Fossil Fuels: Types and Use. Outline Origins and Types Exploration and Development Production Use...
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Transcript of Fossil Fuels: Types and Use. Outline Origins and Types Exploration and Development Production Use...
![Page 1: Fossil Fuels: Types and Use. Outline Origins and Types Exploration and Development Production Use The Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/551a390255034619378b5bc0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fossil Fuels: Types and Use
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Outline
Origins and Types Exploration and Development Production Use The Environment
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Photosynthesis
Radiant energy Chlorophyll, turning sunlight into
carbohydrates. Combines radiant energy, CO2 and
H2O, and produces O2 and carbohydrates.
Carbon and Oxygen cycles.
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Fossil Fuel Origins
The organic (carbon-based) remnants of ancient life.
Anaerobic bacteria: Bacteria that thrive where there is NO Oxygen broke down the remains into molecules of hydrocarbons of various sizes.
Overburden: Pressure and heat from the sediment and rock above the deposits helped the process of refining the material into fuel.
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Coal
There are various types of coal that reflect the long process by which it is made.– Peat – compressed dead leaves in bogs.– Lignite – dirty, brown coal, can still see bits
of leaves.– Bituminous and Sub-bituminous.– Anthracite – the oldest, hardest, cleanest
coal.
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Carbon-based fuels
Hydrocarbons: molecules of carbon and hydrogen, mostly carbon.
Anthracite is nearly 90% carbon atoms – Lignite, less than 50%.
Natural Gas, made of methane (CH4), has a relatively low carbon content.
A “clean” burn of such fuels produces CO2 and H2O (Carbon dioxide and water).
Contributes to the “Greenhouse” effect.
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Trace Elements in Fossil fuels
Carbon and hydrogen aren’t alone. Coal and oil contain up to 2% Sulfur.
– Produces Sulfur dioxide, SO2, upon burning, leading to acid rain.
Other non-combustible materials producing ash or soot – particulates.
Coal even has uranium in it, the stuff of atom bombs. – Presently, more radioactive materials are introduced
into the environment by the burning of coal than by nuclear power production.
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Fossil fuel deposits
Coal lies in great beds usually just under the surface. Oil and Natural Gas are typically found where the
rock above has formed a natural cap, or dome.– Geologic entrapment.
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Fossil Fuel Exploration and Recovery Use Seismic data to map the underground –
looking for domes of rock that might hold oil and gas.
Drilling– Exploratory wells -- 1 in 9 is successful in US. – Primary recovery – natural pressure – 15% of
deposit.– Secondary recovery – pump water or gas to force
oil out – 15% more.– Tertiary recovery – techniques to reduce viscosity
and surface tension – 10%
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Methods of Further Refining
Coal can be further processed to obtain synthetic liquid or gas fuels.
Natural Gas can be compressed into a liquid.
Oil is refined into numerous different products.
Cooling and Condensing As it rises…
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Gasoline Additives
Lead – enhances “octane” rating. MTBE – an oxygenate to reduce
Carbon monoxide emissions – now suspected of being a carcinogen.
Ethanol – corn or sugar cane turned into alcohol to improve octane, make the fuel cleaner, make the farmers happy.
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Natural Gas – the next big thing.
Natural gas burns cleaner. Less carbon per weight. New turbine designs use the natural gas to
run a turbine, and then heat up water to run a traditional steam generator – Efficiencies of 45% or more.
Natural gas is cheaper 3.5 to 1 compared to coal, 1.75 to 1 compared to gasoline.
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Outlook
Still the easiest and cheapest fuel around.
Technologies are being developed to increase yields, enhance efficiency and reduce pollution.
The biggest obstacles remain that they are non-renewable, carbon-based resources.