Forms of Party OrganizationForms of Party Organization

Party Types:Party Types:

Why do parties organize in Why do parties organize in the ways that they do?the ways that they do?

The Department of Political The Department of Political Science PresentsScience Presents

The Effect of Partisan Stereotypes on the The Effect of Partisan Stereotypes on the Evaluations of Party Leaders?Evaluations of Party Leaders?

Dr. Amanda BittnerDr. Amanda BittnerDepartment of Political ScienceDepartment of Political Science

Memorial University of NewfoundlandMemorial University of Newfoundland

Friday February 6, 2009Friday February 6, 2009SN2033SN20332:30pm2:30pm

Debates: timingDebates: timing

ModeratorModerator:  :  Introduction   20 seconds Introduction   20 seconds

Opening argumentsOpening arguments Proponent 1  (2 minutes)Proponent 1  (2 minutes)

Opponent 1   (2 minutes)Opponent 1   (2 minutes) Rebuttal        Rebuttal       

Proponent 2  (1.5 minutes)Proponent 2  (1.5 minutes) Opponent 2   (1.5 minutes)Opponent 2   (1.5 minutes) Discussion and evaluation:Discussion and evaluation: Judge(s) plus rest of class (3-4 minutes)Judge(s) plus rest of class (3-4 minutes)

Why do parties organize in the Why do parties organize in the ways that they do?ways that they do?

How much organization do they need?How much organization do they need? Do they need Do they need

‘‘thick’ organization with large # of thick’ organization with large # of members?members?

to be organized at all times or only when to be organized at all times or only when elections are called?elections are called?

professionals rather than amateurs?professionals rather than amateurs? Organization at all levels of government?Organization at all levels of government?

Party types: a composite Party types: a composite typologytypology

Cadre partiesCadre parties Mass parties (or parties of mass Mass parties (or parties of mass

integration)integration) Catch-all parties and/orCatch-all parties and/or

Electoral-Professional partiesElectoral-Professional parties Cartel partiesCartel parties

Where this comes from:Where this comes from:

Maurice Maurice DuvergerDuverger SigmundSigmund Neumann Neumann Otto Otto KirchheimerKirchheimer Angelo Angelo PanebiancoPanebianco Richard Richard Katz Katz and Peterand Peter Mair Mair

Duverger’s ‘theory’ of Duverger’s ‘theory’ of party organizationparty organization

Degree of organization reflects parties Degree of organization reflects parties ‘electoral needs‘electoral needs

First parties wereFirst parties were internally created internally created && Took the form of looseTook the form of loose cadre parties: cadre parties:

Made of ‘local notables’Made of ‘local notables’ Minimal organization outside of parliament Minimal organization outside of parliament Minimal organization between electionsMinimal organization between elections Few membersFew members

Duverger cont’dDuverger cont’d

The mass partyThe mass party Mass parties Mass parties externally createdexternally created Extensive organization Extensive organization

Outside of parliament &Outside of parliament & In between electionsIn between elections Mass membership – enroll a larger % of target Mass membership – enroll a larger % of target

groupsgroups The mass party isThe mass party is

A superior form of party organizationA superior form of party organization The wave of the futureThe wave of the future

Sigmund NeumannSigmund Neumann

Parties of Parties of individual individual representationrepresentation

Parties of Parties of mass integrationmass integration Party not only organizes electorally, Party not only organizes electorally, but also provides services and but also provides services and spiritual spiritual

homehome for its citizens of the masses” for its citizens of the masses” (Otto Kirchheimer, 1966)(Otto Kirchheimer, 1966)

Parties of Parties of total integrationtotal integration

Epstein’s critique:Epstein’s critique:

Contagion from the leftContagion from the left vs. vs. contagion from the right:contagion from the right:

Leon Epstein (Leon Epstein (Political Parties in Political Parties in Western Democracies, Western Democracies, 1967)1967) argues argues that the mass party is not the wave of that the mass party is not the wave of the futurethe future

Parties are not dependent on numbers Parties are not dependent on numbers or mass organization;or mass organization;

They can rely on the media insteadThey can rely on the media instead

Catchall and electoral Catchall and electoral professional parties:professional parties:

Problem: Problem: How do parties change over time?How do parties change over time?

What are they like in middle age?What are they like in middle age?

Otto Kirchheimer and the Otto Kirchheimer and the catch-all party:catch-all party:

Parties of mass integration adapt to a more Parties of mass integration adapt to a more affluent and consumer oriented society byaffluent and consumer oriented society by Abandoning attempts at “the intellectual and moral Abandoning attempts at “the intellectual and moral

encadrementencadrement of the masses” of the masses” Bidding for the support of interest groupsBidding for the support of interest groups Emphasizing the qualities of their leadersEmphasizing the qualities of their leaders Scuttling “‘excess ideological baggage”Scuttling “‘excess ideological baggage” Moving to the centreMoving to the centre

The success of one catch-all party forces The success of one catch-all party forces others to imitate it, transforming the party others to imitate it, transforming the party systemsystem

Panebianco’s Panebianco’s Political Political PartiesParties

Parties reflect genetic typesParties reflect genetic types Parties forced to transform Parties forced to transform

themselves into themselves into electoral-electoral-professional professional partiesparties

The cartel partyThe cartel party

Katz and Mair 1995Katz and Mair 1995 Parties share power with each otherParties share power with each other Parties have become part of the stateParties have become part of the state Parties draw on state resources – e.g. Parties draw on state resources – e.g.

state financestate finance Party members are involved, but only Party members are involved, but only

at a distanceat a distance

Problems:Problems:

How appropriate are these types?How appropriate are these types? Do they encompass all political parties?Do they encompass all political parties? Do they describe contemporary Do they describe contemporary

parties?parties? Do they fit political parties in Canada or Do they fit political parties in Canada or

the United States? the United States? How accurately do they characterize them?How accurately do they characterize them?

What about parties in other parts of the What about parties in other parts of the world?world?

North American ContrastsNorth American Contrasts

Canadian & American parties as Canadian & American parties as coalitions of divergent interestscoalitions of divergent interests

Enlist divergent interests, regions in Enlist divergent interests, regions in hopes of hopes of Winning a parliamentary majority in CanadaWinning a parliamentary majority in Canada Capturing the Presidency in the United Capturing the Presidency in the United

StatesStates Do they fit any of these categories?Do they fit any of these categories?

American partiesAmerican parties

Come together as coalitions to Come together as coalitions to capture the Presidency in the 1820scapture the Presidency in the 1820s Martin Van Buren’s ‘Democracy’Martin Van Buren’s ‘Democracy’

Republicans established in 1856Republicans established in 1856 Periodic realignments?Periodic realignments?

The RepublicansThe Republicans

After the civil war, the party of the After the civil war, the party of the north and eastnorth and east Represent urban areasRepresent urban areas Including both capital & LabourIncluding both capital & Labour

Opposed by Democrats based in the Opposed by Democrats based in the south & westsouth & west

Tendencies more pronounced after Tendencies more pronounced after 18961896

The DemocratsThe Democrats

Date, if not from Thomas Jefferson’s Date, if not from Thomas Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans to the 1820’sDemocratic-Republicans to the 1820’s Martin van Buren’s ‘Democracy’ elects Andrew Martin van Buren’s ‘Democracy’ elects Andrew

Jackson and then Van Buren to in 1828, 1832, Jackson and then Van Buren to in 1828, 1832, (Jackson) and 1836(Jackson) and 1836

Party splits in run up to the Civil WarParty splits in run up to the Civil War Close competitor to Republican’s until 1896Close competitor to Republican’s until 1896 Roosevelt coalition from 1928-32 to 1960s Roosevelt coalition from 1928-32 to 1960s

and beyondand beyond

Democrats and Republicans Democrats and Republicans todaytoday

Republicans move to the right from Republicans move to the right from the 1970sthe 1970s Impact of religious right, social Impact of religious right, social

conservativesconservatives DemcratsDemcrats

Move ‘left’ in 1970sMove ‘left’ in 1970s Back to centre, centre-left under ClintonBack to centre, centre-left under Clinton Today?Today?

Parties elsewhere:Parties elsewhere:

What about parties inWhat about parties in Latin America?Latin America? Africa?Africa? Asia?Asia? Eastern Europe?Eastern Europe?

Reminders:Reminders:

Paper topics due today, February 3rdPaper topics due today, February 3rd These should contain:These should contain:

A brief statement of the topic as you A brief statement of the topic as you propose to define itpropose to define it

A preliminary bibliography of sources you A preliminary bibliography of sources you are likely to useare likely to use

Including a brief Including a brief annotationannotation of what you expect of what you expect to find in them or how you expect to use themto find in them or how you expect to use them

Party system maps due February 12thParty system maps due February 12th