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Formations and Injection Drilling

Tom McKeown

Ken RyanFranklin Hamilton

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What is a Formation? Petroleum is found in a porous rock formation in the upper strata of the earths crust.

A formation consists of a certain number of rockstrata that have a comparable lithology,

facies or other similar properties. Formations are not defined on the thickness of the rock

strata they consist of and the thickness of different formations can therefore vary widely.

Geologic formations are typically named for the geographic area in which they were first

described.

Strictly, formations cannot be defined on any other criteria except primary lithology.

However, it is often useful to define Biostratigraphic units based onpaleontological

criteria, Chronostratigraphic units based on the age of the rocks, and

Chemostratigraphic units based on geochemical criteria.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_facieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_fossil_sites&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fossil_siteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fossil_siteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_fossil_sites&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_facieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithology

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North America

Site Country/State Age

Agate Fossil Beds

National Monument USA: Nebraska Miocene

Aquia Formation USA: Maryland and Virginia PaleoceneAsh Hollow

Formation

- Ashfall Fossil

BedsUSA: Nebraska Miocene

- ClarendonianAucilla River USA: Florida Pleistocene/HoloceneAustin Chalk USA: Texas Late CretaceousBainbridge

Formation USA: Missouri Silurian

Bakken Formation USA/Canada: Montana, NorthDakota and Saskatchewan

Upper Devonian - Lower

Carboniferous (Early

Mississippian

)Bighill CreekFormation Canada Upper PleistoceneBig Sandy

Formation USA: Arizona MioceneBlanco Formation USA: Kansas, Texas Pliocene/PleistoceneBone Cabin Quarry

USA: Wyoming

Jurassic

Bone ValleyFormation USA: Florida PlioceneBridger Formation USA: Wyoming EoceneBrule Formation USA : South Dakota OligoceneBurgess Shale Canada: British Columbia Cambrian: AlbertanCalvert Formation USA: Maryland MioceneCan del Tule

Formation Mexico Cretaceous: MaastrichtianCedar MountainFormation USA: Colorado and Utah Cretaceous

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rock

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GeologyRock Systems Rock Formations

Rock Types

Rock Depth

- often distinguished system/age

Rock Age

- Often distinguishes Depth

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Geology

I) 3 main types of Sedimentary Rock(Description)

A) Limestone-Limestone rocks are sedimentary rocks that are made from themineral calcite which came from the beds of evaporated seas and lakes and from sea animal shells.

This rock is used in concrete and is an excellent building stone for humid regions.

B) Sandstone-a sedimentaryrockcomposed mainly ofsand-size mineral orrockgrains. Most sandstone is composed ofquartz and/or feldspar because these are the most

common minerals in the Earth's crust

C) Shale-(also called mudstone) is a fine-grained sedimentary rockwhose originalconstituents were clay minerals ormuds. It is characterized by thin laminae

[1]

breaking with anirregular curving fracture, often splintery and usually parallel to the often-indistinguishable bedding

plane

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size_(grain_size)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldsparhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldsparhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size_(grain_size)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral

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Geology II) What is a Source Rock?

-

In Petroleum geology Source rockrefers to rocks from which hydrocarbons have been generated or

are capable of being generated. They form one of the necessary elements of a working hydrocarbonsystem. They are organic rich sediments that may have been deposited in a variety of environmentsincluding deepwater marine, lacustrine and deltaic.

III) Main types of Formations

1) Crude Oil Reservoirs-Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form: a

source rock rich in hydrocarbon material buried deep enough for subterranean heat tocook it into oil; a porous and permeable reservoir rock for it to accumulate in; and a caprock (seal) or other mechanism that prevents it from escaping to the surface. Withinthese reservoirs, fluids will typically organize themselves like a three-layer cake with alayer of water below the oil layer and a layer of gas above it, although the differentlayers vary in size between reservoirs.

2) Non-Conventional Oil- reservoirs- I.E) Shales, Sands. They are typically not porous and permeable.

3) Abiogenic Orgin-Applies to Russia- base on Methane hypothesis.

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What is a Basin?

A collection of formations that hold oil andgas reservoirs.

Each large Oil and gas basin has a

collection sub basins, uplifts, andembankments.

Each basin is classified by mixture of: type

of rocks, age of rocks.

I.E- Permian Basin

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Figure 2a. Correlation chart for Ardmore Basin.

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INJECTION WELLS

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Injection Wells 30% of Oil reserves are extractable

Fluids are Injected into the well to maintainreservoir pressure.

Increasing the % of extractable Oil

Two Types: Gas and WaterWater Injection Advantage: Waste disposalOil is lighter than Water which is lighter than Solid

Waste

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The Basic Pump Electronic Motor drives the

Gear Box that moves thelever.

The lever pushes and pullsa polishing rod up anddown.

The polishing rod isattached to a sucker rod,which is attached to apump.

This system forces thepump up and down,creating a suction thatdraws oil up through thewell.

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Steam Injection In some cases, the oil may be

too heavy to flow.

A second hole is then drilledinto the reservoir and steam isinjected under pressure.

The heat from the steam thinsthe oil in the reservoir, and the

pressure helps push it up thewell.

This process is called enhancedoil recovery.