Forestry across management and knowledge systems Reviewing Canadian experiences in harmonizing...
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Transcript of Forestry across management and knowledge systems Reviewing Canadian experiences in harmonizing...
Forestry across management and knowledge systemsReviewing Canadian experiences in harmonizing Aboriginal and
industry interests
Stephen Wyatt1, Jean-François Fortier2, Solange Nadeau3, David Natcher4, Ron Trosper5, Peggy Smith6, Luc Bouthillier7, Martin Hébert7,
1 Faculté de foresterie, UMCE, 4165 boulevard Hébert, Edmundston (N.-B.), [email protected] Laurentien Forest Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., C.P. 10380, Québec (QC), Canada G1V 4C7
3Atalnatic Forestry Centre, Fredericton (N.-B.), 4University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (SK)5University of British Columbia, Vancouver (C.-B.), 6Lakehead University, Thunder Bay (ON), 7Université Laval, Québec (QC)
Project objectivesThis project seeks to synthesise the state of knowledge concerning ways to
harmonize Aboriginal and forest industry interests in Canada, as well as
experiences with mapping and studies of Aboriginal use, occupation and
knowledge of forestlands. A review of the various studies, research and projects
across Canada should allow us to identify best practices to assist people on the
ground to develop and implement their own collaborative mechanisms for
sustainable management of forestlands.
A meta-synthesisThis research uses an approach called the meta-synthesis. This method enables us to
compare and analyse a range of different qualitative case studies by integrating and re-
interpreting the results, concepts and models (Finfgeld, 2003). We collect existing studies
and documents, take a sample of these using a set of criteria, and develop a framework
which covers the variety of different concepts and conclusions from the existing work
(Bondas & Hall, 2007 ; Padgee et al. 2006 ; Beierle & Cayford, 2002). It is a research method
that is appropriate for reviewing knowledge about harmonization and collaboration
processes for Aboriginal peoples involved in forest management in Canada. The meta-
synthesis allows us to use information from different sources:
Success or failure ?What makes the difference ?
Although we do not yet know all the factors that can lead to the success or failure of a
project, here are some of those that we will be examining.
Collaboration and harmonization projects
There are hundreds or thousands of projects across
Canada. We know about some of them, but we would
like to learn of others.
If you are involved in a project, or
if you know of an interesting or innovative project,
please provide us with some information and the details
of a person we could contact ?
State of Knowledge reportCollaboration and harmonization
A State of knowledge report on collaboration and harmonization will present a synthesis
of Canadian experiences organised around a number of key themes that are common to
a number of cases. We hope to identify an analytical framework that will show the links
between these themes and potential ways of supporting collaboration, as well as the
barriers that exist. The report will also consider possible contributions for all groups,
propose policy options and identify future research needs.
State of Knowledge reportLanduse and occupancy studies
Over the years, numerous landuse and occupancy studies have been carried out across
Canada. However, the results have not always met expectations of the groups involved.
This report will examine both success stories and problem cases in order to identify best
practices for collecting, mapping and using traditional knowledge, as well as the traps to
avoid. We also hope to better understand the links between such studies and other
approaches to collaboration and harmonization. This report will also propose policy
options and identify ides for future research.
Results et outputs
With such a diversity, how can we recognise the key
factors which contribute to successfully harmonizing
Aboriginal and industrial interests.
• What helps or harms collaboration ?
• What is “harmonization”, what is “consultation” ?
• Which is better - co-management, tenure or a
joint venture ?
• How do we judge the success or failure of a
project ?
I’m even more confused now...Co-management
TenureTraditionalknowledge
Consultation MoUs
Harmonization Partnerships
Specifically, we will :
• Establish a databank of case studies and
existing research.
• Identify links between different approaches
to collaboration and develop a common
framework.
• Validate this framework with experts from
Aboriginal Nations, industry and
government.
• Describe the lessons learned and propose
appropriate policy options.
• Scientific studies
• Reports and working papers
• Existing syntheses
• Experiences and views of on-ground
experts
• Case studies
DatabankThe databank of case studies and experiences will firstly be a tool for documenting and
comparing cases across Canada in order to complete the two State of Knowledge
reports. However, we believe that this information will also be an important resource for
Aboriginal nations, forestry companies and governments who wish to learn from the
experiences of others, to improve their own processes or to develop new ideas. We hope
to be able to make this databank available on the internet for the benefit of all.
IntroductionRecent years have seen a multitude of new initiatives involving Aboriginal peoples in
the management and development of Canada’s forests. We are seeing new
opportunities for collaboration between Aboriginal Nations, the forest industry, federal
and provincial governments and other groups. Often, each project is adapted to its
specific situation and the interests of those who are participating. There are, of
courses, successes and failures, whether for one party or another.
Objectives Institutions Relations ContextAre objectives and expectations compatibles?
•Rights and responsibilities for forestlands.
•Sharing benefits
•Improving management practices
•Occupation of the land.
What are the processes ?
Who has the power to make decisions ?
What resources are available ?
Who is participating ?
How can we build harmonious relations ?
Is there mutual confidence and respect ?
What is the history of relations between the groups ?
Are there existing :
• treaties, agreements ?
• industry or government policies ?
• conflicts between Nations and others ?
• Pressures to develop or use the land ?We need your help !
Working papers and reports
Internal reports, working papers and project evaluations
often contain important information that can help us to
understand why a project succeeded or failed.
If you, or someone else, has such information and you are
prepared to share them, we ask you to contact us.
We would like to learn from your experience, while also
respecting the confidentiality of your information.
WorkshopsMuch information always remains in the heads and hearts of
people involved and on-ground experts - whether they are
Aboriginal, from the government, in the industry or
academics.
We will be organising several workshops to enable these
experts to discuss and compare their ideas and
explanations and to check the ideas of the research team.
If you have particular experiences with a number of
collaboration cases, please let us know and we will discuss
how you can contribute to our workshops.
Collaboration and harmonizationA range of options for Aboriginal Nations
and the forest industry
Treaties and agreements
Treaties and final agreements resolve major questions about the control and the use of
lands, while sector agreements may be limited to a single set of activities (such as forestry).
All of these establish power-sharing between governments and Aboriginal Nations. Often
they will also create new governance institutions, or renew traditional ones.
Co-management Land sharing Delegation
Paix des braves & James Bay Convention (Qc)
Divided up the land, established the Cree-
Quebec Forestry Council, etc.
Business partnerships
Business partnerships may take different forms. Many Aboriginal Nations have
established forestry companies which sub-contract to the industry. Elsewhere,
communities and forest industries form joint ventures, such as for a sawmill.
Forestry companies Joint ventures Contracting
Mapping and use of traditional knowledge
Across Canada, researchers have studies Aboriginal communities to learn about their use,
their occupation and their knowledge of forestlands. However, It is often difficult to use this
information in forestland management while respecting both Aboriginal and industry
interests.
Occupation studies Traditional knowledge
Aboriginal forest tenures
Obtaining a tenure on public forest lands, such as a Forest Management Licence, gives an
Aboriginal nation rights and responsibilities similar to those of forest industries. several
provinces have developed tenure options specifically for Aboriginal nations.
Licences CAAF FRAs
Forestry in evolutionForestry in evolution
Forest management in Canada is changing. New ideas, concepts and initiatives provide
opportunities for all actors to review their vision, their practices, their existing relationships,
and to develop new ones.
Certification Ecosystem Model forests
management
Consultation
Consultation is becoming more and more widespread in forestry. There are numerous ways of doing this, including Round Tables, public meetings and advisory committees. It is
important to know the mandate or role of the process, who is managing or leading it, how events will be organised and who will be participating.
Committee Participation Round Table
for achieving different objectives
Sharing benefitsForest harvesting and forest land management provide
economic benefits in royalty payments, employment,
business opportunities, training, etc.
Aboriginal Nations expect to benefit from these
opportunities, as do the industry and the government.
Different options
A respectful forestryMany Nations are concerned by the impact of forestry
practices on the environment and on their traditional
activities.
They hope to see management which is more respectful
of forestlands.
Occupying the landFor many Aboriginal people, the forest is not just a place
where there are trees and animals. It is a place where
they live, essential for their identity and culture - a “milieu
de vie”.
They wish to occupy the land and care for it.
Responsibilities and rights for the landThe link between Aboriginal people and the land involves their responsibilities and rights for this land. Currently, there is much debate around
question of ancestral rights and Aboriginal title. However, recognising these rights confirms a particular way of occupying the land. This means
enabling Aboriginal people to identify and develop their own ways of exercising their responsibilities for the land.
Nisga’a (B.-C.)
In 1998, the Nisga’a obtained 2 000 km2
of their land, but the forest industry
maintained its rights for 5 years.
Norsask Forest Products (Sk)
In 1988, Norsask was established as joint
venture between Meadow Lake Tribal Council
et Millar Western. Now MLTC is sole owner.
Services forestiers Atikamekw Aski, Wemotaci (Qc)
For over 25 years, SFAA has completed
management contracts for the industry.
Ndoho Istchee (Qc)A new process developed by the Cree
Model Forest so that families and elders can contribute their knowledge in forest
planning.
Chief Kerry’s MooseAn excellent book on the issues and techniques associated with collecting
and using traditional knowledge.www.ecotrust.org/publications
Scierie Opitciwan (Qc)
The Atikamekw of Opitciwan hold a CAAF
which gives them management and harvesting
rights over a part of Nitaskinan.
Carrier-Sekani Nation (B.-C.)
The seven communities of the Carrier-Sekani Nation hold 29 forest tenures. Various tenure types have different
advantages and disadvantages.
« New relationship » (C.-B.)
In 2005, BC First Nations and the provincial
government established a new framework for
negotiation and consultation.
Harmonization measures (Qc)
Enable Aboriginal communities and the
industry to negotiate and modify
forestry plans and practices.
Cree Model Forest, Waswanipi (Qc)
A partnership between the Cree, the industry
and the Quebec government to develop new
approaches to forest management.
Ecosystem management Innu Nation of Labrador
A new management plan based on
Innu vision and priorities.