Fourth Dimension… P-P-P-P Private Partnerships …..living ... · Field evaluation of LR‐59...

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Transcript of Fourth Dimension… P-P-P-P Private Partnerships …..living ... · Field evaluation of LR‐59...

Page 1: Fourth Dimension… P-P-P-P Private Partnerships …..living ... · Field evaluation of LR‐59 interspecific RILs in Kiziltepe, Turkey, 2013 LR‐59 = Eston x L01‐827A % of plants
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International Workshop on the Promotion of Public‐Private Partnerships for Pre‐breeding 

2 – 4 February 2015 

Farmer supported research on lentil pre‐breeding: What has been achieved so far? How does the funding model work and is it sustainable?

Albert VandenbergDepartment of Plant Sciences/Crop Development CentreUniversity of Saskatchewan 

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Tecomango Inc.

Spectrum Specialty Seeds Inc.

Welcome to the

Fourth Dimension…

P-P-P-P

PersonalPublic

Private Partnerships

…..living the dream??Vive le vice‐président!!

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A short history of producer involvement        

• 1972 ‐ Crop Development Centre established at University of Saskatchewan‐ Dr. Al Slinkard (lentil breeder) hired from University of Idaho‐ there were 2 or 3 lentil producers…growing and unadapted commonvariety from the USA 

• 1978‐80 ‐ first lentil varieties were plant introductions – Laird and Eston‐ these have become “trade names”

• 1972‐1982‐ not much breeding, mostly ALL aspects of agronomy, weed control

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A short history of pulse producer involvement in the 1980s…..       

‐ 1983 ‐ first Ph.D. student in genetics and breeding ‐ 1983 Saskatchewan Pulse Crop Development Board (SPCDB) established by 

provincial legislation after lobbying by growers 

‐ Mandatory levy of 0.5% of farm sales remitted to SPCDB by purchasers of all pulse crops‐ 10,000 ha each of pea and lentil – total amount approximately $200,000 /yr

‐ used to fund research grants based on priorities set by growers and their advisors‐ SPCDB and advisors meet 10 times per year, receive no compensation or travel costs 

for the next 15 years

‐ funding from 1983 to 1991 spent on agronomy and breeding to support production‐ grants were matched, if possible, by asking anyone who looked like they had money…

‐ 1980s was a drought cycle combined with low prices – about half the farmers left the land

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1991 – Hybridization begins in earnest (I was hired)‐ serious lentil breeding started ‐ SINGing begins (Systematic Integration of New Germplasm)using cultivated germplasm – first strategy for increasing diversity 

1990s   ‐ first biotic stresses appear…ascochyta blight‐ development of imidazolinone tolerance with (Cyanamid) BASF

1995 ‐ farmers double the levy to 1% to accelerate pace of researchin all pulses, especially genetics and marketing efforts

‐ governments in Canada implement 20% budget cuts!!

1997 ‐ first red lentils cultivars released‐ Variety Release Program initiated 

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0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020Year

Lentil Production (tonnes)

World

Canada

‐ Levy doubles  in 1995

‐ MORE research and development needed

‐ Canada unwinds crop           subsidies, and a lot more

‐ Ascochyta is joined by anthracnose….

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Variety Release Program – 1997The First PPP – Producer‐Public‐Partnership

• Breeder seed of pulses produced in LARGE quantities• Released only to Select growers at cost of production• No royalties paid – seed price at local demand • Applicable to lentils and all other pulses (pea, chickpea, dry bean, faba bean)

• Highly controversial at farm, seed industry and university level!!

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The Price of PPP Participation ‐ 1997• UofS gave commercialization rights (in Canada) to the SPCDB  organization for 20 years 

• No other investors could be identified!!• Designed the Variety Release Program – breeder seed distributed to Select growers (approximately 100 qualified)

• All breeding programs programs supported by the levyexcept for some professional salary

• Canada did not sign UPOV 91• SPCDB agreed to double research funding.• Dedicated pulse pathologist hired in 1998• Second breeder in 1999….(now up to 4)  • FULL PARTICIPATORY BREEDING!!

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Breeding and Genetics

Quality – Visual, Nutritional, Processing

Genomics

Nutrition and Health

Pathology

Marketability

Agronomy and Weed Control

Linkages

Expanded Needs

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Many flavours & colours of lentil – whole and split

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0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020Year

Lentil Production (tonnes)

World

Canada

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Main Drivers of Successful Crop Development in Saskatchewanwhere 50% of the world’s lentils are now produced

• Appropriate germplasm development system• Research and development funding system• Participation by producers, who also became exporters• Good relations with a patient provincial government• Long term vision, extension of basic farming principles• Collapse of cereal‐based subsidy and low price system• Focused research  priorities with short, medium and long term goals• Overdelivery of research as a strategy• Freedom to operate (university system?) and anticipate future needs

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Main Sources of funding for lentil breeding and research

1 Contract with lentil growers for breeding

2 NSERC matching funds for research program  

3 Provincial government for research projects

4 Various funding agencies for linked projects

5 Royalty income from seed companies outside Canada

6 Royalty income from BASF (herbicide tolerance)

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Disease  Affected Tissues Pathogen OnsetAscochyta blight leaf, pod, stem Ascochyta lentis 1980s

Anthracnose stem Colletotrichum truncatum 1990s

Gray mold foliage, all  Botrytis cinerea late 90s

White mold stems, pods Sclerotinia sclerotiorum late 90s

Stemphylium blight stems, leaves Stemphylium botryosum 2005

Fusarium rot roots, canopy Fusarium avenaceum droughts

Aphanomyces roots, canopy Aphanomyces euteiches 2010

Rust canopy Uromyces viciae‐fabae not yet

Orobanche spp. plant O. crenata; O. foetida not yet

The inevitable 30 year march of biota living on lentil

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• Small startup grant to find disease resistance for anthracnose – started interspecific hyridization as soon as possible

• Most early work done by graduate students – highly motivated

• Use parallel research to integrate commercially relevant strategies

• Key to success:  Undersell, overdeliver and understand economic value 

2001 was a pivotal year – first grant for using crop wild relatives in breeding to investigate anthracnose resistance

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Second Main Breeding Strategy for Long Term Yield Enhancement 

SCREAMingSystematic Creation of Really Exotic Abnormal Material

otherwise  known as pre‐breeding using crop wild relatives

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Looking for genes in wild species

L. erv L. ode

L. lam L. ori

L. nig L. tom

L. ervoides L. lamottei

L. tomentosus

L. nigricans

L. odemensis L. orientalis

Ascochyta blight

Anthracnose

Indoor‐ Anthracnose Race Ct0Outdoor‐ Anthracnose Race Ct1/Ct0

Courtesy:  A. Tullu

Tullu et al., 2010.  Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 57: 1053‐1063.Tullu et al., 2006. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 53: 111‐119.

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Lens culinaris x Lens ervoides hybrids

• Resistance to anthracnose ‐ no resistance was accessible in cultivated lentil• Transfer of resistance  to ascochyta blight confirmed• Transfer of resistance to stemphylium documented• Evidence for transfer of tolerance to  Aphanomyces root rot• Evidence for transfer of tolerance to Orobanche spp. • Rust resistance ? Will be checked…• Fusarium resistance ?  Can be checked….• Some evidence for substantial yield increase

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Genetic Resources in Development using wild species of lentil

orientalis tomentosus odemensis lamottei ervoides nigricans

Intraspecific

F4 F4 F4 F5 F10… F2

Interspecific

F10 F3 F6 F2 F11 possible?

1                   1                  2                        2                   3                     4 

Based on new GBS data to be published early in 2015…. 

Gene Pool

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LR‐59 and LR‐26 screening for BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC stress resistance 2014‐2017

Location Stemphyliumblight

Orobanchecrenata Drought

Spain x U Leon, Cordoba (rust?)Morocco x X ICARDAEgypt x? ICARDALebanon x? ICARDATurkey x Harran U, Dicle USaskatoon x X U of SBangladesh x BARI/ICARDAWest Bengal X X IIPR/ICARDAMP X X (RR) IIPR/ICARDABihar X IIPRUP X IIPREthiopia x ICARDA (also rust)

CONFIRMEDTENTATIVE

Funded by Global Crop Diversity Trust

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Lentils in Canada

A little know fact:   Vavilov married his Ph.D. graduate student Elena Barulina who published her thesis on the collection of lentils, including wild  lentils, in Afghanistan…

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Crop MT/yr% Growth/

40 yrProtein 

%

Soybean 276.4 618 43Common bean 23.1 91 23Chickpea 13.1 82 23Pea 11.0 5 23Cow pea 5.7 419 23Lentil 4.7 351 23Pigeon pea 4.1 141 23Faba bean 3.4 ‐16 30People 109 ???

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• 28 lentil breeding programs in the world

• 1 of them supplies 50% or world lentils

• CDC has 100% market share in Canada, more than 50% in USA,unknown amount in RUK

• Genome Canada application in development to understand the genomics/genetics of lentil in major climatic zones –photoperiod, temperature responses

• GCDT project will be the international engine for introgression into the various adaptation pools 

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Lentil Breeding/Pre‐Breeding(Variety Development)

Lentil Pre‐BreedingGenetics (Research, Publication)

Grants

Other grants received from outside agencies: Global Crop Diversity Trust, Provincial Governments, NGOs, others ….  

Germplasm exchange and support of collaborators

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L. nigricans L. ervoides                           L. culinaris                        

If you want to save a species, make sure people want to eat it…

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Lentils in Canada

Will support for pre‐breeding from farmers last?

Is farmer support still needed if we sign UPOV 91?

How do we share the biological and economicwealth we create?

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Tecomango…

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LR‐75    RIL – Lens culinaris x Lens orientalis 

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• Yield increase rate is about 3% per year• 2014 – 1.1 million ha• 2015 estimate ‐1.5 million ha • Crop planted in May – harvested August

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Ascochyta resistance gene transferred to cultivated gene pool?

LR-59 (Eston× L. ervoides L01-827A)• 1%‐ Eston• 21%‐ L01 827A• 12%‐ Transgressive S• 66%‐ Transgressive R

• Successful gene transfer from L. ervoides

32

10 10

16

18

98

21

0 00

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Freq

uenc

y of

line

s

Disease severity %

Courtesy:  Ehsan Sari

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10

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35

8

23

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2320

12

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1

Freq

uenc

y

Disease severity (%)

IG 72815

Eston

ILL 5888

ILL 8006

LR-26 screening for stemphylium blight in Bangladesh

ILL 5888

LR-26 lines

IG 72815 ILL 5888Courtesy:  Rajib Podder

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Orobanche species….

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Courtesy:  Beybin Hacikamiloglu

Orobanche spp. 

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Parents of LR‐59

Courtesy: Beybin Hacikamiloglu

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0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

40,0

45,0

50,0

Field evaluation of LR‐59 interspecific RILs in Kiziltepe, Turkey, 2013LR‐59 =  Eston x L01‐827A

% of p

lants infected by 

Orobanche

 crenata

Note: similar results obtained for LR‐26 = Eston x IG 72815

Data courtesy of Beybin Hacikamiloglu, Harran University (unpublished) 

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Weed Control Systems

• Herbicide registrations

• Herbicide tolerance(various strategies)

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KASP assay results for imi-tolerance gene

BCF2 individuals

TO THE FIELD FOR AGRONOMIC EVALUATION 

F1 individuals!

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Rapid Generation Technology (breed for speed)

6 generations/year in controlled environments (NOT doubled haploidy)

Average timelines in days for lentil generation cycle using rapid generation technology. 

D0 D2‐3 D3‐4 D31‐33          D37‐39 D45‐46

Seeding  Germination  Transfer to substrate Flowering    Pod development   Embryo rescue

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Nutritional Traits of Interest for Lentil 

• Polyphenolics   (PhD)• Folates               (PDF)• Iron                     (PhD)• Zinc                     (MSc)• Selenium            (multi)• RFOs                    (PhD• Phytates, et cetera• Proteins               (PDF)

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Two Main Breeding Strategies for Long Term Yield Enhancement 

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Sequencing – LOTS and LOTS and then MORE

Sequencing – LOTS and LOTS and then MORE

Assembly – LOTS of Computing Power

Assembly – LOTS of Computing Power

Annotation and 

Validation

Annotation and 

ValidationUSE ITUSE IT

Genome Sequencing and AssemblyCDC Redberry

NGS: Illumina, 454, PacBio• Paired ends• Long mate pairs• Very long reads 

• Server with 1TB RAM• 300 TB storage• Database with genotypic and phenotypic data (KnowPulse )

2015

UofS, UC Davis, ICARDA

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Sequencing – LOTS and LOTS and then MORE

Sequencing – LOTS and LOTS and then MORE

Assembly –LOTS of 

Computing Power

Assembly –LOTS of 

Computing Power

Annotation and 

Validation

Annotation and 

ValidationUSE ITUSE IT

USE IT

Genome Sequencing and AssemblyCDC Redberry

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Lentil Genome Sequencing Update

Kirstin Bett1, Larissa Ramsay1, Crystal Chan1, Andrew Sharpe2, Douglas Cook3, R. Varma Penmetsa3, Peter Chang3, Clarice Coyne4, Rebecca McGee4, DorrieMain5, Albert Vandenberg1

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LenGen

GOAL: to establish a lentil genomic reference sequence (CDC Redberry)Focused on a full representation of lentil gene-spaceAnchoring of gene-space 'islands' into pseudomoleculesusing high-density mappingGene prediction and annotationCharacterizing diversity in lentil germplasmsharing of data globally

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January 2015 Status Report

Genomic sequencing more or less complete

Pre-release v0.7 now available for queryingHigh-density mapping using GBS underway on several RIL populationsRe-sequencing of diversity panel about to start (~400 lines)

Number of scaffolds 72,451Total size 2.3 GbMax scaffold length 842 KbN50 value 9,289N50 size 66 Kb

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Look for Sequences of your Favourite Gene

BLAST against the current Lentil Genome Build

Expand summary to see Alignment

BLAST Hits for multiple Query Sequences

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• 1.3 Gb of unique reads from 1st set of PacBio sequencing @ WSU• Has the potential to be useful but need way more reads – which are 

coming 

PacBio reads

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3 Mapping Populations Sequenced using GBS

LR18 – CDC Robin x 964-46a145 individuals + 2 parents18 SE HiSeq 2500 Lanes~9X mean loci coverage per individual

LR03 – ILL 1704 x ILL 7537108 individuals + 2 parents7 SE HiSeq 2500 Lanes

LR86 – L. culinaris x L. orientalis94 individuals7 SE HiSeq 2500 Lanes

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LR18 SNP Markers

110,541 Polymorphic Loci MarkersFixed and different between two parental genotypes

51,440 markers called in 90% of non-parental genotypesAcross 14,918 v0.7 scaffoldsTotal of 967MB

13824 scaffolds have <10 markers 1094 scaffolds with >= 10 markers

Contain 16,570 markersTotal of 186MB

0 10 20 30 40 50

100

300

500

Average Length of Scaffold with x Markers

Num Markers on Scaffold

Aver

age

Leng

th o

f Sca

ffold

(kb)

0 10 20 30 40 50

040

080

0

Total Length of Scaffolds with >=x Markers (MB)

Num Markers on Scaffold

Tota

l Len

gth

of S

caffo

lds

(MB)

186MB

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LR-18 SNP Markers - Mapping

MSTMapPlaced into 7 linkage groups15,268 markersTotal of 182MB

Next step is to integrate with the existing LR-18 map

LG1 LG2 LG3 LG4 LG5 LG6 LG7

Num. Markers

2404 1199 1537 3789 3101 2001 1237

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BAC sequencing

• Test run of 24 BACs• Unfortunately fragment sizes were small so it was tricky to assemble

• BUT…• Pretty solid BAC to scaffold relationship in many cases

• And then there are the repeats:

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http://olomouc.ueb.cas.cz/

Chromosome genomics for lentil (n = 7)‐ Simplification of genome analysis‐ Improvement of genome assembly

Preliminary results indicate separation of 6 chromosome types in pairs and 1 single chromosome type‐ Assignment of chromosome to the peaks in progress

chromosomeschromatids clumps

2 2 2

1

Genome dissection by chromosome sortingJ. Dolezel, D. Edwards

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GBS in Lens spp.

• GBS protocol of Elshire et al. (2011)

• PstI and MspI cuts• 48 individuals, duplicated

• Indexed with barcodes and pooled for IlluminaPE sequencing

• Read mapping and SNP calling using in‐house pipeline and v0.6 genome build

• Filtering 

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Consequences…

• Many previous publications on wild species report misclassified germplasm

• Casts some doubt on previous reports of interspecific hybrids

• Will save time and effort in future

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Many Helpful Collaborators, Students, Technicians, Colleagues …here is a small sample from a long list…..

University of SaskatchewanNeha VermaMelissa WongLacey SandersonCarolyn Caron Bunyamin Tar’anCarmen BreitkreutzPulse Crop Field Crew

NRC-SaskatoonKevin KohJacek NowakJanet CondieCarling Clarke

UC DavisNoelia Carrasquilla Garcia

Thank you !

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Lentils in Canada

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Lentils in Canada

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Lentils in Canada

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International Workshop on the Promotion of Public‐Private Partnerships for Pre‐breeding 

2 – 4 February 2015 

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Lentils in Canada