FORMAT OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 6 TH EDITION Dr. Lincoln 1 APA Manual.
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Transcript of FORMAT OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 6 TH EDITION Dr. Lincoln 1 APA Manual.
FORMAT OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
6TH EDITION
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APA
Manual
APA Format Rules for manuscript
preparation that contribute to clear communication
Commonly accepted guidelines
Each chapter provides different kinds of information, ◦ Which is arranged in the
sequence of manuscript preparation through publication
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Manuscript Organization
Writing for publication is not easy
Good papers are carefully designed and managed
The content is important and of good quality
Before beginning a paper consider Length required Headings – the hierarchy of the
ideas to be presented Tone – interesting and
compelling, not dull or lack style
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Order of Manuscript Pages
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Title page with title, author’s name, institutional affiliation, and running head
Abstract (separate page) Text (begins on a new page) References Appendixes Author Note Footnotes (list together, starting on a separate
page) Tables Figure Captions Figures
Title Page
Summarizes main idea of paper
Concise statement of main topic
A title should be fully explanatory when standing alone
Principal function to inform readers about the study
Avoid words that serve no useful purpose
Recommended length for a title is 10-12 words
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Abstract A brief, comprehensive
summary Readers can survey the
contents of an article (or paper) quickly
Most important paragraph in paper
Should be readable, well organized, brief and self-contained◦ Should be about 120 – 250 words
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Abstract (of a research paper)
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Should describe the following: Problem Subjects Methods Findings Conclusions and implications or applications
Introduction
Introduce the problem
Describe the research strategy
It is not labeled!!!
Develop the background, an appropriate history and priority of the work of others
Tells what you did in the closing paragraphs of the introduction
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Methods (for primary research papers)
Describes in detail how study was done Identify subsections
Usually descriptions of participants, materials and procedures
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Results Summarizes data
collected and statistics used
Main results presented first Details follow;
enough to justify the conclusions
Use tables and figures to report data Can enhance
readability of complex data
They must be mentioned in the text
Present relevant statistics
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Discussion
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Evaluate and interpret implications of results
Emphasize any theoretical consequences of the results
Be sure to check spelling and grammar throughout the paper, and use a thesaurus to find interesting alternative words
References
Citations document statements made about the literature
All citations in paper must appear in the reference list
All references on the reference list must be cited in text
Choose references carefully and cite them accurately
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Appendix
Use it for detailed descriptions of certain material not needed in or distracting in the body of the paper. An unpublished test Complicated mathematical proofs Lists
It should help reader understand, evaluate or replicate your work.
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Author Note
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Identifies specific information such as The departmental affiliation of each author Sources of financial support Acknowledgement of contributions of
others to the study Disclosure of specifics, such as the bases
of a study, if results have been presented at a meeting, etc.
Expression of Ideas
Essential to use correct grammar and professional writing style
Orderly presentations of ideas
Consistent in use of verb tense
Unbiased language Correct spelling and
punctuation
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Abbreviations Some common scientific abbreviations
a.m. ante meridiem cm centimeter dB decible hr hour in. inch IQ intelligence quotient mg milligram p.m. post meridiem ppm parts per million s second
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Use of Periods with Abbreviations
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Use periods with Initials of names (P. R. Jones).Abbrev. for United States when
used as an adjective (U.S. Navy)Latin abbreviations
(a.m., cf., i.e., vs.)
Use of Periods with Abbreviations
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Do not use periods with Abbreviations of state names (NY; OH;
Washington, DC) in reference list entries Capital letter abbreviations and acronyms
(APA, NIMH, IQ) (p. 110) Metric and nonmetric measurement
abbreviations (cd, cm, ft, hr, lb, kg, min, ml)Exception – inch abbreviated as in.
Without the period it could be misreadAbbreviations for routes of administration
icv, im, ip, iv, sc
Plurals of Abbreviations
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Usually you add an “s” alone, but not italicized Without an apostrophe
IQs Eds. Vols. Ms ps ns Exceptions
Do not add an s to make abbreviations of units of measurement pleural
For example: 3 cm, not 3 cmsTo form the pleural of the reference
abbreviation p. (page) Write pp. Do not add an s
Page Header & Running Head
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The running head appears on every page In the page header at the left margin With the page number at the right margin
No more than the first 50 characters of the title should appear All in uppercase letters
Headings
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Headings indicate the organization of a manuscript and establish the importance of each topic. Regardless of the number of levels of
subheadings within a section, they should follow the same top-down progression.
Each section begins with the highest level of heading. Even if one section may have fewer levels of
subheading than another
Headings
The APA Manual discusses the 5 levels of headings 6th edition - see pages 62-63 Each heading level is numbered The heading structure for all sections
follows the same top-down progression
Each section starts with the highest level of heading
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Headings
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Level 1 Heading Bolded, Centered Uppercase and Lowercase
words
Level 2 Heading Bolded at the left margin with upper and
lowercase words
Level 3 Heading Bolded, indented, with only the first letter of the first
word in caps, and ending with a period
Headings
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Level 4 Heading Bolded, indented, italicized, with only the first
letter of the first word in caps and ending with a period.
Level 5 Heading CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING
Levels of Heading
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The heading structure for all sections follows the same top-down progression
Each section starts with the highest level of heading.
Example:Method
Level 1Sample and Participant Selection Level 2Assessments and Measures Level 2
Q-sort measure of inhibition. Level 3Life history calendar. Level 3Measures of time. Level 4
Quotations
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Citing sources within the narrative When quoting,
always provide the author, year, and specific page citation in the text.
Reproduce it word for word. Incorporate a short quotation (less than 40
words) in text, and enclose with double quotation marks.
“ . . . . . . . . . ”
For quotations of 40 or more words Omit quotations marks and use block quote format
When to use quotation marks
Use double quote marks To introduce a word or phrase used
as a comment, as slang, or as an invented or coined expression.
The first time the word or phrase is used, then not needed
To set off the title of an article or chapter in a periodical or book when the title is mentioned in the text
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Double or single quotation marks
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Double – for quotations in text
Single – within double quotation marks to set off
material that, in the original source, was enclosed in double quotation marks
In block quotes (40 or more words) – do not use any quotation marks use double marks to enclosed any
quoted material within a block quote.
Block Quotes
40 or more words Free-standing block
of typewritten lines Omit quotation marks Start a block quote
on a new line Indent it 5 to 7
spaces from left margin
Type subsequent lines flush with indent
Type entire quotation double-spaced
If quote is more than one paragraph◦ Indent first line of 2nd and
additional paragraphs 5-7 spaces from the new margin.
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Block quote
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According to Salka (2004),
Leadership is what makes organizations effective. It’s the essential
spark that makes things happen. Without leadership, an organization
is just a loosely connected group of people operating without a
unifying focus or coordinating mission, pursuing different goals,
flailing in a hundred sometimes contradictory directions. (p. 7)
The leadership role includes organizational skills, such as having a vision,
being able to set the strategic direction of the firm, able to clearly communicate goals and objectives, and being responsible and
accountable.
Omitting material from quotes
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Use 3 ellipsis points (…) within a sentence to indicate that you have omitted material from the original source in a sentence.
Use 4 points (….) to indicate any omission between two sentences.
◦ The manager felt that . . . . employees ◦ needed to have increased responsibilities.
Citation of sources of quotes
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Direct quote in text – Provide author, year and page # in
parentheses Paragraph numbers may be used in
place of page number for electronic text
When paraphrasing or referring to an idea contained in another work, it is not required to provide a page number.
Date If more than the year is
listed, then include the complete listing in the following order Year, month, day
If no date is provided identify this as no date
(n.d.)
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Citation of sources of quotes
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In mid-sentence, cite source in parentheses immediately after the quote marks, then continue the sentence.
◦ “Four types of culture are adaptability, achievement, clan and bureaucratic” (Daft, 2003, p. 98), and these are illustrated in Exhibit 3.7.
Citation of sources of quotes
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At the end of a sentence close the quoted passage with quote marks, cite the quoted source in parentheses after
the quotation marks, and end with a period or other
punctuation outside the final parenthesis. (p. 121)
At the end of a block quote – cite the quoted source in parentheses after
the final punctuation mark.
Reference citations in text (see pp 174-176)
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One author Jones (1997); (Walker, 2001) In 1997, Jones
One work, multiple authors 2 authors, cite both names every time used 3,4 or 5 authors, cite all authors 1st time
used, In subsequent citations, only surname of
first author followed by “et al.” and the year
Reference citations in text (see pp 175-176)
6 or more authors Cite only surname of 1st author followed by “et
al.” and the year for first and subsequent citations
Groups as authors Corporations, government agencies, etc. Usually spelled out each time they appear in a
citation Give enough info in citation for reader to locate
entry in reference list
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Reference citations in text (see pp 176-177)
Works with no author Cite in text the
first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year
Use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter, and italicize the title of a periodical, book, brochure or report.
Anonymous author◦ Cite in text the word
Anonymous followed by a comma and the date
(Anonymous, 2009)
◦ Note: In the reference list, an anonymous work is alphabetized by the word Anonymous.
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Author Variations
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Associations Author as publisher Collaboration Corporate author Editors Government agency of institute Group authors Multiple authors No author
Personal Communications
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Letters, memos, some electronic communications (E-mail), telephone conversations, etc.
Since they cannot be recovered, they are not included in the reference list.
Cite in text only. **Provide as exact a date as possible.
According to B. Smith (personal communication, September 2, 2009) . . . .
Secondary Sources (see p. 178)
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Citing a work discussed in a secondary source Put the secondary source in the reference list. In text, name the original work, and give a
citation for the secondary sourceSmith and Jones study (as cited in Brown,
Adams, Green & Walters, 2008) revealed some unusual findings.
Reference List (see p. 180)
Provides the information to retrieve each sourceInclude only sources used in the paperSources listed alphabeticallyData must be correct and completeList is double-spacedUse a hanging indent
Entries start flush left with margin2nd and subsequent lines indented 5-7 spaces
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Order of References in Reference List (p. 181)
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Alphabetical by surname of first author For several works by same first author
Arranged by year of publication, earliest first Jones, L. L. (1996). Jones, L. L. (1998).
One-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname Brown, T. (2004) Brown, T. & Green, A. (1999)
Order of References in Reference List
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References by same author with the same publication date, are arranged alphabetically by title
Lower case letters (a,b,c) are placed immediately after the year in the parentheses
Jones, B. G. (1999a). After the study . . . .
Jones, B. G. (1999b). Framing the study . . .
Order of works with group authors or with no authors (p. 183)
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Alphabetize group authors (associations, gov. agencies) by first significant word of the name◦ Full, official names should be used
If work is anonymous◦ Entry begins with the word Anonymous
If there is no author◦ The title moves to the author position◦ The entry is alphabetized by the first significant
word of the title
Reference list citation for a chapter in a book
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A nonperiodical is a bookTo cite a chapter in a book, the format
is slightly different◦ Author, A., & Author, B. (1999). Title of chapter. In F. Editor, G, Editor, & H. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. 222-299). Location: Publisher.
Note that the order of the editor names are listed first initial, then last name, which is just the opposite of the way an author is listed (last name first, then initial of first name)
ON-LINE SOURCES
E-mail communications
Web site An article from an
on-line journal An on-line magazine
article Database accessed
from Web
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Examples
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E-mail communications Cited as personal communications, only in
text as Taylor (personal communication, February 3,
2007). Web site
Cited in text (not on reference list) There is a good nursing website that offers
many free benefits to healthcare professionals
(http://www.NursingCenter.com)
Examples
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On-line article from journal
Burns, J. (1999). Technology Issues. Business Quarterly, 11(4), 22-25. Retrieved January
4, 2004 from: http://www.xxxx.xxx.htm
Note that the journal name and volume number are in italics
Note: a retrieval date may not be necessary
Examples
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On-line magazine article, no author
Business and technology. (1998, December). Forbes, 11, 19-21. Retrieved March 1,
2008 from: http://www.xxxxx.com
Reminder:
The journal name and volume number are italicized;
A retrieval date may not be necessary
Order of citation elements for a journal
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Author – last name, first name initialDo not use titles, such as Dr., Ph.D., R.N., etc.
Date of publicationTitle of articleName of journalVolume number Issue numberPage number(s)
Online Reminders
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Format similar to printed reference material with website info added at end of reference
Give date of retrieval – only for sources with limited circulation or for sources that may change over time.◦ Web documents may change, move or be deleted
Retrieved May 3, 2007 from http:www.xxxxx.com Note: in many cases, a retrieval date will not be
necessary. Do not use a period at end of web address
It may get confused with the address Be careful in use of online sources
Online Reminders For databases
Database information (e.g., ProQuest, EBSCOhost) is not needed Databases vary among institutions
Use the DOI record for electronic references, not the name of the database.
Example: Jones, N. & Lynch, J. (2007). Reasons for going green.
International Journal of Contemporary Science, 16(2), 116-124. doi:10.1108/0959611041052007
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THE DOI (p. 188-189)
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The DOI – digital object identifier Provides a means of persistent
identification for managing information on digital networks.
It identifies content and provides a persistent link to its location on the Internet
All DOI numbers begin with a 10 And contain a prefix and a suffix separated
by a slash
Online Sources If the document does not have a DOI
Use the URL of the publisher’s website Example
Daniels, D. (2005). 50 best companies. Fortune, 149(13), 136-141. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/
Cite page numbers if available or a paragraph number for in-text citations
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Citation of Online References The paragraph symbol ¶ is not used
with in-text citations for online sources. The abbreviation para. should be used.
According to Jones (2009), “. . . nurses will make more money in 2010” (para. 16).
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The URL
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It is the most important element If it does not work, the reader cannot
access the information The credibility of the paper will suffer
http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct00/workplace.html
See APA Manual, pp. 187-188
More examples
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Online, no date, government documentInternal Revenue Service (IRS). (n.d.). Notice 97-
60 lifetime learning credit. Retrieved March 22, 2004, from http//:www.irs.gov/individualsarticle0,id=96273,00.html
Business websiteHerman Miller Inc. (2002). Environments for
learning. Retrieved April 22, 2003, from http://www.hmeurope.com/WhitePapers/wp.pdf
More examples
Online dictionaryMerriam-Webster Inc. (2003). Online dictionary.
Retrieved April 10, 2003, from http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary
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For more complete information 60
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