Four CPRs.: Crosscutting issues Almaty, April 17, 2006.

Four CPRs.: Crosscutting issues

Almaty, April 17, 2006

1. Trends towards market based HE1. Trends towards market based HE

• Characterization of process and phases: initial, centrally regulated market, competitive market

• What dimensions are important:– Private enrollment as % of total enrollment

(trend)– Private funding as % of total funding– Use of market type mechanisms to allocate

public funding– Modalities and degree of market regulation

Privatization of HE: two dimensionsPrivatization of HE: two dimensions

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

COR

CHIJAP

IND

PAR

PER

GBHOL

EE.UU.

AUNZ

ARPOL

MEX

BE

POR

HU

ESIT

GRDI

NOAUS

UR FIAL

SU

IRFR

RC

Percentage of private funding

Per

cen

tag

e o

f pr

ivat

e en

rollm

ent

R- E+ R+ E+

R+ E-R- E-

2. Institutional structure of HE system2. Institutional structure of HE system

• Different categories of HE institutions

• Trends in categories of HEIs and number

• Degree of autonomy, self-governance, of different categories of HEIs

• Problems, tensions, debates: 1 to 3

3. Organization of teaching3. Organization of teaching

• Degree structure:– ISCED 5A/6 and 5B– Organization of 5A type of studies (Bologna

framework?)– Use of learning credits– Student mobility: horizontal and vertical

• Status of faculty: career pattern, age structure, salaries


4. HE outcomes and labor market4. HE outcomes and labor market

• What type of manpower planning (if at all)• Availability of information about graduate’s initial

occupational career– At the institutional level– At the system and government level

• Availability of public information about graduate’s initial occupational career

• Information availability about levels of unemployment of individuals with HE degree

• Information availability of rates of return to higher education investment


5. Quality assurance issues5. Quality assurance issues• Different modalities used

• Management of QA procedures: centralized / decentralized; degree of external evaluation / self-assessment

• Participation of stakeholders

• Impact of QA procedures on quality

• Use of results for policy and funding purposes


6. Research in HEIs6. Research in HEIs

• National policy framework for R&D, innovation

• HEIs participation in national research output and funding

• Funding mechanisms used for academic research: priorities, competitive funds, output contracts


7. Funding of HEIs7. Funding of HEIs• Trends in HE funding

– Total (public + private) funding relative to GDP

– Public funding relative to GDP – Public funding (percentage) according to

institutional functions: education, research, investment, etc.

• Main funding instruments used: input or outcome funding, centralized / decentralized


Funding instrumentsFunding instruments

8. Internationalization8. Internationalization• Is there a national policy for HE internationalization?

– Major thrust of national policy

• Major trends in internationalization at the HEIs level– Is it part of institutions’ development strategy?– Is there a professional body to manage the

internationalization process?

• Student mobility: outgoing and incoming flows• Quality assurance: international framework?• Academic research: international cooperation?• Problems, tensions, debates: 1 to 3

International Benchmarking

Using KAM MethodologyUsing KAM Methodology

GlossaryGlossary• KAM consists of 80 structural and qualitative variables to measure

countries' performance on the four Knowledge Economy (KE) pillars: Economic Incentive and Institutional Regime, Education, Innovation, and Information & Communications Technology. Each variable is normalized on a scale of zero to ten relative to other countries in the comparison group.

• Basic Scorecard uses fourteen key variables as proxies to benchmark countries on the aforementioned four KE pillars and derive their overall KEI.

• Knowledge Economy Index (KEI) takes into account whether the environment is conducive for knowledge to be used effectively for economic development. It is an aggregate index that represents the overall level of development of a country or region towards the Knowledge Economy. KEI is calculated based on the average of the normalized performance scores of a country or region on all four pillars related to the knowledge economy.

Basic Scorecard: KazakhstanBasic Scorecard: Kazakhstan

Innovation variables are weighted by population

Basic Scorecard: Kyrgyz Rep.Basic Scorecard: Kyrgyz Rep.


Basic Scorecard: TajikistanBasic Scorecard: Tajikistan


Basic Scorecard: UzbekistanBasic Scorecard: Uzbekistan


KEI: comparison most recent and 1995 KEI: comparison most recent and 1995

Four CPRs.: Crosscutting issues Almaty, April 17, 2006.

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