FORMAL REPORT lipid.docx

7/27/2019 FORMAL REPORT lipid.docx

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Experiment in Biochemistry

FORMAL REPORT

OF EXPERIMENT IN BIOCHEMISTRY

LIPID 1 and LIPID 2

Written by group 4:

Ira Novita Sari (K3309049)

Sarry Saraswaty (K3309073)

Yoga Bririan Jati (K3309089)

Chemistry Education Study Program

Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education

Faculty of Teacher Training and Education

Sebelas Maret University

SURAKARTA

2012


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FORMAL REPORT

OF EXPERIMENT IN BIOCHEMISTRY

I. TITLE : LIPID 1 and LIPID 2

II. PURPOSE : Can isolate several types of lipids from egg yolk Can identifying of lipis

III.BASIC THEORYLipidsconstitute a broad group of naturally occurringmolecules that includefats,waxes,

sterols,fat-solublevitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K),monoglycerides,diglycerides,triglycerides,phospholipids,and others. The main biological functions of lipids include energy

storage, as structural components ofcell membranes,and as importantsignaling molecules.

Lipids may be broadly defined ashydrophobic oramphiphilic small molecules; the

amphiphilic nature of some lipids allows them to form structures such asvesicles,liposomes,or

membranes in an aqueous environment. Biological lipids originate entirely or in part from twodistinct types of biochemical subunits or "building-blocks":ketoacyl andisoprene groups.

[4]

Using this approach, lipids may be divided into eight categories:fatty acids,glycerolipids,

glycerophospholipids,sphingolipids,saccharolipids,andpolyketides (derived from condensation

of ketoacyl subunits); and sterol lipids and prenol lipids (derived from condensation of isoprenesubunits).

Although the term lipidis sometimes used as a synonym forfats,fats are a subgroup of

lipids calledtriglycerides.Lipids also encompass molecules such asfatty acids and their

derivatives (includingtri-,di-,monoglycerides,andphospholipids), as well as othersterol-containingmetabolites such ascholesterol.Although humans and other mammals use various

biosynthetic pathways to both break down and synthesize lipids, some essential lipids cannot be

made this way and must be obtained from the diet.

Categories of lipids

Fatty acids

Fatty acids,or fatty acid residues when they form part of a lipid, are a diverse group of

molecules synthesized by chain-elongation of anacetyl-CoAprimer withmalonyl-CoA or

methylmalonyl-CoA groups in a process calledfatty acid synthesis.They are made of ahydrocarbon chain that terminates with acarboxylic acid group; this arrangement confers the

molecule with apolar,hydrophilic end, and a nonpolar,hydrophobic end that isinsoluble in

water. The fatty acid structure is one of the most fundamental categories of biological lipids, and

is commonly used as a building-block of more structurally complex lipids. The carbon chain,typically between four and 24 carbons long, may be saturated orunsaturated,and may be

attached tofunctional groups containingoxygen,halogens,nitrogen,andsulfur.Where a double

bond exists, there is the possibility of either a cisor a transgeometric isomerism,whichsignificantly affects the molecule'smolecular configuration.Cis-double bonds cause the fatty

acid chain to bend, an effect that is more pronounced the more double bonds there are in a chain.

This in turn plays an important role in the structure and function of cell membranes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoglycerideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diglycerideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphiphilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoprenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid#cite_note-pmid19098281-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid#cite_note-pmid19098281-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid#cite_note-pmid19098281-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acylshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerolipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerophospholipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingolipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharolipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyketidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diglyceridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoglyceridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl-CoAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malonyl-CoAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylmalonyl-CoAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon_chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_polarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophilichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsaturated_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis-trans_isomerismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_configurationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_configurationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis-trans_isomerismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsaturated_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophilichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_polarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon_chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylmalonyl-CoAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malonyl-CoAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl-CoAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoglyceridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diglyceridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyketidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharolipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingolipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerophospholipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerolipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acylshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid#cite_note-pmid19098281-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoprenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphiphilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diglycerideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoglycerideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule


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Glycerolipids

Glycerolipids are composed mainly of mono-, di-, and tri-substitutedglycerols,the most

well-known being the fatty acidtriesters of glycerol, calledtriglycerides.The word

triacylglycerol is sometimes used synonymously with triglyceride, however this is misleadingwith respect to these compounds as they contain no hydroxyl group. In these compounds, the

three hydroxyl groups of glycerol are each esterified, typically by different fatty acids. Becausethey function as an energy store, these lipids comprise the bulk of storage fat in animal tissues.The hydrolysis of theesterbonds of triglycerides and the release of glycerol and fatty acids from

adipose tissue are the initial steps in metabolising fat.

Additional subclasses of glycerolipids are represented by glycosylglycerols, which are

characterized by the presence of one or moresugar residues attached to glycerol via aglycosidic

linkage.Examples of structures in this category are the digalactosyldiacylglycerols found in

plant membranes and seminolipid from mammaliansperm cells.

Glycerophospholipids

Glycerophospholipids, usually referred to asphospholipids,are ubiquitous in nature and are

key components of thelipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved inmetabolism andcellsignaling.Neural tissue (including the brain) contains relatively high amounts of

glycerophospholipids, and alterations in their composition has been implicated in various

neurological disorders. Glycerophospholipids may be subdivided into distinct classes, based onthe nature of the polar headgroup at thesn-3 position of the glycerol backbone ineukaryotes and

eubacteria, or thesn-1 position in the case ofarchaebacteria.

Phosphatidylethanolamine

Examples of glycerophospholipids found inbiological membranes arephosphatidylcholine(also known as PC, GPCho orlecithin),phosphatidylethanolamine (PE or GPEtn) and

phosphatidylserine (PS or GPSer). In addition to serving as a primary component of cellularmembranes and binding sites for intra- and intercellular proteins, some glycerophospholipids in

eukaryotic cells, such asphosphatidylinositols andphosphatidic acids are either precursors of or,

themselves, membrane-derivedsecond messengers.Typically, one or both of these hydroxyl

groups are acylated with long-chain fatty acids, but there are also alkyl-linked and 1Z-alkenyl-linked (plasmalogen)glycerophospholipids, as well as dialkylether variants in archaebacteria.

Sphingolipids

Sphingolipids are a complicated family of compounds that share a common structuralfeature, asphingoid basebackbone that is synthesizedde novofrom the amino acidserine and a

long-chain fatty acyl CoA, then converted intoceramides,phosphosphingolipids,

glycosphingolipids and other compounds. The major sphingoid base of mammals is commonlyreferred to assphingosine.Ceramides (N-acyl-sphingoid bases) are a major subclass of

sphingoid base derivatives with anamide-linked fatty acid. The fatty acids are typically saturated

or mono-unsaturated with chain lengths from 16 to 26 carbon atoms.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglycerideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosaccharidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosidic_linkagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosidic_linkagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatozoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaebacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylcholinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylserinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_messenger_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmalogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingolipidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingoid_basehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_novo_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_novo_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_novo_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingosinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sphingomyelin-horizontal-2D-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phosphatidyl-Ethanolamine.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sphingomyelin-horizontal-2D-skeletal.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phosphatidyl-Ethanolamine.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingosinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_novo_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingoid_basehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingolipidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmalogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_messenger_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylserinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylcholinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaebacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatozoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosidic_linkagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosidic_linkagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosaccharidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglycerideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol


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Sterol lipids

Sterol lipids, such ascholesterol and its derivatives, are an important component of

membrane lipids, along with the glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelins. Thesteroids,all

derived from the same fused four-ring core structure, have different biological roles ashormonesandsignaling molecules.The eighteen-carbon (C18) steroids include theestrogen family

whereas the C19 steroids comprise theandrogens such astestosterone andandrosterone.TheC21 subclass includes theprogestogens as well as theglucocorticoids andmineralocorticoids.Thesecosteroids,comprising various forms ofvitamin D,are characterized by cleavage of the B

ring of the core structure. Other examples ofsterols are thebile acids and their conjugates, which

in mammals are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol and are synthesized in the liver. The plantequivalents are thephytosterols,such as-sitosterol,stigmasterol,andbrassicasterol;the latter

compound is also used as abiomarker foralgal growth. The predominant sterol infungal cell

membranes isergosterol.

Prenol lipids

Prenol lipids are synthesized from the five-carbon-unit precursorsisopentenyl diphosphate

anddimethylallyl diphosphate that are produced mainly via themevalonic acid (MVA) pathway.

The simple isoprenoids (linear alcohols, diphosphates, etc.) are formed by the successive

addition of C5 units, and are classified according to number of theseterpene units. Structurescontaining greater than 40 carbons are known as polyterpenes.Carotenoids are important simple

isoprenoids that function asantioxidants and as precursors ofvitamin A.Another biologically

important class of molecules is exemplified by thequinones andhydroquinones,which containan isoprenoid tail attached to a quinonoid core of non-isoprenoid origin.Vitamin E andvitamin

K,as well as theubiquinones,are examples of this class. Prokaryotes synthesize polyprenols

(calledbactoprenols)in which the terminal isoprenoid unit attached to oxygen remains

unsaturated, whereas in animal polyprenols (dolichols)the terminal isoprenoid is reduced.

Saccharolipids

Saccharolipids describe compounds in which fatty acids are linked directly to a sugar

backbone, forming structures that are compatible with membrane bilayers. In the saccharolipids,amonosaccharide substitutes for the glycerol backbone present in glycerolipids and

glycerophospholipids. The most familiar saccharolipids are the acylatedglucosamineprecursors

of theLipid A component of thelipopolysaccharides inGram-negative bacteria.Typical lipid Amolecules aredisaccharides of glucosamine, which are derivatized with as many as seven fatty-

acyl chains. The minimal lipopolysaccharide required for growth inE. coliis Kdo2-Lipid A, a

hexa-acylated disaccharide of glucosamine that is glycosylated with two 3-deoxy-D-manno-

octulosonic acid (Kdo) residues.[39]

Polyketides

Polyketides are synthesized by polymerization ofacetyl andpropionyl subunits by classic

enzymes as well as iterative and multimodular enzymes that share mechanistic features with the

fatty acid synthases.They comprise a large number ofsecondary metabolites andnaturalproducts from animal, plant, bacterial, fungal and marine sources, and have great structural

diversity. Manypolyketides are cyclic molecules whose backbones are often further modified by

glycosylation,methylation,hydroxylation,oxidation,and/or other processes. Many commonlyusedanti-microbial,anti-parasitic,andanti-cancer agents are polyketides or polyketide

derivatives, such aserythromycins,tetracyclines,avermectins,and antitumorepothilones.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaling_moleculeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosteronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androsteronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralocorticoidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secosteroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytosterolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-sitosterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-sitosterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-sitosterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmasterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassicasterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarkerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergosterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopentenyl_diphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylallyl_diphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mevalonic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroquinonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Khttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Khttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquinonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactoprenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolicholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosaccharidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipopolysaccharidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaccharideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid#cite_note-Raetz2006-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid#cite_note-Raetz2006-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid#cite_note-Raetz2006-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionyl-CoAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metabolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_productshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_productshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyketidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-microbialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-parasitichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracycline_antibioticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avermectinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epothilonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epothilonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avermectinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracycline_antibioticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-parasitichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-microbialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyketidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_productshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_productshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metabolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionyl-CoAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid#cite_note-Raetz2006-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaccharideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipopolysaccharidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosaccharidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolicholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactoprenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquinonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Khttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Khttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroquinonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mevalonic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylallyl_diphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopentenyl_diphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergosterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarkerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassicasterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmasterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-sitosterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytosterolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secosteroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralocorticoidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androsteronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosteronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaling_moleculeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol


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IV. EQUIPMENTSa. Tools

No Name of Tool Amount

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

910

11

12

13

14

Measurement glass

Beaker glass

Drop pipette

Glass stirrer

Test tube

Erlenmeyer

Glass funnel

Electric stove

ExicatorWatch glass

Electric balance

Tweezers

Sentrifugace

Filter paper

1

2

2

1

4

1

1

1

11

1

1

1

sufficient

b. MaterialsNo Name of Material Amount

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Chicken egg (egg yolk)

Alcohol

Ether

Acetone

Cadmium Chloride

KOH alcoholis 10%

Aquadest

Glycerine

KHSO3

3

sufficient

sufficient

sufficient

sufficient

sufficient

sufficient

sufficient

sufficient


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V. PROCEDURE and OBSERVATION DATA

No Treatment Observation

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Cracking egg, take egg yolk + 25 ml ether + 50ml

alcohol + 50 ml alcohol, stir it, let it during 10

minutes then filter it.

Residue + 7 ml ether + 14 ml alcohol, filter it and

its filtrate was vapored.

Residue + ether + acetone then filtered

Dissolving sediment + alcohol + CdCl2 alcoholis,

stir it,let it then filter it.

Filtrate was vapored,

+ KOH alcoholis, stir it, heated

+ ether and filter it.

Filtrate + ether, vapored until dry

Cholesterol Test

Residue + alcohol, centrifuged + alcohol

Centrifuged again

Let it about 30 minutes.

Acrolein Test

0,5 gr fat + 0,5 gr KHSO3 ,

heated

Repeat with glycerol

Occur coagulating, residue has

yellow color and yellow filtrate.

Yellowish filtrate

Old yellow filtrate, existence

residue

Turbid yellowish solution

Yellow solution, existence

clumped,Yellow sediment more pale

Become pasta, turbid yellow

More turbid solution

Formed 2 layers :

Up : clear yellow

Bottom : orange

Filtrate : clear yellow

Residue : orange

Yellow solution

Formed sediment

Yellow solution

Formed sediment

Mixed

More dissolve and bad smell

Bad smell very sting


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VI. ANALYZE DATAAt trial lipids, aiming to isolate several types of lipids from egg yolk lecithin that will be

generated. Where, lecithin is a phospholipid that becomes a major component of

fractionphosphatides toextract the yellowegg or peanutsoy isolates aremechanical , andchemical

by usinghexane or can be interpreted is a complex substance that is found in eggs and institutions

supply the bone marrow. In its application, the lecithin in egg yolks and most often used as an agent

emulsifier to mixoil andwater , as inmayonnaise . This can happen because lecithin has a head that

is hydrophilic and the tail is hydrophobic . Lecithin in eggs is dominated by the content of

phosphatidyl kolina high,gliserolfosfolipid , long-chain fatty acids unsaturated, arachidonic acid ,

and DHA content not found in other sources of lecithin (such as beans). Lecithin iscommercially

can be obtained with high purity for theadditives of food or medical purposes. In addition, lecithin

is also known to helpthe stability of mayonnaise and mayonnaise to make it look morebold .

Lipids are compounds which are prevalent in nature. This compound can be obtained by

extracting natural materials both plants and animals with polar solvents not just as petroleum ether,

benzene, chloroform, and others. Judging from the lipid compound structure composed of long

hydrocarbon chains, so that lipids are not soluble in water. Lipid compounds are named based on the

physical properties (solubility) than on the chemical structure. In general, lipids are divided into two

major categories, namely simple lipid and lipid complexes. Lipids are included in the class are

simple compounds that do not have the ester group and can not be hydrolyzed. This group is a

steroid. Lipid complex group of compounds composed of ester groups and may have hydrolyzed,

the fatty oils and waxes melipti.

In this experiment, will be isolated or lipid content of lecithin and cholesterol from chicken

egg yolk using alcohol and ether solvents. The first step in this experiment is to take as many as 3

eggs yolks, stir then add the alcohol and ether and then stirred again. Egg yolks into slightly

thickened or lumpy. This indicates that the solvents (alcohols and ethers) can exstracted fat or lipid

from the yolk. To be more complete extraction, the mixture allowed to stand for about 10 minutes

and the resulting yellow laruran.

Second, filter the mixture with filter paper that has been moistened with alcohol. The residue

is then washed with alcohol and ether, while the filtrate is then evaporated in a water bath until dry.

Washing the residue with ether alcohol intended to bind any residual alcohol ether in the residue

thus obtained is pure fat deposition. Thick yellow precipitate then dissolved in ether and acetone was

added. Dissolution is intended to bind the alcohol and ether remaining. While acetone has the

function to precipitate the mixture. The precipitate formed is called lecithin.

Third, filter and precipitate (lecithin) was dissolved again in the alcohol and CdCl2, then

stirred and left for 10 minutes. After it was filtered and the residue obtained is used to test akreolin.
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Lecithin can also be calledphosphatidyl kolina . Where,phosphatidyl kolina is sulfuric acid

and base containing n-choline that serves to facilitate the transport and use of fatty acids by using

the enzyme lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase. The structure of lecithin:

Can be derived from egg lecithin. Lecithin has a structure like fat but contains phosphoric

acid, polar groups and nonpolar groups. Polar groups contained in the ester, phosphate is hydrophilic

(water soluble likely), while non-polar groups contained in the fatty acid ester is lifofilik (likely to

dissolve in fat). Lecithin is a waxy solid soft white color and turns brown due to exposure to light.

Because it is hydrophilic, it can form a colloid. Lecithin is soluble in all organic solvents, except

acetone. Goal is the addition of acetone to precipitate the lecithin.

Lecithin (choline phospatidil) with the main components of choline, is an important nutrient that

is found widely in various foods and available as supplements. Lecithin contains about 13% by

weight of choline. Lecithin also zwiter ion, has a positive charge on N atom of choline and negative

charge on the O atom of the phosphate group. Lecithin can be either polar (the choline) and non-

polar (the fatty acid) making it very effective as an emulsifier.

The filtrate that was still containingacetone evaporated to residual ether-acetone to

evaporate. Then added therewith 10% KOH alcoholicwhile stirring then heated for 30 minutes. The

results obtained are orange-colored solution. This is because the solution contains lecithin, when

heated with alkali to form glycerol fatty acid choline phosphoric acid. The addition of 10% KOH

alcoholics aims to transform fatty acids into soap and glycerol.

Reaction of fatty acid with a base KOH:
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Next, add 50 mL of ether into the solution and then filter it. Of ether was added, forming two

layers where the top layer is yellow and bottom layer is orange. Ether filtrate containing cholesterol

and then evaporated to dry residue thus obtained in the form of orange granules. The residue is then

dried in the exicator which will then be used to test for cholesterol.

Cholesterol is ametabolite of sterol-containing fat ( English : Waxy steroids) are found in

cell membranes and circulated inthe blood plasma . Is a type oflipid which is a moleculeof fat or

the like it. Cholesterol is a special type of lipid called steroids . Steroids are lipids that have a

chemical structure specific. This structure consists of four ring atomsof carbon . Other steroids,

including steroid hormones such as cortisol , estrogen , and testosterone . In fact, all steroid

hormones are made from chemical changes in the basic structure of cholesterol.

Cholesterol is a fat component and is one nutrient that is needed by the body in addition to

other nutrients such as carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, and minerals. Cholesterol has a chemical

structure as shown in the following figure:

These elements consist of fats in the blood cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and free

fatty acids. Only a quarter of the cholesterol contained in the blood are derived directly from the

digestive tract is absorbed from food, the rest is the body's own production by liver cells.

Fat contained in food will be elaborated into cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and

free fatty acids when digested in the gut. The fourth element of this fat will be absorbed from the

intestine and enter the blood. Cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and free fatty acids are not

soluble in blood. In order to be transported in the bloodstream, cholesterol along with other fats

(triglycerides and phospholipids) must bind to proteins to form a soluble compound and is called a

lipoprotein.

A cholesterol test performed by dissolving the residue in alcohol as much as 5 mL and then

disentrifuge. Will get the white granules on the bottom of the tube in small amounts. Discard the

solution above for the next step and add alcohol into granules and then disentrifuge again. The

addition of alcohol is intended to dissolve cholesterol, because cholesterol is fat soluble in solvents

such as ether, chloroform, benzene, and hot alcohol. Then, the mixture was let stand for 30 minutes.
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The results that obtained are yellowish solution, and the precipitate formed at the bottom of the tube

in the form of yellowish granules called cholesterol.

Acrolein test

The purpose of acrolein test on lecithin and glycerin is to prove the existence of dehydrated

glycerin into aldehydes, aksilat, or akreolin, and the presence of glycerol or fat. Glycerin

usually be hydrated into an unsaturated aldehyde or akreolin and usually marked with white

smoke and the smell. Akreloin test is usually positive in the form of free glycerol, but not for

fatty acids.

Of experiments lecithin which is yellow at first and then added KHSO 4in the form of fine

grains resulting mixture is mixed evenly. This mixture is then put into a test tube and then

heated in a water bath with a small fire in the early beginning and then becomes a large fire.

This warming resulted from strong odors and yellow. With the yellow color and pungent

odor which indicates that the test indicated its positive acrolein. This means that the lecithin

contained in the dehydration is aldehit aksilat or akreolin and there are fat.

Then repeat the experiment with the same steps, but replace the lecithin with glycerin. And

the result is a fishy smell and stinging occur. But the odor generated no more and no fishy

smell more pungent than lecithin. But these results indicate a positive test for akreolin

glycerin.

Function of KHSO4 in this experiment is to draw water that will hydrate glycerol into the

aldehyde or akreolin aksilat characterized by white smoke and strong odors.

Reactions that occur

Lecithin + KHSO4


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Glycerol + KHSO4


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VII. CONCLUSION1. Lipids are organic compounds that have physical properties such as fat, and can be obtained

from animal or plant by extraction with hot alcohol, ether and other fat solvent.

2. Lecithin is one component of egg yolk contains fat and cholesterol.

3. Inside there is a chicken egg yolk cholesterol in the form of a white crystalline solid.

4. Cholesterol is a necessary intermediate in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones.

5. Akroelin test on fatty acids and glycerol are both positive. This is evidenced by the stench of

fatty acids and glycerol to be dehydrated into aldehydes, and akroelin aksilat.

6. KHSO4 additional function is to attract water so be hydrated glycerol into unsaturated

aldehydes are marked with white smoke and the smell.

7. Function of the addition of:

a. alcohol, ether: as a solvent of the remaining egg whites or a protein that may be left behind

when the separation of egg white and yolk.

b. KOH alcoholics: to provide the alkaline conditions

c. CdCl 2:to hydrolyze lecithin

d. acetone: to precipitate the lecithin

8. chemical structure of lecithin:


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9. chemical structure of cholesterol:

10. fatty acid reaction with KOH

11. Reactions that occur

Lecithin + KHSO4

Glycerol + KHSO4


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VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY (2012, March 3). was taken April 30, 2012, from Wikipedia:

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesitin

(2012, April 12). was taken April 30, 2012, from Wikipedia:http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolesterol

Anna, P., & Supriyanti, T. (2006).Dasar-Dasar Biokimia.Jakarta: UI Press. Fajri , E. (2011, June 28).Archives: 2011 (81): Juni (23). was taken April 30, 2012,

from elfa Fajri: http://elfafajri.blogspot.com/2011/06/lipida.html

Fessenden dan Fessenden. (2000).Dasar-Dasar Biokimia.Jakarta: Erlangga. muhammadpajri . (2012, January 4).Arsip Blog: Januari (18). Dipetik April 30, 2012,

from MUHAMMAD PAJRI THP 09' UNJA:

http://muhammadpajri1991.blogspot.com/2012/01/lesitin-sebagai-emulsifier.html

Sugiharto. (1989).Biokimia.Jakarta: Gramedia. Tim Dosen. (2012).Petunjuk Praktikum Biokimia.Surakarta: Lab. P. MIPA Kimia UNS. Winarno, F. G. (2002).Kimia Pangan dan Gizi.Jakarta: Erlangga.

IX. ATTACHMENT

One sheet of temporary report Lipid 1 and Lipid 2

Surakarta, 3rd

may 2012

Assiatant Practicant,

Group 4

FORMAL REPORT lipid.docx

Documents

Transcript of FORMAL REPORT lipid.docx