Foundations of Design

Chapter 8: Time and Motion

Time and Motion

Futurists - poets and painters of the early 20th Century that tried to depict motion and speed, or fourth dimension. The work of the

Futurists was exaggerated.

Fig. 8.1 Dynamism of a Soccer

Player by Umberto Boccioni

Futurists - poets and painters of the early 20th Century that tried to depict motion and speed, or fourth dimension. The work of the

Futurists was exaggerated.

Fig. 8.1 Dynamism of a Soccer

Player by Umberto Boccioni

Actual Motion

» Kinetic Art - art that is designed to move. Comes from the Greek

word kinesis meaning “movement”.

» Mobiles - a type of artwork which hangs and moves with the air currents. The most well know

creator of mobile was Alexander Calder.

Fig. 8.2 Black, White, and ten Red by Alexander Calder

» Kinetic Art - art that is designed to move. Comes from the Greek

word kinesis meaning “movement”.

» Mobiles - a type of artwork which hangs and moves with the air currents. The most well know

creator of mobile was Alexander Calder.

Fig. 8.2 Black, White, and ten Red by Alexander Calder

Implied Motion

Implied motion - a viewer infers that motion is occurring or has occurred.

» Diagonal lines can imply motion.

Fig. 8.6 Apollo and Daphne by Baroque sculpture Gianlorenzo Bernini.

Implied motion - a viewer infers that motion is occurring or has occurred.

» Diagonal lines can imply motion.

Fig. 8.6 Apollo and Daphne by Baroque sculpture Gianlorenzo Bernini.

Repetitive Imagery

Motion can be implied by:» Diagonal lines » Repetition of imagery» Blurring or» Colors

Motion can be implied by:» Diagonal lines » Repetition of imagery» Blurring or» Colors

Repetitive Imagery

Examples: » Comic strips» Asian Scrolls» Medieval

Manuscripts

Fig. 8.7 I by Gilbert and George

Examples: » Comic strips» Asian Scrolls» Medieval

Manuscripts

Fig. 8.7 I by Gilbert and George

Illusion of Motion

There is a difference between implied motion and the illusion of motion.

» One implied that time has passed

» And the other implies that motion is in the process of occurring.

Fig. 8.9 Spiral: An Ordinary Evening

in New Haven by Jennifer Bartlett

There is a difference between implied motion and the illusion of motion.

» One implied that time has passed

» And the other implies that motion is in the process of occurring.

Fig. 8.9 Spiral: An Ordinary Evening

in New Haven by Jennifer Bartlett

Multiple Exposures

» Early experiments in photography showed the figure in motion through a series of fast multiple exposures.

» Some futurist painters employed this technique to depict motion.

Fig. 8.11 Nude descending a Staircase #2 by Marcel Duchamp

» Early experiments in photography showed the figure in motion through a series of fast multiple exposures.

» Some futurist painters employed this technique to depict motion.

Fig. 8.11 Nude descending a Staircase #2 by Marcel Duchamp

Blurred Outlines

Blurred outlines - » Created in

photography be lengthening the exposure time.

» A painter might also use this technique create the impression of motion.

Fig. 8.13 Kitchen Tantrums by ?

Blurred outlines - » Created in

photography be lengthening the exposure time.

» A painter might also use this technique create the impression of motion.

Fig. 8.13 Kitchen Tantrums by ?

Optical Sensations

» The illusion of movement can also be created in works of abstract art through the use of color and line.

» Op Art - a type of art that was based on creating optical sensations through the repetition and manipulation of color, shape, and line.

Fig. 8.16 Gala by Bridget Riley

» The illusion of movement can also be created in works of abstract art through the use of color and line.

» Op Art - a type of art that was based on creating optical sensations through the repetition and manipulation of color, shape, and line.

Fig. 8.16 Gala by Bridget Riley

Compare and Contrast

Fig. 8.17 I Have No Hands to Caress My Face by Giacomelli

Fig. 8.17 I Have No Hands to Caress My Face by Giacomelli Fig. 8.18 by Dance (I) by Matisse

Time and Motion

» Motion occurs over time.

» Figure Repetition can be used to show elapsed Time

Fig. 8.20 Reading Position for Second

Degree Burn by Dennis Oppenheim

» Motion occurs over time.

» Figure Repetition can be used to show elapsed Time

Fig. 8.20 Reading Position for Second

Degree Burn by Dennis Oppenheim

Time and Motion in Film and Video, History…

Cinematography - motion picture» Eadward Muybridge was the first to create a

motion picture. » He placed several cameras along a race track

to proved that indeed all 4 of a horse’s feet can be off the ground at the same time.

» Thomas Edison created a more practical and motion picture camera and projector several years later.

Cinematography - motion picture» Eadward Muybridge was the first to create a

motion picture. » He placed several cameras along a race track

to proved that indeed all 4 of a horse’s feet can be off the ground at the same time.

» Thomas Edison created a more practical and motion picture camera and projector several years later.

Time and Motion in Film and Video continued…

» Stroboscopic Motion - the illusion of motion that is created by playing 16 - 24 frames per second.

» Slow Motion -recording and playing back more then 22 to 24 frames per second.

» Video - records and plays back images digitally.

» Resolution - the number of lines of light and dark color that make up video.

» Stroboscopic Motion - the illusion of motion that is created by playing 16 - 24 frames per second.

» Slow Motion -recording and playing back more then 22 to 24 frames per second.

» Video - records and plays back images digitally.

» Resolution - the number of lines of light and dark color that make up video.

Animation

Animation - creates the illusion of movement through the manipulation and duplication of drawings, computer generated images or clay figures.

» Types of animation include, cell animation, claymation, stop motion, 3D, etc…

Animation - creates the illusion of movement through the manipulation and duplication of drawings, computer generated images or clay figures.

» Types of animation include, cell animation, claymation, stop motion, 3D, etc…

Cinematography and Video Techniques

Camera Techniques:» Fixed cameras don’t move.» Hand held cameras are held by hand,

move and create a more intimate look.» D.W. Griffith was one of the first to use

a mobile camera. » He attached a camera to a vehicle to

follow action.

Camera Techniques:» Fixed cameras don’t move.» Hand held cameras are held by hand,

move and create a more intimate look.» D.W. Griffith was one of the first to use

a mobile camera. » He attached a camera to a vehicle to

follow action.

Cinematography and Video Techniques,

continued…2 Basic Editing Techniques:» Linear Editing -film was cut and spliced

(taped or glued) back together to create an edit. Or the video could be editing using 2 VCRs. Now considered obsolete.

» Non-Linear Editing - uses a computer and digital information to rearrange scenes. Most editing today is non-linear.

2 Basic Editing Techniques:» Linear Editing -film was cut and spliced

(taped or glued) back together to create an edit. Or the video could be editing using 2 VCRs. Now considered obsolete.

» Non-Linear Editing - uses a computer and digital information to rearrange scenes. Most editing today is non-linear.

Manipulating Time

Forms of Editing:» Narrative Editing - Uses several cameras to shoot the

action from different vantage points.» Parallel editing - allows for several events to be

occurring at once. The editor shifts the sequence back and forth from scene to another.

» Flashback - a form of parallel editing in which a scene from the past is inserted in the story. This may be in the form of a memory.

» Flash-forward - opposite of a flashback. Provides an audience with a glimpse of the future.

» Montages - a sequence of fast alternating images used to communicate the connected events or the passage of time.

Forms of Editing:» Narrative Editing - Uses several cameras to shoot the

action from different vantage points.» Parallel editing - allows for several events to be

occurring at once. The editor shifts the sequence back and forth from scene to another.

» Flashback - a form of parallel editing in which a scene from the past is inserted in the story. This may be in the form of a memory.

» Flash-forward - opposite of a flashback. Provides an audience with a glimpse of the future.

» Montages - a sequence of fast alternating images used to communicate the connected events or the passage of time.