FOXPRO(aj)

7/21/2019 FOXPRO(aj)

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PROGRAMMING IN FOXPRO

Ordnance Factories Institute of Learning Ambajhari

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INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE

What is a database ?

A database is an organised collection of related information. Any unorganised

information is just a pile or dump, and it cannot be called a database. A database serves as an

information base and can use it for:

? Retrieving desired information

? Taking meaningful decision

? Re-organising information

? Processing information

Data Structure

It is a term used to refer the logical structuring of data. So, in a database, information isstored in records (rows) and fields (column).

RECORD

Collection of data or related facts is a Record. Each data makes up fields of thedatabase. Each field has different field name, type and size. The relevant information is storedin the fields.

Database Management System (DBMS)

A Database Management System is a tool for managing information stored in thedatabase. Managing a database includes the following functions.

1. File Creation2. Modifying a file structure3. Adding records4. Deleting records5. Selecting records6. Printing reports

1. File Creation :

Creating a database file means defining the data to be maintained and organising thedatabase to accommodate the data keeping requirements to be met by the system.Once the file is designed, data can be added to it.

2. Modifying a File

Modifying a file means changing its structure. To add or delete fields to the records in afile or change the width of one or more fields.


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3. Adding Records

To add records in a file, you enter data in the fields, record by record.

4. Deleting Records

Unnecessary records may be deleted or removed from the data file.

5. Selecting Records

The ability to select just those records which meet certain criteria in an essentialcapability of any DBMS.

6. Printing Reports

Most data management operation require the production of printed reports that show thestatus of data in the file in both detailed and summary form.

Introduction to FoxPro

FoxPro is one of the leading Data Base Management System (DBMS) software for PC.

This is an enhanced and updated version of the FoxBASE+ software.

One of the first DBMS for the PC was developed by ASHTON-TATE in 1979-80 that was

called dBASE II. Then that company introduced the updated version of dBASE II in 1984 that

was called dBASE III. Soon, dBASE III became the industry standard. Later, ASHTON-TATEreleased the enhanced and updated version of dBASE III, i.e. dBASE III PLUS.

To get a share of the expanding DBMS market for the PC segment, Fox Software Inc.

came out with FoxBASE+ that was almost compatible with dBASE III PLUS. Then it was

updated and the new software was called FoxPro. Gradually, new versions of FoxPro were

released to make it more powerful and user friendly. However, this has also widened the gap

between dBASE and FoxPro, and now they are only partly compatible.

FoxPro is also called the Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). It helps

you to design database files as per the requirements and as per the specified format. It alsohelps you enter and manage data in database files. FoxPro also helps you to edit, view, change

data in the database through simple built-in commands. Once the database is ready, you can

use it to retrieve selected information from it. The retrieved information can be displayed or

printed as per the desired report format. The best part is that the data stored in the database is

flexible. i.e. you can change / modify the contenets as well as the structure of a database any

number of times. FoxPro has many other powerful commands for managing multiple database

files, protection and documentation of files.


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Defining Database Structure

While defining the structure, you have to specify the following details:? A unique field name for each field, i.e. each field must have a name that is not being used

by any other field.

? Field type, i.e. the type of data, such as numeric or character to be stored in each field.

? Width of each field. For numeric field, also specify the number of decimal digits.

The fields in each database file should store items of information that belong together

logically. A FoxPro 2.5 or 2.6 database can contain up to 255 fields totaling up to 65,500

characters. In the Extended version, you can open 255 database simultaneously, and in the

Standard version, you can open 25. Because you can open multiple databases and link them

based on common fields, you can avoid a great deal of redundancy by eliminating from eachdatabase most items of information that you can look up in other files. For example, there is no

need to store a persons name in both the Names File and the Supplementary Information File,

and there is certainly no need to store the name in Contacts File or Transaction File.

Naming Files and Fields :

Before you create the database files for your application, you should begin to develop a

consistent set of naming conventions for database files, fields, and indexes. These guidelines

should be simple enough that you, and other programmers who may modify your system, can

readily remember the rules. They also must be general and flexible enough to extend to all theother types of files and objects that make up a complete application.

Within the limitation of an eight-character file name, two or three characters of which are

devoted to the application prefix, try to assign names that clearly indicate the purpose or use of

the files.

FoxPro field names can be up to ten characters long and can contain any combination of

letters, digits, and underscores, except that the first character must be a letter. Spaces and

punctuation marks are not allowed in field names. As with file names, you should strive to

invent field names that clearly indicate the purposes of the fields.

Choosing Data types :

FoxPro supports six data types for database fields.

Character -This data type accepts all the standard ASCII characters, that is, all the

characters that you can generate by pressing keys on the keyboard--including letters, digits,

punctuation marks, graphics, foreign language, and line-and box-drawing characters.

Character fields can be up to 254 characters long.


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Numeric, float These fields can hold only numeric data. Thus you can only store digits 0 to 9,

decimal point (.) and the optional leading plus (+) or minus (-) sign. The maximum length is

20 digits, including up to 18 decimal places. FoxPro stores more significant digits for the

float type data as compared to the numeric data. Therefore, the float type data (field) is

better for scientific calculations. However, since FoxPro is generally used for business

applications, the float fields are not commonly used.

Date - This type accepts only valid calendar dates. FoxPro stores the month, day, and four-

digit year (although most date display formats show the year as a two-digit number).

Logical - This type accepts only the logical values true(yes), entered as T, t, Y, or y, and

false (no), expressed as F, f, N, or n. Logical fields are particularly useful for storing

information that has only two states.

Memo - This type accepts an unlimited amount of data of any kind (subject to memory

and disk space limitations), usually free-form text. The data to be stored in the memo field is

not stored in the database file but in an auxiliary database file with the same name but with

the extension name .fpt. FoxPro allots a ten byte space in the main database file to store

the location of the memo data in the auxiliary database file. Memo fields are useful in

reducing the size of a database file. For entering data into the Memo filed, press CTRL +

Home (or) CTRL + PgDn.

Setting field widths :

All fields stored in the .DBF file are fixed in width-that is, the amount of space they

occupy is always exactly the same as the field width defined in the database structure, whether

or not the user has entered any data. When you define a FoxPro database, you need only

specify the widths for character, numeric, and float fields; indeed, you cannot enter a width for

any other field type.

Assigning Index Key fields :

Indexes play a central role in any FoxPro application. Indexes serve the following

purposes:

? They enable you to view records in sequences other than the order in which they were

entered, without physically rearranging the records.

? They support the linkages between files that enable you to view matching records from

multiple related databases.

? They enable you to conduct fast searches to find individual records based on unique

values in one or more fields.

? Even in a larger database, they enable you to quickly process a small group of records

with identical or similar values.


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? They support the fast, efficient record selection operations carried out by FoxPros

Rushmore query optimizer.

Re-evaluating the field list :

The final critical look at your file design worksheets to verify that you have not omitted

any essential fields and that each of the fields listed is required. One common pitfall, especially

when you are guided by the wish lists of enthusiastic users, is to include many fields that really

do not belong in the database.

THE FOXPRO USER INTERFACE

FoxPro does not force you to choose between the menu and command modes- both are

usually available, and you can use any combination of commands and menu selections toaccomplish a given task. The System menu bar is always visible at the top of the screen, and

the Commands window appears by default in the lower-right corner. You can operate the

FoxPro menus with a mouse, by using function keys and cursor movement keys, or by pressing

Alt- key combinations. In some cases, you can execute menu commands directly by pressing

Ctrl- key combinations without first activating the menu system.

The FoxPro Windowing Environment :

The FoxPro window components and controls are labelled in the Command

window pictured as below :

Selected bar Menu popup

Title barMenu bar

Window Scroll bars


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When you start up FoxPro, only one window, the Command window, is active. All other

editing activities also take place in windows, and you may have as many windows open at once

as you wish. Whenever you start up the FoxPro text editor, invoke any of the form design tools (

such as the Screen Builder, Menu Builder, or Report Writer), or type a command that requires a

window, such as BROWSE, FoxPro automatically opens a new window for this activity, leaving

all other active windows open and placing the new window on top.

CONSTRUCTING EXPRESSIONS AND CONDITIONS

An expression is a command component made up of database fields, memory variables,

constants, function, and operators, combined in accordance with the rules of FoxPro syntax.

An expression always evaluates to a single quantity of a particular data type- character,

numeric, date, or logical - although it contain components of several different data types,

including memo fields, you can use an expression almost anywhere that a quantity of the same

data type is permitted. Conditions will play an important role in work with FoxPro, beginning in

the earlier stages of application development, where you will use them in FOR and WHILE

clauses, filters, RQBE , and conditional index expressions to describe record selection criteria.

Displaying data with the ? command

When you work in the Command window, the ? command provides a handy method fordisplaying the result of evaluating any expression. This command, which you will use

extensively in programs, displaying or prints the results of evaluating any list of expressions on

the next available screen or printer line. For example, you could display the result of adding 2

and 3 with the following command

? 2 + 3

In most cases, your expressions will include references to database fields and other

FoxPro objects. For example, with the ACE Names File open, you could display the contents of

the NAME field from the current record with the following :

? NAME

You can display multiple expressions by listing them in the ? command, separated by

commas, as follows:

? IDCODE, NAME, CITY, STATE

The following command displays a persons ID code, and the length of time (in days)

between ACEsfirst and last (most recent) contacts with the person:

? IDCODE, NAME, LASTCONT - FIRSTCONT


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The following command displays current date at a specified column (say 20).

? DATE( ) AT 20

The ?? Command :

The ?? command is a minor variation of the ? command. Whereas the ? command

displays information in the next row, ?? displays it in the same row. In other word, FoxPro

issues a line-feed before displaying data with ?, whereas it does not issue line-feed with ??.

?? NAME

?? LACALITY

?? CITY

Controlling printer with ??? :

Regardless of the status of SET PRINTER, the ??? command sends the codes to the

printer without affecting the print head position. The following command sends the codes to the

printer without affecting the print head position. The following command sends the code for

selecting the condensed printing mode on Epson and compatible printers.

??? CHR(015)

The ASCII code for selecting the condensed printing mode is 015. The CHR function

returns (passes) the ASCII code 015 to the ??? command, that sends it to the printer.

Using Operators :

Operators are symbol that represent specialized operations that FoxPro can carry out.

All the FoxPro operators as they are used with data of various types you are familiar with the

arithmetic operators and the symbols used to represent them: addition (+), subtraction (-),

multiplication (*), and division (/). FoxPro can also raise a number to a power, using either ^ or **

as the exponentiation operator. For example, you could express 2 cubed (2 raised to the third

power) as

2 ** 3

or

2 ^ 3

You can use the modulusoperator to compute the remainder that results from dividing

one number by another. This operator is handy for carrying out unit-of-measure conversions.

For example, to convert 87 inches to feet and inches , you would divide the number of

inches(87) by 12; the number of whole feet is the integer portion of the result, and the number of

inches is the remainder.


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You can use the INT function, which is described later to obtain the integer portion of the

result of the division, and use the modulus operator to compute the remainder, in an expression

like the following:

87 % 12

The notation of carrying out calculations on character, date, or logical data may at first

seem foreign, but the fact that FoxPro uses some of the familiar arithmetic operator symbols to

represent these calculations should help to alleviate your initial confusion. In most cases these

symbols represent operations that are roughly equivalent to their mathematical counterparts.

For example, adding two character strings together means combining them end-to-end, with no

intervening spaces. For a particular record in the Names File, the expression

CITY + STATE + ZIP

might evaluate to

SAN FRANCISCO CA94101

The spaces between San Francisco and CA result from the fact that the CITY field is

longer (20 Characters) than its contents (13 characters). If you use the - operator instead of +,

FoxPro removes the trailing blanks from all but the last character string, and combines all the

blank spaces at the end of the resulting string. You can use this operator when you must

produce character strings of a given length but with no embedded blank spaces. For the same

record used in the previous example, the expression

CITY - STATE - ZIP

Would evaluate to

SAN FRANCISCOCA94101

Note that the result of evaluating this last expression includes seven trailing spaces, derived

from the CITY field

The FoxPro Operators

Operator Data Types Meaning

^ or ** N, F Exponentiation

* N, F Multiplication

/ N, F Division

% N, F modulus

+ N, F Addition

C Concatenation

D+N Adds days to a date

- N, F Subtraction

C Concatenation, embedded blanks combined

at end

D-N Subtracts day from a date

= C, M, N, F, D Equal to

= = C, M Equal to and equal in length


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Operator Data Types Meaning

, #, or != C, M, N, F, D Not equal to

> C, M, N, F, D Greater than>= C, M, N, F, D Greater than or equal to

< C, M, N, F, D Less than

{01/01/92}

When you combine two conditions with OR, the resulting condition is .T. if eitherof the

component conditions is true. For example, the following selections all people in California,

regardless of their last contact date, together with all those whose last contact date was after

January 1, 1992, regardless of where they live:

LIST FOR STATE = CA OR LASTCOUNT >{01/01/92}

The NOT operator is used to negatea condition - that is, to select all records in whichthe condition is not true. For example, the following command selects records in which the state

is either California nor Oregon.

LIST FOR STATE CA ANDF STATE OR

You can also use the NOT operator to select records in which a logical field has the

value .F. for example, you can display all the records from the Names File in which the MAIL

field is .F. with the following :

LIST FOR NOT MAIL

* * * * *


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FoxPro Functions

A functionis a named operator that adds to the FoxPro language the ability to perform

more specialized calculations or operations than you can with explicit expressions constructed

using only the operators. Each function requires a specific type of input performs a particular

transformation on this input, and yields a result a specific type of output.

Every FoxPro functionreturns as output a single quantity of a particular data type, and

you can use a reference to the function anywhere a quantity of that data type is permitted. A

function referenceconsists of the function name followed by a pair of parentheses that enclose

the input. A function may require one input, more than one, or none, but even when you do not

provide input, you always include the parentheses to differentiate the function reference from afield or memory variable with the same name.

Mathematical Functions

SQRT( )

SQRT( ) returns the square root of a positive numeric expression. Enclose the numeric

expression within parenthesis.

Examples:

? SQRT(49)

7.00? SQRT(100)

10.00

LOG( ) and LOG10( )

FoxPro has two functions to calculate logarithm of a positive numeric expression. LOG()

returns the natural logarithm (to base e) and LOG 10( ) returns the common logarithm (to base

10)

Examples:

? LOG(100)

4.61? LOG10(100)

2.00


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INT( ), FLOOR( ) and CEILING( )

The INT( ) function returns the integer part of a numeric expression. It leaves out any

decimal part in the expression.

Examples:

NUM = 1234.5621

? INT(NUM)

1234

The FLOOR( ) function is similar to INT( ). It returns the nearest integer that is less than

or equal to the specified numeric expression. For instance, ? FLOOR(NUM) too displays 1234.

The CEILING( ) function, on the other hand returns the nearest integer that is greater

than or equal to the specified numeric expression. For instance, ? CEILING(NUM) displays

1235.

ABS( )

The ABS( ) function returns the absolute value of a numeric expression. That is, it

converts a negative expression to the corresponding positive number.

Examples:

? ABS(-124.45)

124.45

? ABS(NUM)

1234.5621

ROUND( )

ROUND( ) rounds off the numeric expression to the specified number of decimal places.

For example, the following command rounds off the NUM variable to whole number (i.e., 0

decimal places) and stores the result in the NUM2 variable.

? ROUND(NUM, 0)

1235

? ROUND(NUM, 1)

1234.6

You can round off a numeric expression to 10s, 100s, 1000s, etc. by specifying the

negative decimal places with ROUND( ). For instance,

? ROUND(NUM, -2)

1200

? ROUND(NUM, -3)

1000


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MIN( )

The MIN( ) function returns the expression with the lowest value. You can use two or

more expressions with MIN( ). The expressions can be of numeric, character or date type.

However, all expressions used with MIN( ) must be of the same type.

Examples:

? MIN(12, 15, 9)

9

? MIN(CA, AZ, BA, ZD)

AZ

MAX( )

The MAX( ) function is similar to MIN( ), except that it returns the expression with the

highest (maximum) value. You can use two or more expressions of numeric, character or date

type with MAX( ).

Examples:

? MAX(12, 15, 9)

15

? MAX(CA, AZ, BA, ZD)

ZD

BETWEEN( )

BETWEEN( ) determines if the value of an expression lies between the values of two

other expressions of the same data type. The expressions may be of numeric, character or

date type.

Example:

X = DATE( )

Y = DATE( ) + 1

Z = DATE( ) - 1

? BETWEEN(X, Z, Y)

.T.

BETWEEN( ) checks if the date variable X is between Y and Z. Since, X (current date)

lies between Y (tomorrows date) and Z (yesterdays date), the command displays .T.

MOD( ) and %

The MOD( ) function returns the remainder from a division of two numbers.

Example:

? MOD( 1965, 100 )

65

You can also use %, the modulus operator to get the remainder from a division of two

numeric expressions.


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Example:

? 1965 % 100

65

EXP( )

The EXP( ) function returns the value of en.

Example:

? EXP(1)

2.72

SIGN( )

The SIGN( ) function returns the numeric value of 1, -1 or 0 depending on the sign of a

numeric expression. It returns 1 if the numeric expression is positive; -1 if it is negative; and 0 if

it is equal to 0.

Examples:

STORE 0 to MARKS

? SIGN(MARKS)

0

? SIGN(20.3)

1

? SIGN(-12.34)

-1

LEN( )

The LEN( ) function returns the length of a specified character expression. Example:

CH = RAJAN

? LEN(CH)

5

String Functions

TRIM( )

TRIM( ) returns the specified character expression after removing all trailing blanks. You

can use this function in expressions that combine several character string on a report or

screen display if you wish to eliminate unsightly embedded spaces.

Example:

? TRIM( RTI )

RTI


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UPPER( )

UPPER( ) returns the specified character expression in upper-case.

Example:

? UPPER(Regional)

REGIONAL

LOWER( )

LOWER( ) returns the specified character expression in lower-case.

Example:

? LOWER(Regional)

regional

PROPER( )

PROPER( ) returns the specified character expression with the first letter of each word in

uppercase and the remaining characters in lowercase.

Example:

? PROPER(ORDNANCE FACTORY)

Ordnance Factory

SUBSTR( )

SUBSTR( ) returns a specified number of characters from the specified character

expression or memo field.

Example:

? SUBSTR(ORDNANCE FACTORY, 10, 4)

FACT

STR( )

STR function is used to convert a number to a character string, and VAL to make the

opposite conversion. The command accepts three inputs- the number to be converted, the total

length of the resulting character string, and the number of decimal places.

Example:

? STR(1234.12, 6, 1)

1234.1

Time & Date Functions:

TIME( )

The TIME( ) function returns the current system time.

Example:

? TIME( )

15:48:32


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DATE( )

The DATE( ) function returns the current system date.

Example:

? DATE( )

21 / 04 / 03

DAY( )

The DAY( ) function returns the numeric day value from a date expression. Example:

STORE DATE( ) TO CURRENT

21/04/03

? DAY(CURRENT)

21

MONTH( )

The MONTH( ) function returns the numeric value of the month from any date

expression. Example:

? MONTH(CURRENT)

4

CMONTH( )

The CMONTH( ) function returns the name of month (as character expression) from any

date expression.

Example:

? CMONTH(CURRENT)

April

YEAR( )

The YEAR( ) function returns the numeric year from any date expression. It always

returns the year with the century, regardless of the setting (ON or OFF) of SET CENTURY.

You can use a date expression (field, variable etc.) with YEAR( ). You can also use a literal

date string with YEAR( ).

Example:

? YEAR(CURRENT)

2003

? YEAR({12/06/95})

1995


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DTOC( )

The DTOC( ) (Date to Character) function is an important function that converts a date

type data to characters.

Example:

STORE DTOC(CURRENT) TO TODAY

21/04/03

CTOD( )

The CTOD( ) (Character to Date) is the reverse of DTOC( ). That is, it converts a date

stored as character data to a date-type data. An interesting feature is that it does not allow you

to store invalid dates. The following commands first create a character variable CH_VAR with

09/08/95 and then convert it to a date variable DATE_VAR.

Example:

CH_VAR = 09/08/95

STORE CTOD(CH_VAR) TO DATE_VAR

DOW( )

The DOW( ) (Day Of Week) function returns a number corresponding to the day of week

from the specified date-type expression. The day 1 of the week is Sunday.

Example:

? DOW(CURRENT)

2

CDOW( )

The CDOW( ) (Character Day Of Week) function returns the name of a day from the

specified date-type expression.

Example:

? CDOW(CURRENT)

Monday

Precedence of Evaluation

When you construct a complex expression, you must take into account the order in

which FoxPro evaluates the components; it does not, as you might guess, simply proceed

from left to right. The rules that govern the order in which an expression is evaluated depend

on the precedence of the various operators the expression contains. FoxPro evaluates

expressions in the following order:


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1. Expressions enclosed in parentheses, starting with the innermost set of parentheses, and

adhering to the rules of precedence within each set

2. Functions

3. Mathematical operations, in the following order:

a. Exponentiation

b. Multiplication and division, from left to right

c. Modulus calculations

d. Addition and subtraction, from left to right

4. Character string operations

5. Relational operators, from left to right

6. Logical operators, in the following order:

a. NOT

b. AND

c. OR

To adhere to this sequence of evaluation, FoxPro may make two or more passes

through a complex expression in order to produce the final output.

The FoxPro Record Pointer

When a database is open, FoxPro keeps tracks of the current record in the file - the

record that most recently displayed, edited, or operated on with any FoxPro command- with an

indicator called the record pointer. When you update a database in a Change or Browse

window, you can easily identify the current record by the display colours and the location of the

editing cursor. In these editing windows, the actions affect only the current record.

When you first open a database, the record pointer is positioned at the top of the file-on

the first record entered if no index is active, or on the first record in the index if an index is

controlling the processing sequence. Subsequent commands may move the pointer anywhere

in the file, or to the end-of-file.

Use GOTO command to move the record pointer directly to the top of the file, the bottom

of the file, or to any record, as identified by number. The command are, as follows:

GOTO TOP

GOTO BOTTOM

GOTO RECORD

Use SKIP command to move the record pointer forward or backward any number of

records. For example, for move forwarding four records with

SKIP 4

Or backward three records with SKIP -3


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CREATING COMMAND FILES

A command file is a disk file that contains a series of commands. Command file isactually a computer program, which presents a series of commands to the computer in a

specific order. You record commands in files because it is more convenient having FoxPro

execute a batch of commands than typing each command at the dot prompt. (In FoxPro all

commands are executed in the dot prompt) the basic procedure for working with command files

goes as follows. First, create the command file using MODIFY COMMAND. Then run the

command file by asking FoxPro to DO the command file. Correcting the errors in the command

file is termed as debugging.

Creating Command files with MODIFY

Lets write a mailing labels command file now. Call this command file LABELS and

create a database named as MAIL.DBF as below :

Field Name Field Type Width

FNAME Char 15

LNAME Char 15

ADDRESS Char 20

CITY Char 15

STATE Char 15ZIP Numeric 6

There are two ways to create a program file. You can use the FoxPro menu system (through

File New Program) or by using MODIFY COMMAND. The command to create a

new command file, or edit an existing one, is MODIFY COMMAND plus the name of the

command file. The command will be as follows:

MODIFY COMMAND LABELS ?

FoxPro displays the prompt

EDIT: LABELS.PRG

and gives a blank screen on which to write the command file. Make sure you are typed it as persyntax below.

? TRIM(FNAME),LNAME ?

? ADDRESS ?

? TRIM(CITY)+ , + STATE + STR(ZIP) ?

If you make errors go through the program and make changes. To save the file press ^W or

^End.

Now you have written a command file and stored it on the disk as LABELS.PRG.


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Running command files with - DO

First lets tell FoxPro to use MAIL.DBF as the database:USE MAIL ?

Now run the command file, tell:

DO LABELS ?

And youll see one of the records from MAIL.DBF in label format:

Betsy Smit

222 Lemon Dr.

New York, NY 01234

Using DO WHILE and ENDDO

DO WHILE and ENDDO is a very powerful and flexible set of commands. This is used to

execute a set of commands repeatedly. All you have to do is enclose the commands to be

repeated between a DO WHILE and an ENDDO command. Every DO WHILE begins a loop,

which will be ended by an ENDDO command. Lets try in the LABELS program.

MODIFY COMMAND LABELS ?

this will display the contents of LABEL.PRG

Press ^N to make room for a new line, add DO WHILE command at the top. Then add ENDDO

at the end of the loop. Here, add a SKIP command to have FoxPro skip down to the next name

in the database as it performs the commands in the loop. Finally a RETURN command tells the

FoxPro to return to dot prompt after the program has been executed.

DO WHILE .NOT. EOF()

? TRIM(FNAME),LNAME

? ADDRESS

? TRIM(CITY)+ , + STATE + STR(ZIP)

SKIP

ENDDO

RETURN

Save by ^W or ^End. On the prompt give:USE MAIL ?

DO LABELS ?

Then the program output comes as below :

Besty Smit

222 Lemon Dr.

New York, Ny 01234

Record no.1


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Ruth Doe

1142 J.St.

Los Angeles, Ca 91234

Record no.2

You can get rid of the record numbers by asking FoxPro to SET TALK OFF.

USE MAIL ?

SET TALK OFF ?

DO LABELS ?

Here it will display all mailing labels without record no.

To add a blank line between the mailing labels use a ? command in the program.

GO TOP ? - the command returns FoxPro to the top of the database.

To put comments in FoxPro programs, start the line with an asterisk (*).To add a comment to any command, type && at the end and then enter the desired

comment.

Keys Function

Modify structure

CTRL + W Save changes

CTRL + PgUp To move a field up

CTRL + PgDn To move a field down

CTRL + I Insert field

Browse windowCTRL + N Append Record

CTRL + T Delete Record

Modify command file

CTRL + N Inserts one blank line

CTRL + V Insert ON

CTRL + Y Deletes one line

CTRL + W Save command file

Reviewing Command Files :

A Command file is a computer program written in the FoxPro language. It contains step-

by-step instructions for FoxPro to perform a specific job.

To create or edit a command file (program), enter MODIFY COMMAND, followed by the

name of your program, at the dot prompt.

To run a program, enter the DO command followed by the name of the program. FoxPro

will execute each command in the file without you retyping it.

To tell FoxPro to repeat portions of a program, use the DO WHILE and ENDDO

commands to create a loop.


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Making Decisions

Using FoxPro in an Interactive Manner

If the command file is going to print certain labels, it needs to know which labels you

want. That is, it needs to ask you which labels you want to print. You can make your command

files ask questions with the ACCEPT and INPUT commands. When you use either of these

commands, you enclose the question to be asked in apostrophes. You also need to provide a

memory variable in which to store the answer to the question. To make the memory variable

accessible outside of the command file, you need to define it as PUBLIC. Lets try out the

ACCEPT command with a command file called TEST.

MODIFY COMMAND TEST ?

When the blank screen appears, type these lines :PUBLIC NAME

ACCEPT What is your names? TO NAME

and save it with CTRL+W. Then DO TEST. Youll see the prompt on-screen:

What is your name? _

FoxPro will leave the prompt on the screen until you type an answer. You can type any answer.

FRED ASTAIRE ?

After you press Return, the dot prompt appears because the program is over. If you type the

following in dot prompt,

? NAME ?

youll seeFRED ASTAIRE

If you were to DISPLAY MEMORY now, youd see that you have a memory variable called

NAME, of the Character type, with the contents FRED ASTAIRE. So youve been able to have

the command file ask a question, wait for an answer, and remember the answer by storing it to

a memory variable.

The INPUT command is very similar to the ACCEPT command, except that it is used

when the answer to the question is a number. For example, try making a command file called

TEST2 that looks like this:

PUBLIC ANSWERINPUT Enter a number to ANSWER

Save it. Then DO TEST2, and the request appears:

Enter a number _

Type any number, say 888, and press Return. The dot prompt reappears. Next type

? ANSWER ?

Youll see

888


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When you DISPLAY MEMORY, you see that you have a memory variable called ANSWER, and

it is Numeric.

The @ Command and Designing Custom Screens

The @ Command

The @ command is one of the most powerful and flexible commands that can be used

for several purposes, such as

1. To display the desired data in a required format

2. To input data in a field or variable

3. To draw or clear box and lines

4. To create custom screen format files, and so on.

Displaying Data with the @ Command

The @ command can be used to display any kind of data, such as a field, memory

variable or array, result of functions, etc. on the specified position on the screen. The screen of

your display up to 80 columns in each row, where each column displays one character. The

screen can display up to 25 rows.

To display any data with the @ command, you need to specify the coordinates for the

starting position. For example, @ 10, 5 SAY DATE( ) displays the current date at screen

coordinates 10,5 (refers to the physical row 11, column 6).

Inputting Data with @GET and @EDIT

The @GET (or @SAYGET) and @EDIT are similar. These commands in

combination with the READ command are used to input data in a field, memory variable or array

element.

A field or variable name is specified with @SAYGET or @GET. The command

displays the current value of the GET variable. Then, the READ command activates GET

variable(s) and you can enter the new data.

Example:

CLEAR

STORE Sudha Sharma TO STAFF

@5,5 SAY Enter new name: GET STAFF

FoxPro displays the following message on your screen in row 5.

Enter new name: Sudha Sharma


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Notice that Sudha Sharma is displayed in reverse video (or different colour) and you cannot

enter the new name yet. To enter data in GET variable(s), you have to use the READ

command.

? Enter READ in the command window.

Restricting Data Input with RANGE

You can use the RANGE clause with a GET variable to specify a range of acceptable

values. Enter the following commands:

CLEAR

BASIC = 1000

@ 5,0 SAY Enter Basic (1000-10000) GET BASIC RANGE 1000,20000

READFoxPro prompts you to enter the value. Try to enter a value outside this range, say 50,

and FoxPro displays a message:

RANGE: 1000 to 20000

FoxPro does not accept any number outside the specified range and the cursor stays in

the BASIC variable. It will exit from the @SAYGET command only when you enter a

number within the range.

Advanced Features of @SAY command

Several features are available with @ SAY to format the displayed text in differentways. For instance, you can display a date in the British format regardless of the date setting,

enclose a negative number within parentheses, or display numeric data in currency format. To

format displayed text in the desired way, use the PICTURE or FUNCTION clause with @

SAY, and specify the suitable code. For instance, consider the following commands:

NUMBER = 450

@ 4,10 SAY NUMBER FUNCTION $

$ 450

Common FUNCTION codes for @ SAY

Code Purpose

B Left-justifies numeric data within the display region.E Displays date type data as a BRITISH date

T Trims leading and trailing blanks

Z Displays as all blanks if its numeric value is 0

( Enclose negative numbers in parentheses

! Converts alphabetic characters to upper-case

^ Displays numeric data using scientific notation

$ Displays data in currency format


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Common PICTURE codes for @ SAY

Code PurposeX Allows any character

Y Allows logical Y, y, N and n only

! Converts lower-case letters to upper-case letters

$ Displays the current currency symbol

* Asterisks are displayed in front of the numeric value

. Specifies the decimal point position

, Specifies the position for comma (,) in numeric data

Using PICTURE and FUNCTION with @GET command

Like, @ SAY, @ GET can also use PICTURE and/or FUNCTION. The special

codes used with @ GET have dual functions first, they can format the displayed information

(GET variable), and second, they can restrict the data input in the GET variable.

e.g.

STORE SPACE(10) TO NAME1, NAME2

@ 5,0 SAY Enter Name GET NAME1 FUNCTION !

@ 7,0 SAY Enter Name GET NAME2 PICTURE @!

READ

The ! function code and @! picture code automatically convert entered letters to upper-case.

Whereas the function code (!) is automatically applied to the entire variable, the picture code (!)

is applied to the entire variable due to @ prefixed to !. Now, consider the following commands:

PROJ_CODE = SPACE(10)

@ 9,0 SAY Enter Project Code GET PROJ_CODE PICTURE !!999!!!!!

READ

Each picture code (character) specifies the format for the corresponding character position of

PROJ_CODE. Therefore, FoxPro will automatically convert the first two characters to upper-case; will allow only numeric data in the next three characters and will convert the last five

characters to upper-case.


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Common FUNCTION codes for @ GET

Code PurposeA Allows alphabetic characters only (no spaces or symbols)

B Left-justifies numeric data within the output field

E Edits date type data as a BRITISH date

T Trims leading and trailing blanks

! Converts alphabetic characters to upper-case

^ Displays numeric data using scientific notation

$ Displays data in a currency format

Common PICTURE codes for @ GET

Code PurposeA Allows alphabetic characters only

L Allows logical data only

N Allows letters and digits only

X Allows any character

9 Allows only digits in character data. Allows digits and

signs in numeric data

# Allows digits, blanks and signs

! Converts lower-case letters to upper-case letters

$ Prefixes the current currency symbol to numeric data

* Asterisks are displayed in front of a numeric value. Specifies the decimal point position

, Used to separate digits to the left of the decimal point

The WAIT command presents a message and waits for the user to press any key. The

variations of the WAIT command are explained below.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Variation Effects

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------WAIT When used as a single command, WAIT presents the message,

Press any key to continue, and waits for a keystroke. It does not

store the resulting keystroke.

WAIT TO When used with TO and a memory variable, WAIT will store the

resulting keystroke to a memory variable.

WAIT message You can use your own messages with the WAIT command,

enclosed in quotation marks, to replace the default Press any key

to continue message.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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***** Mailing Labels Program

SET TALK OFF

CLEAR

INPUT What zip code area ? TO AREA

GO TOP

DO WHILE .NOT. EOF( )

IF ZIP = AREA

? TRIM(FNAME), LNAME

? ADDRESS

? TRIM(CITY) + , + STATE + STR(ZIP)

?

ENDIF

SKIP

ENDDO

RETURN

Then run the above program after opening the MAIL database. The first thing that should

happen is that the screen clears and the following question appears.

What zip code area ?

Type zip code what you want and press RETURN. Then labels appear on the screen only

those records having the same zip code. You modify the above program as below for printing

labels.


SET TALK OFF

CLEAR

INPUT What zip code area ? TO AREA

ACCEPT Shall I send labels to the printer? (Y/N) TO YN

IF UPPER(YN) = Y

SET PRINT ON

ENDIF

GO TOP


IF ZIP = AREA


? ADDRESS


?

ENDIF

SKIP

ENDDO


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SET PRINT OFF

RETURN

IIF( ) The Compact IF Function

The IIF( ) function, that is called immediate IF, is a one-line version of IF-ELSE-ENDIF.

A condition is specified with IIF(). This function returns one expression if the condition is

evaluated as true and returns another expression if the condition is false. Both these

expressions are also specified with IIF().

e.g.

? IIF (SALARY > 3000, Salary is more than 3000, Salary is not more than 3000)

Nested IF ENDIF structures

Like nested DO WHILE ENDDO loops, you can also use nested IF-ENDIF structures.

However, for each IF, there must be a corresponding ENDIF.

e.g.

USE DEPOSIT

IF RATE < 10

*

* < statements >

IF RATE < 8

** < statements >

ELSE

* < statements >

ENDIF

ENDIF

Making Decisions with DO CASE

The IFENDIF clause is useful for allowing a program to make a simple either/or

decision. Some programs may have to decide from several possibilities what to do next. TheDO CASE ENDCASE clause ensures that the program can do this. The syntax is :

DO CASE

CASE =

Statement/s

OTHERWISE

Statement/s

ENDCASE


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Please notice the following program.

CLEAR

? 1. Add new names

? 2. Print Labels

? 3. Edit a record

? 4. Exit

INPUT Enter choice to CHOICE

DO CASE

CASE CHOICE = 1

APPEND

CASE CHOICE = 2

DO LABELS

CASE CHOICE = 3

BROWSE

OTHERWISE

QUIT

ENDCASE

Inside the DO CASE clause, the program decides what to do based upon the value of

CHOICE. If CHOICE = 1, the program appends. If CHOICE = 2, the program executes LABEL

program. If CHOICE = 3, the program goes into BROWSE mode. If none of these situations

occurs (OTHERWISE), the program quits.

Using FOR - ENDFOR

The FOR ENDFOR executes a set of statements within a loop a specified number of

times. A memory variable or an array element is used as a counter to specify how man times

the statements inside the loop are executed.

e.g.

** PROGRAM TO DISPLAY LOGARITHM OF NUMBERS 100 to 110

FOR NUMBER = 100 TO 110

? LOG(NUMBER)

ENDFOR

By default, FOR ENDFOR increments the counter (memory variable) by 1. However, if

required, you can specify the increment rate through the STEP option with FOR.

e.g.

** PROGRAM TO DISPLAY SQUARE ROOT OF SERIES 10,12,14 30

FOR NUMBER = 10 TO 30 STEP 2

? SQRT(NUMBER)

ENDFOR


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Macro Substitution

The Macro substitution is a useful feature that makes the programs flexible andinteractive. The macro allows you to use a variable name for a file name, field name, etc. in a

program file. A macro is similar to a normal character variable, except that it has the

ampersand character (&) in front of it, e.g. &NAME, &XYZ, &INVOICE etc.

e.g.

NEWFILE = DEPOSIT

USE &NEWFILE

When these commands are used in a program file, the first command creates a character

variable NEWFILE and stores DEPOSIT in it. When it executes the USE command, it

substitutes &NEWFILE with its contents. That is, USE &NEWFILE becomes USE DEPOSIT.

Accordingly, FoxPro opens the DEPOSIT database file.e.g.

To allow macro feature this flexibility, you must modify the LABELS command file as

below :


SET TALK OFF

CLEAR

ACCEPT Search on what field ? TO FLD

ACCEPT Look for what &FLD ? TO COND

ACCEPT Shall I send labels to the printer ? (Y/N) TO YN

IF UPPER(YN) = Y

SET PRINT ON

ENDIF

GO TOP


IF &FLD = &COND


? ADDRESS


?

?

ENDIF

SKIP

ENDDO

SET PRINT OFF

RETURN

When you run the above program, screen clears and displays

Search on what field ?


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Lets answer by entering CITY. The next question to appear is

Look for what CITY ?

And you can answer by typing San Diego. Then it asks

Shall I send labels to the printer ? (Y/N)

Answer N for now. Youll see the mailing labels for the San Diego residents. You can try

running the program again and observe the use of macro substitution.

Reviewing Decision Making

The ACCEPT command displays a prompt and waits for the user to enter any character

data followed by a press on the Return key.

The INPUT command displays a prompt and waits for the user to enter a number,

followed by a press on the Return key.The @, SAY, GET and READ commands will place a prompt anywhere on the screen

and wait for the user to fill in or modify an existing memory variable or field.

The IF ELSE ENDIF commands set up decision clauses in programs.

The DO CASE ENDCASE clause sets up decisions where only one alternative of

several is possible.

Macro substitution allows you to build portions of command lines as a program is

running, and substitute those portions into the actual command, using the & symbol and a

variable name.

CREATING A NEW DATABASEFor creating a new database, Please select File ? New from menu bar.

Then the following screen will appear.


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Select Database option and click OK option. Then the following screen will appear.

Please enter field name, field type, field width and Decimal places (if field type is float) for yourdatabase. Use Field or for inserting a new field or deleting an existing field.

After completing your field entries, Select < OK >. Then the following screen will appear.


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Enter the name for your database. If you want to change default drive/directory, you canchange by clicking and selecting on it. Select < Save > option for saving your database. Thenthe following screen will appear.

Select < Yes > option for inputing data records now. Then enter data records. Aftercompleting, press Key to close the menu.

FoxPro Commands related to Database :

? LISTLists record contents of current database

? LIST TO PRINTERPrints record contents of current database

? LIST FIELDS NAME, CITYLists fields of Name, City only

? LIST FOR PIN > 110025Lists records whose PIN field values are more than 110025

? SET HEADING OFFRemoves field heading display

? CLOSE DATABASESClose all opened databases


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? SET STATUS ONSets status bar on

? SET TALK OFFSets interaction off

? SET CONFIRM ONSets confirmation on

? APPENDTo select append mode

? APPEND BLANKTo add a blank record at the end of the database file

? LIST FOR CITY = MADRASLists records where City field = Madras

? CREATE SAMPLECreates a SAMPLE database

? SET DEFAULT TO D:\MYFILESSets default directory

? QUITQuits from FoxPro

? DISPLAYDisplays current record only

? DISPLAY NEXT 4Displays next 4 records from current record

? DISPLAY FIELDS NAME, PINDisplays fields Name, Pin only

? LOCATE FOR NAME = RAJLocates record where Name field = RAJ

? CONTINUEContinues Locating/Searching

? EDIT or CHANGEEdit/Change record contents

? EDIT FIELDS NAME, CITYEdits fields Name, City only


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? BROWSEShows several records on the screen in the form of a horizontal table

? BROWSE FIELDS CITY, NAMEBrowses fields City, Name only

? BROWSE WIDTH 10Displays fields of current database file in columns that are 10 characters wide

? GOTO 7Goto 7threcord

? GOTO TOPGoto Top of the record

? REPLACE RATE WITH RATE-1 ALLDecreases value of Rate field by 1 for all records

Deleting Records :

For deleting records, Please select Recordmenu ? Delete. The following screen willappear.

You can choose Scope / For / While for deleting records under condition.


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SCOPE: OPTION DELETESALL All records in the database

NEXT Specified no.of records starting from current recordRECORD Specified RecordREST Current record and all subsequent record

? DELETE RECORD 2 - Deletes record no.2? DELETE REST - Deletes rest records? DELETE FOR RATE < 10 - Deletes if rate field is less than 10? RECALL - Recalling deleted records? RECALL NEXT 3 - Recalls next 3 records? PACK - Removes records permanently? MODIFY STRUCTURE - Allows modifying structure of opened file

Sorting a Database :

To sort a database, Please select Database ? Sort. Then the following screen will appear.

1. Select the database you want to sort

2. Select the fields and move to Sort order fields window

3. You can change sorting option to Ascending / Descending / Ignore case

4. You can change sorting fields hierarchy order

5. You can sort part of database using input conditions ie., Scope, For, While loops

6. You can restrict sorted output database fields

7. Save As option asks the name for the sorted database

8. Press OK to complete


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Commands related to Sorting :

? USE ADDRESSOpen Address database

? SORT ON NAME TO NAMELISTSorts on Name field and stores database as NAMELIST

? SORT ON NAME/D TO NAMELISTSorts on Name field in descending order

? SORT ON NAME/C TO NAMELISTSorts on Name field by ignoring case

? SORT ON NAME TO LESS_FLD FIELDS NAME, CITYSorts on Name field. The sorted database LESS_FLD contains only NAME,CITY fields

? SORT ON NAME TO ADDRESS1 FOR CITY = New Delhi Sorts on Name field for records containing City field = New Delhi

? SORT ON CITY, NAME TO ADDRESS3Sorts on City, Name fields and stores as ADDRESS3 database. Here City field isprimary field and Name field is secondary field in sorting.

Indexing a database :

Indexing a database creates an index file and not database file. Indexing a database isbetter than sorting. Indexing is better for frequent changes in records. Sorting is better forfixed, rarely changes in records. For indexing a database, Select File ? New ? Index


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1. Select the database you want to index

2. Select the fields and move to Index order fields window

3. You can change index option to Ascending / Descending / Unique

4. You can change index fields hierarchy order

5. You can index part of database using Index Expression

6. Save As option asks the name for the indexed database

7. Press OK to complete

Commands related to Indexing :

? USE ADDRESSOpens Address database

? INDEX ON NAME TO NAME_INDIndexes on Name field and creates NAME_IND.IDX index file

? SET INDEX TO NAME_INDSets index file Name_ind open

? USE ADDRESS INDEX NAME_IND.IDXOpens Address database file with Name_ind index

? REINDEXFoxPro rebuilds the index files

The Compact index files reduce the size of the index files and make them efficient.

? INDEX ON CITY TO CITY COMPACTIndexes on City field and creates Compact index file named as CITY

? INDEX ON CITY + NAME TO CITYNAMEIndexes on City, Name fields (multiple field indexing) and file is named as CITYNAME

? FIND RAJTo find the record that contains Raj in the NAME field (indexed field).


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FOXPRO COMMAND AND FUNCTION SUMMARY! Synonymous with RUN. Runs the specified DOS

command or program within FoxPro. Also used with

@..SAY..GET as PICTURE symbol.

% Modulus operator Returns the remainder obtained by

dividing a numeric expression by another numeric

expression.

& Macro substitution

&& Comment indicator. Use this symbol to add comments to

command lines.

* Indicates the beginning of a non-executing comment line

in a program file.@ SAY Displays output at the specified row and column position.

@ GET Creates an editing region.

@ CLEAR Clears a portion of the screen or active window.

ACCEPT Accepts character string data from the screen.

Optionally, also displays a specific prompt.

ALLTRIM( ) Returns the specified character expression with leading

and trailing blanks removed.

APPEND Enables you to add records to the end of the current

database file.

APPEND FROM Adds records to the end of the current database file fromanother file.

AVERAGE Computes the arithmetic mean of numeric expressions or

fields.

BROWSE Opens the Browse window and allows editing of screen-

full of records.

CHANGE Displays record(s) of the current database file for editing.

Same as EDIT.

CHR( ) Returns the character associated with the specified

numeric ASCII code.

CLEAR Clears the screen.CLEAR ALL Releases all memory variables and arrays and the

definitions of all user-defined menu bars, popups and

windows from the memory. Also closes any open

database and associated files.

CLEAR GETS Releases all pending @ GET statements.

CLOSE ALL Closes all files in all work areas and selects work area 1.

CMONTH( ) Returns the name of the month from a specified data

expression.


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GOTO TOP /

BOTTOM

Moves the record pointer on the first / last record in the

active (current) database file or a database file open in

specified work area.

IF Marks beginning of the IF ENDIF structure. FoxPro

executes a set of commands listed between IF and

ENDIF if logical condition(s) specified with IF is/are true.

This structure may also include ELSE.

IIF( ) Returns one of two values depending on the result of a

logical expression specified with the function.

INPUT Displays a prompt on the screen and inputs data from the

keyboard and stores into a specified memory variable.

INT( ) Returns the integer portion of a numeric expression.

LEN( ) Returns the number of characters (including blankspaces) in a character expression.

LIST Continuously displays all/specified fields (and

expressions) of records of the current database file.

LOCATE Sequentially searches the database file for the first record

that matches a specified expression.

LOWER( ) Converts a specified character expression in lower-case

letters.

LTRIM( ) Removes leading blanks from a specified character

expression.

MAX( ) / MIN ( ) Returns the expression with the highest / lowest ASCII ornumeric value or the latest date from a list of character,

numeric or date expressions. Two or more expressions

can be used with the function.

MODIFY

COMMAND

Opens a text editing window and allows you to modify or

create a program (text) file. It assumes a default

extension name .PRG.

MONTH( ) Returns the numeric month for a specified date

expression.

PROPER( ) Returns the specified character expression with the first

letter of each word in uppercase and the remainingcharacters in lowercase.

READ Activates objects, such as fields, check boxes, lists,

popups, buttons, etc. created with @ GET and @

EDIT commands.

RECNO ( ) Returns the current record number.

RENAME Renames a file.

REPLACE Repalces the contents of specified field(s) with new

expression(s).


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ROUND( ) Return a numeric expression rounded to a specific

number of decimal places.

ROW( ) Returns the current row position of the cursor.RTRIM( ) Returns the specified character expression with all trailing

blanks removed.

RUN Executes an external operating system command or

program.

SEEK Searches the current indexed database file for the first

occurrence of a specified expression in the controlling

index key.

SELECT Activates the specified work area. Any file open in that

work area becomes the active (current) database file.

SET Opens the View window and provides an easy way toopen database files, establish relations and to change

several other settings.

SET BELL ON /

OFF

Enables or disables sounding of bell during editing.

SET CARRY ON /

OFF

Determines whether or not FoxPro carries data forward

from the current record to the new record created with

APPEND or INSERT.

SET CENTURY

ON / OFF

Determines whether or not the century portion of data

expressions is displayed.

SET CONFIRMON / OFF

Specifies whether or not Enter or Tab must be pressed toexit an input field and move to the next object.

SET DATE Sets the format used to display date expressions.

SET DECIMALS Specifies the minimum number of decimal places

displayed in the result of mathematical calculations.

SET DEFAULT TO Specifies the default drive and directory for various file

read and write operations.

SET DEVICE TO

SCREEN /

PRINTER / FILE

Directs output of @ SAY commands to the specified

device (i.e. screen, printer, or file).

SET EXACT ON /

OFF

Specifies the rules used when comparing strings of

different lengths. When set to ON, the expressions must

match character for character, including blank spaces, for

them to be equal.

SET FILTER Specifies a condition for the current database file. This

condition is automatically applied to all commands that

use the database file.


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PROGRAMMING IN FOXPRO44

SET ORDER Selects a specified index file or tag as the controlling

(master) index file/tag for the current or specified

database file.

SKIP Moves the record pointer forward or backward in the

current or specified database file.

SORT Sorts records in the current database file and stores the

stored data in a specified new database file.

SPACE( ) Returns a character string made of a specified number of

spaces.

SQRT( ) Returns the square root of the specified numeric

expression.

STORE Stores the specified data in memory variables or array.

Automatically creates the memory variables, if they donot exist.

STR( ) Returns the character string equivalent to a specified

numeric expression.

SUBSTR( ) Returns a specified number of characters from the

specified character expression or memo field.

SUM Totals all or specified numeric field values in the current

database file. The results can be stored in memory

variable(s) or arrays.

TRIM( ) Returns the specified character expression after

removing all trailing blanks.UPPER( ) Returns the specified character expression in uppercase.

USE Opens a database file and associated index files. Can

also open the database file in a specified work area.

WAIT Pauses the execution of the FoxPro command or

program and displays a message. FoxPro resumes

operation on pressing a key or clicking the mouse.

YEAR( ) Returns the year from the specified date expression.

ZAP Removes all records from the current database file. This

is equivalent to DELETE ALL followed by PACK.

However, ZAP is much faster. Once ZAPped, recordscan not be recovered.

" Take me from Untruth to Truth,

Take me from Darkness to Light,

Take me from Death to Immortality "

Gita Verse.

FOXPRO(aj)

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