Founda’ons of Soware Engineeringckaestne/15313/2016/07-20-sep...Also • The homework document...
Transcript of Founda’ons of Soware Engineeringckaestne/15313/2016/07-20-sep...Also • The homework document...
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Founda'onsofSo,wareEngineering
Lecture6–Requirements(3/3)ClaireLeGoues
1
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REFLECTIONSONREFLECTIONS
ExamplesadaptedarbitrarilyfromprioryearswithoutidenCfyinginformaCon!
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Reflec'ondocuments
Shallow• Recitefactsaboutwhat
happenedwithoutaddinganything.
• RecitestatementsfromclasswithoutconnecCngtoexperience.
• Statelessonslearnedwithoutanyreasonwhy.
Good• Extrapolatefromthefactstoaddinsight.
• Meaningfullyconnectpriorexperienceorclassmaterialtoassignmentexperience.
• Supportlessonslearnedwithevidence.
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Also
• Thehomeworkdocumentincludesbulletedlistsandproseoutliningwhata“goodsoluCon”lookslike.• Considercheckingyoursubmissionagainstit,attheveryleastbeforesubmiOng,ifnotsooner.
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Learninggoals• DifferenCatebetweenverificaConandvalidaCon.
• ExplainthepurposeofrequirementsdecomposiCon,allocaCon,andflowdown.
• IdenCfystrategiesfordealingwithconflicts.• Understandriskanditsroleinrequirements,specificallyhowitcanbemodeled,analyzed,andthenmiCgated/handledinsystemdesign.
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Verifica'onvs.Valida'on• VerificaCon–isthesoXwarecorrect?– DoesthesoXwaresaCsfythespecificaCon?– IsthespecificaConcorrectwithrespecttotherequirements,assumingthedomainproperCeshold?
• Valida'on–aretherequirementscorrect?– Aretherequirementscomplete?Dotheyaccuratelyreflecttheclient’sproblem?– Aretherequirementsconsistent?
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Valida'on walkthroughsReadingInterviewsReviewsChecklistsModelstocheckfuncConsandrelaConshipsScenariosPrototypesSimulaConFormalinspecCon
Verifica'on Cross-referencingSimulaConConsistencychecksCompletenesschecksChecksforunreachablestatesortransiCons(cf.Modelchecking)MathemaCcalproofs
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Requirementsshouldbe1. Correct2. Consistent3. Unambiguous4. Complete5. Feasible6. Relevant7. Testable8. Traceable
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Accordingtoboththeengineerandthecustomer
InthattherearenoconflicCngrequirements.Qualityrequirements
areparCcularlydangerous.Ambiguous:mulCplereaderscanwalkawaywithdifferentbutvalid
interpretaCons.Coversallrequiredbehaviorandoutputforallinputsunderall
constraints.Canitbedoneatall?Again,quality/non-funcConalreqsareparCcularly
vulnerable.
Acceptancetestsandmetricsarepossible/obvious.
Organized,uniquelylabeled.
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ManagingInconsistency
• Informal–recognizingwhentworequirementsarenotmutuallysaCsfiable
• HeurisCc–employingsystemaCc,manualtechniquestosurfaceconflicts
• Formal–usingformalmodelstoexpressandreasonaboutpotenCalconflicts
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Gainingcoherence• IdenCfyactors:users,othersystems
– Primaryusers,support,administraCon– Externalhardware,soXwaresystems
• IdenCfyscenarios– DetailednarraCvescenariosoftypicalfuncConality– Concreteexamples
• Canbethebasisfortestcases• CanbeabasisforcommunicaConwithstakeholders/users
• IdenCfyusecases– Representmorecompletepicturesofthesystemincontext– AbstracConofallcases,derivedfromparCcularscenarios
• Analyzeandrefineusecases– ConsiderexcepCons,errors,securityissues– Addressothernon-funcConalrequirements
• Relateusecases– Createaconsolidateduse-casemodel
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Decomposi'on
Stakeholderrequirements
System
System
SubsystemA SubsystemB SubsystemC
Ini'aldecomposi'on
High-levelplan
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Why?
• DecomposiConintoahierarchyhelpsestablishtraceability,whichidenCfiesrelaConshipsbetweenrequirements.• Defini&on?• Traceabilityisimportantforwhenrequirementschange.• DecomposiConalsohelpsbothvalidateandverifytherequirements.
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Alloca'onandflowdown
• Grouping(e.g.,bybusinessfuncCon)enablesanalysis
• AllocaConistheassignmentofrequirementstosubordinatesystems
• FlowdownisthediscoveryofaddiConalrequirementsfromtheallocatedrequirements
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Groupbybusinessfunc'onBusinessfuncConsprovidelogicalgroupsforusecases
• MarkeCng
• HumanResources
• ProducCon• Sales• DistribuCon
HiringandRecruitmentBenefitsPerformanceReviewsPromoConReCrement
ShippingReceivingInventory
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Groupbysuperordinatesystem• Superordinatesystemscutacrosssubordinatesystems,suchasbusinessfuncCons
AdverCseproduct
Buildsystem
Receiveorder
Scheduledelivery
MarkeCng ProducCon Sales DistribuCon
AsuperordinatesystemthattracesaproductfrommarkeCngtodistribuCon.Theanalystcannowfocusondevelopingtheinterfaces
betweentheseusecases
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Alloca'onandflowdown
Superordinateusecase Subordinatesystems
AllocateusecasestosubordinatesystemsFlowdowndiscovers“derivedrequirements”tofulfillthe
allocatedrequirements
Superordinateusecases
candriveflowdown
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Alloca'onandflowdown
Receiveorder
Sales
Checkinventory
Processpayment
DistribuCon
Processorder
Superordinateusecase Subordinatesystems
AllocateusecasestosubordinatesystemsFlowdowndiscovers“derivedrequirements”tofulfillthe
allocatedrequirements
Scheduledelivery
Beforeweprocessapayment,weshould…
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Pre-andpost-condi'ons• Pre-condiCons:truebeforetheusecasebegins• Post-condiCons:trueattheendoftheusecase• Shouldbewrijenatthesame“levelofdetail”astheusecase
• Applytothestateofthesystem,nottheenvironmentoutsidethesystem[Armour&Miller]– Thebookhasastatusofborrowed– Thepatronisfreetoleavethelibrarywiththebook
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DependencyStreams
• Dependencystreamsdescribeusecasesthatdependoneachother
– Matchingpre-andpost-condiCons
– PerformingacConsinparallel
– HighlightinterfacesbetweenbusinessfuncCons
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Matching pre- and post-conditions
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Selectproduct
Purchaseorder
Post-condition: Customer has selected products
Pre-condition: Customer is ready to check out
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Tracingscenariosthroughcases
Receiveorder
Processpayment
Scheduledelivery
Placeorder
Assump'on:deliveryoccursovertheweekend
Assump'on:productsareallinstock
Assump'on:orderingisautomatedintheevening
Stuplaceshisorder…
Thisscenariocutsacrossbusinessfunc&onstotest
theinterfacesbetweenusecases
Checkinventory
Thisisaderivedrequirement
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Modifyingusecasesforscenarios
Scheduledelivery
Assump'on:deliveryoccursovertheweekend
Placeorder
Stuplaceshisorder…
Receiveorder
Processpayment
Confirmorder
NoCfydelay
Assump'on:productsareallinstock
Checkinventory
<<extends>>
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Logicalconflicts
• Whenshouldthetraindoorsbeopen?– ThetraindoorsremainclosedbetweenstaCons
– Thetraindoorsremainopenduringemergencies
– Thetraindoorsremainclosedwhilethetrainismoving
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Terminologyconflicts• StudentsshallhaveaccesstolibraryfaciliCes
• Whatisastudent?– Astudentisenrolledinacoursepastthedropdate– Astudentisenrolledinadegreeprogram– Analumnusoralumnashouldhavelibraryaccess
• Howdowereconcilethesedifferences?
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Whydoconflictsarise?• Differentactorsformulategoals– Limitedborrowingperiods(staff)– Borrowingforaslongasneeded(patrons)
• Goalboundariesarevague– DoorsremainclosedbetweenstaCons– DoorsopenwhentrainstopsandevacuaConalarm
• TwosoXgoalsprescribeanincreaseanddecreaseinthesamequanCty
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Strongversusweakconflicts• Strongconflictscannotbereconciled– RetaincreditcarddataforeasierfuturetransacCons– DonotretaincreditcarddataaXercompleCngatransacCon
• Weakconflictscanbereconciled– ThetraindoorsremainclosedbetweenstaCons– Thetraindoorsremainopenduringemergencies– Thetraindoorsremainclosedwhilethetrainismoving
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Goalconflicts
• Conflictsarisebetweengoalsatdifferentlevelsinthegoalhierarchy
“Lightningbolt”Indicatesaconflict
AvoidVoterIDCapture
RegisteredVoterVerified
MaintainSecretBallots
MaintainTrustedElecCons
VoterIDCaptured
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Weakeninggoalstoresolveconflicts
AvoidVoterIDCapture
VoterIDCaptured
AvoidVoterIDLinking
AvoidVoterIDTransfer
MaintainSecretBallots
RegisteredVoterVerified
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Transfertheconflictoutside
AvoidVoterIDCapture
RegisteredVoterVerified
VoterIDCaptured
VoCngMachine StaConAjendant
VoterIDVerified
MaintainSecretBallots
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Priori'zingUseCases• AssigningaprioritytoausecasetoincreaseordecreasetheacCvity’simportance.
• WhataresomeopCons?– Customerpriority– Risk– Complexity– Dependencies– CorefuncConality– User-facingacCviCes– Uncertainty(sameasrisk?)
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Prioritize by risk • AriskisanuncertainfactorthatmayresultinalossofsaCsfacConofacorrespondingobjecCve
Forexample…
– SystemdeliversaradiaConoverdosetopaCents(Therac-25,Theratron-780)
– MedicaConadministraConrecord(MAR)knockout
– PremierElecConSoluConsvote-dropping“glitch”
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Riskanalysisinsafety-cri'calsystems• Safetyrequirementsarenotderivedfromstakeholders.• Whynot?
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TheSwisscheesemodelRegulatorynarrowness
Incompleteprocedures
Mixedmessages
ProducConpressures
ResponsibilityshiXing
Inadequatetraining
AjenCondistracCons
Deferredmaintenance
Clumsytechnology
InsCtuConalOrganizaCon
Profession&Team
Individual Technical
ModifiedfromReason,1999,byR.I.Crook
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Howtoassessthelevelofrisk?
• RisksconsistofmulCpleparts:– Likelihoodoffailure– NegaCveconsequencesorimpactoffailure– Causalagentandweakness(inadvancedmodels)
• Risk=LikelihoodxImpact
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Likelihoodvs.ImpactSeverity
50%
20%
70%
4
9
3
012345678910
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Risk#1 Risk#2 Risk#3
Severityoffa
ilure
Likelih
oodoffa
ilure
Likelihood Impact
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CVSSV2.10ScoringTheCommonVulnerabilityScoringSystemconsistsof:
– 6basemetrics(accessvector,complexity,confidenCalityimpact,…)– 3temporalmetrics(exploitability,remediaCon,…)– 5environmentalmetrics;allqualitaCveraCngs(collateraldamage,…)
BaseScore=round_to_1_decimal(((0.6*Impact)+(0.4*Exploitability)–1.5)*f(Impact))
Impact=10.41*(1-(1-ConfImpact)*(1-IntegImpact)*(1-AvailImpact))
Exploitability=20*AccessVector*AccessComplexity*AuthenCcaCon
f(impact)=0ifImpact=0,1.176otherwise
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Avia'onfailureimpactcategories• Noeffect–failurehasnoimpactonsafety,aircraXoperaCon,orcrew
workload
• Minor–failureisnoCceable,causingpassengerinconvenienceorflightplanchange
• Major–failureissignificant,causingpassengerdiscomfortandslightworkloadincrease
• Hazardous–highworkload,seriousorfatalinjuries
• Catastrophic–lossofcriCcalfuncContosafelyflyandland
DO-178b,SoXwareConsideraConsinAirborneSystemsandEquipmentCerCficaCon,RTCA,1992
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Faulttreeanalysis
• Top-downanalysistechniquetomodel,reasonabout,andanalyzerisk.• DecomposeaparCculartypeoffailureintoconsCtuentpotenCalcausesandprobabiliCes.• DefinescopeofsystemresponsibiliCes,idenCfyunacceptableriskcondiConsthatshouldbemiCgated.
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Top-levelorintermediateevent
Undevelopedevent
Basicevent
Orgate
Andgate
Transfergate
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Faulttreestoquan'fyriskDooropenswhiletrainmoving
SoXwarecontrollerfails
Dooractuatorfails
Speedometerfails
Passengerforcesdoors
open
Wrongrequirements
WrongassumpCon
WrongspecificaCon
WrongimplementaCon
Trainismoving OR
OR
AND
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Riskmi'ga'on/responsestrategies
• Accepttherisk–forlowlikelihoodorlowimpactrisks,orwherecostofmiCgaConprecludessystem
• Transfertherisk–pushtheriskoutsidethesystemboundary
• MiCgatetherisk–introduceacCvecountermeasures– Reducelikelihoodoffailure– Reduceseverityofimpact– Changeorstoands!
• Avoidtherisk–redesignsothatriskcannotoccur
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Exercise!
• Unacceptablesystemfailure:agivenCMUstudentfailsamidterm.
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Top-levelorintermediateevent
Undevelopedevent
Basicevent
Orgate
Andgate
Transfergate
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Wrap-up:day1• ExplainwithexamplestheimportanceofrequirementsinsoXwareengineering.
• ExplainhowandwhyrequirementsarCculatetherelaConshipbetweenadesiredsystemanditsenvironment.
• DisCnguishbetweenandgiveexamplesof:funcConalandnon-funcConalrequirements;informalstatementsandverifiablerequirements.
• IdenCfysystemstakeholdersanddevelopapproachesonhowtointerviewthem.
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Wrap-up:day2
• Developusecases.• UnderstandthechallengesofinternaConalizaConinthecontextofthechallengesofrequirementselicitaCon.
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Wrap-up:day3• DifferenCatebetweenverificaConandvalidaCon.
• ExplainthepurposeofrequirementsdecomposiCon,allocaCon,andflowdown.
• IdenCfystrategiesfordealingwithconflicts.• Understandriskanditsroleinrequirements,specificallyhowitcanbemodeled,analyzed,andthenmiCgated/handledinsystemdesign.