Formation of the Solar System Chapter 27 page 684-
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Transcript of Formation of the Solar System Chapter 27 page 684-
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Formation of the Solar System
Chapter 27 page 684-
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The solar system
consists of the sun, the planets and all of the other bodies that revolve around the sun
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The Nebular Hypothesis
1796 French mathematician Pierre-Simon, marquise de Laplace
The sun and the planets condensed at about the same time out of a rotating cloud of gas and dust called a nebula
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Solar Hypothesis
Matter is spread throughout the universe Some of it accretes, or comes together, in clouds
of gas and dustAbout 5 billion years ago, one of these clouds
began to be drawn together by gravity after it increased due to a nearby supernova or other forces
The rotating cloud of gas and dust is called a solar nebula
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Accretion-matter is drawn together by gravity
The sun formed of gas in the middle of the rotating cloud
Planetesimals form from the collision of small bodies farther out
Planetesimals collide to form protoplanetsEventually, protoplanets become large and
form planets and their moons
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Formation of Inner Planets
Were close to the sun with large percentages of heavy elements
Lost their gases because the gravity was not strong enough to hold them
When nuclear fusion began the remaining lighter elements were blown away from the blast
As cooling progressed, the heavier elements sank and layers formed
Today the inner planets are small, rocky and denser than outer planets
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Formation of Outer Planets
Formed in the colder regions Did not lose their lighter elements At first their centers were heavy elements with
ice exteriors Now because of intense pressure, they have
layers of liquid gases Called gas giants because
1. Composed mostly of gases2. Low density3. Are huge planets
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Pluto—The First Dwarf Planet
Since 1930 until recently, Pluto has been known as the 9th planet
However, it was unlike the gas giantsIn 2006, astronomers changed the
definition of planet and changed Pluto’s classification to a dwarf planet
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The definition of a planet recently changed
Planet qualificationsMust orbit the sunMust have a basically round shape
(hydrostatic equilibrium)Must have cleared its orbit of other
objects
– Pluto misses the third—the Kuiper Belt
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My very excellent mother just served us nine pizzas.
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
Not shown to scale
nachos
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Formation of Solid Earth
At first very hot 3 reasons
1. Heat from collisions with planetesimals
2. Weight of layers compressed and heated
3. Radioactive elements
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Layers Form
Earth was hot enough to melt iron
Denser materials sankProcess called
differentiation
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Present Earth
has a solid surface, but the interior is still hot enough to cause change i.e. plate tectonics
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Formation of Earth‘s Atmosphere
The atmosphere formed because of differentiation
Less dense gas molecules like hydrogen and helium rose to the surface
Early atmosphere was H and He
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These gases were so light they . .
Were not held by Earth’s gravityBlown away by the solar wind(There was not a fully developed magnetic
field )– It protects our present atmosphere
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Outgassing from Volcanoes
Released large amounts of water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, methane, sulfur dioxide and ammonia
These gases reacted with radiation from the sun to form ozone that protects us from UV radiation
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Present Atmosphere
Cyanobacteria and early green plants changed carbon dioxide into oxygen
About 2 by years ago the amount of oxygen increased rapidly
78% nitrogen21% oxygen1% other gases
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Formation of Earth’s Oceans
Earth’s water may have come from space
Collisions with comets added water to the atmosphere
Other water came from volcanoes
When Earth cooled enough for water to condense, the oceans formed