Forest society and colonialism 2
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Transcript of Forest society and colonialism 2
Forest Society and Colonialism
The Rise of Commercial Forestry
The Rise of Commercial Forestry
• How were the lives of the people affected?
• How did Forest Rules affect Cultivation?
• Who could hunt?
• New Trades, New Employments and New Services
The Rise of Commercial Forestry
1) British needed forest to build ships and railways
2) They were worried about the reckless felling of trees by local traders
3) British invited a German expert, Dietrich Brandis and made him the first IG of Forests in India
4) Proper system to manage forests and Science of Conservation
5) Rules about the use of Forest Resources
6) Brandis set up the IFS in 1864 and helped formulate the IFA of 1865
7) The Imperial Forest Research Institute at Dehradun in 1906 and ‘Scientific Forestry’ was taught
Dietrich Brandis
The Imperial Forest Research Institute at Dehradun in 1906
The Rise of Commercial Forestry
Scientific Forestry
One type of trees
Trees are planted instraight rows
Natural Forestry
Has lots of differenttypes of trees.
Trees are grownrandomly
Process of Scientific Forestry
Planted 1 type of
nurseries
Plantation was in a
straight row
Forest Officials surveyed the forest
Working plans for
Forest Mgnt
Planned how much
of the plantation area to cut every year
The area cut was
then to be replanted
The India Forest Act 1878
Reserved Forest
• The best forests were called reserved forests
• Villagers were not allowed to take anything from these forests
Protected Forest
• Villagers were allowed to take wood for house building or fuel
Village
Forest
• Villagers were allowed to take wood for house building or fuel
Idea of good forests
1. Forest Dept wanted trees to build ships and railway s
2. They needed trees that could provide hard wood and were tall and straight
3. Only teak and sal were promoted and others were cut.
4.
1. Wanted forests with a mixture of species to satisfy different needs
2. Villagers were dependent on forest for forest products
3. Wood for houses, grazing cattle, collecting fruits and roots, hunting and fishing,
4.Forest Act meant severe hardship for villagers across the nation
Fore
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Villagers id
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How were the lives of the people affected?
Cutting wood for building houses, grazing their cattle, collecting fruits and roots,hunting and fishing
People were forced to steal wood form the forests and if they wee caught, they were at the mercy of the forest guards who would take bribes from them.
Police constables and forest guards harassed people by demanding freefood from them
Illegal
Steal
Harassment
How did Forest Rules Affect Cultivation?
1. Shifting Cultivation or swidden agriculture is a traditional agricultural practice in many parts of Asia, Africa and South America.
2. Parts of forest are cut and burnt in rotration.
3. Seeds are sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rains.
4. The crop is harvested by Oct-Nov.
5. Such plots are cultivated for a couple of years and then left fallow for 12 to 18 years for the forest to grow back.
6.
Shifting Cultivation
Who could Hunt?
1. People survived by huntingdeer, partridges & a variety ofsmall animals
1. Forest Law prohibitedhunting
2. Those who were caughthunting were punished forpoaching
After Forest Laws Before Forest Laws
New Trades, Employments and Services
1. Many communities left their traditional occupations and started trading in forest products. For example, Mundurucu peoples of the Brazilian Amazon.
2. British Govt gave many large European firms the sole right to trade in the forest products of particular areas.
3. Grazing and hunting in local people were restricted.
4. Many tribes were forced to work in factories, mines and plantations under govt supervision.