Forward to Basics by Willem Jan Snel Mecanoo
-
Upload
groenesteden -
Category
Documents
-
view
227 -
download
1
description
Transcript of Forward to Basics by Willem Jan Snel Mecanoo
forward to basicswillem jan snel
mobility space is an important topic in architecture and urban planning
Justus van Effenblok Rotterdam Social Housing, 1922architect Michiel Brinkman
city blocks as networks
space for the dairyman
In the last 50 years, mobility became a dominant theme in our daily life. Car ownership dominted the spatial solutions, a trend that Reyner Banham describes as early as 1971 in his book Los Angeles, the Architecture of Four Ecologies. But the world is changing. The task for the future is to fully develop the environment, the economy and technology in the right balance with people's needs. This means the architects’ task is to come up with solutions that break new ground – to produce designs that answer the steadily growing and changing demand for mobility. This demand should not be resisted, but rather channelled along the right lines. It is vital that work be done on public transport and motorways, as well as on bike-, skate- and footpaths. Wonderful transfer junctions between train, metro, bus, car and bicycle must be designed. The landscape angle must be combined with awareness that mobility routes are public spaces with a culture, code of conduct and aesthetics of their own. Research and design must lead to the development of a new set of instruments. The current world belongs to a different kind of person with a different kind of mind. It demands new solutions in mobility towards sharpening its effectiveness and in the preparation of societies to participate in an increasingly diverse world, in which flexibility is becoming a pre-eminent skill.
The extensive experience Mecanoo gained over more than 30 years results in designs and strategies that are realized with technical expertise and great attention to detail. The broad spectrum of Mecanoo’s projects allows the office to be creative and innovative in the search for new solutions, approaching each design problem with new vigour and enthusiasm..
Pink, D., the conceptual age, 1995
preface
1800 1900 2100
2007: credit crunch
Conceptual ageInformation Age
Industrial Age
Agriculture Age
2000
1902 - 1922planning a healthy cityintroducing housing lawsocial housing projects rotterdamgood basics for daily live
mecanoomobility
7
mecanoomobility
8
The managed cityThe managed city is the old urban structure that is still present, but had become hidden from view by traffic signs, parking prevention bollards, shop displays, bike racks, rubbish containers, glass containers, advertising signs and terraces. One of the important means to recover the image of the city is to formulate rules, for example concerning pavement. In mean time the city is covered with over three million sand yellow clinkers and lines of old, glimmering granite boulders and smooth, blue cindered scoria bricks. As a result the city looks more homogeneous.
mecanoo, early yearsgroningen
mecanoomobility
9
The characteristic cityThe characteristic city is the city of the postcards. It is the city of the places that stick in the memory of residents and visitors: the Grote Markt, the Vismarkt, the ring of canals. These locations have to be emphasised in defining the public space of the city.
mecanoomobility
10
The hidden cityThe hidden city exists of the courtyards and gardens that hide from sight in the urban structure of the controlled city. They lead an introverted, ‘quiet’ life, far from the bustle and constantly changing image of the city. Little has changed in the Hidden City in the course of centuries. There is no reason at all to change any of it at the moment.
mecanoomobility
11
The expressive cityThe expressive city indicates those rare points where an exuberant, trendy design of the public space is in place. This is where the city radiates its vitality and élan. The sites have often been bottlenecks in the city for years. An example is the gradually ascending terrace in the middle of the Poelestraat. For this terrace an attractive, steel pergola has been designed. It refers to the old city gate that used to be in this spot.
mecanoomobility
1
In 1976, in his book The Joyless Economy, the economist and welfare theorist TiborScitovsky predicted that an excess of standard goods would lead to increasing socialdissatisfaction, because these goods are devoid of real sensory stimulation for humanbeings.1 Scitovsky’s predictions about a cheerless and tasteless economy leaving deeptraces throughout Europe are directly borne out in the physical planning, urban develop-ment and architecture of the last few decades. The mobility axes illustrate this clearly.Add to that more than 400 km of noise-protection barriers and you have a model of thebad taste inherent in the most visited public space in the Netherlands: the motorway.
In my book Composition, Contrast, Complexity, I submit that architecture cannotbe put into words.2 The book describes twenty projects. Ten statements – on thin,fragile Japanese paper – encapsulate the views upon which I base this proposition.Or to put it a better way, perhaps, they clarify what I am seeking. The fifth statement ison the aesthetics of mobility. The twentieth project describes ‘A room with a view’. I willattempt to explain why the architect of the Library and the Master Plan of the TechnicalUniversity of Delft is introducing a subject like the aesthetics of mobility.
CORRIDOR ROUTE
Mobility
A Room with a View
visioning on mobility as a whole: a room with a view
The art of integral engineering and the aesthetics of mobility (1999)
mecanoomobility
2
As a member of the VROM council, I become involved in the political discussion about the future layout of the Netherlands. 3 One of the topics is corridor development – I oppose this. Mobility is part of modern society; it is a daily pursuit, just like housing, work and recreation. Mobility is not just about traffic jams, asphalt, delays and tollgates, but also about people deriving a sensory experience from their everyday mobility. Every day, travelling along roads and railways, millions of people experience the changes of the city and countryside. For them, the train and the car are also ‘a room with a view’.
One might wonder whether the traditional methods of urban planners, in the form of future scenarios depicted statically in maps coloured red, blue, yellow and green, are truly appropriate. These maps are not merely static – they are two-dimension-al. The third dimension is missing, as are the dynamics of motion. One might be well-advised to view the Netherlands from the moving perspective of the everyday mobile person. Perhaps it is the combination of mobility, city and countryside that has given rise to the population’s increasing sense of saturation.
On the VROM council, beautifully put together when it comes to disciplines, I am the only architect. 4 To me, an architect’s task is to imagine, to be a visionary, to propose and disseminate ideas, to inspire – not to fixate on that which is wrong or ugly, but to go in search of what is in fact possible.
That is the moment the adventure begins.
December 1998
VROM council (Council for
Housing, Physical Planning
and the Environment)
mecanoomobility
3
At the invitation of the Minister for Transport, Public Works and Water Management, I give a lecture entitled ‘The Art of Integral Engineering and the Aesthetics of Mobility’. 5 Before an audience composed almost entirely of engineers and admini-strators, I propose viewing the motorway as a design brief. A brief that requires both a cultural turnaround and a new set of instruments. This is because existing urban development practice is not up to the task.
To give the aesthetics of mobility some form, I introduce six typologies that can deal with the alternation from the scale of the city to that of the countryside. Three relate to the countryside: the panoramic landscape, the eco-viaduct and the Bali model. The other three relate to the city: the Ruhr area, Las Vegas and La Défense. They form a series running from utmost rural to urban in the extreme. As a symbol for the cultural turnaround needed, the roads may be seen as routes and given names, such as the Louis Couperus Route, the Erasmus Route, the Rembrandt Route and the Zuiderzee Route. The routes need not just vision and direction, but more importantly a client to commis-sion them.
In the period that follows, administrators in the Netherlands seem to rise to the challenge and accept the responsibility of taking on the role of client in commissioning the great mobility axes. To me, this illustrates the unique architectural climate in the Netherlands, so admired abroad.
1 February 1999
The Art of Integral Engineering
and the Aesthetics of Mobility
Las Vegas
Bali
La Defense
Ecoviaduct
Ruhrgebiet
The vast landscape
Time: Zuiderzee route (1999)
mecanoomobility
6
A characteristic of the route to the north is the interplay of infrastructure lines– motorway, railway, power lines, waterways and dikes. A conspicuous feature of thepolder landscape is that the motorway network runs not quite parallel to the other lines.The railway, the motorway and the power lines play a sort of game of ‘attract and repel’with one another. As you ride along, at times you see them all and at times they suddenlydisappear. The variations in height for the magnetic suspension track – we introduce fiveheights: mole high, knee high, cow high, tree high and mast high – allow even greaterpossibilities for composition.Research into the future development and identity of various landscapes and seven cit-ies (Amsterdam, Almere, Lelystad, Emmeloord, Heerenveen, Drachten and Groningen)situated along the Zuiderzee Route provides dramatic evidence of much more extensiveuse of space in the northern provinces, compared to the Randstad, the densely builturban conglomeration in the west of the Netherlands. Our advice is to use the construc-tion of a rapid-transit Zuiderzee Route to bring about a change from extensive to moreintensive land use.
Land is a valuable possession. The Netherlands is known for its scarcity of space.Yet land in the Netherlands is squandered because the price of land is far too low, whichobviates the need for intelligent solutions, such as dual land use, inventive combinations of,and with, infrastructure. This is the first statement in my book, cited earlier.
mecanoomobility
7
In this study we research the route from Delft to Leiden, Amsterdam, Utrecht,Gouda, Rotterdam and back to Delft – the Randstad Circuit – in terms of the relationshipbetween ecology and infrastructure. 8 On a map, colour hand symbols indicate wherezones of transition and communication between different ecosystems are needed.The motorway blocks ecological exchange between areas on either side of the road.In this way the Randstad Circuit creates a large area of inbreeding for flora and fauna.By raising the road somewhat in places, we can perforate it with ecological passages thatre-establish contact between the two sides of the road in this watery area.
Another map shows the panoramas seen by motorists along the RandstadCircuit. The minimum measure of a panorama is set at one km. The longest panorama,8,5 km, lies in the Haarlemmermeer polder. At a speed of 100 km per hour, one sees it infive minutes. We call the series of panoramas the Hollandse Meesters (Dutch Masters),after Jacob van Ruisdael, Jan van Goyen and Aelbert Cuyp, landscape painters from ourGolden Age.
The analysis shows that the panoramas and perforations can often share thesame locations. There are building commissions to advise on cityscapes and the appear-ance of villages, but there is no one to keep an eye on the appearance of entire motor-ways. A coherent administrative policy designed to protect and maintain the panoramascould make the locations of the ecological passages instantly visible to the traveller.
July 2000
Panoramas and Perforations
mecanoomobility
8
The Zuiderzee Line and the Louis Couperus Route are two of nine ‘majorprojects’ included in the government’s policy document Designing The Netherlands:Architectural Policy 2001-2004.9 This policy document is issued by four ministers:Education, Culture and Science; Housing, Physical Planning and the Environment;Transport, Public Works and Water Management; and Agriculture, Nature Managementand Fisheries. This shows that the ministers are taking on their joint responsibility.This unique cooperation means a breakthrough in the practice of physical planning.
Ocotober 2000
Les Grands Projects
(Major projects)
PANORAMA’S AND PERFORATIONS
wet corridor
gradientconservation
intensification
enhancement
Experience: Le Grand Projet
Bijlmerpark (2003)
Bijlmerpark (2003)
mecanoomobility
57
Transferhub Bleizo (2010)
mecanoomobility
57
Transferhub Bleizo (2010)
mecanoomobility
58
mecanoomobility
58
Transferhub Bleizo (2010)
mitigating traffic through design luxemburg stad (2011)
mitigating traffic through design luxemburg stad (2011)
mitigating traffic through design luxemburg stad (2011)
CYCLING
WORK
MOBILITY
KNOWLEDGE
QUALITY OF LIFE
MULTIMODALITY
LANDSCAPE
BUILT
ENVIRONMENT
UtrechtAmsterdamMaastricht
EindhovenS’Hertogenbosch
A2 study (2013)
A2 study (2013)
parijs
berlijn
milaan
budapest
rome
lyon
barcelona
londen
manchester
kopenhagen
stockholm
keulen
brussel
parijs
londen
hamburg
lille
brussel
luik
HSLICEkeulen
intercitydirect
eurostar
mecanoomobility
67
The A2 highway is intersecting the diverse Dutch landscape: the low and flat lands in the west and north, and the higher lands with minor hills in the east and south.
mecanoode diagonaal
38juli 2012
urban life styles
wonen wonen werken werken
stadshart zakencentrum
recreëren
ommeland buitenwijk
buiten
Alex
Babette
Gijs
recreëren recreëren
cultuurcentrum
Weergave van leefpatroon van perso-na’s in de kenniseconomie, verspreiding van activiteit en intensiteit over stad.
A2 study (2013)different lifestyles
A2 study (2013)
1 km
€100.000.000
€1.000.000
mecanoomobility
74
November 2013
mecanoomobility
75
Januari 2014
research on cycling transition
Cycling has become both a symbol and a catalyst for the transition in mobility towards sustainable development. Cities acknowledge that a city needs people and public space and less dominance by vehicles and asphalt. People want liveable cities. They increasin-gly change their preferences regarding travel behaviour from car ownership to vehicle sharing and active transport. Cycling becomes a pleasure, even sexy. Cycling pays a significant contribution to sustainable mobility, serving the mobility needs of all people. Cycling inclusive planning makes transport interventions more effective, in social and economic terms, with less negative impact on health, the environment and the climate. Cycling evokes creative thinking on the urban fabric and health.
x billion km
54
10
6
18
30
12
6
31
work
business meetings
personal care
shopping
visits
education
leisure
socializing
50% of the car journey’s are shorten than 7,5 km
car
public transport
slow tra�c
remaining
mecanoo and cycling
mecanoo and cyclingoffice mobility
mecanoo: een kleine kenniseconomiekantoormobiliteit
mecanoo and cyclingoffice mobility
nieuwe werkelijkheidtrendbreuk
mobility is changing
family and kids (tricycles/minibikes)
WHAT´S ON A BIKE PATH?
≠ SPEED, RYTHM AND MANOEUVRABILITY!
city-commuting-folding bikes
road bikes-mountan bikes-BMX bikes
recreational cycling
tandems
walking-jogging
transport-delivery-postpolice-securitysightseeing/tour bikes
motorbikes and scootersvelomobiles
electric vehicles-segways
handbikes-secumbent bikes
wheelchairs-limited mobility
tricycles-adults bikeskick scooters-rollers-skates
cycling 2014 research on cycling transition: what is on a bike path? a variety of users
lifestyle, health, increasing amount of elderly, rise of ebikes
There is nothing like bad weather
het nieuwe reizenintergraal denken: slecht weer bestaat niet, slechte kleding wel
het nieuwe reizenintergraal denken: slecht weer bestaat niet, slechte kleding wel
new diversity - demand for new sorts of roadsnieuwe werkelijkheidsuccesvolle concepten, ruimtelijke ordening blijft achternieuwe werkelijkheidsuccesvolle concepten, ruimtelijke ordening blijft achternieuwe werkelijkheidsuccesvolle concepten, ruimtelijke ordening blijft achter
nieuwe werkelijkheidsuccesvolle concepten, ruimtelijke ordening blijft achter
nieuwe werkelijkheidsuccesvolle concepten, ruimtelijke ordening blijft achternieuwe werkelijkheidsuccesvolle concepten, ruimtelijke ordening blijft achter
amsterdam, the netherlands
Amsterdam
Copenhagen
LondonBogota
32% of all car trips in copenhagenare shorter than 5 km
67% of all car trips in londonare shorter than 5 km
70% of all car trips in bogota are shorter than 3 kmsource : LTDS 2011/12
36% of all trips to work and education in copenhagen is done by bicycle.cycling embassy dk
8% of all car trips in amsterdamare shorter than 5 km CBS bewerking OBI
42% using their bikes for their daily commutegemeente Amsterdam
per person per day3 trips
1.66average number per home
1.1average number per home
0.66average number per home
5% of all trips in bogota is done by bicycle.(0.5% before cicloRuta)
2.2% of all trips in london is done by bicycle.
1.2average Number per home
per person per day1.28 trips
per person per day2.49 trips
36%
33%
25%
6%bicyclecar
walking
90,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin copenhagen at present rate
2
42%
8%
33%
bicycle
bus,train, metro
cycling embassy dk
39.8%
28%
30%
2.2%
source : LTDS 2009/10
56% It’s faster
37% It’s my convenient
29% It’s cheap
26% It’s healthy
12% well-being/good way to start the day
9% new job/relocation
5% environmental/climate concerns
of all families with 2 children have a cargo bike. Of all households with a cargo bike, 17% have one in place of a car.
28%
Madrid
24% of all car trips in madridare shorter than 5 km
0.6% using their bikes for their daily commute
Car as driverCar as passengerTrainBus/tram/metroMopedBicycleWalkingOther
Amsterdam Den Haag Rotterdam Other Netherlands8%6%2%6%1%
42%33%1%
18%8%2%7%1%
32%31%2%
15%10%1%9%1%
25%38%1%
22%11%1%1%1%
39%23%1%
21%11%1%2%1%
39%24%1%
Totaal 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%CBS bewerking OBI
400 KMof bike paths.gemeente Amsterdam390 KM
of bike paths.city of copenhagen
336 KMof bike paths.
walking
bus,train, metro
14%
car
other
2%
bicycle
walkingcar, taxi
bus,train, metroouter London
inner London
27%
7%
35%
Commute to work
Education
Leisure
19%
shopping and personal business
Other
4%
36,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin bogota at present rate
source : LTDS 2010/11
Other work related travel
9%
41%34%
bus,train, metrowalking
24,4%
car/motor
0.6%
bicycle
empty station full station
outer London
inner London
outer London
inner London
cycling embassy dk
city of copenhagen
city of copenhagen
city of copenhagen city of copenhagen
gemeente Amsterdam
gemeente Amsterdam
CBS bewerking OBI
source : LTDS 2009/10
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
2
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
source : LTDS 2010/11
source : LTDS 2010/11
seguridad vial madrid
seguridad vial madrid
186 KMof bike paths.seguridad vial madrid
plan director movilidad ciclista madrid
Santiago
35% of all car trips in santiagoare shorter than 5 km
3% of all trips to work and education in santiago is done by bicycle.
700KMof bike paths.
22%
33%
37%
3%
bicycle
walkingcar, taxi
bus,train, metro
sectra 2008
sectra 2001,
sectra 2008
5%
other
Amsterdam
Copenhagen
LondonBogota
32% of all car trips in copenhagenare shorter than 5 km
67% of all car trips in londonare shorter than 5 km
70% of all car trips in bogota are shorter than 3 kmsource : LTDS 2011/12
36% of all trips to work and education in copenhagen is done by bicycle.cycling embassy dk
8% of all car trips in amsterdamare shorter than 5 km CBS bewerking OBI
42% using their bikes for their daily commutegemeente Amsterdam
per person per day3 trips
1.66average number per home
1.1average number per home
0.66average number per home
5% of all trips in bogota is done by bicycle.(0.5% before cicloRuta)
2.2% of all trips in london is done by bicycle.
1.2average Number per home
per person per day1.28 trips
per person per day2.49 trips
36%
33%
25%
6%bicyclecar
walking
90,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin copenhagen at present rate
2
42%
8%
33%
bicycle
bus,train, metro
cycling embassy dk
39.8%
28%
30%
2.2%
source : LTDS 2009/10
56% It’s faster
37% It’s my convenient
29% It’s cheap
26% It’s healthy
12% well-being/good way to start the day
9% new job/relocation
5% environmental/climate concerns
of all families with 2 children have a cargo bike. Of all households with a cargo bike, 17% have one in place of a car.
28%
Madrid
24% of all car trips in madridare shorter than 5 km
0.6% using their bikes for their daily commute
Car as driverCar as passengerTrainBus/tram/metroMopedBicycleWalkingOther
Amsterdam Den Haag Rotterdam Other Netherlands8%6%2%6%1%
42%33%1%
18%8%2%7%1%
32%31%2%
15%10%1%9%1%
25%38%1%
22%11%1%1%1%
39%23%1%
21%11%1%2%1%
39%24%1%
Totaal 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%CBS bewerking OBI
400 KMof bike paths.gemeente Amsterdam390 KM
of bike paths.city of copenhagen
336 KMof bike paths.
walking
bus,train, metro
14%
car
other
2%
bicycle
walkingcar, taxi
bus,train, metroouter London
inner London
27%
7%
35%
Commute to work
Education
Leisure
19%
shopping and personal business
Other
4%
36,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin bogota at present rate
source : LTDS 2010/11
Other work related travel
9%
41%34%
bus,train, metrowalking
24,4%
car/motor
0.6%
bicycle
empty station full station
outer London
inner London
outer London
inner London
cycling embassy dk
city of copenhagen
city of copenhagen
city of copenhagen city of copenhagen
gemeente Amsterdam
gemeente Amsterdam
CBS bewerking OBI
source : LTDS 2009/10
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
2
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
source : LTDS 2010/11
source : LTDS 2010/11
seguridad vial madrid
seguridad vial madrid
186 KMof bike paths.seguridad vial madrid
plan director movilidad ciclista madrid
Santiago
35% of all car trips in santiagoare shorter than 5 km
3% of all trips to work and education in santiago is done by bicycle.
700KMof bike paths.
22%
33%
37%
3%
bicycle
walkingcar, taxi
bus,train, metro
sectra 2008
sectra 2001,
sectra 2008
5%
other
7,5 km bike range
15 km e-bike range
Cycling along the Amsterdam canals, a normal daily activity.
Pedestrians en cyclist vondelpark, Amsterdam
copenhagen, denmark
Amsterdam
Copenhagen
LondonBogota
32% of all car trips in copenhagenare shorter than 5 km
67% of all car trips in londonare shorter than 5 km
70% of all car trips in bogota are shorter than 3 kmsource : LTDS 2011/12
36% of all trips to work and education in copenhagen is done by bicycle.cycling embassy dk
8% of all car trips in amsterdamare shorter than 5 km CBS bewerking OBI
42% using their bikes for their daily commutegemeente Amsterdam
per person per day3 trips
1.66average number per home
1.1average number per home
0.66average number per home
5% of all trips in bogota is done by bicycle.(0.5% before cicloRuta)
2.2% of all trips in london is done by bicycle.
1.2average Number per home
per person per day1.28 trips
per person per day2.49 trips
36%
33%
25%
6%bicyclecar
walking
90,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin copenhagen at present rate
2
42%
8%
33%
bicycle
bus,train, metro
cycling embassy dk
39.8%
28%
30%
2.2%
source : LTDS 2009/10
56% It’s faster
37% It’s my convenient
29% It’s cheap
26% It’s healthy
12% well-being/good way to start the day
9% new job/relocation
5% environmental/climate concerns
of all families with 2 children have a cargo bike. Of all households with a cargo bike, 17% have one in place of a car.
28%
Madrid
24% of all car trips in madridare shorter than 5 km
0.6% using their bikes for their daily commute
Car as driverCar as passengerTrainBus/tram/metroMopedBicycleWalkingOther
Amsterdam Den Haag Rotterdam Other Netherlands8%6%2%6%1%
42%33%1%
18%8%2%7%1%
32%31%2%
15%10%1%9%1%
25%38%1%
22%11%1%1%1%
39%23%1%
21%11%1%2%1%
39%24%1%
Totaal 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%CBS bewerking OBI
400 KMof bike paths.gemeente Amsterdam390 KM
of bike paths.city of copenhagen
336 KMof bike paths.
walking
bus,train, metro
14%
car
other
2%
bicycle
walkingcar, taxi
bus,train, metroouter London
inner London
27%
7%
35%
Commute to work
Education
Leisure
19%
shopping and personal business
Other
4%
36,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin bogota at present rate
source : LTDS 2010/11
Other work related travel
9%
41%34%
bus,train, metrowalking
24,4%
car/motor
0.6%
bicycle
empty station full station
outer London
inner London
outer London
inner London
cycling embassy dk
city of copenhagen
city of copenhagen
city of copenhagen city of copenhagen
gemeente Amsterdam
gemeente Amsterdam
CBS bewerking OBI
source : LTDS 2009/10
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
2
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
source : LTDS 2010/11
source : LTDS 2010/11
seguridad vial madrid
seguridad vial madrid
186 KMof bike paths.seguridad vial madrid
plan director movilidad ciclista madrid
Santiago
35% of all car trips in santiagoare shorter than 5 km
3% of all trips to work and education in santiago is done by bicycle.
700KMof bike paths.
22%
33%
37%
3%
bicycle
walkingcar, taxi
bus,train, metro
sectra 2008
sectra 2001,
sectra 2008
5%
other
Amsterdam
Copenhagen
LondonBogota
32% of all car trips in copenhagenare shorter than 5 km
67% of all car trips in londonare shorter than 5 km
70% of all car trips in bogota are shorter than 3 kmsource : LTDS 2011/12
36% of all trips to work and education in copenhagen is done by bicycle.cycling embassy dk
8% of all car trips in amsterdamare shorter than 5 km CBS bewerking OBI
42% using their bikes for their daily commutegemeente Amsterdam
per person per day3 trips
1.66average number per home
1.1average number per home
0.66average number per home
5% of all trips in bogota is done by bicycle.(0.5% before cicloRuta)
2.2% of all trips in london is done by bicycle.
1.2average Number per home
per person per day1.28 trips
per person per day2.49 trips
36%
33%
25%
6%bicyclecar
walking
90,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin copenhagen at present rate
2
42%
8%
33%
bicycle
bus,train, metro
cycling embassy dk
39.8%
28%
30%
2.2%
source : LTDS 2009/10
56% It’s faster
37% It’s my convenient
29% It’s cheap
26% It’s healthy
12% well-being/good way to start the day
9% new job/relocation
5% environmental/climate concerns
of all families with 2 children have a cargo bike. Of all households with a cargo bike, 17% have one in place of a car.
28%
Madrid
24% of all car trips in madridare shorter than 5 km
0.6% using their bikes for their daily commute
Car as driverCar as passengerTrainBus/tram/metroMopedBicycleWalkingOther
Amsterdam Den Haag Rotterdam Other Netherlands8%6%2%6%1%
42%33%1%
18%8%2%7%1%
32%31%2%
15%10%1%9%1%
25%38%1%
22%11%1%1%1%
39%23%1%
21%11%1%2%1%
39%24%1%
Totaal 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%CBS bewerking OBI
400 KMof bike paths.gemeente Amsterdam390 KM
of bike paths.city of copenhagen
336 KMof bike paths.
walking
bus,train, metro
14%
car
other
2%
bicycle
walkingcar, taxi
bus,train, metroouter London
inner London
27%
7%
35%
Commute to work
Education
Leisure
19%
shopping and personal business
Other
4%
36,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin bogota at present rate
source : LTDS 2010/11
Other work related travel
9%
41%34%
bus,train, metrowalking
24,4%
car/motor
0.6%
bicycle
empty station full station
outer London
inner London
outer London
inner London
cycling embassy dk
city of copenhagen
city of copenhagen
city of copenhagen city of copenhagen
gemeente Amsterdam
gemeente Amsterdam
CBS bewerking OBI
source : LTDS 2009/10
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
2
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
source : LTDS 2010/11
source : LTDS 2010/11
seguridad vial madrid
seguridad vial madrid
186 KMof bike paths.seguridad vial madrid
plan director movilidad ciclista madrid
Santiago
35% of all car trips in santiagoare shorter than 5 km
3% of all trips to work and education in santiago is done by bicycle.
700KMof bike paths.
22%
33%
37%
3%
bicycle
walkingcar, taxi
bus,train, metro
sectra 2008
sectra 2001,
sectra 2008
5%
other
Amsterdam
Copenhagen
LondonBogota
32% of all car trips in copenhagenare shorter than 5 km
67% of all car trips in londonare shorter than 5 km
70% of all car trips in bogota are shorter than 3 kmsource : LTDS 2011/12
36% of all trips to work and education in copenhagen is done by bicycle.cycling embassy dk
8% of all car trips in amsterdamare shorter than 5 km CBS bewerking OBI
42% using their bikes for their daily commutegemeente Amsterdam
per person per day3 trips
1.66average number per home
1.1average number per home
0.66average number per home
5% of all trips in bogota is done by bicycle.(0.5% before cicloRuta)
2.2% of all trips in london is done by bicycle.
1.2average Number per home
per person per day1.28 trips
per person per day2.49 trips
36%
33%
25%
6%bicyclecar
walking
90,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin copenhagen at present rate
2
42%
8%
33%
bicycle
bus,train, metro
cycling embassy dk
39.8%
28%
30%
2.2%
source : LTDS 2009/10
56% It’s faster
37% It’s my convenient
29% It’s cheap
26% It’s healthy
12% well-being/good way to start the day
9% new job/relocation
5% environmental/climate concerns
of all families with 2 children have a cargo bike. Of all households with a cargo bike, 17% have one in place of a car.
28%
Madrid
24% of all car trips in madridare shorter than 5 km
0.6% using their bikes for their daily commute
Car as driverCar as passengerTrainBus/tram/metroMopedBicycleWalkingOther
Amsterdam Den Haag Rotterdam Other Netherlands8%6%2%6%1%
42%33%1%
18%8%2%7%1%
32%31%2%
15%10%1%9%1%
25%38%1%
22%11%1%1%1%
39%23%1%
21%11%1%2%1%
39%24%1%
Totaal 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%CBS bewerking OBI
400 KMof bike paths.gemeente Amsterdam390 KM
of bike paths.city of copenhagen
336 KMof bike paths.
walking
bus,train, metro
14%
car
other
2%
bicycle
walkingcar, taxi
bus,train, metroouter London
inner London
27%
7%
35%
Commute to work
Education
Leisure
19%
shopping and personal business
Other
4%
36,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin bogota at present rate
source : LTDS 2010/11
Other work related travel
9%
41%34%
bus,train, metrowalking
24,4%
car/motor
0.6%
bicycle
empty station full station
outer London
inner London
outer London
inner London
cycling embassy dk
city of copenhagen
city of copenhagen
city of copenhagen city of copenhagen
gemeente Amsterdam
gemeente Amsterdam
CBS bewerking OBI
source : LTDS 2009/10
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
2
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
source : LTDS 2010/11
source : LTDS 2010/11
seguridad vial madrid
seguridad vial madrid
186 KMof bike paths.seguridad vial madrid
plan director movilidad ciclista madrid
Santiago
35% of all car trips in santiagoare shorter than 5 km
3% of all trips to work and education in santiago is done by bicycle.
700KMof bike paths.
22%
33%
37%
3%
bicycle
walkingcar, taxi
bus,train, metro
sectra 2008
sectra 2001,
sectra 2008
5%
other
7,5 km bike range
15 km e-bike range
from car to peoples place
from car to peoples place
from car to peoples place
london, uk
Amsterdam
Copenhagen
LondonBogota
32% of all car trips in copenhagenare shorter than 5 km
67% of all car trips in londonare shorter than 5 km
70% of all car trips in bogota are shorter than 3 kmsource : LTDS 2011/12
36% of all trips to work and education in copenhagen is done by bicycle.cycling embassy dk
8% of all car trips in amsterdamare shorter than 5 km CBS bewerking OBI
42% using their bikes for their daily commutegemeente Amsterdam
per person per day3 trips
1.66average number per home
1.1average number per home
0.66average number per home
5% of all trips in bogota is done by bicycle.(0.5% before cicloRuta)
2.2% of all trips in london is done by bicycle.
1.2average Number per home
per person per day1.28 trips
per person per day2.49 trips
36%
33%
25%
6%bicyclecar
walking
90,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin copenhagen at present rate
2
42%
8%
33%
bicycle
bus,train, metro
cycling embassy dk
39.8%
28%
30%
2.2%
source : LTDS 2009/10
56% It’s faster
37% It’s my convenient
29% It’s cheap
26% It’s healthy
12% well-being/good way to start the day
9% new job/relocation
5% environmental/climate concerns
of all families with 2 children have a cargo bike. Of all households with a cargo bike, 17% have one in place of a car.
28%
Madrid
24% of all car trips in madridare shorter than 5 km
0.6% using their bikes for their daily commute
Car as driverCar as passengerTrainBus/tram/metroMopedBicycleWalkingOther
Amsterdam Den Haag Rotterdam Other Netherlands8%6%2%6%1%
42%33%1%
18%8%2%7%1%
32%31%2%
15%10%1%9%1%
25%38%1%
22%11%1%1%1%
39%23%1%
21%11%1%2%1%
39%24%1%
Totaal 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%CBS bewerking OBI
400 KMof bike paths.gemeente Amsterdam390 KM
of bike paths.city of copenhagen
336 KMof bike paths.
walking
bus,train, metro
14%
car
other
2%
bicycle
walkingcar, taxi
bus,train, metroouter London
inner London
27%
7%
35%
Commute to work
Education
Leisure
19%
shopping and personal business
Other
4%
36,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin bogota at present rate
source : LTDS 2010/11
Other work related travel
9%
41%34%
bus,train, metrowalking
24,4%
car/motor
0.6%
bicycle
empty station full station
outer London
inner London
outer London
inner London
cycling embassy dk
city of copenhagen
city of copenhagen
city of copenhagen city of copenhagen
gemeente Amsterdam
gemeente Amsterdam
CBS bewerking OBI
source : LTDS 2009/10
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
2
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
source : LTDS 2010/11
source : LTDS 2010/11
seguridad vial madrid
seguridad vial madrid
186 KMof bike paths.seguridad vial madrid
plan director movilidad ciclista madrid
Santiago
35% of all car trips in santiagoare shorter than 5 km
3% of all trips to work and education in santiago is done by bicycle.
700KMof bike paths.
22%
33%
37%
3%
bicycle
walkingcar, taxi
bus,train, metro
sectra 2008
sectra 2001,
sectra 2008
5%
other
Amsterdam
Copenhagen
LondonBogota
32% of all car trips in copenhagenare shorter than 5 km
67% of all car trips in londonare shorter than 5 km
70% of all car trips in bogota are shorter than 3 kmsource : LTDS 2011/12
36% of all trips to work and education in copenhagen is done by bicycle.cycling embassy dk
8% of all car trips in amsterdamare shorter than 5 km CBS bewerking OBI
42% using their bikes for their daily commutegemeente Amsterdam
per person per day3 trips
1.66average number per home
1.1average number per home
0.66average number per home
5% of all trips in bogota is done by bicycle.(0.5% before cicloRuta)
2.2% of all trips in london is done by bicycle.
1.2average Number per home
per person per day1.28 trips
per person per day2.49 trips
36%
33%
25%
6%bicyclecar
walking
90,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin copenhagen at present rate
2
42%
8%
33%
bicycle
bus,train, metro
cycling embassy dk
39.8%
28%
30%
2.2%
source : LTDS 2009/10
56% It’s faster
37% It’s my convenient
29% It’s cheap
26% It’s healthy
12% well-being/good way to start the day
9% new job/relocation
5% environmental/climate concerns
of all families with 2 children have a cargo bike. Of all households with a cargo bike, 17% have one in place of a car.
28%
Madrid
24% of all car trips in madridare shorter than 5 km
0.6% using their bikes for their daily commute
Car as driverCar as passengerTrainBus/tram/metroMopedBicycleWalkingOther
Amsterdam Den Haag Rotterdam Other Netherlands8%6%2%6%1%
42%33%1%
18%8%2%7%1%
32%31%2%
15%10%1%9%1%
25%38%1%
22%11%1%1%1%
39%23%1%
21%11%1%2%1%
39%24%1%
Totaal 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%CBS bewerking OBI
400 KMof bike paths.gemeente Amsterdam390 KM
of bike paths.city of copenhagen
336 KMof bike paths.
walking
bus,train, metro
14%
car
other
2%
bicycle
walkingcar, taxi
bus,train, metroouter London
inner London
27%
7%
35%
Commute to work
Education
Leisure
19%
shopping and personal business
Other
4%
36,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin bogota at present rate
source : LTDS 2010/11
Other work related travel
9%
41%34%
bus,train, metrowalking
24,4%
car/motor
0.6%
bicycle
empty station full station
outer London
inner London
outer London
inner London
cycling embassy dk
city of copenhagen
city of copenhagen
city of copenhagen city of copenhagen
gemeente Amsterdam
gemeente Amsterdam
CBS bewerking OBI
source : LTDS 2009/10
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
2
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
source : LTDS 2010/11
source : LTDS 2010/11
seguridad vial madrid
seguridad vial madrid
186 KMof bike paths.seguridad vial madrid
plan director movilidad ciclista madrid
Santiago
35% of all car trips in santiagoare shorter than 5 km
3% of all trips to work and education in santiago is done by bicycle.
700KMof bike paths.
22%
33%
37%
3%
bicycle
walkingcar, taxi
bus,train, metro
sectra 2008
sectra 2001,
sectra 2008
5%
other
7,5 km bike range
15 km e-bike range
safety first, with a helmet and fluorescent jacket
blue bike paths, the fasest route from a to b
bogotá, colombiaAmsterdam
Copenhagen
LondonBogota
32% of all car trips in copenhagenare shorter than 5 km
67% of all car trips in londonare shorter than 5 km
70% of all car trips in bogota are shorter than 3 kmsource : LTDS 2011/12
36% of all trips to work and education in copenhagen is done by bicycle.cycling embassy dk
8% of all car trips in amsterdamare shorter than 5 km CBS bewerking OBI
42% using their bikes for their daily commutegemeente Amsterdam
per person per day3 trips
1.66average number per home
1.1average number per home
0.66average number per home
5% of all trips in bogota is done by bicycle.(0.5% before cicloRuta)
2.2% of all trips in london is done by bicycle.
1.2average Number per home
per person per day1.28 trips
per person per day2.49 trips
36%
33%
25%
6%bicyclecar
walking
90,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin copenhagen at present rate
2
42%
8%
33%
bicycle
bus,train, metro
cycling embassy dk
39.8%
28%
30%
2.2%
source : LTDS 2009/10
56% It’s faster
37% It’s my convenient
29% It’s cheap
26% It’s healthy
12% well-being/good way to start the day
9% new job/relocation
5% environmental/climate concerns
of all families with 2 children have a cargo bike. Of all households with a cargo bike, 17% have one in place of a car.
28%
Madrid
24% of all car trips in madridare shorter than 5 km
0.6% using their bikes for their daily commute
Car as driverCar as passengerTrainBus/tram/metroMopedBicycleWalkingOther
Amsterdam Den Haag Rotterdam Other Netherlands8%6%2%6%1%
42%33%1%
18%8%2%7%1%
32%31%2%
15%10%1%9%1%
25%38%1%
22%11%1%1%1%
39%23%1%
21%11%1%2%1%
39%24%1%
Totaal 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%CBS bewerking OBI
400 KMof bike paths.gemeente Amsterdam390 KM
of bike paths.city of copenhagen
336 KMof bike paths.
walking
bus,train, metro
14%
car
other
2%
bicycle
walkingcar, taxi
bus,train, metroouter London
inner London
27%
7%
35%
Commute to work
Education
Leisure
19%
shopping and personal business
Other
4%
36,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin bogota at present rate
source : LTDS 2010/11
Other work related travel
9%
41%34%
bus,train, metrowalking
24,4%
car/motor
0.6%
bicycle
empty station full station
outer London
inner London
outer London
inner London
cycling embassy dk
city of copenhagen
city of copenhagen
city of copenhagen city of copenhagen
gemeente Amsterdam
gemeente Amsterdam
CBS bewerking OBI
source : LTDS 2009/10
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
2
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
source : LTDS 2010/11
source : LTDS 2010/11
seguridad vial madrid
seguridad vial madrid
186 KMof bike paths.seguridad vial madrid
plan director movilidad ciclista madrid
Santiago
35% of all car trips in santiagoare shorter than 5 km
3% of all trips to work and education in santiago is done by bicycle.
700KMof bike paths.
22%
33%
37%
3%
bicycle
walkingcar, taxi
bus,train, metro
sectra 2008
sectra 2001,
sectra 2008
5%
other
7,5 km bike range
15 km e-bike range
before after
the cycling roads transits through all neighborhoods
Every Sunday 120km of Bogotá’s roads are closed for cars
santiago, chile
Amsterdam
Copenhagen
LondonBogota
32% of all car trips in copenhagenare shorter than 5 km
67% of all car trips in londonare shorter than 5 km
70% of all car trips in bogota are shorter than 3 kmsource : LTDS 2011/12
36% of all trips to work and education in copenhagen is done by bicycle.cycling embassy dk
8% of all car trips in amsterdamare shorter than 5 km CBS bewerking OBI
42% using their bikes for their daily commutegemeente Amsterdam
per person per day3 trips
1.66average number per home
1.1average number per home
0.66average number per home
5% of all trips in bogota is done by bicycle.(0.5% before cicloRuta)
2.2% of all trips in london is done by bicycle.
1.2average Number per home
per person per day1.28 trips
per person per day2.49 trips
36%
33%
25%
6%bicyclecar
walking
90,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin copenhagen at present rate
2
42%
8%
33%
bicycle
bus,train, metro
cycling embassy dk
39.8%
28%
30%
2.2%
source : LTDS 2009/10
56% It’s faster
37% It’s my convenient
29% It’s cheap
26% It’s healthy
12% well-being/good way to start the day
9% new job/relocation
5% environmental/climate concerns
of all families with 2 children have a cargo bike. Of all households with a cargo bike, 17% have one in place of a car.
28%
Madrid
24% of all car trips in madridare shorter than 5 km
0.6% using their bikes for their daily commute
Car as driverCar as passengerTrainBus/tram/metroMopedBicycleWalkingOther
Amsterdam Den Haag Rotterdam Other Netherlands8%6%2%6%1%
42%33%1%
18%8%2%7%1%
32%31%2%
15%10%1%9%1%
25%38%1%
22%11%1%1%1%
39%23%1%
21%11%1%2%1%
39%24%1%
Totaal 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%CBS bewerking OBI
400 KMof bike paths.gemeente Amsterdam390 KM
of bike paths.city of copenhagen
336 KMof bike paths.
walking
bus,train, metro
14%
car
other
2%
bicycle
walkingcar, taxi
bus,train, metroouter London
inner London
27%
7%
35%
Commute to work
Education
Leisure
19%
shopping and personal business
Other
4%
36,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin bogota at present rate
source : LTDS 2010/11
Other work related travel
9%
41%34%
bus,train, metrowalking
24,4%
car/motor
0.6%
bicycle
empty station full station
outer London
inner London
outer London
inner London
cycling embassy dk
city of copenhagen
city of copenhagen
city of copenhagen city of copenhagen
gemeente Amsterdam
gemeente Amsterdam
CBS bewerking OBI
source : LTDS 2009/10
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
2
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
source : LTDS 2010/11
source : LTDS 2010/11
seguridad vial madrid
seguridad vial madrid
186 KMof bike paths.seguridad vial madrid
plan director movilidad ciclista madrid
Santiago
35% of all car trips in santiagoare shorter than 5 km
3% of all trips to work and education in santiago is done by bicycle.
700KMof bike paths.
22%
33%
37%
3%
bicycle
walkingcar, taxi
bus,train, metro
sectra 2008
sectra 2001,
sectra 2008
5%
other
Amsterdam
Copenhagen
LondonBogota
32% of all car trips in copenhagenare shorter than 5 km
67% of all car trips in londonare shorter than 5 km
70% of all car trips in bogota are shorter than 3 kmsource : LTDS 2011/12
36% of all trips to work and education in copenhagen is done by bicycle.cycling embassy dk
8% of all car trips in amsterdamare shorter than 5 km CBS bewerking OBI
42% using their bikes for their daily commutegemeente Amsterdam
per person per day3 trips
1.66average number per home
1.1average number per home
0.66average number per home
5% of all trips in bogota is done by bicycle.(0.5% before cicloRuta)
2.2% of all trips in london is done by bicycle.
1.2average Number per home
per person per day1.28 trips
per person per day2.49 trips
36%
33%
25%
6%bicyclecar
walking
90,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin copenhagen at present rate
2
42%
8%
33%
bicycle
bus,train, metro
cycling embassy dk
39.8%
28%
30%
2.2%
source : LTDS 2009/10
56% It’s faster
37% It’s my convenient
29% It’s cheap
26% It’s healthy
12% well-being/good way to start the day
9% new job/relocation
5% environmental/climate concerns
of all families with 2 children have a cargo bike. Of all households with a cargo bike, 17% have one in place of a car.
28%
Madrid
24% of all car trips in madridare shorter than 5 km
0.6% using their bikes for their daily commute
Car as driverCar as passengerTrainBus/tram/metroMopedBicycleWalkingOther
Amsterdam Den Haag Rotterdam Other Netherlands8%6%2%6%1%
42%33%1%
18%8%2%7%1%
32%31%2%
15%10%1%9%1%
25%38%1%
22%11%1%1%1%
39%23%1%
21%11%1%2%1%
39%24%1%
Totaal 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%CBS bewerking OBI
400 KMof bike paths.gemeente Amsterdam390 KM
of bike paths.city of copenhagen
336 KMof bike paths.
walking
bus,train, metro
14%
car
other
2%
bicycle
walkingcar, taxi
bus,train, metroouter London
inner London
27%
7%
35%
Commute to work
Education
Leisure
19%
shopping and personal business
Other
4%
36,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin bogota at present rate
source : LTDS 2010/11
Other work related travel
9%
41%34%
bus,train, metrowalking
24,4%
car/motor
0.6%
bicycle
empty station full station
outer London
inner London
outer London
inner London
cycling embassy dk
city of copenhagen
city of copenhagen
city of copenhagen city of copenhagen
gemeente Amsterdam
gemeente Amsterdam
CBS bewerking OBI
source : LTDS 2009/10
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
2
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
NYC Global Partners
source : LTDS 2010/11
source : LTDS 2010/11
seguridad vial madrid
seguridad vial madrid
186 KMof bike paths.seguridad vial madrid
plan director movilidad ciclista madrid
Santiago
35% of all car trips in santiagoare shorter than 5 km
3% of all trips to work and education in santiago is done by bicycle.
700KMof bike paths.
22%
33%
37%
3%
bicycle
walkingcar, taxi
bus,train, metro
sectra 2008
sectra 2001,
sectra 2008
5%
other
7,5 km bike range
15 km e-bike range
Dangerous mix of traffic
High ambitions
Receptive culture for cycling
The Golden Ribbon, Jiaozuo, China
design of the route profile 车道设计之 横断面
design of the route profile variations车道设计之 横断面设计变化
The Golden Ribbon, Jiaozuo, China
The Golden Ribbon, Jiaozuo, China
Delft
University Campus 1969Delft University of Technology
rethinking a lot
Future taskPlanning the accesible city
Planning the accesible cityMekelpark / Delft University of Technology2009
Planning the accesible cityDelft Train station and municipal offices
cargobikes could have a large effect on the cityscape:
- street profiles- urban network
How cargobikes could change the city
| 7
shifted to trip chains e.g. bike and train, we were able to identify the share of trips that could be shifted from mo-torised vehicles to the bicycle. We see that 25% out of the 49% of all urban motorised trips with goods transport could be shifted to cycling.
Basline
FACT:in an average european city halF oF all Motorised trips related to goods transport could be shiFted to bicycle or cargo bike.
| 9
in an average european city with 240.000 inhabitantsthere are about 1.000.000 trips per day.
1,000,000 400,000 600,000 490,000
All tripsBicycle, pedestrian,
Public TransportMotor vehicle trips
Motorised trips related to goods transport
nuMber oF trips per day
nuMber oF trips to shiFt to
bicycle & cargobike
relative % oF shiFt within Mot. trips rela-
ted to goods
Motorised trips related to goods
transport490,000 250.000 51%
Delivery 100,000 25.000 25%
Service and business 110,000 55.000 50%
Shopping 130,000 100.000 77%
Leisure 90,000 40.000 44%
Commuter 60,000 30.000 50%
Basline
How CycleLogistics can changethe traffic in an average city
FACT:cyclelogistics can FundaMentally change the Face oF a city and can contribute to Making it a better place For people.
source: cyclelogistics.eu
Internet shopping is expanding, mobility changes
46 EconomiE 7 fEbruari 2015 ElsEviEr 47ElsEviEr 7 fEbruari 2015
START
Consument ontvangt pakje liefst thuisOp de deurmat
BRON: ABN AMRO
2011
1013
8790
2014
Alternatieve locatie
Thuis% %
Groei aantal onlinekopersOnlineklanten
BRON: CBS EN BLAUW RESEARCH I.S.M. THUISWINKEL.ORG
10
8
6
4
2
0
miljoen
2005 2013
BRON: THUISWINKEL MARKT MONITOR
Overig
Reizen
Boodschappen
Elektronica &witgoed
Boeken, cd's,DVD's, games
KledingHard- & softwareTelecom
Wat mensen via internet kopen (2013)
Huis, tuin en keuken
Totaal10,7
miljardeuro
�10,8 miljoen onlinekopers (2013)�Gemiddeld online besteed bedrag per jaar 982 euro (2013)�Totale onlinebestedingen 13,7 miljard euro (verwacht 2014)
Consument
BRON: THUISWINKEL MARKT MONITOR
3,9
0,80,9
0,7
0,8
0,5
1,6
1.5
Top-5 omzet webwinkels
Grote jongens
BRON: TWINKLE (2014)
Ahold (bol.com en ah.nl)RFS Holland (Wehkamp)ZalandoCoolblueThuisbezorgd.nl
1
2
3
4
5
Webwinkel20
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
Aantal webwinkels
Meer concurrentie
BRON: ING ECONOMISCH BUREAU
20072013
0
3
6
9
12
15
BRON: THUISWINKEL MARKT MONITOR
miljard euro
20052014
Omzet online winkelenExplosieve groei
1
’Ik vind heteen sport omzo veel moge-
lijk pakjes wegte douwen’
pakketmarkt / Dankzij de populariteit van online winkelen, groeit de pakketmarkt. Bezorgers proberen de concurrentie voor
te blijven. Straks vliegen drones de straat in om uw pakjes af te leveren of laat u ze bezorgen in de kofferbak van uw auto.
De pakketmarkt wordt in Nederland gedomineerd door enkele grote spelers. Absolute marktleider is PostNL. Volgens Thuiswinkel.org, de brancheorganisatie voor webwinkels, heeft PostNL circa 70 procent van de markt in handen. Waar de postmarkt in het derde kwartaal van 2014 met 11 procent kromp ten opzichte van een jaar eerder, groeide het aantal pakketten dat PostNL bezorgde met 8 procent. De omzet uit de pakketbezorging bedroeg in 2013 803 miljoen
euro. ‘De pakkettendivisie wordt steeds belangrijker. De bezorging van pakketjes moet een deel van het wegvallen van de post compenseren,’ zegt Gerrit Mastenbroek, algemeen directeur PostNL Pakketten Benelux. ‘We verwachten dat de groei van de pakketmarkt doorzet. Er komen steeds nieuwe categorieën
van producten bij die mensen online kopen. Je ziet nu dat onlinelevensmiddelen aan een opmars bezig zijn.’
Grootste concurrent van PostNL is DHL Parcel Benelux, onderdeel van Deutsche Post DHL. De omzet uit de pakketbezorging bedroeg afgelopen jaar in de Benelux zo’n 500 miljoen euro. ‘We moeten blijven sleutelen aan onze infrastructuur om de groei van pakketten te kunnen blijven bijbenen,’ zegt Wouter van Benten (50), CEO van DHL Parcel Benelux. Naast deze twee grote spelers zijn er pakketbedrijven, zoals GLS, DPD, UPS en TNT Express, die in Nederland een
Nederland bij consumenten werden thuisbezorgd. In dat jaar waren dat er ruim90 miljoen. De Autoriteit Consument &Markt – opvolger van de OPTA – houdt dezegegevens niet meer bij.
De belangrijkste impuls voor de florerende pakketmarkt is de snelle groei vanwebwinkels. Het aantal consumenten datonline winkelt, neemt razendsnel toe. In deeerste drie kwartalen van 2014 besteeddenNederlanders 9,8 miljard euro online. Naarverwachting zal afgelopen jaarde totale onlineomzet 13,7 miljard bedragen. In 2013 was dat10,6 miljard.
Pakketbedrijven profiterenvan de stijgende populariteitvan webwinkels en van de veleretourzendingen. Consumenten kopen vaak verscheideneproducten en sturen sommigedaarvan terug. Dat levert de pakjesbezorgers een hoop extra inkomsten op.
ConcurrentieDe concurrentie, die in de pakketmarkt altijd al groot was, wordt alleen maar groter.Bedrijven voeren een felle machtsstrijd. Wiezijn de belangrijkste spelers? En hoe proberen zij de concurrentie voor te blijven? Eénding is zeker: de consument is de baas. Pakjes worden steeds sneller bezorgd en opmeer verschillende plekken. De tijd datde klant thuis moet zitten wachten, is voorbij.
Iedereen wiluw pakje
Het begint net licht te worden alsAndré Meure, bezorger voorPostNL, een steegje in de binnenstad van Haarlem inrijdt voorzijn eerste ‘stop’. Hij parkeert
zijn busje achter dat van concurrenten DHLen UPS. De bezorgers groeten elkaar.
Meure heeft 186 pakketten achter in zijnbestelbusje liggen. De bezorger belt aan bijeen monumentaal pand met drie pakjes inzijn armen. Er wordt niet opengedaan. ‘Ikvind het een sport om zo veel mogelijk pakjes weg te douwen. Per dag probeer ik erniet meer dan tien mee terug te nemen,’zegt Meure (52). Dus belt hij aan bij de buurvrouw, in de hoop dat hij de pakjes daarkan afleveren. Die doet open in haar ochtendjas, haren in de war. Ze vraagt hoopvolof hij het vogelhuisje komt afleveren dat zeonline heeft besteld. Meure moet haar teleurstellen. Maar ze neemt de pakjes voorde buren van hem over.
Waar de traditionele postmarkt krimpt,explodeert de markt van de pakketbezorging. Alleen al de grootste speler in Nederland PostNL bezorgde in 2013 zo’n 131 miljoen pakketten aan klanten, met een topdrukte van meer dan één miljoen pakjes opeen dag. Dat was op 2 december, vlak voorSinterklaas. Afgelopen jaar bezorgden pakketvervoerders in Nederland naar schattingmeer dan 190 miljoen pakketten. Exacte gegevens zijn niet bekend. Tot 2010 hield deOnafhankelijke Post en TelecommunicatieAutoriteit (OPTA) bij hoeveel pakketten in
Floortje Gunst Graphics rené van asselt
48 EconomiE 7 fEbruari 2015 ElsEviEr 49ElsEviEr 7 fEbruari 2015
KoerierTot 500 kilogram geen vergunning nodigOmzetgroei 9% (derde kwartaal 2014)
Groei aantal koeriersStrijd om pakjes
BRON: CBS0
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
20072014
Kluisjes DHL
Hoeveel: 25 bij tank- en treinstations
Pakketautomaten PostNL
Hoeveel: 9 op treinstations (onder meer
Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Den Haag, Utrecht)
Kluisjeswanden pakketservice De Buren
Hoeveel: 50 in Citybox, winkelcentra
Kluisjes
Hoe consumenten pakjes terugsturenPer post
BRON: ABN AMRO
48
18
20
14 % per postfysiekewinkel
servicepunt
ophaIen door
postbode/bezorgservice
Er zijn 2.100 postkantoren
Consument stuurt 13% van pakjes terug
Postkantoor
BRON: ABN AMRO
Wat stuurt consument terug?
Bestelling retour
BRON: ABN AMRO
ModeSchoenen
SportGemiddeld
Doe-het-zelfWonen
Elektronica
13%
5%
11%
16%
16%
14%
9%
Omzetcijfers van PostNL
0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5 miljard euro
2011 20132012
post pakjes internationaal
Meer pakjes
4
Overdag wordt 31% van de pakjes
afgeleverd bij de buren
Buren5
Niet thuis
BRON: E-SHARP/ABN AMRO
70% van de pakjes kan bij de
consument thuis worden afgeleverd
Zijn de buren thuis? Dan kan 95%
van de pakjes worden afgeleverd
Postbedrijf in cijfersGrootste speler PostNL
Zes grote spelers in Nederland
18 pakketdepots
Groei volume pakketdivisie 8% in 2014
131 miljoen pakjes in 2013
Record: ruim 1 miljoen, 2 december 2014
Pakketbedrijf3
BRON: POSTNL
BRON: POSTNL
PostNL, DHL Parcel, GLS, DPD, UPS en TNT
BRON: CBS
Naar afleverpunten
’Voor nieuw-komers is hetlastig om zich
staande tehouden’
relatief klein marktaandeel hebben. ‘Het isvoor nieuwkomers lastig om zich staande tehouden in de hevige concurrentiestrijd,’zegt Peter Jonkers (51), secretaris koeriersen expresbedrijven bij brancheorganisatieTransport en Logistiek Nederland (TLN).‘PostNL en DHL werken met gigantische volumes, waardoor de marges klein zijn.’ OokPostNL merkt dat er een grote prijsdruk is.De volumegroei vertaalt zich niet in eeneven grote omzetgroei (zie ‘Meer pakjes’ oppagina 48).
LokaalDe grootste klanten zijn bovendien al vergeven. PostNL sloot bijvoorbeeld een langdurig contract met bol.com. Op lokaalniveau zijn er wel initiatieven. Een voorbeeld is het NoordBrabantse Delvry, eendienst voor de bezorging van boodschappen. Klanten kunnen via de app bestellingen doen bij de slager of bakker. Concurrentie kan ook uit een andere hoek komen. Inde Verenigde Staten en GrootBrittannië nemen webwinkels de bezorging – of een deelervan – voor eigen rekening. In GrootBrittannië bezorgt Amazon bijvoorbeeld eenklein deel van de pakjes zelf.
De vraag is of Nederlandse webwinkelsals bol.com en Coolblue deze trend volgen.Volgens Marjolein Verkerk (29), woordvoerder van bol.com, zal de webwinkel de bezorging aan consumenten voorlopig niet vooreigen rekening nemen. Verkerk: ‘Wij krijgenop topdagen zo’n 200.000 bestellingen binnen, PostNL verwerkt soms wel 1 miljoenpakketten op een dag. Wij profiteren van demiddelen die PostNL ter beschikking heeftom enorme volumes te verwerken.’
De bezorgers die af en aan rijden om pakjes bij de klanten thuis af te leveren, zijn veelal zelfstandigen ingehuurd door grote spelers alsPostNL. Iedereen kan een koeriersdienst beginnen, voor hetvervoer van goederen tot 500kilo is geen vergunning nodig.‘Omdat de drempel zo laag is, zieje dat er afgelopen jaren eenwildgroei aan koeriers is ont
staan,’ zegt Jonkers van TLN. In 2014 stonden er ruim zesduizend koeriersbedrijvenbij de Kamer van Koophandel ingeschreven,bijna twee keer zo veel als in 2007.
De bedrijven hebben de zelfstandige ondernemers hard nodig om de stroom pakjeste kunnen verwerken. Tegelijkertijd is er eenfelle strijd gaande over tarieven en contracten tussen de onderaannemers – zoals dekoeriers worden genoemd – en hun opdrachtgevers. ‘De tarieven worden steedsverder teruggeschroefd. Het is voor koeriersmoeilijk geworden om te overleven,’ zegtMaurice Jacobs (44) van SubcoPartners, de
source: elsevier.nl
what if
A CARGOBIKE DELIVERS YOUR GOODS
family and kids (tricycles/minibikes)
WHAT´S ON A BIKE PATH?
≠ SPEED, RYTHM AND MANOEUVRABILITY!
city-commuting-folding bikes
road bikes-mountan bikes-BMX bikes
recreational cycling
tandems
walking-jogging
transport-delivery-postpolice-securitysightseeing/tour bikes
motorbikes and scootersvelomobiles
electric vehicles-segways
handbikes-secumbent bikes
wheelchairs-limited mobility
tricycles-adults bikeskick scooters-rollers-skates
diversification of mobility as a whole
lifestyle, health, increasing amount of elderly, rise of ebikes
100 km / hour
highway as an inspiration?
20 km / hour
100 km/h truck lane
120 km/h car lane
15 km/h cargo bike
25 km/h elec. bike
different speeds
highway new bike path
impact on urban planning: example: street in old city center, supplying shops
doorsteproadcarparking
doorstep and bike parkingbike lane
what if: all delivery is done by cargobike?
delivering goods
impact on suburban area's: delivering to homes
what if: all delivery is done by cargobike?
doorstep
bike lane (slow)
parallel road with parking on both sidescar road
bike lane (fast)
bike parking
distribution center
empty shop
DISTRIBUTION CENTER
DISTRIBUTION CENTER
DISTRIBUTION CENTER
impact of cargobikes on the existing delivery network
what if
A CARGOBIKE DELIVERS YOUR GOODS
SMALL DISTRIBUTION CENTER
a new distribution model?
back to basics, fine network
Leegstand periferie 40%Bijna veertig procent van de 2,4 miljoen vierkante meter winkelleeg-stand in Nederland is te vinden op decentrale retaillocaties.
Winkelleegstand heeft consequenties voor de vitaliteit en leefbaarheid van centrumgebieden in heel Nederland maar kent grote lokale variaties. De leegstand is in de periode 2008-2013 vooral gegroeid in middel-grote steden. In de periferie van Nederland worden vooral de stedelijke kernen getroffen, meer dan de rurale en suburbane gebieden. Binnen de Randstad worden juist rurale gebieden relatief harder getroffen.
source: NRW en brancheorganisatie INretail
reactivating the periphery
space for cargobikes
doorstep
bike lane (slow)
road with car parking on both sides
bike lane (fast)
bike parking
distribution center
empty shop
forward to basics: cycling and cargobikes can fundamentally
change the face of a city and can contribute to making it a better place for people.
space for the dairyman
forward to basics