Forex Market General
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Transcript of Forex Market General
Exchange rates
• International transaction in cash requires two distinct purchases– Purchase of foreign currency– Purchase of good/service with the FC
• Term foreign exchange is used to denote foreign currency
• Foreign exchange market exists to cater to the demand for foreign currency/currencies
Foreign Exchange Market
• Organisational setting within which individuals, governments and banks buy and sell foreign currencies
• Only a small fraction of daily transactions in foreign exchange involve trading of currency
• Most foreign exchange transactions involve transfer of bank deposits
Definition of foreign exchange
• Deposits, credits and balances payable in foreign currency
• Drafts, travellers’ cheques, letter of credit or bill of exchange expressed or drawn in Indian currency but payable in foreign currency
• Drafts, travellers’ cheques, L/Cs, etc. drawn by banks, institutions or persons outside India but payable in Indian currency
• The above definition is as per FEMA (1999)
Exchange rate (1)
• Denotes the price or the ratio or the value at which one currency is exchanged for another
• Exchange rate is very dynamic• The foreign exchange market is round-the-
clock market due to different time zones • Major participants- central banks, commercial
banks, forex brokers, corporations, individuals
Factors affecting exchange rate
• Major banks that act as market-makers always give two-way quotes; gives depth and volume to the market
• Fundamental reasons• Technical reasons• Speculation
Fundamental reasons
• Balance of payments->surplus->appreciation• Growth rate of the economy-> higher growth-
>depreciation of currency• Fiscal policy-> financing of fiscal deficit
influences exchange rate• Monetary policy->loose monetary policy->
depreciation of exchange rate
Technical reasons
• Freedom or restrictions on capital movements can affect exchange rates to a large extent
• Among other factors there are:– Huge trade surpluses of oil exporting countries– Capital moving from low-yielding currencies to
high yielding currencies (interest differential)
Speculation
• Self-fulfilling prophecies– Anticipation of depreciation of a currency can
cause dealers to sell that currency
• Speculation serves to provide depth and liquidity to the forex market
• Acts as a cushion as well- contrarian traders exist in the market
Types of exchange rate (1)
• Ready/cash- Settlement of funds on the same day (date of the deal).
• Tom- Settlement of funds takes place on the next working day of the date of the deal
• Spot- Settlement of funds takes place on the second working day following the date of the deal
Types of exchange rate (2)
• Forward- Delivery takes place on any day after the date of the deal
• In the forex market all rates that are quoted are generally spot rates
• When delivery takes place beyond the spot date then it is a forward transaction and the forward rate is applicable
• Forward rate = Spot rate + Premium (- discount)
Forward rate
• If the forward value of a currency is higher than the spot value the currency is said to be at a premium
• If the above is reversed the currency is said to be at a discount
• The forward premium/discount is based on interest rate differentials of the two currencies involved
• Direct and indirect quotes of exchange rate- direct quote, local currency is variable
Quotes of Exchange Rate
• Cross rates- To obtain rates for a particular currency pair when they are not available directly
• Bid and offered rates- In USD/INR 39.40/41 the bank is bidding for USD at Rs. 39.40 and offering to sell USD at Rs. 39.41
Exchange Arithmetic
• All foreign exchange calculations have to be worked with care and accuracy and several rules have to be kept in mind
• Chain rule- is used to attain comparison or ratio between two quantities which are linked together through another or other quantities. Equation in the form of a chain is derived.
• Per cent and per mille- Per 100 units/per 1000 units
Example of a Chain Rule (1)
• Query: If we have to remit French Francs to France from India how do we go about it? (We have to arrive at cross rates between FRF and INR.)
• Mumbai interbank market:– US $ 1 = Rs. 41.2550/2650
• London Market – US $ 1 = FRF 6.0500/6.0550
Chain rule (2)
• At what rate can one buy FRF against rupees?• How many Rs----- = FRF 1?• FRF 6.0500 = US $ 1• US $ 1 = 41.2650, therefore,• FRF 6.0500 = US $ 1 = Rs. 41.2650• Hence, FRF 1 = 41.2650/6.0500• Or FRF 1 = Rs. 6.8206
Forward Rate (1)• Value date: It is customary, in foreign exchange
market, to quote a rate to do the deal but exchange the currencies not on the same day but generally afterwards.
• Forward rate: Has two components– Spot rate– Forward points or forward differentials
• Forward rate is the rate when the value of the deal is fixed beyond the spot date i.e. beyond the second working day after the deal
Forward Rate (2)
• Forward transactions are necessary in the foreign exchange market as they serve number of purposes like:– One can hedge or cover an existing future financial, commercial
or trade related exchange risk– These types of deals, in combination with spot deals, are used
for money market operations through ‘swap’ transactions– Taking a view of the market, these can be used for speculation
Forward rate (3)
• When a currency is costlier in the future (forward) as compared to the spot, the currency is said to be at a premium vis-à-vis another currency
• In ‘direct rate’ premium is added to both the buying and selling rate whereas discount is deducted
• In ‘indirect rate’ premium is deducted and discount is added to the buying and selling rates
Forward rate (4)
• Base currency is the currency which is being bought and sold and the other currency is incidental.
• Forwards are quoted as follows– Spot/1 month 17/18– Spot/ 2 months 35/37– Spot/ 3 months 53/56
• If forward differentials are in the ascending order (1st figure is lower than the 2nd) the base currency is at premium
Foreign exchange transactions (1)
• Arbitrage: Is an operation by which one can make risk free profit by undertaking offsetting transactions.– Can be in interest rates: borrow in one centre and
lend in another– Can be in exchange rates: Buy a currency in one
market and sell in another
• Arbitrage keeps exchange rates uniform in all markets
Foreign Exchange Transactions (2)• Merchant rates: Quotes offered to merchants
(importers, exporters) by banks.• Inter-bank rates: The rates quoted by banks for dealing
in the inter-bank market.• Merchant quotations: In India all merchant quotations
for foreign currencies shall be in so many rupees for one unit of foreign currency except for Japanese Yen, Italian Lira and Belgian Franc (Rs/100 units of the currency)
• All quotes are in four decimal places with the last two digits in the multiple of 25
Modes of remittances (1)
• Telegraphic Transfers (TT) of funds are done from one centre to another by way of instructions through telex, telegram or SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Transfer). Of late SWIFT is becoming popular
• Mail Transfer (MT) of funds is done by way of instructions sent by mail. An MT is an order in writing on the correspondent bank/branch abroad to pay the beneficiary the sum mentioned
Modes of Remittances (2)
• Demand draft (DD): A DD is an order in writing on the correspondent bank/branch abroad to pay the beneficiary the sum mentioned therein.
• Fedai prescribed types of rates of merchant transactions:– TT (buying)- clean inward remittances– Bill (buying)- purchase/discount of export bills– TT (selling) clean outward remittances– Bill (selling) remittance for import bills
RBI/FEDAI Guidelines (1)
• RBI has issued Authorised Dealers (AD) licences to banks, all India financial institutions and a few co-operative banks to undertake foreign exchange transactions in India
• It has also issued Money Changer licences to a large number of established firms, companies, hotels, shops, etc.
RBI/FEDAI Guidelines (2)
• Money changers help facilitate encashment of foreign currencies of foreign tourists
• Entities authorised to buy and sell foreign currency notes, coins and travellers’ cheques are called full fledged money changers
• Those authorised only to buy are called restricted money changers
RBI/FEDAI Guidelines (3)• FEDAI (Foreign Exchange Dealers’ Association of India)
is a non-profit making body formed in 1958 with the approval of RBI
• Its members are authorised dealers and it prescribes guidelines and rules of the game for market operations, merchant rates, quotations, delivery dates, holidays, interest on defaults, etc.
• FEDAI also advises RBI on market related issues and supplements RBI on strengthening the market
PART I. INTRODUCTION
I. INTRODUCTIONA. The Currency Market:
where money denominated in one currency is bought and sold with money
denominated in another currency.
INTRODUCTION
B. International Trade and Capital Transactions:
- facilitated with the ability
to transfer purchasing power
between countries
INTRODUCTION
C. Location1. OTC-type: no specific
location2. Most trades by phone,
telex, or SWIFTSWIFT: Society for Worldwide
Interbank Financial Telecommunications
PART II.ORGANIZATION OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE
MARKET
I . PARTICIPANTS IN THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETA. Participants at 2 Levels
1. Wholesale Level (95%)- major banks
2. Retail Level- business
customers.
ORGANIZATION OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
B. Two Types of Currency Markets
1. Spot Market:- immediate transaction- recorded by 2nd
business day
ORGANIZATION OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
2. Forward Market:- transactions take place at a specified future date
ORGANIZATION OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
C. Participants by Market1. Spot Market
a. commercial banksb. brokersc. customers of commercial
and central banks
ORGANIZATION OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
2. Forward Marketa. arbitrageursb. tradersc. hedgersd. speculators
ORGANIZATION OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
II. CLEARING SYSTEMSA. Clearing House Interbank Payments System (CHIPS)
- used in U.S. for electronic fund transfers.
ORGANIZATION OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
B. FedWire
- operated by the Fed
- used for domestic transfers
ORGANIZATION OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
III. ELECTRONIC TRADINGA. Automated Trading
- genuine screen-based market
ORGANIZATION OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
B. Results:
1. Reduces cost of trading
2. Threatens traders’ oligopoly of information
3. Provides liquidity
ORGANIZATION OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
IV. SIZE OF THE MARKET
A. Largest in the world
1995: $1.2 trillion daily
ORGANIZATION OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
B. Market Centers (1995): London = $464 billion
dailyNew York= $244 billion
dailyTokyo = $161 billion
daily
PART III.THE SPOT MARKET
I. SPOT QUOTATIONSA. Sources
1. All major newspapers2. Major currencies have four different quotes:
a. spot priceb. 30-dayc. 90-dayd. 180-day
THE SPOT MARKET
B. Method of Quotation1. For interbank dollar
trades:a. American terms
example: $.5838/dm
b. European termsexample: dm1.713/$
THE SPOT MARKET
2. For nonbank customers:
Direct quote
gives the home currency price of one unit of foreign currency.
EXAMPLE: dm0.25/FF
THE SPOT MARKET
C. Transactions Costs1. Bid-Ask Spread
used to calculate the feecharged by the bank
• Bid = the price at which the bank is willing to buy
• Ask = the price it will sellthe currency
THE SPOT MARKET
4. Percent Spread Formula (PS):
100xAsk
BidAskPS
THE SPOT MARKET
D. Cross Rates
1. The exchange rate
between 2 non - US$
currencies.
THE SPOT MARKET
2. Calculating Cross RatesWhen you want to know what the dm/ cross rate
is, and you know dm2/US$ and .55/US$
then dm/ = dm2/US$ .55/US$= dm3.636/
THE SPOT MARKET
E.Currency Arbitrage1. If cross rates differ from
one financial center to another, and profit opportunities exist.
THE SPOT MARKET
2. Buy cheap in one int’l market,sell at a higher price in
another
3. Role of Available Information
THE SPOT MARKET
F.Settlement Date Value Date:
1. Date monies are due
2. 2nd Working day after date of original transaction.
THE SPOT MARKET
G. Exchange Risk1. Bankers = middlemen
a. Incurring risk of adverseexchange rate moves.
b. Increased uncertainty about future exchange
rate requires
THE SPOT MARKET
1.) Demand for higher riskpremium
2.) Bankers widen bid-ask spread
PART II.MECHANICS OF SPOT
TRANSACTIONSSPOT TRANSACTIONS: An
ExampleStep 1. Currency transaction: verbal
agreement, U.S. importer specifies:
a. Account to debit (his acct)b. Account to credit
(exporter)
MECHANICS OF SPOT TRANSACTIONS
Step 2. Bank sends importercontract note including:
- amount of foreign
currency
- agreed exchange rate
- confirmation of Step 1.
MECHANICS OF SPOT TRANSACTIONS
Step 3. SettlementCorrespondent bank in HongKong transfers HK$ fromnostro account to exporter’s.
Value Date.
U.S. bank debits importer’saccount.
PART III.THE FORWARD MARKET
I. INTRODUCTIONA. Definition of a Forward Contract
an agreement between a bank and a customer to deliver a specified amount of currency against another currency at a specified future date and at a fixed exchange rate.
THE FORWARD MARKET
2. Purpose of a Forward:
Hedging
the act of reducing exchange
rate risk.
THE FORWARD MARKET
B. Forward Rate Quotations1. Two Methods:
a. Outright Rate: quoted to commercial customers.
b. Swap Rate: quoted in theinterbank market as a discount or premium.
THE FORWARD MARKET
CALCULATING THE FORWARDPREMIUM OR DISCOUNT
= F-S x 12 x 100 S n
where F = the forward rate of exchange S = the spot rate of exchange n = the number of months in the
forward contract
THE FORWARD MARKET
C. Forward Contract Maturities1. Contract Terms
a. 30-dayb. 90-dayc. 180-dayd. 360-day
2. Longer-term Contracts
PART IV.INTEREST RATE PARITY THEORY
I. INTRODUCTIONA. The Theory states:
the forward rate (F) differs from the spot rate (S) at equilibrium by an amount equal to the interest differential (rh - rf) between two countries.
INTEREST RATE PARITY THEORY
2. The forward premium ordiscount equals the interest
rate differential. (F - S)/S = (rh - rf)
where rh = the home rate
rf = the foreign rate
INTEREST RATE PARITY THEORY
3. In equilibrium, returns oncurrencies will be the samei. e. No profit will be realized
and interest parity existswhich can be written
(1 + rh) = F
(1 + rf) S
INTEREST RATE PARITY THEORY
B. Covered Interest Arbitrage
1. Conditions required:
interest rate differential does
not equal the forward premium or discount.
2. Funds will move to a country
with a more attractive rate.
INTEREST RATE PARITY THEORY3. Market pressures develop:
a. As one currency is more
demanded spot and sold
forward.
b. Inflow of fund depresses
interest rates.
c. Parity eventually reached.
INTEREST RATE PARITY THEORY
C. Summary:Interest Rate Parity states:
1. Higher interest rates on a
currency offset by forward discounts.
2. Lower interest rates are offset by forward premiums.