in NEESWood Test Building
Steel Rod ithwith
Shrinkage taker
Test Results - Monotonic & Cyclic Tests
40
10
20
30
)
-10
0
10
Load
(kN
/m)
-30
-20
Specimen m30-01S i S39
-40-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
Displacement (mm)
Specimen S39
Midply Wall Application
Four-storey residential building in Vancouver Midply walls used in all corridor and party walls
A t t l ll l ll d f ti A non-structural parallel wall used for acoustic reasons Steel rods used to resist up-lift forces
Building that used Midply Wall System
Varoglu, E. et al 2006 & 2007. The Midply wood shear wall system. American Society of Civil Engineers. Journal of Structural Engineering,Vol.132, No.9 & Vol.133, No 7. , ,
6-Storey Initiative in BC – APEG BC Bulletin
• Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of BC (APEG BC) i ll b tiBC (APEG BC) in collaboration with FPInnovations, Equilibrium Consultants and SEABC Wood Frame Committee developed aFrame Committee developed a Technical & Practice Bulletin for wood-frame mid-rise buildings
SEABC: Structural Engineering Association of BC
APEG BC Technical and Practice Bulletin
• Includes Design Guidelines for Structural (with emphasis on seismic) Structural (with emphasis on seismic),
including a peer-reviewed design example of 6-storey wood-frame building developed by FPInnovations and Equilibrium Consultants
Fire protectionFire protection Shrinkage management Building envelopeg p
Can be downloaded fromhttp://www.apeg.bc.ca/ppractice/documents/ppguidelines/5and6StoreyWoodFrameBulletin pdfand6StoreyWoodFrameBulletin.pdf
BC Building Code Changes
• Wood-frame residential buildings are allowed up to 6-storeys in heighty g
• Maximum height of less than 18 m between the grade and the uppermost floor level of the top storey
• The building has to be sprinklered throughout• Total building area is 1440 m² (5-storey)
or 1200 m² (6-storey)or 1200 m (6 storey)
Additional details can be obtained from• http://www.housing.gov.bc.ca/building/wood_frame/6s
torey_form.html
Light Wood-Frame Construction (up to 6 Storey)
• Wood First initiative in BC• New heights for wood frame buildings• New heights for wood-frame buildings Result was 68 that now five and six storey projects are
underway underway Richmond BCCourtesy of Oris Consulting Ltd
V BCVancouver BC
Library Square, Kamloops, BC
Five wood storeys on one concrete, 151 Units (originally designed in steel)
Design Team:
Courtesy of WoodWorksBC
JM Architects, Surrey, BCSiefken Engineering, New Westminster, BC
Library Square, Kamloops, BC
Courtesy of WoodWorksBC
Heavy Timber Frame Buildings (up to 10 Storeys) Timber Post & Beam Mid-rise with Concrete Cores
Concrete cores to resist lateral loads
Building in Quebec City, Quebec
Glulam post & beambeam
Timber Post & Beam Mid-rise with Concrete Cores
6-storey glulam post-and-beam structure with reinforced concrete cores (CSN FondAction) LEED GOLD( )
Wood members were cut using CNC technology
Seven Storey Heavy Timber Building in Berlin Innovative Connections for Heavy Timber Buildings
Heavy Timber Frame Buildings
How about replacingreplacing masonry/concrete elevator shafts and t i ll ithstair wells with
wood-based solutions?
Third System: Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)
What is Cross Laminated Timber?
• Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) panels were first developed in Europe about 20 years agop p y g
• CLT is made of crosswise glued layers of wood boards with an average thickness of 20 to 38 mm
CLT Panels
• The CLT panels can use low, medium or high grade lumber
• The cross lamination (two-way action) of the wood strips minimizes swelling and shrinkage, while considerabl increasing the o erall panel resistanceconsiderably increasing the overall panel resistance
CLT Panels
• CLT is used for floor, wall and roof systems• Depending on application and design requirementsDepending on application and design requirements,
panels with 3, 5, 7 or more layers can be produced with thickness from 50 mm to 300 mm (600 mm)
CLT Production
• Openings for windows, doors, staircases and for other utilities are pre-cut using CNC machinesp g
Building Assembly
Buildings are assembled on site with CLT panels lifted with cranes andCLT panels lifted with cranes and put in place
Connecting Floor Panels
• Floor panels are connected using various type of joints and screws Screws
Pl d LVL
Plywood or LVL
Screws
CLT CLTPlywood or LVL
Screws
Plywood or LVL
CLT CLT
Plywood or LVL Screws
Self-tapping screws
CLT CLT
Connecting Floors to Walls
• Floor panels are connected to walls with long self-taping screwsp g
Connecting Walls to Floors
• Walls are connected to floors with steel brackets and screws or nails
Building Envelope
• Buildings should be “breathable”• Prevent rain infiltrationPrevent rain infiltration• Exterior exposed portion of wood panels
may benefit from preservative treatment• Wetting should be prevented during
construction
Attributes of CLT Construction
• Prefabricated high precision production• Fast erection and completion• Fast erection and completion Less disruption to community and Less waste
• Flexible building system• Flexible building system Can be also a modular system or addition to existing buildings
• Good seismic performance• Good seismic performance• Good fire performance• Good sound and thermal insulation• Good sound and thermal insulation • Low environmental footprint
Contemporary Houses in CLT Contemporary Houses in CLT
Contemporary Houses in CLT - Interior Low-rise Multi-family Residential Structures
Low-to-Mid Rise Residential Buildings Example of Mid-rise CLT Structure
• 9 Storey buildingin London Englandg
• ArchitectAndrew Waugh
Construction of the Building
• 9 storeys in 9 weekswith crew of 5
• Crane from the trucklifting elevator shaftlifting elevator shaftCLT module
• Total time savingof 20 weeks vs.concrete
8-Storey Buildings, Växjö, Sweden
CLT in Industrial Structures CLT in Industrial Structures
CLT in Restaurants or Bars CLT in Concert Halls
CLT Schools - Norwich Open Academy, UK
106,000 sqf. mixed CLT & glulam
Erected by 2 cranes and 12 persons in 18 weeks
School Gymnasiums
Religious Structures Myers Memorial UMC, Bell Tower, N. Carolina
Shaking Table Tests on 7-storey Building
• Conducted at E-Defense in Japan• Building weight 270t (120t + 150t)
• Wall panel thickness 140 mm floors 1 and 2 125 mm floors 3 and 4 85 mm top 3 floors All floor panels 142 mm
• Wall panels length 2.3 m 23.5m Wall panels length 2.3 m• Two 3-axial records used
Kashiwazaki Kariwa Quake• X (0 3g) Y (0 68g) Z (0 4g)• X (0.3g) Y (0.68g) Z (0.4g)
Kobe JMA Quake• X (0.6g) Y (0.82g) Z (0.34g)
7.5m 13.5m
X
Videos of a Shaking Table Test (Kobe 0.82g)
Fire Performance FPInnovations’ Wood Handbook
CLT for Hurricane and Tornado Shelters
• Great work on this topic by A. Purgstaller and G. Schickofer, TU Gratz, Austria, ,
Dual System CLT and Heavy Timber
CLT core
CLT diaphragm
Heavy timber wood columns for vertical loads
Dual CLT Wood-Frame System
• Elevator shaftsElevator shaftsand stairwellsmade of CLT
• Rest of the buildingcan be other system
• CLT can be used withCLT can be used withgypsum boards toform a firewall
Wood-Concrete Hybrid Structure, Vancouver, BC
Concrete underground parking plus concrete street level commercial storey
4-storey wood-frame residential vertically and horizontally separated
itunits
Concrete-Wood Hybrid Structure in Sweden
Concrete Building with Wood Top Storey
Wood-Frame Infill Walls in Scandinavia
Hybrid Buildings: Earth Sciences Building, UBC, Vancouver, BC Hybrid Wood - Concrete - Steel Building
It is Post Disaster Building Built to Stringent Requirements CLT in Hybrid Industrial Structures
• Concrete – CLT hybridstructurestructure
Steel – CLT Parkade Hybrid Wood Roofs - Speed Skating Oval
After the OlympicsAfter the Olympics
UBC Bio-Energy R&D Building
20,300 sfCLT walls + roof deckglulam moment frameconcrete raft slab
Research at UBC Vancouver, Wood-Concrete Tower
J. Wang and RJCJ. Wang and RJCOriginal Concept by F. Lam, CC Yao and A. Boniface
Life Cycle Tower Concept from Austria
Creative RenewableEnergy and Efficiency Group (CREE Group)
Metropol Parasol Building, Seville, Spain
Jurgen Mayer H ArchitectsJurgen Mayer H. Architects
Plaza de la Encarnacion
Conclusions
• In North America we were able to built 30m (100 ft) ( )high heavy timber structures over a century ago
• This trend did not continue; during most of the last century wood was used in low-rise single family, andcentury wood was used in low rise single family, and later, multi-family residences
• During the last decade wood-based systems started to be increasingly used in mid rise residential and in nonbe increasingly used in mid-rise residential and in non-residential applications
• Systems presented here are viable opportunities for f d i id ti l d id ti l b ildiuse of wood in residential and non-residential buildings
Conclusions
• Today we are witnessing a Wood Renaissance that is supported bypp y Use of pre-fabrication techniques (walls, floors, roofs) and
engineered wood products (Glulam, SCL, Wood-I joists, trusses, CLT)CLT)
Use of innovative connections with CNC precision cutting Presence of new design and construction expertise and technical
support Introduction of Building Code Changes (includes mid-rise buildings) Implementation of results from applied researchImplementation of results from applied research Various government involvement (Wood First Act in BC, Wood Use
Strategy for construction in Québec, US city ordinances)
What the Future Holds?
36 storey building in preliminarypreliminary design stage
20 storey building in Norway under construction 16 storey building Italy Concept of 36 story buildingunder construction 16 storey building, Italy Concept of 36 story building
Questions?This concludes The American
Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems CourseEducation Systems Course
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