Forests, Climate Change and REDD+: A brief introduction
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Transcript of Forests, Climate Change and REDD+: A brief introduction
Strategies for climate change
Mitigation and adaptation: Different objectives
Mitigation:To reduce emissions or enhance sinks
Adaptation:To moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities
MITIGATION
GhG concentrations
Climate change
Impacts
Responses
Global ecosystem service:Carbon sequestration.
Instruments: CDM, REDD.
Ecosystem-Based Mitigation
ADAPTATION
Ecosystem-Based Adaptation
Local ecosystem services:Water regulation, provision of goods...
Instruments: EBA.
Linkages between forests and adaptation are twofold
Adaptation for forests
• CC affect forests
• Adaptation measures needed for forestsNew challenges -> understanding impacts, adapting management
Forests for adaptation
• Forest ecosystems contribute to social adaptation
• They provide ecosystem services that contribute to risk management, and reduce the vulnerability of local communities and of the broader societyNew challenges -> forests in adaptation of sectors outside of the forest sector
(Locatelli et al., 2010)
Forest Ecosystem-Based Mitigation: Examples
e.g., Afforestation & Reforestation (CDM)
Increasing carbon in ecosystems
t
With reforestation
Carbon in ecosystem
Baseline
Avoiding loss of carbon from ecosystems
Conservation
Carbon in ecosystem
tBaseline (deforestation)
e.g., Avoided Deforestation (REDD+)
What is REDD+?
… policy approaches and positive incentives for activities relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries
UNFCCC Decision 2/CP.13–11
A brief REDD history Early 1990s: Deforestation 1/5 of GHG emissions
2001 - COP7: Avoided deforestation too difficult to include in CDM (+ no additionality). Only A/R
2005 - COP11: 2 year consultation period for RED ; 2006 –Stern report
2007 - COP13: RED(D) included in Bali Action Plan; Norway’s Climate-Forest initiative, NOK 15 billions
2008+: FCPF (World Bank), UNREDD, other initiatives
2009 - COP15: some progress for REDD+, interim financing
2010: COP 16 confirms earlier decisions on REDD+; safeguards and ref.levels; REDD+ partnership
2011: COP 17: REDD part of commitment for all parties? Financing to be explored. Pilots and national policy reforms
2012: COP 18 and SBSTA - not much new, a lot of bracket text for safeguards, MRV etc. - verification problem
2013: COP 19 Warsaw framework, results based finance, guidance – safeguards issue will need further guidance
2014: SBSTA and COP 20 – Safeguards guidance, JMA
2015: COP 21 and SBSTA concluded REDD+ negotiations ->
national implementation arenas
2016: Green Climate Fund and REDD+ results based payments, transparency
Paris Agreement, forests and REDD+
First time forests are explicitly mentioned (Art 5.1)
Encourages action for results based payments (e.g. REDD+) (Art 5.2)
keeping forests and trees standing and sustainably managed will be crucial for global efforts to reach the 1.5 temperature goal
especially in forest-rich countries avoided deforestation can provide major emission reductions contributions and REDD+ is explicitly mentioned in many (I)NDCs
The phased approach (adopted from Meridian Report 2009, UNFCCC)
11
Phase 1:Readiness
Phase 2 PAM implementation
Phase 3Results
Activities - Institutionalstrengthening
- Technical capacity building
- ..
- Governance, regulatory and economic reforms (including Land use planning, Law enforcement, Moratoria)
- Forest sector reforms- Removal of perverse subsidies - …
- Improved forest management
- Improved commodity chains
- ….
Performance - Assessment completed
- Consultations conducted
- Capacityincreased
- …
- Policies enacted- Measures enforced- Proxies identified and
monitored for changes in emissions
- …..
- Quantified emission reductions, removaland enhancements (tCO2-e)
- Quantified co-benefits - ….
Financing Immediately available (readiness funds)
Predictable amounts over a defined period, including countries’ own upfront investments
Large-scale funding (note-shift from market to public funds)
Performance in REDD+
Over past decades move towards output/outcome orientation based on incentives, cash-on-delivery approaches
Some problems of ‘’traditional aid’ : - High transaction costs due to donor requirements; National ownership; “The
accountability problem”, in which countries are held accountable to the donors instead of their citizens; low incentive to perform (‘ritual dance’ between donor/receiver)
REDD+ to incentivize quantifiable results: Payments for performance
Should allow for ownership over reform, integration of context, and for turning tables from aid receiver to service provider
REDD+ shifted away from market-based to public fund-based, performance element remains
Risks of ‘aidification’ of REDD+, but lessons available (Angelsen
2016)
Key trendsObjectives: CO2 Co-benefits
Funding: Rich pay poor REDD+ countries
Policies: PES Broad PAMs Forest policies
Funding: Market Public (aid)
Scale: National Local/projects
Challenges in national REDD+
Among others ...
Coordination across sectors and administrative levels (in decentralized systems)
Tenure, financing systems, benefit sharing and participation
MRV systems and capacity
Scope, scale, permanence, leakage
Sovereignty and ownership over process and reform(s)
Capacity and political will to address the drivers of forest carbon change (driven oftentimes by interests of powerful elites), access/availibility to data on sectorial contributions to DD, and identifying an effective policy mix