FORMING EMPIRESMotivation for Imperialism

African Trade [15c-17c]

• Livingstone explores southern part of African continent– Check out the story of his exploration

in your packet!

• Stanley pursues Livingstone– Stories inspire others to look into

Africa

• Leopold, other monarchs intrigued

Who’s Looking?

WHY GET AN EMPIRE?

POLITICAL RIVALS

• Key bases for military

• If they get one, I want one

• More economic options

NEW MARKETS

• Industrial Revolution needs fuel

• New foods

• More places to sell to

RELIGION

• Missionaries bring church to “savages”

• Want to change customs and practices

• SUPERIORITY!!!– Our religion is better than yours!

Social Darwinism

MAP IT!

Use the handout and maps to outline how different countries did at the Berlin Conference!

Slicing Up the “Cake”

The Berlin Conference

1884-1885

I. Major MotivationA) Several countries claim land along Congo

River through 1870s-1880s

B) Need agreement on land division

II. ResultsA) Big Winners

1. Great Britain (duh!)

2. France (What’s the catch?)

3. Germany (What?!)

B) Doing Okay1. Portugal

2. Belgium

C) Big Losers1. Italy

2. Spain Africa in 1914

III. European ResultsA) Jealousy

1. GERM jealous of GB

2. FR jealous of GB

3. ITA feels left out

B) Trouble: FRA and GB1. Morocco and Egypt

2. Fashoda Crisis

3. “Entente Cordiale” (1904)

C) Trouble: GERM1. Moroccan Crises

2. Anger at other cooperation

GERMFRAGB

Above: Europe in 1904

And the People Who Live There?

Resistance to Imperialism

I. ItalyA) Goal

1) Unify Libya and Somaliland

2) Connect Med. Sea and Red Sea

B) Problem1) Ethiopia modern in many ways

2) Army defeats Italians at Battle of Adowa (1896)

i. First African army to beat Euro army since 200 BC!

SLOGAN?

READ IT!

Check out the reading on King Menelik II of Ethiopia, one of the Top 5 Baddest Guys in History.

II. FranceA) Goal

1) Unify West Africa and Somaliland

2) Protect Suez Canal, Med. Sea holdings

B) Problems1) Decade long fight in Algeria (1830s)

2) Morocco and Muslim Resistance (1900-1910)

3) Samori Toure and West Africa

SLOGAN?

Whatever happens we have got The maxim-gun and they have not.-Hilaire Belloc

III. GermanyA) Goal

1) “A Place in the Sun”

2) Connect across southern part of Africa

B) Problems1) Extermination of Herero (1904-1907)

2) Maji-Maji rebellion (1905)

SLOGAN?

SHARK ISLAND: AN 80% DEATH RATE…

Scary Ideas…Are Germans back then much different than

the Germans we learn about

IV. Great BritainA) Goal

1. Connect empire N/S, E/W

2. Stay #1 in world

B) Problems1. Want access to Suez

2. Zulu (1870s)

3. Boer War (1899-1902)

4. Mahdi Rebellion

5. Angering EVERYBODY!

We’re sorry…

MUSLIM LANDS FALL TO IMPERIALIST DEMANDS

The Decline of the Ottoman Empire

– 1699 - Ottoman Empire

reached its peak.– Empire steadily declined

for next 200 years.– 1800s - Many territories

won independence and

broke away. – Other parts of Ottoman

Empire taken away by

other European powers.

Rise of Nationalism

• Nationalist revolts

• Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians and

Arabs rise up

• Europeans sometimes aid– Russia = “Big Brother” of SlavsEuropean leaders “divide

the spoils” after the Russo-Turkish War

A Shrinking Ottoman Empire

Geopolitics and the Ottoman Empire

• Why so important?– Location– Oil in Persia and

Arabia (after discovery around 1900).

The Crimean War, 1853-55

• War between Russia and

the Ottoman Empire.

• Russia wants Black Sea.

• Britain and France allied

with Ottomans to block

Russia’s ambitions.

• Russia defeated, but

Ottomans in decline

The Charge of the Light Brigadeby Alfred, Lord Tennyson, 1854

Half a league half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred: 'Forward, the Light Brigade! Charge for the guns' he said: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.

'Forward, the Light Brigade!' Was there a man dismay'd ? Not tho' the soldier knew Some one had blunder'd: Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do & die, Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.

Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them Volley'd & thunder'd; Storm'd at with shot and shell, Boldly they rode and well, Into the jaws of Death, Into the mouth of Hell Rode the six hundred...

The Charge of the Light Brigade was a disastrous charge of British cavalry against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaklava on October 25, 1854

The Charge of the Light Brigade (1:45)

Florence Nightingale tending British wounded during the Crimean War

Read more about the Crimean War on p. 735 of Earth and Its Peoples, then tell us…

•What was new regarding journalism in war?•What role did Nightingale play during the Crimean War?

•How did Mary Seacole help soldiers?

Egypt and the Suez Canal

• Canal connected Red Seato the Mediterranean.

• Built with European (mainly French) $$$and Egyptian labor.

• Opened to ships in 1869.• Egypt couldn’t pay huge

debt to European banks.• British occupied Egypt in

1882 and took control of canal.

The Suez Canal

Cut trip by two weeks and 4,000 miles

The Suez Canal- “Lifeline of the Empire”

Suez Canal Today

“The Great Game”:Britain and Russia Divide Persia

• After oil was discovered in Persia, British oil companies were needed to develop oil fields.

• In 1907 Britain and Russia divided Persia into separate spheres of influence.

• British gained control of Afghanistan, as well.

THE INDIAN QUESTION

Europe Goes to India (1600-1900)

I. British East India CompanyA. Founded 1600

B. Slowly colonized India

C. A COMPANY

owning a colony instead

of a COUNTRY???

D. Great resources (cotton, silk, tea, saltpeter)

II. Keeping ControlA. Army of natives called Sepoys

B. Sepoy army guards warehouses

C. British government stays out of India, lets BEIC handle everything

CLIP IT!FOLLOW ALONG WITH THE VIDEO CLIP

TO FIND OUT WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT THE SITUATION IN INDIA

COMPARED TO OTHER COLONIES…• How did the British East India Company (BEIC) deal with

threats from outside?• How many Sepoys joined with the BEIC? • How did the size and population of the BEIC’s territory

compare to that of Great Britain?• What kind of people joined the BEIC? How did they try to

fit in with the locals?

III. A New Kind of LifeA. New customs

1) Eliminate caste system?

2) “Traditions”

B. BEIC wants to melt into society

C. Indians start getting frustrated

1) Specialized labor losing jobs (like UK!!!)

2) Sepoys told to go overseas

3) Gun cartridges covered in animal fat?

IV. A Wild CardA. Nana Sahib is Indian royalty

B. Adopted, so British don’t want to give him his pension

C. Nana Sahib starts to plot overthrow of British authorities

Trouble BrewingCHECK OUT THE VIDEO TO FIND OUT

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU MAKE A NATIVE ARMY ANGRY…

• Why did the Sepoy Rebellion start?

• What happened to the Sepoys that revolted?

• Why did Nana Sahib hold back initially?

• What happened to women under siege?

• After the hospital was destroyed in Kanpur, what happened to the wounded?

• When the British were allowed to leave Kanpur, what did the Indians do?

•  Briefly describe the Massacre at Kanpur.

V. Changes after 1857*A. Technology

1) Transportation2) Agricultural advancements

B. Trade1) India produces more raw material2) Britain turns into products, sells back to India

C. Society1) Caste System Melting Pot2) Sanitation

* These may not be good for your country…

VI. Political Changes

A. GB in charge now1) No more Mughal/Company rule

B. Indian Civil Service (1858)1) Liaison to the common folk

2) Indian members, but test in England?

3) British still racist

C. Indian Nationalism1) Brahmo Samaj (Rammohun Roy)

a. Meld Western and Indian culture

2) Indian National Congress (1885)a. No support from commoners, can’t challenge British

There’s a Right Way, and Then There’s a Wrong Way…

China and Japan Face-Off Against the West, 1830-1914

A STRUGGLE IN THE EAST

CHINA FROM 1820-1912

NO SEPOYS IN CHINA

• BEIC begins selling opium to Chinese

• Tens of millions of Chinese develop addiction

• Chinese government wants halt on sales

A WAR ON DRUGS

• Opium War between Great Britain and China 1839-1842

• British win big– Wreck China’s Bannermen

• Settled by Treaty of Nanking– British get Hong Kong,

sphere of influence

WHY NOT JUST CHANGE?

• Christian missionaries sound off against…– Foot-binding– Poverty– “Godlessness”

• Traditionalists hold back movements

• Many Western spheres of influence add cultural temptations

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:FootBindingRxSchema2.gif

PICKING SOME FIGHTS

• Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864)– Bloodiest civil war in human history (20-30 million

dead)– “Holy warriors” attempt to make “Kingdom of Heaven”

• Boxer Rebellion (1900)– “Boxers” rebel in spring of 1900 – Despise foreigners, Open Door Policy of 1899– Multinational force overpowers them in August 1900

What a great time for a cartoon!

WRITING PROMPT

Japan is just across the sea from China. You must write them a two-paragraph letter warning them about the dangers of dealing with Western countries. Paragraph One should address what Westerners have done to you. Paragraph Two should tell them what to do.

POWER IN THE EAST

JAPAN FROM 1850-1910

POR QUE?

• JAPAN HAS ABUNDANT, UNTAPPED RESOURCES

• GOOD STOPOVER PORT FOR WHALING, CHINESE TRADE

• WEAK, DECENTRALIZED GOV’T

SURPRISE!!!• Check out the video and answer the

questions in your packet about Perry’s arrival in Japan.

GREETINGS, FELLOW PRIMATES…

• U.S. sails into Edo Bay 1853

• Ultimatum demanding trade with Japanese

• Japan unsure of how to react

WHAT WOULD YOU DO???

THINK ABOUT IT: JAPAN HAS WITNESSED WHAT HAPPENED TO CHINA RIGHT NEXT DOOR. SHOULD THEY A) TRY TO STAND UP TO THE WESTERNERS AND MAYBE FACE THAT SAME FATE, OR B) COOPERATE AND MAYBE PROSPER BUT RISK LOSING THEIR CULTURE ALONG THE WAY?

GETTING ALONG

• Japan and U.S. sign Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)

• U.S. gets ports, trade from Japan

• Japan now open to Western culture

REACT, RESTART

• Japan can’t decide whether or not to Westernize

• 1867 – Meiji Restoration puts emperor back on throne

• Japan revamps society

CH-CH-CHANGES

• Japan changes…– SCHOOLS– SOCIETY (NO SAMURAI)

• MODELED AFTER GERMANY

– MILITARY• BRITISH, GERMAN INFLUENCES

Figure 1: Early Samurai

Figure 2: Last Samurai

GROWING UP, GROWING OUT

• FIRST SINO-JAPANESE WAR (1896)

• RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR (1904-05)

• ANNEXATION OF KOREA (1909)

DOING THE RIGHT THING

Who did the right thing? Japan, who sacrificed their culture for freedom, or China, who sacrificed freedom for culture?

Explain using information from the last two days and today.