THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENT

FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN

FOR

ITWARA GROUP OF CENTRAL FOREST RESERVES

FOR THE PERIOD 1st July 2008 – 30th June 2018

Union

Financed by the European

Union

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FOREWORD

Section 28 of the National Forestry and Tree Planting Act, 2003 provides that Central Forest Reserves must be managed in accordance with approved Forest Management Plans. The Plan takes into account international instruments and arrangements that have been coming out of the International Forestry Policy dialogue since the Rio Summit in 1992. It is also in line with the national macro-economic processes like the Poverty Eradication Plan, the Plan for Modernization of

Agriculture, the Environment & Natural Resources Sector Investment Plan, and the Uganda Vision 2035. This Forest Management Plan has been prepared in consultation with stakeholders and especially the local communities. The objectives of, and activities in this Forest Management Plan will be implemented during the next 10 years, in line with the national development theme of Growth, Employment and Prosperity for All. Therefore, all stakeholders working within the Itwara Group of Central Forest Reserves are obliged to align their activities with this Forest Management Plan. Implementation of the activities in this Forest Management Plan will lead to increased forest health that will benefit local communities and all Ugandans in terms of livelihood improvement, revenue for Government and contribution towards environmental stability and the international society as a whole. The Plan will also provide opportunities for local communities, civil society organizations, the private sector and other investors to participate and benefit from management of Itwara Group of Central Forest Reserves. Therefore, in accordance with Section 28 of the National Forestry and Tree Planting Act, 2003, I approve this Forest Management Plan. ___________________________________ Date ……………………………… Hon. Maria Mutagamba MINISTER OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENT

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The NFA staff of Katugo MPA would like to thank those who participated in the preparation of this Forest Management Plan. In particular, my sincere thanks and gratitude go to political leaders who supported the work through participation at various levels. The valuable contributions of the local people and other stakeholders who were actively involved in giving information and relevant data towards the preparation of this Management Plan are also appreciated. My Special thanks and gratitude go to the NFA who provided the funds for the technical back up support throughout the preparation. I am indebted to the planning team/task force who tirelessness put in all effort to ensure that the process of the preparing this plan is successfully completed. Special thanks go to local council members and communities who participated in consultations that resulted into this forest management plan. Lastly, I thank Chris Otim, Coordinator, Corporate Planning, Obed Tugumisirize, Plantations Specialist, Steve Amooti Nsita, Manager, Forest Resources Management and Conservation Programme, Ms. Betty Nakyobe Bossa, Forest Supervisor Itwara, Muteba Thomas, Range Manager Muzizi River Range, Acaye Godfrey, Coordinator, Natural Forest Conservation, Olav Bjella, Former Executive Director, NFA, Jones Ruhombe, Former Director, Field Operations Division, Mr. Paul Buyerah Musamali, Director, Corporate Affairs, Naguti Rennie, Former Sector Manager, Itwara, Kamukama Benjamin, Sector Manager, Itwara and Sentongo Joseph, Former Range Manager, Muzizi River. Their technical support and inputs have contributed a lot towards preparation of this Plan.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

Term Meaning

Biological diversity

The variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. (Sophie Higman, et al 2002)

Buffer Zone A zone within a protected area, protecting particularly sensitive areas such as strict nature reserves from undue human pressure that may exist outside the protected area, usually by allowing some limited and controlled human use within the buffer (Simon Grove, 1995)

Deforestation Change of land cover with depletion of tree crown cover to less than 10% (European Forest Institute, 2002).

Ecosystem A community of all plants and animals and their physical environment, functioning together as an interdependent unit. (Sophie Higman, et al 2002)

Endangered species Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range (Sophie Higman, et al 2002)

Enrichment planting The practice of planting trees within a natural forest to supplement natural regeneration (Sophie Higman, et al 2002)

Environmentally sensitive area

An area of land which is particularly susceptible to damage by forestry operations and where operations are prohibited or restricted: for example wetlands, watersheds, streamside buffer zones, conservation zones, recreation areas, areas near human settlements, sites of special ecological significance, habitats of rare or endangered species. (Sophie Higman, et al 2002)

Forest

An area of at least one hectare of land with a minimum tree canopy cover of 30% and a minimum tree potential height of 5 metres (derived from UNFCCC, 2001). It includes all alpine, tropical high and medium altitude forests, woodlands, wetland and riparian forests, plantations and trees, whether on land held in trust by government (gazetted Forest Reserves, National Parks and Wildlife Reserves) or non-gazetted land - mailo, leasehold, freehold or customary lands (Forestry Policy, 2001).

Forest certification The process of verification by a body of proven independence that the management of a forest has reached a specified standard (Uganda Forestry Policy, 2001)

Forest degradation The reduction of the capacity of a forest to provide goods and services. Capacity includes maintenance of ecosystem structure and functions (2nd Expert Meeting on Harmonising Forest-Related Definitions Used by Various Stakeholders, 2002)

Forest ecosystem Any natural or semi-natural formation of vegetation whose dominant element is trees, with closed or partially closed canopy, together with the biotic and abiotic environment (National forestry and Tree Planting Act, 2003)

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Term Meaning

Forest management The practical application of scientific, economic, and social forestry principles to the administration of forests for specific forestry objectives (National forestry and Tree Planting Act, 2003)

Forest management unit (FMU) An area of forest under a single or common system of forest management (Sophie Higman, et al 2002)

Forest Reserve (FR)

An area declared by law to be a central or local forest reserve (National forestry and Tree Planting Act, 2003). For purposes of natural forests, forest reserves are placed in Category VI (Managed Resource Protected Area) of IUCN Categories for Nature Protection. This Category of protected area is managed mainly for the sustainable use of natural ecosystems.

Forestry

The management and conservation of forests and trees, and includes the management of land that does not have trees growing on it, but which forms part of an area reserved for or dedicated to forestry (National Forestry and Tree Planting Act, 2003). It includes all activities related to forests, tree growing, forest produce, forest conservation, forest management and forest utilisation (Forestry Policy, 2001)

Natural forest Forest areas where most of the principle characteristics and key elements of native ecosystems such as complexity, structure and diversity are present (Sophie Higman, et al 2002)

No-timber forest product (NTFP) All forest products except timber, including other materials obtained from trees such as resins and leaves, as well as any other plant and animal products (Sophie Higman, et al 2002)

Woodland Land that has a crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 30% of trees not able to reach a height of 5metres at maturity (FAO 2000a (FRA 2000 Main Report) but modified to read canopy cover of 30% instead of 10%)

Permanent Forest Estate (PFE) Land that is set aside for forestry activities in perpetuity (Uganda Forestry Policy, 2001)

Production Forest Forested areas, which are treated by using specific silvicultural practices. The stands are treated repeatedly and sometimes in order to achieve multi-purpose goals (European Forest Institute, 2002).

Production Zone As for “production forest” but the area is part of the overall forest nature conservation programme.

Protected Area All land gazetted and held in trust by government, such as Forest Reserves, National Parks and Wildlife Reserves (Uganda Forestry Policy, 2001)

Savanna Grassland dotted with trees. Grasses form the predominant vegetation type, usually mixed with herbs and shrubs, with trees scattered individually or in small clumps (TheFreeDisctionary.com Encyclopedia)

Strict Nature Reserve An area within a forest reserve set aside for species and habitat protection and in which only research, education and monitoring are permitted. (National forestry and Tree Planting Act, 2003).

Sustainable forest management (SFM)

The management of forest resources so as to supply goods and services to satisfy the needs of present and future generations in perpetuity (Uganda Forestry Policy, 2001)

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Term Meaning

Sustained yield Production of forest products on a perpetual basis, ensuring that the rate of removal of forest products does not exceed the rate of replacement over the long term. (Sophie Higman, et al 2002)

Threatened species Any species which is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range (Sophie Higman, et al 2002)

Tropical Moist Forests (TMF) - also known as tropical rain forests

Broadleaf forests found in a belt around the equator and are characterized by warm humid climates with high year-round rainfall. Uganda's TMFs belong to the Afrotropic Ecozone with the flagship Albertine Rift forests that extend to Congo (DRC), Burundi, Rwanda, and Tanzania (TheFreeDisctionary.com Encyclopedia). Normally forests are evergreen although some species may shed their leaves periodically.

Forest Encroachment Activities that occupy a forest or part thereof without legal permission. It may include such activities as settlement, cultivation, grazing, etc.

District Forest Service

Includes local governments, service providers and farmers with responsibility for mobilising and co-ordinating forestry extension services in the districts, and developing forestry activities on farms, around forest reserves and in private and customary forests, through support services and incentives for sustainable forest management (NFP, 2002).

ACRONYMS AAC Annual Allowable Cut AFO Assistant Forest Officer AOP Annual Operations Plan AWP Annual Work Plan BZ Buffer Zone oC Degree Centigrade CBO Community Based Organisations CFM Collaborative Forest Management CFR Central Forest Reserve Cm Centimeter CPT Compartment CU.M (M3) Cubic Metre DDP District Development Plan DEP District Environment Profile DFDP District Forestry Development Plan DFO District Forest Officer DFS District Forestry Services DLG District Local Government DSO Department Standing Orders EC European Commission EI Exploratory Inventory EU European Union FD Forestry Department FMP Forest Management Plan FNCMP Forest Nature Conservation Master Plan FORRI Forestry Research Institute FR Forest Reserve FRMCP Forest Resources Management and Conservation Programme GoU Government of Uganda ISSMI Integrated Stock Survey Management Inventory ITTO International Tropical Timber Organisation Kg Kilogramme LC Local Council (1,2,3 & 5 of Uganda) LFR Local Forest Reserve LN Legal Notice MDLG Mukono District Local Government MPA Management Plan Area MoU Memorandum of Understanding MWLE Ministry of Water. Lands and Environment NBS National Biomass Study (of FD) NEMA National Environment Management Authority NFA National Forestry Authority NFM & CP Natural Forest Management and Conservation Project NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NFTP Non-Timber Forest Products PSP Permanent Sample Plot PZ Production Zone SFM Sustainable Forest Management SI Statutory Instrument

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SNR Strict Nature Reserve UGX Uganda Shillings UPDF Uganda People’s Defense Forces UWA Uganda Wildlife Authority WC Working circle

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................................. III

DEFINITION OF TERMS .................................................................................................................................. IV

ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................................................................... VII

LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................................................XII

MAPS ...................................................................................................................................................................... XIII

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ XVI

CHAPTER 1: PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION......................................................................................................... 9

1.1. NAME, LOCATION, BOUNDARIES AND AREA .............................................................................................. 9

1.2. LEGAL STATUS, OWNERSHIP AND PRIVILEGES ......................................................................................... 10

1.3. TOPOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................................... 11

1.4. GEOLOGY (SOILS AND DRAINAGE) ........................................................................................................... 11

1.5. CLIMATE ................................................................................................................................................... 11

1.6. VEGETATION AND EXISTING CROP ........................................................................................................... 12

THE PLANNING PROCESS ............................................................................................................................ 13

CHAPTER 2: DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST RESOURCE .................................................................... 14

2.1. ECOLOGICAL RESOURCE ......................................................................................................................... 14

Overall ............................................................................................................................................................... 14

2.2. TOURISM ................................................................................................................................................... 10

2.3. TIMBER RESOURCE .................................................................................................................................. 10

CHAPTER 3: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................. 12

3.1. ECONOMIC VALUES OF THE CFRS .......................................................................................................... 12

3.2. MARKETS, GROWTH STATISTICS AND YIELD ........................................................................................... 12

3.3. STAKEHOLDERS ANALYSIS AND PARTNERSHIPS ..................................................................................... 15

3.4. THREATS AND CONFLICTS ....................................................................................................................... 16

3.5. INFRASTRUCTURE (ROADS AND HOUSING) .............................................................................................. 16

3.6. STAFF AND LABOUR ................................................................................................................................. 17

3.7. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE ................................................................................................................... 17

CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................. 22

4.1. BIODIVERSITY CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................................. 22

4.2. WATERSHEDS AND RIVERS ...................................................................................................................... 22

4.3. VULNERABLE/ECOLOGICALLY FRAGILE AREAS ....................................................................................... 22

4.4. OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES............................................................................................................. 22

CHAPTER 5: HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................. 24

5.1. HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................................................... 24

CHAPTER 6: MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS ......................................................................................... 25

6.1. BASIS OF THE PLAN .................................................................................................................................. 25

6.2. VISION AND MISSION ................................................................................................................................ 25

6.3. OBJECTIVES OF MANAGEMENT AND WORKING CIRCLES ........................................................................ 25

PERIOD OF THE PLAN .............................................................................................................................................. 25

6.4. THE BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION WORKING CIRCLE .......................................................................... 26

6.5. THE PRODUCTION WORKING CIRCLE ...................................................................................................... 26

6.6. THE PLANTATION WORKING CIRCLE ....................................................................................................... 27

6.7. THE COLLABORATIVE FOREST MANAGEMENT WORKING CIRCLE .......................................................... 27

6.8. THE RESEARCH WORKING CIRCLE .......................................................................................................... 27

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CHAPTER SEVEN: MITIGATION OF ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL IMPACTS .................................. 30

7.1. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS .................................................................................................. 30

CHAPTER 8: MANAGEMENT AND LOGISTICS ....................................................................................... 32

8.1. STAFF ....................................................................................................................................................... 32

8.2. LABOUR .................................................................................................................................................... 32

8.3. INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................................... 32

8.4. EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS ........................................................................................................................... 33

CHAPTER 9: FINANCIAL FORECASTING ................................................................................................ 36

9.1. REVENUE FROM THE PRODUCTION WC ................................................................................................... 36

9.2. REVENUE FROM THE CONSERVATION WORKING CIRCLE ....................................................................... 36

9.3. REVENUE FROM PRIVATE TREE PLANTING WORKING CIRCLE ............................................................... 38

9.4. COLLABORATIVE FOREST MANAGEMENT WORKING CIRCLE .................................................................. 38

9.5. SUMMARY OF REVENUE ........................................................................................................................... 37

9.6. EXPENDITURE ........................................................................................................................................... 38

CHAPTER 10: MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................................................. 39

10.1. FIELD VISITS ............................................................................................................................................. 39

10.2. MONITORING TEAM .................................................................................................................................. 39

10.3. NFA BOARD OF DIRECTORS .................................................................................................................... 39

10.4. PERFORMANCE AGREEMENT MONITORING COMMITTEE ........................................................................ 39

10.5. VALUE FOR MONEY AUDITS ..................................................................................................................... 39

10.6. MONITORING FOR SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT ....................................................................... 40

10.7. RECORDS ................................................................................................................................................. 40

10.8. SUMMARY OF PRESCRIPTIONS IN THE FMP ............................................................................................ 41

APPENDIX 1: MAIN TIMBER SPECIES IN ITWARA AND MUHANGI CFRS BY COMPARTMENT ................................. 42

APPENDIX 2: ITWARA FOREST RESERVE - STAND TABLE OF TOTAL VOLUME (M3) FOR 4,496.0 HA

IN THE PRODUCTION ZONE ..................................................................................................................................... 48

APPENDIX 3: MONITORING & EVALUATION FRAMEWORK FOR THE FMP FOR ITWARA GROUP OF CFRS ........... 62

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List of Tables Table 1: Details CFRs within Itwara Group of CFRs ................................................................................9 Table 2: Gazzetement of CFRs within the Itwara Group of CFRs ........................................................ 10 Table 3: Common tree species in Itwara CFR ....................................................................................... 12 Table 4: Some common tree species in Muhangi CFR ......................................................................... 12 Table 5: Some Common Tree Species in N. Rwenzori CFR ................................................................. 12 Table 6: Summary table of biodiversity values for Itwara .................................................................... 14 Table 7: Summary of timber stocking in Itwara and Muhangi CFRs ................................................... 10 Table 8: Commonest Timber Species for Marketing in Itwara CFR .................................................... 13 Table 9: Commonest Timber Species for Marketing in Muhangi CFR ................................................ 14 Table 10: Stake holder analysis .............................................................................................................. 15 Table 11: staffing structure ..................................................................................................................... 17 Table 12: Itwara CFR revenue and expenditure July 2005-june 2006) ................................................ 17 Table 13: N. Rwenzori CFR – Revenue and Expenditure, July 2005 – June 2006 .............................. 18 Table 14: Rivers in some forest reserves .............................................................................................. 22 Table 15: Functions of Central Forest Reserves ................................................................................... 26 Table 16: Calculating the Area to be harvested in Itwara & Muhangi CFRs ....................................... 26 Table 17: Key Environmental Impacts of Forest Management ............................................................ 30 Table 18: Staff disposition ...................................................................................................................... 32 Table 19: Equipment and tools ............................................................................................................... 33 Table 20: Revenue and Expenditure for the Production Working WC ................................................ 36 Table 21: Revenue Projections for Itwara Ecotourism Site ................................................................. 37 Table 22: Monetary Values Key Ecosystem Services of Forests in the Itwara Group of

CFRs (UGX p.a) ................................................................................................................................ 37 Table 23: Revenue from private tree planting in Itwara and North Rwenzori ................................... 38 Table 24: Summary of Revenue and Payment for Ecosystem Services for Itwara Group of

CFRs (mill UGX) ............................................................................................................................... 37 Table 25: Expenditure (UGX mill) ............................................................................................................ 38

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Maps Map 1: Location of Itwara Group of Central Forest Reserves Error! Bookmark not defined. Map 2: Vegetation Cover and Topography and Drainage in the Itwara MPA 13 Map 3: Biodiversity Zones in Itwara CFR 15 Map 4: Itwara Central Forest Reserve - Compartments 65 Map 5: Muhangi Central forest Reserve - Compartments 66

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Itwara Group of Central Forest Reserves (CFR) covers 8 CFR that constitute the management plan area (MPA). These CFRs are spread in almost all the sub counties of Kabarole, Kyenjojo and Bundibugyo Districts. The FRs cover a total area of 16,656 ha. Planning Process The planning process started early 2005 when a planning team was formed consisting of staff of the National Forestry Authority (NFA) and officers from institutions whose work is closely related to forestry. Members of the team talked to communities adjacent to the forest reserves and information collected was consolidated. The field staff participated fully in the collection of technical data. The forest management plan (FMP) drafted by the field planning team went through a series of reviews led by NFA Headquarters until this FMP was finalized. Content of the Plan This FMP consists of Part 1 and Part 2 which are complementary in effect, offering the reader a complete picture of the area covered. Part 1 covers chapters 1 – 5 giving background information on the MPA, while Part 2 brings out Chapters 6 – 10 of planned management as future activities of FMP implementation. In Part 1, Chapter 1 gives the physical description of the area relating to location, boundaries, legal status, physical and vegetation features of the management plan area (MPA). These aspects generally influence the growth of trees and the crop as a whole. Chapter 2 deals with the description of the forest resource with emphasis timber, non timber, ecological resources. Chapter 3 deals with the socio-economic environment with emphasis on the current situation of infrastructure, staffing and labour. It also outlines trends in revenue and expenditure. Chapter 4 outlines the environmental considerations, namely, wetlands, rivers/streams as well as ecologically fragile areas. It is recognized that activities of local communities positively or negatively affect existence and/or performance of such environmental features. Chapter 5 gives the historical trend of management of the CFRs. In Part 2, Chapter 6 sets out the basis of the FMP objectives that will guide and be followed in the management of the reserves over the next 10 years (01 July 2008 to 30th June 2018). These objectives are: Vision: Sustainably managed forest resources contributing to better community livelihoods and national development Mission: Improved forest management to raise the stocking and socio-economic values of the forest resource base in the MPA Objectives

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1. Conservation of the forest biodiversity and ecological conditions 2. Production of timber and non-timber products in the natural forests,

grasslands and woodlands to the benefit of the people of Uganda 3. Restoration of the functions of the degraded forests and deforested

parts/reserves 4. Enhancement of partnerships with communities surrounding the forests in the

management of the reserves 5. Advancement of knowledge in forest management and the resultant benefits

to stakeholders (local, national & global) The same chapter also gives full details of planned management activities through five (5) specified approaches or working circles. These are: The Production Working Circle – to address sustainable forest management (SFM) issues of the production zones where biodiversity conservation zoning has been done and move the other CFRs towards SFM The Conservation Working Circle – to address and promote biodiversity conservation, restoration of degraded and deforested forests and deliberately manage ecologically fragile areas. The Community Participation Working Circle – to promote community participation, benefit sharing and forest-based enterprise development Research Working Circle – to encourage field staff to generate research questions and conduct basic enquiries at forest level. Where formal research is required, collaboration with other research institutions will be encouraged. The Plantation Working Circle – is intended to increase forest cover and financial returns through tree growing by NFA, communities and the private sector Chapter 7 deals with mitigation of environmental and socio-economic impacts that may occur during the FMP implementation. Appropriate control measures have been proposed to counteract possible negative impacts that could arise and enhance the positive ones. Chapter 8 - spells out the required inputs in terms of human resources and other material supplies. Chapter 9 presents financial forecast. According to the estimates, a total of UGX 7.7 billion will be needed to implement this FMP. When the values of selected ecosystem services are included a total of UGX 13.5 billion can be generated as income. This income is expected to come from public sources (ODA & the

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national treasury) and payment for ecosystem services by the private sector. Otherwise, direct sale of forest produce will generate UGX 1.8 billion. Chapter 10 sets out a monitoring and evaluation framework to guide preparation of more detailed monitoring plans and annual operations plans.

Part 1: GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN AREA

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CHAPTER 1: PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 1.1. Name, Location, Boundaries and Area Table 1 shows the Central Forest Reserves (CFRs) that are located within this forest management plan area (MPA). Table 1: Details CFRs within Itwara Group of CFRs S/N CFR Size (ha) Location (district) Perimeter (km) KA/6 Itwara 8,638 Kabarole &

Kyenjojo 41.4

KA/19 Muhangi 2,044 Kyenjojo 40.8 KA/12 Kibego 1,269 Kyenjojo 15.5 BN/2 Kabango-Ntandi 361 Bundibugyo 7.5 BN/1 Bundikeki 396 Bundibugyo 11.4 BN/3 Mataa 109 Bundibugyo 4.9 BN/5 Nyaburongo 174 Bundibugyo 6.3 BN/4 North Rwenzori 3,665 Bundibugyo 35.47 Total area for

reserves 16,656 163.27

Boundaries The first boundary demarcation took place in 1943 and 1944 by a cut and cairned lines. Revised boundary description was given in G.N 841 of 1948. In 1956-1957 the boundary was completely re opened by use of the land office. Boundary reopening for Nyaburongo CFR, Kabango –Ntandi, Mataa CFR and Bundikeki were carried out first in 1956 under the map sheet references, 56/3,BP 1098; 56/1, BP 1105; 56/3,BP1098 and 56/1.3, 1098, 1105 respectively. According to S/I No. 63 of 1998, initial boundary reopening of Muhangi took place in 1957, and later boundary reopening in Muhangi was carried out in 1997 but was later abandoned due to the rebel activities in the area. Otherwise some cairns and beacons are still visible, though an individual in the community is keeping 11 of the later structures. Some live markers of Senna spectablis marked Kibego CFR. Boundaries for North Rwenzori The Northern and Southern boundaries of the reserve are Rivers Sempaya and Nyakabale respectively. On the east, the reserve extends to Fort Portal – Bundibugyo road. From River Nyabisokoma to Buranga pass, the road is the boundary. The western boundary follows approximately the crest of North Rwenzori hills from the source of Nyakabale to the source of Mongiro River and is marked by a cut and cairned line and by some trees chiefly Eucalyptus species and some Erythrina planted singly at wide intervals along the line. The boundary follows the Mongiro River from its source to the main road south of Sempaya. From there it follows the sections of the road and in parts, cut and cairned lines

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to Sempaya River. Directional trenches have been made at all corners and along the cut line and considerable amount of planting of Euphorbia tree cuttings has been done for demarcation purposes. 1.2. Legal status, ownership and privileges Itwara CFR was first gazetted in 1932 as a production area under legal notice no. 87 of 1932 as un-demarcated Crown Forests of 17 square miles. I n the legal notice 41, of 1946, it was also gazetted and the area changed to 30 square miles. By the legal notice 229 of 1946, it was re-gazetted as a crown Forest of 35.2 square miles. In consolidated re-gazettement of L.N of 1948, it was designated a central forest reserve and allotted a serial no. 231, and by L.N 257 of 1948 the area was increased to 36.13 square miles. Also in L.N no. 11 of 1963, boundary plan no. of 1963, and 1041 with area of 33.3 square miles. Table 2 shows the years of gazettement of the various CFRs in this MPA

Table 2: Gazzetement of CFRs within the Itwara Group of CFRs S/N CFR Year of 1

st

Gazzetement Subsequent Gazzetement Legal notice (L/N)

1. Itwara 1932 1946 87/1932,229/1946,41/1946 2. Muhangi 3. Kibego 1965 4. Kabango-Ntandi Information

lacking Information lacking Information lacking

5. Bundikeki Information lacking

Information lacking Information lacking

6. Mataa Information lacking

Information lacking Information lacking

7. Nyaburongo Information lacking

Information lacking Information lacking

9. North Rwenzori 1946 Information lacking 275/1940

Rights and privileges The National Forestry and Tree Planting Act, 2003 vested the management and control of all CFRs into NFA under Section 54 of the Act. NFA, therefore, holds the mandate to manage all the CFRs in trust for the people of Uganda in accordance with Section 237 (2) (b) of the Constitution (as amended in 2005 by the Constitution (Amendment) Act 21, Section 9(e) of the Republic of Uganda. People are permitted to undertake various socio-economic and other activities in CFRs within provisions of the above Act, particularly under sections 32(1) and 33(1). Under the privileges, forest adjacent communities are allowed to do only those activities that are non-destructive to the forests. These may include collection of firewood, water and other non-timber forest products (NTFPs).

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1.3. Topography Itwara CFR is located 25km away from Lake Albert to the west, and 25km north east of Fort Portal Town. Wamisu and Sogahi Rivers that drain northwards into River Muzizi dissect Itwara. The ground is gently undulating at an altitude of 1220- 1510 m, the highest peak being Kinga at 1665m. The drainage pattern is markedly rectangular. North Rwenzori CFR is part of the mountainous massif of the Rwenzori, which lie on the eastern side of the western rift valley. The western side of the reserve from the sources of Rivers Nyakabale to Mongiro is over 1666m with the highest ridges in the southwest reaching 2167m as altitudes. The land falls away steeply to between 1100m and 1333m to the east and north and to under 1000m near Sempaya. About one quarter of the reserve is over 1667m and about half is over 1500m. 1.4. Geology (soils and drainage) The underlying rocks are sedimentary, strongly folded and metamorphosed, the most common features being the quartzite ridges and forming most of the ridges. These are usually fringed by schist, and most of the low ground is probably underlain by gneiss and similar rocks. In N. Rwenzori, the underlying rocks are of the basement complex, which have been extruded by great pressure above the surrounding. Much faulting occurs which causes frequent earth tremors in the area. Soils are derived from the pre- Cambrian rocks and belong to Harrops classification series (1960). Harrop divided the mountain soils into three units based roughly on the vegetation zones, which in turn are dependent on altitude i.e. the Alpine, broad-leaved mountain, and tall grassland. Generally the N. Rwenzori CFR forms the largest and most important catchment area in the region. Many rivers start in the reserve and the main ones are Nyakibale, Ngisi, Isolo (flowing eastwards) and Mongiro & Sempaya (flowing westwards). Sempaya and Mongiro rivers are largely permanent, and this is so also for the upper reaches of Nyakibale and Solo except during the driest period. 1.5. Climate The climate is tropical with two rainfall peaks from April to May and September to November. An annual mean temperature range is: 15o C minimum and: 27oC maximum. The annual rainfall is 1,250-1400mm. N. Rwenzori CFR is drier with an annual rainfall of 1150-1280 mm but on the eastern side, below 1333m, it is somewhat lower than this. There are two rain seasons; the short rains extending from the end of March to the beginning of

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June and a long rain season from August to November. The periods December to March and June - July are comparatively dry. The prevailing wind is easterly and during dry seasons, hot winds from Ntoroko flats cause rapid drying out on the steeper slopes and shallow soils. 1.6. Vegetation and existing crop 67km2 in Itwara CFR is occupied by type C3 a Parinari forest; 10 km2 is composed of F2 Forest/Savannah mosaic at medium altitude according to the Forest Nature Conservation Master Plan (FNCMP), 2002. Some common tree species in the MPA are shown in Tables 3 - 5 below. Table 3: Common tree species in Itwara CFR Species Common name

Cynometra alexandrii Omuhimdi

Olea welwitschii Omusoko

Celtis durandii Omunyamunuka

Chrysophyllum albidum Omuhabulya

Parinani excelsa Omubura

Celtis zenkeri

Diospyros abyssinica Omuhoko

Fantumia Africana Omujwamata/Omusanda

Sapium ellipticum Omusasa

Strombosia scheffleri Omukora

Celtis Africana Omujunju

Blighia unijugata Mwatibale

Premna angolensis

Table 4: Some common tree species in Muhangi CFR Species Common Name

Cynometra alexandrii Omuhimdi

Olea welwitschii Omusoko

Celtis durandii Omunyamunuka

Chrysophyllum albidum Omuhabulya

Celtis mildbraedii

Strombosia scheffleri Omukora

Celtis zenkeri

Diospyros abyssinica Omuhoko

Table 5: Some Common Tree Species in N. Rwenzori CFR Species

Bridelia Scleroneurodes

Combretum guenzii,

Cussonia arbarea

Erythrina abyscinica

Grewia mollis

13

Maytenus senegalensis,

Pilostigma toning

Stereospermum kunthianum

Terminalia brownii

Vitex doniana

Acacia hockii

Annona chrysophy

Acacia polyacantha

Borassus spp

Gardenia jovis-tonantis

Map 2 shows the land cover and topography characterizing this MPA Map 1: Vegetation Cover and Topography and Drainage in the Itwara MPA

THE PLANNING PROCESS A Technical Planning Team (TPT) was constituted by the Range Manager. It was headed by the Sector Manager and Forest Supervisors in the Range. This team was responsible for the technical aspects of preparing the FMP. In addition, a consultative team including other relevant institutions in the district was constituted to meet periodically to enrich the planning work. The consultative team was also instrumental in mobilising and sensitizing local communities and other stakeholders for FMP development and implementation, and facilitating meetings and workshops. The planning process was characterised by the following milestones: • Review of existing documents, including previous FMPs, inventory data,

various reports, technical documents and various government documents • Consultations with local communities, government departments, civil society

organisations and local leaders. • Preparation of a first draft FMP by the TPT and presentation to a stakeholders

workshop at district level. • Incorporation of the comments from the district stakeholder workshop to

produce the second draft FMP. • Review of the second draft FMP by a local consultant and NFA Headquarter

staff, resulting into a third draft FMP. • Review of the third draft FMP by NFA’s Senior Management Team (SMT) and

submission to NFA’s Board of Directors • Incorporation of comments of the SMT and Board into by another planning

team (consisting of Sector Managers and selected Forest Supervisors at Range level) resulting into a fourth draft FMP.

• Production of the fifth and final draft FMP by a special team a appointed by the Director, Corporate Affairs Department and the Director, Natural Forests

• Submission of the draft final FMP to the Minister of Water and Environment for approval.

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CHAPTER 2: DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST RESOURCE 2.1. Ecological Resource All FRs in this MPA serve the important functions of protecting biodiversity, water catchments, riverbanks, lakeshores and stabilising of steep slopes. Support services Forests in this MPA are part of Uganda’s natural forest cover which plays the important role of ameliorating climatic conditions, thus making it possible for sustained agricultural crop production. Regulation services Forests and woodlands maintain water tables. This makes it possible for the country to rely on underground water supplies. The Government’s ‘water for production’ programme in support of the Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) would be rendered unviable because it requires these natural regulators and reservoirs of water flow. The whole country would be rendered unviable for cattle grazing and agriculture without these CFRs. Biodiversity Itwara CFR has a biodiversity importance value of 11.4; ranking 49th out of the 65 investigated forests (FNCMP, 2002). Its species diversity value is 5.1 and it has a rarity value of 6.3. The forest supports two species found in no other Ugandan forest (1 tree and 1 butterfly). One species is endemic to the Albertine Rift (Table 6). Table 6: Summary table of biodiversity values for Itwara Criterion Trees & Shrubs Birds Mammals Butterflies Moths Overall

No of species known

256

183

9

127

56

-

No. of restricted range species (< 5 forests)

9

5

0

8

5

-

Species unique to forest

Chrysophyllum pentagonocarpum

-

-

Dixeia doxo

-

2 spp

Uganda endemics 0 - - - - - Albertine Rift endemics

Rhytigynia beniensis

-

-

-

-

1 spp

Species diversity (score & rank)

-

4.6(46) 3.2(60) 8.7(11) 6.6 (14)

5.1(54=)

Species rarity value (score & rank)

- 5.9 (23=)

4.2(48=) 5.1(22=) 7(13=) 6.3(27=)

15

Itwara CFR is part of the network of critical biodiversity sites in Uganda. It has therefore been zoned into Strict Nature Reserve (SNR) Zone, Buffer Zone (BZ) and a production Zone (PZ) in the ratio of 23% SNR, 12% BZ and 65% PZ (Map 1).

Map 2: Biodiversity Zones in Itwara CFR

%

r%

#S

#³

N

ZONATION OF ITWARA FOREST RESERVE

To

Fort P

orta

l

Kyangabukana

Kabaseke

Nyakabale

Mabonw a

Kigoyera

Kisangi

1 0 1 2 Kilometres

Scale 1 : 100,000

To L.Alb

ert

Kijura

LOCATION MAP

Footpath / cycle track

Motorable track/road

% Guards house (occupied)

#³ Officer / Ranger house (under construction)

S Officer / Ranger house (proposed)

Infrastructure

Sawmillr

Management Zones

Nature Reserve

Other Uses

Protection (Buffer) Zone

Boundary StatusCutline regularly maintained

Cutline with some live markers ( intervals > 50m)

BURAHYA

COUNTY

MWENGE

COUNTY

0 52' N

30 25' E0

00 52' N

0

030 32' E

0 45' N

Fig A29.1

#STea Estate Road R.Wamuse

R.Sog

ahi

Direction of

Rift Valley/Escarpment

10

Summary of Stocking for Itwara and Muhangi

Cpt Stocked Area

Basal area (m2)

Gross vol/ha

Gross Volume Relict Fair Good

Net vol /ha

Net volume Percentage

Percentage of Net Total

Itwara

1 401 28 127 50,950 21,565 19,274 10,111 73 29,385 58% 11%

4 989 33 144 142,499 56,744 44,324 41,431 87 85,755 60% 32%

5 709 27 95 67,355 26,219 24,385 16,751 58 41,137 61% 15%

6 688 27 80 54,839 23,989 19,416 11,435 45 30,850 56% 12%

9 816 31 85 69,590 30,295 30,771 8,524 48 39,295 56% 15%

10 893 28 87 77,898 38,263 27,967 11,667 44 39,634 51% 15%

Total 4,496 29 103 463,130 197,075 166,137 99,919 59 266,056 57% 100%

Muhangi

1 332 25 127 42,118 17,827 15,933 8,358 73 24,291 58% 17%

2 448 24 104 46,548 20,581 18,552 7,415 58 25,967 56% 18%

3 418 31 128 53,319 22,015 21,398 9,906 75 31,304 59% 22%

4 515 31 144 74,157 29,530 23,066 21,561 87 44,627 60% 32%

5 263 21 95 25,012 9,736 9,055 6,220 58 15,276 61% 11%

Total 1,975 26 122 241,154 99,689 88,004 53,461 72 141,465 59% 100%

Source: Exploratory Inventory Report for Itwara and Muhangi Forest Reserves, December 2005.

2.2. Tourism Among the forests in this MPA, Itwara has the biggest potential for ecotourism. It hosts 256 species of trees, 9 species of mammals, 183 species of birds and 5 species of months. 2.3. Timber resource EI results indicate an overall stocking of 463,130m3(Gross volume) and 266,056m3(Net volume) for Itwara. The stocking for Muhangi is 241,154m3(Gross volume) and 141,465m3(Net volume). The overall basal area for Itwara is 29m2/ha and Muhangi is 26m2/ha. The species abundance and distribution for Itwara is better than Muhangi, which is a Cynometra climax forest. Table 7 summarises the EI results by compartment.

Table 7: Summary of timber stocking in Itwara and Muhangi CFRs

The gross volume has been divided into Relict (not usable), Fair and Good. The net volume indicated is the volume assumed to be useable computed from adding fair and good volume. A percentage analysis of the net volume in relation to gross volume has been done (57% and 59% of the gross volume of Itwara and Muhangi respectively are usable i.e. net). The basal area for all the compartments in Itwara is above 27m2 the optimum t required for harvesting. The basal area for Muhangi on average falls below the optimum of 27m2 apart from compartments 3 (31m2) and 4(31.4m2).Appendix 1 shows the main

11

species in each compartment while Appendix 2 shows the stand table for all species in various diameter classes. Kibego CFR is a relatively young natural forest and it has not yet been inventoried. North Rwenzori CFR is predominantly grassland, while Kabango-Ntandi, Nyaburongo, Mataa and Bundikeki are seriously encroached and have no timber resource.

12

CHAPTER 3: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

3.1. Economic Values of the CFRs A total economic valuation of this MPA has not yet been carried out. However, Itwara CFR is important for supply of high grade furniture timber. The grassland parts are also available for private investors to grow trees for fuelwood for their factories and other commercial uses. There is a high demand for timber, building poles; firewood and various non-timber forest products (NTFPs) including medicinal herbs, honey, mushrooms, water and pastures in Muhangi, Kibego, N. Rwenzori and Itwara CFR. Mataa, Nyaburongo Bundikeki and Kabango-Ntandi are illegally utilised as settlements, grazing areas or gardens. No forest-based activity is taking place in these latter reserves. However, when the illegal activities are stopped, these reserves can be used to grow timber plantations and the other parts can be restored to serve the function of supplying high grade furniture timber and other NTFPs. North Rwenzori has a lot of potential for growing industrial timber plantations not only to supply timber but also for carbon trade since most of it grassland. Given the trends in thinking regarding payment for carbon emissions reductions from avoided deforestation and restoration of the degraded areas, there is enormous potential for carbon trade through the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD) mechanisms that are emerging on the world markets. At an estimated US$4 per ton of carbon, the carbon value of a net of about 10,000 ha is about US$ 10 million annually or UGX 17 billion (at a conservative 250tonnes of carbon held per hectare per year). 3.2. Markets, Growth Statistics and Yield

Markets

The building and construction industry represents the largest market for sawn wood in the country. Itwara CFR has high quality timber class trees, hence the pressure from the communities around it to provide the timber. Tables 8 & 9 show the quantity of timber trees available for sale and it also shows the net volume per ha for the commonest timber species, so that once the area to be harvested is determined, it will give an idea of how much volume is available, which compartments can be harvested and in what order and the expected income annually.

13

Table 8: Commonest Timber Species for Marketing in Itwara CFR

CPT Tree Numbers/ha by Diameter Class

Volume (m3/ha)

Basal area

Most common species with % BA

10-19

20-29

30-39

40-49

50-69

70-89

90+ Bole Net m2/ha

1 Timber 226 65 31 16 19 8 2 148.4 67.7 22.3 Ced(17%), Fua(11%), Dia(9%), Mkl(7%), Pgm(6%) others (49%)

Other 119 16 7 2 3 2 1 30.9 7.5 5.9 Fic(17%), Sts(13%), Baw(10%), Psm(9%), Tro(8%) others (43%)

Total 346 81 37 18 23 9 3 179.4 75.2 28.2

10 Timber 165 74 46 21 17 6 1 127.7 50.9 22.2 Sae(18%), Fua(15%), Olw(12%), Ced(7%), Pra(6%) others (42%)

Other 118 19 8 3 2 1 - 25.1 5.2 5.3 Pna(14%), Fic(8%), Tcn(7%), Tbh(7%), Baw(7%) others (56%)

Total 283 93 53 24 19 8 1 152.8 56.1 27.5

4 Timber 179 73 41 24 20 8 4 174 81 26.1 Ced(17%), Fua(15%), Dia(9%), Cha(9%), Olw(7%) others (44%)

Other 137 20 6 4 3 1 - 34 10.7 6.4 Sts(23%), Fic(14%), Crw(10%), Tbh(10%), Spc(8%) others (37%)

Total 316 92 47 28 23 9 4 208 91.8 32.5

5 Timber 165 59 35 18 15 4 2 117.2 56.4 19 Fua(14%), Ced(14%), Olw(11%), Sae(9%), Mkl(5%) others (48%)

Other 125 23 12 7 5 1 1 48.4 18.4 8.1 Sts(12%), Tro(9%), Mcs(7%), Fic(7%), Tbh(5%) others (60%)

Total 290 82 47 24 19 5 3 165.6 74.8 27.1

6 Timber 194 77 43 21 15 5 2 134.2 58.4 22.3 Sae(20%), Fua(16%), Olw(12%), Ced(12%), Dia(9%) others (32%)

Other 96 16 5 3 2 1 - 22.1 5.1 4.4 Sts(12%), Fic(10%), Baw(10%), Tbh(9%), Crw(8%) others (50%)

Total 289 93 48 23 17 6 3 156.3 63.5 26.7

9 Timber 204 102 47 22 21 6 1 152.5 70.4 25.5 Olw(17%), Ced(13%), Dia(11%), Fua(11%), Sae(10%) others (37%)

Other 133 18 6 5 2 1 1 29.7 6.8 5.7 Pna(12%), Tbh(12%), Baw(11%), Fic(9%), Spc(9%) others (47%)

Total 337 120 54 27 23 7 2 182.2 77.2 31.3

14

Table 9: Commonest Timber Species for Marketing in Muhangi CFR

CPT Tree Numbers/ha by Diameter Class Volume (m3/ha)

Basal area

Most common species with % BA

10-19

20-29

30-39

40-49

50-69

70-89 90+ Bole Net m2/ha

1 Timber 90 31 20 11 11 6 9 156 58.5 22

Cya(54%), Cez(18%), Cha(6%), Hog(4%), Dok(3%) others (15%)

Other 89 11 4 1 - - - 11.3 1.2 2.6

Alc(23%), Cta(19%), Mdu(19%), Aph(10%), Fic(7%) others (23%)

Total 180 43 24 12 12 6 9 168 59.7 24.6

2 Timber 109 29 14 7 14 13 8 144 51.8 22

Cya(72%), Cez(12%), Cem(6%), Cha(2%), Dok(1%) ~(6%)

Other 57 8 2 - - - - 6.8 1.2 1.7

Lsm(17%), Alc(16%), Fic(13%), Mdu(7%), Bap(7%) others (41%)

Total 166 36 16 7 15 13 8 151 53 23.7

3 Timber 67 30 22 12 16 12 13 190 67.5 27.5

Cya(66%), Cez(13%), Cem(5%), Abb(3%), Alg(2%) others (11%)

Other 69 18 8 2 - - - 15.8 3.8 3.6

Lsm(49%), Tuf(16%), Tna(5%), Crw(3%), Tpf(3%) others (23%)

Total 136 48 29 13 17 12 13 206 71.3 31

4 Timber 105 50 21 16 14 8 12 210 89.7 29.1

Cya(70%), Cez(16%), Cem(5%), Cha(2%), Alb(1%) others (5%)

Other 54 10 3 2 1 - - 10.7 1 2.3

Lsm(21%), Tpf(17%), Fic(7%), Baw(6%), Tcn(6%) others (42%)

Total 159 60 24 17 16 8 12 221 90.8 31.4

5 Timber 113 27 16 10 17 6 4 114 36.6 17.7

Cya(57%), Cez(10%), Cha(5%), Cem(5%), Blu(3%) others (21%)

Other 74 9 7 4 1 - - 16 1.3 3.2

Fic(11%), Bap(9%), Aca(8%), Dyc(8%), Cta(7%) others (56%)

Total 187 35 23 13 18 6 4 130 37.9 20.9

There is high demand for fuelwood for industrial processing, especially in the tea industry, brick-making, baking and breweries. On the domestic side, the demand for fuelwood will continue to grow as the population grows and the land units outside the CFRs become smaller and smaller. The income for the communities surrounding the forests is low. Their houses are constructed using poles (mud and wattle), and information from the communities showed a growing need for building poles. Demand for transmission poles will grow country-wide as the push for rural electrification intensifies. Annual consumption of transmission poles has risen from 7,500 in 1999, to 25,000 in

15

2008, valued at UGX 225 million (USD 141,000) and UGX 1 billion (USD 606,000) respectively. The Ministry of Energy estimates that about 150,000 electricity transmission poles will be needed over the next 5 years. Yield There are no permanent sample plots (PSPs) in Itwara and Muhangi, which are the main productive natural forests in this MPA. Before data from PSPs becomes available a conservative estimate of about 0.7 – 1.0m3/ha/year and a rotation of 30 years are being used. This means that about 20-30m3/ha is being harvested per ha over a period of 30 years. 3.3. Stakeholders Analysis and Partnerships The stakeholders are of varying interests. For example, local communities are largely in need of supply of forest produce, whereas institutions like government agencies look at developmental and other aspects that affect the district and the nation. The key stakeholders include institutions like NFA, tea companies like Toro Kahuna (TAMTECO), Finlays, Kabarole, Bundibugyo and Kyenjojo District Councils, sub counties, and local communities. Table 10 for the analysis of stakeholders. Table 10: Stake holder analysis Stakeholder Interest Potential

contribution Remarks

1. Kahuna (TAMTECO) Tree planting for fuel wood

Reduce illegal activities

Specific to Itwara CFR

2. Firewood collectors Firewood None Applies to all 3. Building poles collector

Building poles None Applies to all

4. Hunters Bush meat Honey

None Applies to all

5. Grazers Pasture None Applies to all 6. Medicine collectors Medicinal plants None Applies to all 7. Timber cutters Timber None Applies to all 8. Private tree growers Land for tree growing Revenue and

increased resource base

Applies to all

9. Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA)

Tourist sites near Mungiro River, Water sources from same River

Sharing of revenue

Specific to N. Rwenzori

10. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)

Community surrounding protected areas

Environmental protection

Specific to N. Rwenzori

Collaborative forest management has been initiated in N. Rwenzori CFR, and communities seem to be very receptive.

16

3.4. Threats and Conflicts

A major conflict is between NFA and the local communities. This conflict arises as a result of the NFA’s responsibility of enforcing the law, while the local communities do not want any legal restrictions to have access and use of these CFRs. The people affected are the grazers, settlers as in the case of 4 CFRs in Bundibugyo, cultivators and pitsawyers. Reserves in Bundibugyo, save for N. Rwenzori, are heavily encroached. Communities occupying these reserves are hostile and the problem has been escalated by politicians, who claim that the community in that district lacks land for settlement or cultivation and therefore they look at the reserves as the only alternative/ solution to their problem.

Another conflict was about the boundary. The communities claim that the gazettement exercise of the forest reserves took part of their land; hence wished that the boundaries be re -adjusted. Itwara CFR is under threat from the illegal pitsawyers at the northern and northwestern sections. The neighboring communities mostly do this. In the reserves of N. Rwenzori, Muhangi, Itwara and Kibego, the community noted that the forests harboured rebels (ADF in the 1997 and 2006 rebel incidences) therefore are sources of terror to them. The communities also complained that the CFRs harbour vermin that destroy their crops, and also Filaria flies that cause river blindness in the case of Itwara CFR. The grasslands adjacent to the local communities are vulnerable to encroachment by grazers and hence are prone to bush fires thereby reducing the rate of regeneration. This is common to Itwara, N. Rwenzori and Muhangi CFRs. 3.5. Infrastructure (roads and housing)

Roads/ transport Most reserves have no motorable roads leading to forests. In case of Itwara CFR, the tea companies are maintaining adjacent roads and some points are inaccessible due to lack of adjoining roads, especially during the rainy seasons. Muhangi is inaccessible too, the farthest distance for a vehicle being 3kms from the forest. For the case of Kibego and N. Rwenzori, main roads pass through the reserves, though the western part of the latter reserve is inaccessible due to the difficulty in the terrain, and lack of motorable routes. Housing

17

Itwara CFR has only one wooden dilapidated house, which cannot be inhabited. The station has no toilet and generally it requires major renovation. There is a site in the eastern part of the forest where the building construction stopped at the slab level. One house in N. Rwenzori was renovated, and a sector office is under construction as well in Fort Portal town. Vehicle/ motorcycles The management plan area has no vehicle but has 3 motorcycles, of which 2 are still new and the other one is also in good running condition. 3.6. Staff and Labour The MPA has 1 Sector Manager, and 2 Forest Supervisors, with the Range Manger as the overseer. Table 11 summarises the staffing structure

Table 11: staffing structure

Beat Forest Supervisor Salary rates/grade Itwara 1 5 Bundibugyo 1 5

Apart from the staff that are directly employed by NFA , the MPA employs seven forest patrolmen on contract basis to monitor and avert illegal use of forest resources. Labour is available from local people in all the beats but the cost of man-day varies. In N. Rwenzori its Shs. 3000/=, while for Itwara it is 5000/= and Muhangi is 4000/= 3.7. Revenue and expenditure Most revenue is expected to come from Itwara when harvesting is done; otherwise the current revenue has been obtained from private tree growers. There is no revenue being collected from Muhangi and N. Rwenzori. Private tree growers are a potential source of revenue in the 2 reserves. A part from the palm trees and a few scattered trees in Kibego, there is no potential source of revenue as the forest is still very young. In Itwara 206.8ha has been licensed out to private tree investors; hence the only source of revenue. However, the forest is well stocked for timber production (See Section 2.3). Tables 12 & 13 show the revenue collected during the Financial Year 2005/06.

Table 12: Itwara CFR revenue and expenditure July 2005-june 2006) Month Revenue Expenditure Remarks July 200,000 Patrol costs August 300,000 Patrol costs September 300,000/= Patrol costs October 300,000/= Patrol costs November 50, 000/= 550,000/= Patrol costs, rehabilitation of eucalyptus

plantation & renewal tree growing licences December 500,000/= Patrol costs, boundary maintenance January 600,000/= Patrol costs, boundary maintenance February 300,000/=

18

March 300,000/= April 300,000/= Patrol costs, May Patrol costs, boundary maintenance June

Table 13: N. Rwenzori CFR – Revenue and Expenditure, July 2005 – June 2006

Month Revenue Expenditure Remarks July 50,000 Patrol costs August 50,000 Patrol costs September 360,000/= Patrol costs and boundary costs October 50,000/= Patrol costs November 75, 000/= 1,150,000/= Patrol costs, rehabilitation of

eucalyptus plantation & renewal tree growing licences

December 350,000/= Patrol costs, plantation establishment January 50,000/= Patrol costs February 50,000/= Patrol costs March 533,000/= Patrol costs, CFM meetings&

conservation education April 490,000/= Patrol costs, plantation establishment May June

The expenditure is normally incurred on wages/allowances, fuel and motorcycle repairs, contracts (boundary re-opening, boundary marking, planting of live markers, boundary maintenance, and plantation establishment), community meetings and partnership arrangements especially in N. Rwenzori. Renovation of a building has taken place in the latter reserve.

22

CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 4.1. Biodiversity Considerations Itwara and N. Rwenzori are important biodiversity CFRs. As has been noted before Itwara has a biodiversity importance value of 11.4, species diversity value of 5.1 and 6.3 as rarity value of species represented. Forest supports 2 species found in no other Uganda forest {1 bird and butterfly}. One species is endemic to Albertine Rift. The greatest importance of CFRs in this MPA lies in their values as biodiversity corridors within the Albertine Rift biodiversity hotspot. 4.2. Watersheds and Rivers A number of permanent rivers originate from or pass through the forests in this MPA. Table 14 shows some of the rivers and forests where they occur. Table 14: Rivers in some forest reserves

FOREST Permanent river Itwara Sogahi, Warigo Muhangi Muzizi, Aswa North Rwenzori Ngisi, Nyabisokoma, Itojo, Sempaya and Nyakabare

4.3. Vulnerable/Ecologically Fragile Areas North Rwenzori is one of the forests with a number of steep slopes and therefore it is important that any activity aiming at destruction of vegetation should be fought with full force. River Muzizi along the northern part of Muhangi CFR constitutes a large papyrus wetland that forms the district boundary between Kibale and Kyenjojo Districts. Part of the boundary of Kibego CFR is surrounded by a wetland. The presence of the forest has helped to protect it against destruction. Itwara, Muhangi and Kibego CFR lie within the Muzizi River Watershed and together with the other CFR upstream and downstream, they are very important for maintaining the water supplies of more than 1 million people served by the Muzizi River watershed in Kabarole, Kyenjojo, Kibaale, and Mubende Districts Communities adjacent to all the forests in this management area get water from wells which are distributed throughout the forests 4.4. Other Environmental Issues Communities in Bundibugyo District are rural based, mostly depending on subsistence agriculture for a living. There is therefore a struggle for more

23

agricultural land from time to time in effort to increase crop production for home consumption and selling. As result forests like Kabango Ntandi, Bundikeki, Mataa and Nyaburongo have been encroached. This has resulted into increased destruction of the environmental functions of the CFRs, thereby threatening the very agricultural production that is being sought.

24

CHAPTER 5: HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT 5.1. History of Management Itwara CFR The management of Itwara CFR dates as far back as 1948 when the objective was production of hardwood and it was prescribed that the forest would be conserved against future over-exploitation by a sawmill and that a new boundary, contiguous to the estates, would be opened with care and maintained annually and this was done in 1956 (B. Kingston 1967) The working plan was later revised for the period of 1959-65, with the following primary and secondary management objectives: • Maximum economic sustained production of hardwood timber from the

natural forest • Maximum economic sustained production of plantation timber from the

grasslands. • Maximum economic production of wild coffee • Economic production of fuelwood to meet local needs • Preservation of any ameliorating effects the forest may have on the local

climate and water supplies, with special reference to the neighbouring estates.

• Research of achieving the above objects • Preservation of the suitable areas as nature reserves. In 2004, the CFR was divided into compartments to facilitate management (Appendix 3). This was followed in 2005 with an EI to determine the extent of timber resources and later, in 2006, integrated stock survey and management inventories (ISSMI) was carried out as a precursor to harvesting. Harvesting started in 2007. N. Rwenzori CFR Dale prepared the first working plan in 1948. The object of management was to obtain a tree cover over the area. There were three prescriptions: - • Early burning from the top of the hills downwards should be done annually. • Although the heavy cost of future extraction were against the formation of

timber plantation, it was essential to know what would grow on these hills and therefore the existing sample plots should be tended and others made.

• As there was little encroachment in the CFR, the boundary corner cairns should be inspected and reported annually and Cassia Spectablis {or some other easily recognisable and prominent species) should be planted for 50 yards along the boundary on each side of all corners}

25

The prescriptions were carried out as follows: - • Burning was done annually but with little or no supervision. In the same years

the operation started late and severe fires resulted. • The main sample plots on the northern slopes of Ngisi Hill were tended and in

1950, plots of Pinus taeda, Pinus patula & P. lougigolia were added. In 1956, however, fire destroyed most of the plots and this experiment was abandoned.

Muhangi CFR Like Itwara, division into compartments in 2004 (Appendix 3) led to an EI in 2005 {Appendix 2).

24

PART 2: PLANNED MANAGEMENT

25

CHAPTER 6: MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS 6.1. Basis of the plan NFA is mandated to manage the forests of Uganda to ensure that they are sufficiently forested, ecologically stable and economically productive. Against this background, this plan aims to contribute towards an integrated forest sector that will achieve sustainable increases in economic, social and environmental benefits from forests and trees for all the people of Uganda. As has been mentioned before, the CFRs in this MPA are located within the Muzizi River Watershed. In combination with other reserves along the river and those protecting its tributaries, these forests are invaluable to the communities living in Bundibugyo, Kabarole, Kyenjojo, Kibaale and Mubende Districts. Communities adjacent to all the forests in this MPA get water from wells which are distributed throughout the forests. Communities in Bundibugyo District are rural based, mostly depending on subsistence agriculture for a living. There is therefore a struggle for more agricultural land from time to time in effort to increase crop production for home consumption and selling. As result forests like Kabango Ntandi, Bundikeki, Mataa and Nyaburongo have been encroached. This has resulted into increased destruction of the environmental functions of the CFRs, thereby threatening the very agricultural production that is being sought. The CFRs in this MPA are located in a landscape of steep to undulating hills. The people depend on subsistence, rain-fed agriculture for a living. Therefore it is important to manage these forests so that they can continue fulfilling the ecological functions (slope stabilisation, soil conservation, climate amelioration). Where these functions have been seriously affected, especially in Bundibugyo District, it is important that the forests are restored so that the people can recover the ecological services. The CFRs in this MPA facilitate connectivity between protected areas that constitute the network of critical biodiversity sites in Uganda. They connect the Murchison Falls- Budongo – Bugoma areas with the Rwenzori – Queen Elizabeth – Kibale areas, making conservation of biodiversity in the rich Albertine Rift more viable. The production potential of these forests is very high. They are located in high rainfall areas which make for high productivity and therefore, the grassland areas can be planted with industrial forest plantations. The natural forests, especially Itwara and Muhangi are well stocked with high grade furniture timber species which when sustainably harvested can lead to a thriving solid wood & fibre processing and wood reconstitution industry. This kind of industry becomes even

26

more viable with the presence of the Itwara – Ibambaro – Kitechura – Kagombe Group of CFRs and the private forests in between. It is important to note that forests outside protected areas in this region are being decimated will be no more in less than 5 years. Even with the scattered plantations being established on private lands, forests in protected areas will remain at the forefront of the fight against ecological disasters. Table 15 summarises the functions of the CFRs in this MPA. Table 15: Functions of Central Forest Reserves

No. Range District Forest Reserve

Area (ha)

Notes

1 Muzizi Kyenjojo Itwara 8,638 A natural forest protecting a number of rivers and streams that supply water to the surrounding population. One of the prominent rivers is Muzizi. It is a source of industrial furniture grade timber.

2 Muzizi Bundibugyo Mataa 109 A reserve in the foothills of Mt. Rwenzori. Important for soil stabilisation and protection against landslides

3 Muzizi Bundibugyo North Rwenzori

3,665 Located in the foot hills of Mt. Rwenzori, the CFR serves a soil stablisation function, protecting the area from landslides.

4 Muzizi Bundibugyo Nyaburongo 174 Located in the foot hills of Mt. Rwenzori, the CFR serves a soil stablisation function, protecting the area from landslides.

5 Muzizi Kyenjojo Kibego 1,269 A natural forest that protects the banks of tributaries that feed into River Muzizi. It is also an important forest in biodiversity corridor along river Muzizi

6 Muzizi Kyenjojo Muhangi 2,044 A closed tropical mosit forest that protects the banks of river Muzizi

7 Muzizi Bundibugyo Kabango-Muntandi

361 Located in the foot hills of Mt. Rwenzori, the CFR serves a soil stablisation function, protecting the area from landslides.

8 Muzizi Bundibugyo Bundikeki 396 Located in the foot hills of Mt. Rwenzori, the CFR serves a soil stablisation function, protecting the area from landslides.

Total 16,656

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6.2. Vision and Mission The vision in this FMP is “sustainably managed forest resources contributing to better community livelihoods and national development”. The mission is “improved forest management to raise the stocking and socio-economic values of the forest resource base in the MPA”

6.3. Objectives of Management and Working Circles The objectives of management are: -

1. Conservation of the forest biodiversity and ecological conditions 2. Production of timber and non-timber products in the natural forests,

grasslands and woodlands to the benefit of the people of Uganda. 3. Restoration of the functions of the degraded forests and deforested

parts/reserves 4. Enhancement of partnerships with communities surrounding the forests in the

management of the reserves 5. Advancement of knowledge in forest management and the resultant benefits

to stakeholders (local, national & global) Period of the plan This is the first FMP that bring management of the many small forest reserves under one holistic roof. It will run from July 2008 to June 2018. It will be reviewed every five years but the review may take place as and when need for better management arises. A final review will be done not later than six months before the end of the plan, as part of the process to prepare a revised 10-year FMP (Prescription 1). Forests, trees and woodlands are important natural resources in Uganda that are capable of producing numerous products and services to support economic growth, create jobs and contribute to the livelihoods of the majority of the people of Uganda. Accordingly activities in this FMP are designed to contribute to and support economic growth in line with the national development goal for the forestry development ‘’an integrated forest sector that achieves sustainable increases in economic, social and environmental benefits from forests and trees by all the people of Uganda, especially the poor and vulnerable’’, and under the relevant Millennium Development Goals. These objectives will be achieved through the following working circles: 1. Conservation of biodiversity 2. Production 3. Plantation development 4. Community Participation 5. Research

26

6.4. The Biodiversity Conservation Working Circle In line with the MDG number 8: ‘Develop a global partnership for development’, forestry provides a platform for global partnerships in the areas of biodiversity conservation, climate change, conservation of water resources, sustainable land management and improvement of governance. The provisions of the FNCMP shall be implemented in the case of Itwara and Muhangi CFRs (Prescription 2)

a) Nature reserves and buffer zones shall be demarcated on the ground and

the biodiversity in these areas will be protected b) High conservation value forests, including in production zones shall be

identified and demarcated on the ground. These include riparian forests, river banks, steep slopes above 15%, important cultural sites, etc.

c) Detailed management interventions shall be prescribed every year in NFA’s annual operational plans (AOPs).

Deforested and degraded areas will be restored through encroachment and enrichment planting in accordance with NFA Guidelines for Restoration of Degraded Forests. The CFRs in this category include Mataa, Kabango- Ntandi, Bundikeki and Nyaburongo. 644 ha will be planted through the encroachment planting. (Prescription 3)

50ha in the buffer zone of Itwara CFR will be licensed to private investors for ecotourism development to enhance protection of the forest reserve (prescription 4). The licensee and NFA will work hand in hand to promote the developed ecotourism site. No timber harvesting will be allowed on this area. 6.5. The Production Working Circle The production zones of Itwara and the whole of Muhangi CFR shall be managed primarily for production of high quality timber (prescription 5). A total of about 220 ha will be harvested annually (Table 16), leading to a volume of 4,400 – 5500m3. Before harvesting is carried out, ISSMI shall be done in accordance with NFA Guidelines. Table 16: Calculating the Area to be harvested in Itwara & Muhangi CFRs

Planning unit Symbol Itwara Muhangi

Zoned for timber production, ha A 4,496 1975

Felling cycle, years T 30 30

Planning period, years p 10 10

Areas to be allocated now as felling series

A/Txp 1,500 660

Area for annual coupes and stock survey operations

A/T 150 66

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After harvesting, the NFA Guidelines for Management of Production Zones shall be followed to manage the residual crop, and activities prescribed in each AOP of the NFA (Prescription 6).

6.6. The Plantation Working Circle

Forest plantations are a means to meet the increasing demand for industrial raw material or for direct consumption (e.g. timber, fuel wood, etc.) The bush/grassland parts of Itwara and North Rwenzori CFRs will be planted with pine (prescription 7) following the established NFA guidelines and practices. 2,000ha of the North Rwenzori CFR will be planted by NFA under the carbon trade arrangements while 1,000 will be given to private tree planters (Prescription 8). 400ha of the bush/grassland Itwara will be licensed for private tree growing in addition to 111ha already licensed (prescription 9) 6.7. The Collaborative Forest Management Working Circle

CFM is defined by Uganda National Forest and Tree Planting Act (2003) as “a mutually beneficial arrangement in which a forest user group and a responsible body share roles, responsibilities, rights and returns in a forest reserve or part of it’ CFM will contribute to the attainment of the Millennium Development Goal No. 1: “Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger” as most Ugandans depend on forest and tree products for energy, building materials, medicine, wild foods, supply of clean water, and maintenance of soil fertility. FBEs (e.g. crafts, bee-keeping, fuel-wood production, poles, charcoal, fruits, fodder), are gaining prominence in raising the cash incomes of the poor. CFM will be initiated and implemented around Itwara and N. Rwenzori CFRs following established NFA Guidelines (prescription 10)

6.8. The Research Working Circle

NTFPs cover a wide range of products (goods and services) from thatching materials and medicinal plantations. These products are essential for local community. NTFPs as a group are extremely heterogeneous, requiring a mixture of different skills, technology and research support in their management. Resources of these products are dispersed and vary considerably in their concentration. Therefore in the context of NTFP development, conservation of natural forests and their species richness are very important. Many of the plants providing NTFPs and found only in the primary forests. Some of them can only thrive within their natural habitat and do not lend themselves to domestication of any sort. Those species that can be grown as plantations or as pure or mixed crops are heavily dependent on regular infusion of germplasm from wild gene reservoirs (wild relatives). Only the continued existence of species variability in

28

the wild will afford plant breeders a better chance for creating new, disease resistant and high yielding varieties for the future. Research will be carried out in any part of this MPA depending on management needs (Prescription 11). For research that is initiated outside the NFA, research licenses shall be issued in accordance with NFA guidelines.

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CHAPTER SEVEN: MITIGATION OF ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL IMPACTS 7.1. Environmental and Social Impacts Mitigation measures shown in Table 17 refer to the environmental and social impacts that are likely to result from implementation of this FMP. It also shows the mitigation or enhancement measures which shall be implemented accordingly (Prescription 12). Table 17: Key Environmental Impacts of Forest Management

AUTHORISED ACTIVITY POSITIVE IMPACTS NEGATIVE IMPACTS MITIGATION MEASURES 1. Increased actions

against illegal activities. o Improved status of the forests and

biodiversity. Loss of livelihoods due to reduced people's access to some of the forest areas and products

o Involvement of communities in management of the forests through CFM and contract labor.

o Availing land for private and community tree planting in the forests.

2. Opening of unclear boundary lines.

o Reduction of boundary conflicts between NFA and local community.

o Enhanced status of the forest.

None Enhancement of the positive impacts

3. Contracting local community to provide casual labor.

o Enhanced income from the contracts and improved local livelihoods.

None Enhancement of the positive impacts.

4. Harvesting of forest products

o Improved livelihoods from forest products from subsistence and commercial needs.

o Destruction of regeneration

o Restriction of harvesting to plantation crop and over mature trees in natural forests.

o Permitting only low impact activities in the Conservation WC.

o Harvesting licenses to be issued after verification of adequate raw material and under tight supervision

5. Charcoal and firewood production.

Improved livelihoods through incomes from the business.

Destruction of the forests through indiscriminate harvesting of the trees.

o Restriction of commercial firewood and charcoal production to Private Sector tree planting zone for purposes of land clearing and using the trees grown for firewood and charcoal production.

6. Temporary grazing in the CFR

o Improved livelihoods through incomes and animal products from

Degradation of the forests through removal of vegetation,

o Limiting grazing to grassland areas where there no plantation

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AUTHORISED ACTIVITY POSITIVE IMPACTS NEGATIVE IMPACTS MITIGATION MEASURES the livestock.

o Income to NFA. trampling and destruction of fragile ecosystems.

developments. o Observation of carrying capacity of the

available land for grazing during licensing.

o Monitoring of the grazing by NFA. 7. Establishment of forest

plantations o Improvement of forest cover o Increasing income to government

and communities o Enhancement of the environment

o Removing of indigenous biodiversity

o Leave natural belts of indigenous species within the plantations

8. Beekeeping o Increased incomes to local communities

o Increased value of the forest to local communities

o Supports crop production through pollination

o The bees may sting people

o Place hives far from settlements o Use protective clothing during

harvesting of honey

9. Protection of wildlife o Increased biodiversity o Possibility of increased tourism

revenues & income to local communities

o Crop raiding o Animals injuring people

o Vermin control activities o Encourage forest adjacent landowners

to plant crops which are not palatable to the animals

10. Restriction of harvesting o Increased biodiversity o Forest health is maintained

o Increased animosity between people and the managers

o Public education o Support out-of forest substitutes o Affirmative actions towards the

vulnerable sections of the people 11. Implementation of health

& safety measures o Increased motivation among staff

& employees o Low incidences of injuries and

sicknesses

o Can be expensive and therefore divert resources from other activities

o Tailor the health & safety measure to the available resources

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CHAPTER 8: MANAGEMENT AND LOGISTICS 8.1. Staff In view of the distances between CFRs and the anticipated increased activities under this MPA, one additional Forest Supervisor shall be recruited (Prescription 13). Table 18 shows the new staff disposition. Table 18: Staff disposition Position Duty Station CFRs

Range Manager Kyenjojo All forests in the Range Sector Manager Fort- portal Itwara Sector

Forest Supervisor Kijura Itwara

Forest Supervisor North Rwenzori North Rwenzori, Mata, Kabango, Ntandi, Bundikeki, Nyaburongo

Forest Supervisor Kagorra Kibego, Muhangi

8.2. Labour Labour is readily available and contractual workers will be engaged from time to time, depending on requirements. However, because of the expected level of operations, it will be necessary to build a pool of contractors from the local areas. To this end local people will be equipped with the requisite skills through a deliberate skills training programme for prospective contractors (Prescription 14). 8.3. Infrastructure Buildings Today the Sector Manager has an office within Fort-Portal Forest Reserve. The old buildings in N. Rwenzori CFR shall be renovated to house the office and residence of the Forest Supervisor. A forest station consisting of an office and residence for the Forest Supervisor shall also be built in Itwara (Prescription 15) Roads The road network connecting main towns in the districts is good. Feeder roads extending further inside connect the CFRs with the trunk roads. In dry weather many of the roads are motorable but accessibility is difficult in rainy seasons. Wherever there are forest roads, they shall be maintained regularly (Prescription 16). An access road will be constructed to access the grassland in Itwara where a private tree planting programme is under way (Prescription 17).

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Vehicles Given the large area of the FMA, a vehicle shall be procured for the Sector Manager. As the additional Forest Supervisors are recruited, new motorcycles shall be procured for them but the old ones shall also be replaced in accordance with NFA guidelines (prescription 18). It is also necessary to increase the monthly fuel allocation in order for staff to effectively and efficiently manage their areas (Prescription 19). 8.4. Equipment and tools Since most of the field activities will be contracted out, the following minimum equipment & tools (Table 19) shall be kept by the Sector Manager and each Forest Supervisor (Prescription 20): Table 19: Equipment and tools Linear tapes 1

Diameter tapes 1

Compass 1

GPS 1

Set of Protective clothing (field boots, helmet, riding gear and rain coat)

1

Computer 1

Axe 1

Bow saw 1

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CHAPTER 9: FINANCIAL FORECASTING

According to business plan, NFA is charged with the responsibility of generating funds in order to undertake and sustain her institutional financial obligations. It is therefore the responsibility of field managers to utilize available forest resources to collect revenue, to meet expenditure. Each of the working circles (WC) mentioned above is aimed at generating revenue. However, expenses will be incurred in the process of operationalising the WCs. 9.1. Revenue from the production WC In the production zone of Itwara and Muhangi CFRs, sawlogs shall be felled and graded before selling by public auction, in accordance with NFA guidelines (Prescription 21). Even if the available volume of timber that can be harvested annually is 4,400 – 5,500m3, some of the species cannot be readily marketed at present. Therefore the volume harvested will grow from about 1000m3 during the first year to 5,000 in the sixth year. The increasing trend will result from decreasing timber outside of CFRs in Uganda and therefore, by the 6th year, most species will be marketable. When the direct costs of harvesting (felling & log grading) are factored in, the net revenue will be UGX 800 million. This money will be available to finance other activities in the MPA. Table 20 shows the revenue and expenditure of the production WC in Itwara and Muhangi CFRs.

Table 20: Revenue and Expenditure for the Production Working WC

Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Volume auctioned

1,000

1,500

2,500

2,500

4,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

36,500 Revenue (Ushs’mil)per m3

0.040

0.040

0.040

0.040

0.040

0.040

0.040

0.040

0.040

0.040

Total revenue (Ushs’mil) per year

40 60 100 100 160 200 200 200 200 200 1,460

Cost (Ushs’mil)of ISSMI (ha)

15 -

30 -

54 -

60 -

60 -

219

Cost (Ushs’mil)of felling & log grading

12 18 30 30 48 60 60 60 60 60

Total Expenditure(Ushs’mil)

27 18 60 30 102 60 120 60 120 60 657

9.2. Revenue from the Conservation Working Circle Ecotourism Most of the revenue will come from the ecotourism site to be developed in Itwara CFR by a private investor. The revenue will increase as the years go by. The NFA model for licensing ecotourism sites shall be used to establish the fees to be paid by the developer (Prescription 22). The total fees to be paid to NFA will include the business fee and license fee. Table 21 shows the revenue projections over the FMP period.

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Table 21: Revenue Projections for Itwara Ecotourism Site

FIXED FEES VARIABLE FEES TOTALS TOTALS

Year

Minimum Occupancy

Rate

No. of Bed

nights sold

Annual Concession

Fee

Total Minimum

Bed night Levy

Total Minimum Reserve

Entry Fee US$ UGX

1 0 0 600 0 0 600 1,050,000

2 10 365 615 548 1,241 2,404 4,206,125

3 30 1,095 630 1,643 3,723 5,996 10,492,781

4 40 1,460 646 2,190 4,964 7,800 13,650,235

5 50 1,825 662 2,738 6,205 9,605 16,808,379

6 60 2,190 679 3,285 7,446 11,410 19,967,229

7 60 2,190 696 3,285 7,446 11,427 19,996,928

8 60 2,190 713 3,285 7,446 11,444 20,027,370

9 60 2,190 731 3,285 7,446 11,462 20,058,573

10 60 2,190 749 3,285 7,446 11,480 20,090,556

Total 15,695 6,722 23,543 53,363 83,628 146,348,176

Assumptions • There are 10 beds at the sight • Room Rate is US$ 25 per night • No bed night levies during the first year to allow for construction • Occupancy rate raises as people get to know the facility & stabilises around

60% Ecological Values Most the forest values in this MPA are to be found in their functions against which government would have provide a budget if the forests were to be removed. It must however be understood that removal of forests would have more far-reaching impacts on the lives of people than the actual replacement costs shown here. Table 22 shows the monetized ecological values which are now being traded or compensated for in many countries. Table 22: Monetary Values Key Ecosystem Services of Forests in the Itwara Group of CFRs (UGX p.a) Forest Reserve

NTFP Water Soil Conservation Carbon Total

Itwara 35,346,696 107,223,494 397,728,072

60,466,000 600,764,262

Mataa 4,398,259 1,353,017 1,803,187

763,000 8,317,463

North Rwenzori 147,886,415 45,493,645 60,630,095 - 254,010,155

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Nyaburongo 7,021,074 2,159,862 2,878,482

1,218,000 13,277,418

Kibego 5,192,748 15,752,097 58,429,836

8,883,000 88,257,681

Muhangi 8,364,048 25,372,172 94,113,936

14,308,000 142,158,156

Kabango-Muntandi 14,566,711 4,481,093 5,972,023

2,527,000 27,546,827

Bundikeki 15,978,996 4,915,548 6,551,028

2,772,000 30,217,572

238,754,947 206,750,928 628,106,659

90,937,000 1,164,549,534

9.3. Revenue from Private Tree Planting Working Circle

Table 23 shows the revenue from tree growing licenses for Itwara and N. Rwenzori CFRs. Every year, 140 ha will be licensed.

Table 23: Revenue from private tree planting in Itwara and North Rwenzori

Year

Area Licensed Annually(Ha)

Cumulative Area(Ha) Rate(UGX) Amount

1 140 140 6,600 924,000

2 140 280 6,600 1,848,000

3 140 320 6,600 2,112,000

4 140 460 6,600 3,036,000

5 140 600 6,600 3,960,000

6 140 740 6,600 4,884,000

7 140 880 6,600 5,808,000

8 140 1,020 6,600 6,732,000

9 140 1,160 6,600 7,656,000

10 140 1,400 6,600 9,240,000

46,200,000

9.4. Collaborative Forest Management Working Circle This WC is not expected to generate direct revenue for the NFA. However, successful CFM is expected to reduce costs for protection, generate income for the local people and provide a framework for NFA’s corporate responsibility activities. During the first four years of this FMP, CFM will be launched and implemented around N. Rwenzori and Itwara CFRs. (Prescription 23)

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9.5. Summary of Revenue Table 24 summarises the revenue expected. The direct revenue includes the money that will ordinarily be collected and all efforts must be made to collect that money (Prescription 24). Mechanisms for payment for ecosystem services (PES) shall be developed in order to generate revenue from the key ecological (Prescription 25). Such mechanisms shall include payments from: • Public sources like the consolidated fund of government, official development assistance (ODA) • The private sector through PES arrangements • NFA own revenues Table 24: Summary of Revenue and Payment for Ecosystem Services for Itwara Group of CFRs (mill UGX)

Source Yr1 Yr2 Yr3 Yr4 Yr5 Yr6 Yr7 Yr8 Yr9 Yr10 Total

Direct Revenue

Timber 40.0 60.0 100.0 100.0 160.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 1,460.0

Ecotourism 1.1 4.2 10.5 13.7 16.8 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.1 20.1 146.3

Licenses (tree growing) 0.9 1.8 2.1 3.0 4.0 4.9 5.8 6.7 7.7 9.2 46.2

Others (e.g. charcoal licenses, NTFPs 5.0 6.3 7.8 9.8 12.2 15.3 19.1 23.8 29.8 37.3 166.3

Sub Total 47.0 72.3 120.4 126.5 193.0 240.1 244.9 250.6 257.5 266.6 1,818.8

Key Ecological Services

Non-timber forest products 239.0 239.0 239.0 239.0 239.0 239.0 239.0 239.0 239.0 239.0 2,390

Water 207.0 207.0 207.0 207.0 207.0 207.0 207.0 207.0 207.0 207.0 2,070

Soil conservation 628.0 628.0 628.0 628.0 628.0 628.0 628.0 628.0 628.0 628.0 6,280

Carbon 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 910

Sub Total 1,165.0 1,165.0 1,165.0 1,165.0 1,165.0 1,165.0 1,165.0 1,165.0 1,165.0 1,165.0 11,650.0

Total 1,211.97 1,237.30 1,285.42 1,291.45 1,357.98 1,405.11 1,409.88 1,415.60 1,422.52 1,431.58 13,468.81

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9.6. Expenditure Table 25 summarises the costs of implementing this FMP. Because most forest field operations are season-specific, the field staff shall prepare a calendar of operations as part of the AOPs and money requisitioned for well in advance (Prescription 26). Table 25: Expenditure (UGX mill)

Item Yr1 Yr2 Yr3 Yr4 Yr5 Yr6 Yr7 Yr8 Yr9 Yr10 Total

Boundary maintenance 5 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 30

PsPS maintenance 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 15 ISSMI lines maintenance 2 0 2 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 13

Road construction 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 20

Renovation of roads 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 51

Forest patrols 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 15 18 20 117

Gap planting in Itwara 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 7

Salary for staff 24 29 35 41 50 60 72 86 103 124 623

Allowance for staff 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 105

Motorcycle repairs 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 11 61

Fuel 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 73

Timber Harvesting 27 18 60 30 102 60 120 60 120 60 657

Demarcation of Conservation zones 32 32 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 96

Encroachment / enrichment planting 0 20 56 88 109 103 80 55 23 0 534

Tree planting (plot demarcation) 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 32 Tree planting (NFA own) 600 720 840 960 1,080 360 240 240 120 120 4,680

CFM activities 5 6 7 9 10 12 15 18 21 26 125

Renovation of Buildings 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 39

Constriction of buildings 0 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200

Procure equipment & tools 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 29

Procure motor vehicle 0 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75

Replace motorcycles 0 0 40 0 0 0 61 0 0 0 101

Total 725 1,028 1,217 1,185 1,410 644 663 524 484 416 7,683

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CHAPTER 10: MONITORING AND EVALUATION Implementation of the FMP will be monitored through a more detailed monitoring plan prepared from the broad framework shown in Appendix 4. This monitoring plan will be prepared during the first six months of implementing this FMP (Prescription 27). The main ways of monitoring will include:

10.1. Field Visits Headquarter staff, including members of the Senior Management Team, will visit the field regularly to inspect activities at forest level. In the same way, Range and Sector Managers will also monitor forest-level activities (Prescription 28). 10.2. Monitoring Team NFA will constitute a monitoring team composed of the M&E Specialist, the Internal Auditor and the relevant subject matter Coordinator/Specialist. Experiences and lessons learnt will feed into the new AOPs (Prescription 29). The Team will undertake a mid-term evaluation at the end of year 5 of the FMP performance so that it can be reviewed to take into account emerging issues, lessons learnt and experiences gained. 10.3. NFA Board of Directors One of the roles of the Board is to monitor performance of the NFA. Once a year, the Board will formally assess performance based on the monitoring plan (prescription 30). 10.4. Performance Agreement Monitoring Committee

NFA has signed a performance agreement with GoU. Performance under this contract is monitored through a Committee set up by GoU. This Committee carries out a formal monitoring exercise once every six months. This arrangement will continue unless the provisions of the performance contract change (Prescription 31).

10.5. Value for Money Audits This type of monitoring will be carried out by the NFA’s Internal Audit Unit according to an Audit Plan. This plan will be prepared quarterly and become the aggregated Annual Audit Plan (Prescription 32).

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10.6. Monitoring for Sustainable Forest Management The ultimate direction of this FMP shall move towards sustainable forest management in line with the Forest Stewardship Council Principles and the ITTO Criteria and Indicators. The standards developed by NFA shall be used to monitor progress towards this direction (Prescription 33). The indicators related to field work have been incorporated in the monitoring framework (Appendix 4). 10.7. Records Maps The use of maps for field operations and records maintenance cannot be over emphasized. The following key maps shall be properly maintained for each CFR at all levels within the NFA management (Prescription 34).

• Management maps (1:50,000) • Boundary Plan Maps of 1:10,000 • Up to date wall maps showing progress in implementing the FMP. FMP Copies A sufficient number of copies of this FMP shall be printed and distributed among all key stakeholders. However, the copies of the NFA staff specified below shall always be properly maintained up to date for quick reference (Prescription 35). 1. Range Staff 2. Relevant Co-coordinators 3. Relevant Director 4. Executive Director Policies, Laws, & guidelines The Sector Manager shall maintain a file of all technical guidelines issued from time to time by NFA. Copies of the relevant laws, including The Constitution of Uganda, Forestry Policy, The National Forestry and Tree Planting Act 2003 (NFTPA), The Land Act, National Environment Management Act, Uganda Wildlife Act, Local Government Act, Forest Nature Conservation Master Plan (FNCMP), National Forest Plan (NFP) and other forestry related legal instruments shall be safely kept as part of the office references (Prescription 37).

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10.8. Summary of Prescriptions in the FMP

1

A final review of the FMP shall be done not later than six months before the end of the plan

2

The provisions of the FNCMP shall be implemented in the case of Itwara and Muhangi CFRs

3 Encroachment and enrichment planting shall cover 644 ha

4

50 ha in the buffer zone of Itwara CFR will be licensed to private investors for ecotourism development

5

The production zones of Itwara and the whole of Muhangi CFR shall be managed primarily for production of high quality timbers.

6

NFA Guidelines for Management of Production Zones shall be followed to manage harvested areas

7 The bush/grassland parts of Itwara and North Rwenzori CFRs shall be planted with pine

8

2,000ha of the North Rwenzori CFR will be planted by NFA under the carbon trade arrangements while 1,000 will be given to private tree planters

9 400ha of the bush/grassland Itwara will be licensed for private tree growing

10 CFM will be initiated and implemented around Itwara and N. Rwenzori CFRs

11 Research will be carried out in any part of this MPA depending on management needs

12

The environment impact mitigation or enhancement measures shall be implemented accordingly

13 One additional Forest Supervisor shall be recruited

14

Local people will be equipped with the requisite skills in order to serve as long term contractors

15

A forest station consisting of an office and residence for the Forest Supervisor shall also be built in Itwara

16 Forest roads shall be maintained regularly

17 A road will be constructed to access the grassland in Itwara for private tree planting

18 New motorcycles shall be procured and the old ones replaced as need arises

19 monthly fuel allocation for field staff shall be increased

20

Minimum equipment & tools (Table 19) shall be kept by the Sector Manager and each Forest Supervisor

42

1

A final review of the FMP shall be done not later than six months before the end of the plan

21

Sawlogs in natural forest harvest areas shall be felled and graded before selling by public auction

22

The NFA model for licensing ecotourism sites shall be used to establish the fees to be paid by the developer in Itwara CFR

23

During the first four years of this FMP, CFM will be launched and implemented around N. Rwenzori and Itwara CFRs

24 All efforts must be made to collect revenue from forest products

25 Mechanisms for PES shall be developed to generate revenue from the key ecological

26

Field staff shall prepare a calendar of operations as part of the AOPs and money requisitioned for well in advance

27 Regular field visits by all cadres of staff shall be undertaken

28 NFA shall constitute a monitoring team to gather experiences and lessons

29 Once a year, the Board will formally assess performance based on the monitoring plan

30

The Committee set up by government to monitor NFA performance shall also monitor implementation of this FMP

31 Value for money audits will be carried out by the NFA’s Internal Audit Unit

32 Standards developed by NFA shall be used to monitor SFM

33

Key maps & records shall be properly maintained for each CFR at all levels within the NFA management

34 FMP copies of the NFA staff shall always be kept up to date

35

The Sector Manager shall maintain a file of all technical guidelines, relevant policies & laws

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11. REFERENCES

1. Lockwood Consultants (1973). Forest Resource Development Study for the Republic of Uganda. Lockwood Consultants, Toronto, Canada.

2. Uganda Forest Department (1958). Kibale-Itwara Management Plan, 1959 to

1965. Forest Department, Kampala, Uganda. 3. Uganda Forest Department (1996). Biodiversity Report Series No. 16, Itwara

forest reserve. Forest Department, Kampala, Uganda. 4. Forestry Department (1970). Departmental Standing Orders 5. Forestry Department (1997). Departmental Standing Orders 6. Wetlands Inspection Division (2000). Wetlands and the Law 7. National Environment Management Authority (2000). The National

Environment (Wetlands, River Banks, and Lake Shores) Regulations. 8. Republic of Uganda (2003). Forestry and Tree Planting Act 9. Republic of Uganda (1995). The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda. 10. Republic of Uganda (2001). National Forestry Policy 11. Ministry Of Water, Land and Environment (2003). Guidelines for

Implementing Collaborative Forest Management in Uganda. 12. Republic of Uganda (1998). Statutory instruments No. 63 of 1998. 13. Katende, Ann Birnie, Bo Tengnas, (1995). Useful Trees and Shrubs for

Uganda 14. ITTO Policy Development Series No 15, 2005. Revised ITTO criteria and

indicators for the sustainable management of tropical forests including reporting format.

15. National Forestry Authority, 2005: Exploratory Inventory Report for Itwara and

Muhangi Forest Reserves.

42

Appendix 1: Main Timber Species in Itwara and Muhangi CFRs by Compartment Itwara CFR Cpt Botanical name Gross

Volume Relict Fair Good Net

Volume (m3)

% Net Vol/Gross Vol (spp)

% Net Vol/Total Net (cpt)

1 Cynometra alexandrii

17,225 10,910 6,177 138 6,314 37% 21%

1 Celtis zenkeri 5,529 874 3,620 1,035 4,655 84% 16%

1 Celtis durandii 3,670 2,117 1,156 397 1,553 42% 5%

1 Chrysophyllum albidum

2,499 415 1,848 236 2,084 83% 7%

1 Pterygota mildbraedii

2,202 118 543 1,542 2,085 95% 7%

1 Diospyros abyssinica

1,806 702 261 842 1,104 61% 4%

1 Holoptelea grandis 1,772 314 424 1,034 1,458 82% 5%

1 Parinari excelsa 1,670 716 954 1,670 100% 6%

1 Sterculia dawei 1,134 1,134 1,134 100% 4%

1 Ficus spp 1,113 801 275 37 312 28% 1%

1 Others 12,331 5,314 4,254 2,762 7,017 57% 24%

Sub Total 50,951 21,565 19,274 10,111 29,386 58% 100%

4 Cynometra alexandrii

29,634 17,218 7,626 4,790 12,416 42% 14%

4 Celtis durandii 14,305 5,276 6,489 2,541 9,030 63% 11%

4 Celtis zenkeri 11,849 1,712 1,932 8,205 10,137 86% 12%

4 Parinari excelsa 9,780 965 4,018 4,797 8,815 90% 10%

4 Chrysophyllum albidum

8,561 893 3,482 4,185 7,668 90% 9%

4 Diospyros abyssinica

7,114 1,414 1,327 4,373 5,700 80% 7%

4 Olea welwitschii 5,820 1,445 3,403 972 4,375 75% 5%

4 Ficus spp 5,359 5,359 0 0 0 0% 0%

4 Greenwayodendron suaveolens

4,919 4,293 626 626 13% 1%

4 Funtumia africana 4,108 318 1,139 2,650 3,789 92% 4%

4 Others 41,050 17,852 14,280 8,918 23,198 57% 27%

Sub Total 142,499 56,745 44,322 41,431 85,754 60% 100%

5 Cynometra alexandrii

6,178 4,271 1,655 251 1,906 31% 5%

5 Celtis durandii 6,062 2,028 3,016 1,018 4,034 67% 10%

5 Olea welwitschii 5,264 1,014 2,326 1,924 4,250 81% 10%

5 Trema orientalis 4,460 32 4,428 4,428 99% 11%

5 Strombosia scheffleri

4,380 2,234 1,394 752 2,146 49% 5%

5 Parinari excelsa 3,273 1,076 2,197 3,273 100% 8%

43

Cpt Botanical name Gross Volume

Relict Fair Good Net Volume

(m3)

% Net Vol/Gross Vol (spp)

% Net Vol/Total Net (cpt)

5 Sapium ellipticum 2,871 1,745 984 142 1,125 39% 3%

5 Chrysophyllum albidum

2,290 346 836 1,108 1,944 85% 5%

5 Ficus spp 1,876 1,659 182 35 217 12% 1%

5 Diospyros abyssinica

1,518 628 94 795 890 59% 2%

5 Premna angolensis 1,515 1,039 343 134 477 31% 1%

5 Funtumia africana 1,463 109 152 1,202 1,354 93% 3%

5 Others 26,206 11,113 7,899 7,194 15,093 58% 37%

Sub Total 67,356 26,218 24,385 16,752 41,137 61% 100%

6 Sapium ellipticum 8,774 6,177 1,819 777 2,596 30% 8%

6 Celtis durandii 7,581 2,853 2,660 2,067 4,727 62% 15%

6 Olea welwitschii 7,382 2,902 3,111 1,370 4,480 61% 15%

6 Diospyros abyssinica

3,445 1,239 702 1,504 2,207 64% 7%

6 Funtumia africana 2,705 879 1,826 2,705 100% 9%

6 Balnites wilsoniana 1,911 1,845 66 66 3% 0%

6 Ficus spp 1,658 1,097 41 520 561 34% 2%

6 Strombosia scheffleri

1,554 676 716 163 878 56% 3%

6 Greenwayodendron suaveolens

1,483 1,269 214 214 14% 1%

6 Premna angolensis 1,369 915 455 455 33% 1%

6 Markhamia lutea 1,230 665 565 565 46% 2%

6 Carapa grandiflora 1,146 242 812 92 904 79% 3%

6 Parinari excelsa 1,105 95 1,010 1,010 91% 3%

6 Others 13,496 4,015 7,377 2,105 9,482 70% 31%

Sub Total 54,839 23,990 19,417 11,434 30,850 56% 100%

9 Olea welwitschii 12,513 4,152 7,336 1,025 8,361 67% 21%

9 Celtis durandii 9,167 3,749 4,938 480 5,418 59% 14%

9 Premna angolensis 6,496 4,619 1,793 84 1,877 29% 5%

9 Sapium ellipticum 6,206 3,170 2,841 195 3,036 49% 8%

9 Balnites wilsoniana 3,431 2,779 652 652 19% 2%

9 Chrysophyllum albidum

3,359 282 2,241 836 3,077 92% 8%

9 Diospyros abyssinica

2,774 966 265 1,543 1,808 65% 5%

9 Celtis africana 2,367 1,705 521 141 662 28% 2%

9 Newtonia buchananii

2,129 2,129 2,129 100% 5%

9 Spathodea campanulata

1,963 1,075 356 532 888 45% 2%

9 Prunus africana 1,741 758 711 272 983 56% 3%

9 Ficus spp 1,616 1,525 90 90 6% 0%

9 Markhamia lutea 1,412 939 379 94 473 33% 1%

44

Cpt Botanical name Gross Volume

Relict Fair Good Net Volume

(m3)

% Net Vol/Gross Vol (spp)

% Net Vol/Total Net (cpt)

9 Others 14,415 4,574 6,609 3,232 9,841 68% 25%

Sub Total 69,589 30,293 30,771 8,524 39,295 56% 100%

10 Olea welwitschii 11,511 4,561 5,589 1,361 6,950 60% 18%

10 Sapium ellipticum 10,398 7,474 2,761 163 2,924 28% 7%

10 Premna angolensis 5,457 3,468 1,989 1,989 36% 5%

10 Celtis durandii 4,999 2,209 2,366 424 2,790 56% 7%

10 Ficus spp 4,745 4,260 77 407 484 10% 1%

10 Markhamia lutea 3,376 2,257 1,030 90 1,119 33% 3%

10 Chrysophyllum albidum

3,360 719 2,304 337 2,642 79% 7%

10 Funtumia africana 3,197 118 1,323 1,756 3,079 96% 8%

10 Parinari excelsa 2,830 443 2,388 2,388 84% 6%

10 Blighia unijugata 2,323 547 1,470 306 1,776 76% 4%

10 Greenwayodendron suaveolens

2,301 1,873 428 428 19% 1%

10 Balnites wilsoniana 2,080 2,080 0 0 0 0% 0%

10 Strombosia scheffleri

2,068 157 289 1,622 1,911 92% 5%

10 Others 19,253 8,099 8,342 2,813 11,155 58% 28%

Sub Total 77,898 38,265 27,968 11,667 39,635 51% 100%

Total 463,132 197,076 166,137 99,919 266,057

Muhangi CFR

Cpt Botanical name

Gross Volume

Relict Fair Good Net Volume

(m3)

% Net Vol/Gross Vol (spp)

% Net Vol/Total Net (cpt)

1 Cynometra alexandrii

14,239 9,019 5,106 114 5,220 37% 21%

1 Celtis zenkeri 4,570 722 2,992 856 3,848 84% 16%

1 Pterygota mildbraedii

1,821 97 449 1,274 1,723 95% 7%

1 Chrysophyllum albidum

2,066 343 1,527 195 1,723 83% 7%

1 Parinari excelsa

1,380 592 789 1,380 100% 6%

1 Celtis durandii 3,034 1,750 955 328 1,283 42% 5%

1 Holoptelea grandis

1,465 259 351 855 1,205 82% 5%

1 Sterculia dawei

938 938 938 100% 4%

1 Diospyros abyssinica

1,493 580 216 696 912 61% 4%

45

Cpt Botanical name

Gross Volume

Relict Fair Good Net Volume

(m3)

% Net Vol/Gross Vol (spp)

% Net Vol/Total Net (cpt)

1 Cordia millenii 609 609 609 100% 3%

Others 10,504 5,055 3,135 2,314 5,448 52% 22%

Sub Total 42,119 17,825 15,932 8,359 24,289 58% 100%

2 Cynometra alexandrii

29,091 17,605 11,006 480 11,486 39% 44%

2 Celtis zenkeri 4,664 596 3,237 831 4,068 87% 16%

2 Celtis mildbraedii

2,473 139 261 2,073 2,334 94% 9%

2 Funtumia africana

1,368 70 1,297 1,368 100% 5%

2 Strombosia scheffleri

1,740 488 444 809 1,253 72% 5%

2 Celtis durandii 1,064 141 543 380 923 87% 4%

2 Alstonia boonei

649 649 649 100% 2%

2 Chrysophyllum albidum

600 270 330 600 100% 2%

2 Sapium ellipticum

643 147 451 44 495 77% 2%

2 Albizia zygia 397 397 397 100% 2%

2 Markhamia lutea

532 193 339 339 64% 1%

2 Ficus spp 395 75 320 320 81% 1%

2 Others 2,932 1,197 962 774 1,735 59% 7%

Sub Total 46,548 20,581 18,552 7,415 25,967 56% 100%

3 Cynometra alexandrii

28,796 17,295 10,516 985 11,501 40% 37%

3 Celtis zenkeri 6,169 1,612 2,197 2,359 4,557 74% 15%

3 Celtis mildbraedii

3,825 333 1,220 2,271 3,491 91% 11%

3 Strombosia scheffleri

2,000 163 1,451 387 1,837 92% 6%

3 Albizia glaberrima

1,659 60 670 929 1,599 96% 5%

3 Albizia gummifera

1,338 448 458 432 890 67% 3%

3 Celtis durandii 1,068 181 447 440 887 83% 3%

3 Alstonia boonei

1,381 498 612 271 883 64% 3%

3 Holoptelea grandis

678 414 264 678 100% 2%

3 Croton macrostachys

700 72 297 331 628 90% 2%

3 Turraea floribunda

593 38 554 554 93% 2%

3 Erythrophleum 437 437 437 100% 1%

46

Cpt Botanical name

Gross Volume

Relict Fair Good Net Volume

(m3)

% Net Vol/Gross Vol (spp)

% Net Vol/Total Net (cpt)

sauveolens

3 Others 4,676 1,314 2,125 1,237 3,362 72% 11%

Sub Total 53,320 22,014 21,398 9,906 31,304 59% 100%

4 Cynometra alexandrii

15,422 8,960 3,969 2,493 6,461 42% 14%

4 Celtis zenkeri 6,166 891 1,005 4,270 5,276 86% 12%

4 Celtis durandii 7,444 2,745 3,377 1,322 4,699 63% 11%

4 Parinari excelsa

5,090 502 2,091 2,496 4,588 90% 10%

4 Chrysophyllum albidum

4,455 465 1,812 2,178 3,990 90% 9%

4 Diospyros abyssinica

3,702 736 691 2,276 2,966 80% 7%

4 Olea welwitschii

3,029 752 1,771 506 2,277 75% 5%

4 Funtumia africana

2,138 166 593 1,379 1,972 92% 4%

4 Celtis mildbraedii

1,872 200 373 1,299 1,673 89% 4%

4 Strombosia scheffleri

1,644 528 786 330 1,116 68% 3%

4 Spathodea campanulata

966 85 764 118 882 91% 2%

4 Bosquiea phoberos

941 157 718 66 784 83% 2%

4 Others 21,287 13,344 5,115 2,828 7,943 37% 18%

Sub Total 74,156 29,531 23,065 21,561 44,627 60% 100%

5 Trema orientalis

1,656 12 1,644 1,644 99% 11%

5 Olea welwitschii

1,955 377 864 714 1,578 81% 10%

5 Celtis durandii 2,251 753 1,120 378 1,498 67% 10%

5 Parinari excelsa

1,215 399 816 1,215 100% 8%

5 Strombosia scheffleri

1,626 830 518 279 797 49% 5%

5 Chrysophyllum albidum

850 128 310 412 722 85% 5%

5 Cynometra alexandrii

2,294 1,586 615 93 708 31% 5%

5 Funtumia africana

543 41 57 446 503 93% 3%

5 Sapium ellipticum

1,066 648 365 53 418 39% 3%

5 Celtis zenkeri 505 129 190 185 376 74% 2%

5 Celtis africana 344 239 105 344 100% 2%

47

Cpt Botanical name

Gross Volume

Relict Fair Good Net Volume

(m3)

% Net Vol/Gross Vol (spp)

% Net Vol/Total Net (cpt)

5 Diospyros abyssinica

564 233 35 295 330 59% 2%

5 Others 10,142 4,999 2,699 2,444 5,143 51% 34%

Sub-Total 25,011 9,736 9,055 6,220 15,276 61% 100%

Gross Total 241,154 99,687 88,002 53,461 141,463

48

Appendix 2: Itwara Forest Reserve - Stand table of Total Volume (m3) for 4,496.0 ha in the Production Zone

Species Diameter class (cm) Quality (40cm+)

Code Botanical name 10-40 40-70 70-90+ 90++ 40+ SE% RME 70+ SE% RME 90++ SE% RME Relict Fair Good Total (F+G)

292 Acacia spp 146 190 126 315 53.7 - 126 100.0 - - - 315 223 Alangium chinense 377 133 133 72.3 - - - - - 133 133

224 Albizia adianthifolia 70 182 182 57.7 - - - - - 64 118 182

201 Albizia coriaria 238 109 210 320 70.4 - 210 100.0 - - - 281 38 38

202 Albizia ferruginea 18 - - - - - -

225 Albizia glaberrima 852 460 460 100.0 - 460 100.0 - 460 100.0 - 460 460

203 Albizia grandibracteata

718 186 186 71.1 - - - - - 186

204 Albizia gummifera 446 665 665 44.9 79 - - - - 206 337 122 458 205 Albizia zygia 3,682 541 541 52.7 - - - - - 151 346 43 390

781 Alconia sp 594 - - - - - -

405 Allanblackia kimbiliensis

8 - - - - - -

705 Allophylus dummeri 108 - - - - - -

227 Allophylus macrobotrys

85 - - - - - -

228 Alstonia boonei 33 281 957 1,238 76.9 - 957 73.0 - - - 353 885 885

229 Aningeria adolfi-friederici

37 207 125 247 579 69.1 - 372 100.0 - 247 100.0 - 579 579

230 Aningeria altissima 193 246 634 1,171 2,051 44.7 253 1,805 50.2 29 1,171 70.7 - 1,022 745 284 1,029

410 Anthocleista grandiflora

35 - - - - - -

411 Anthocleista schweinfurthii

20 - - - - - -

231 Antiaris toxicaria 433 468 606 1,074 48.4 55 606 72.4 - - - 134 237 703 941

412 Antrocaryon micraster

9 - - - - - -

413 Aphania senegalensis

1,167 401 401 38.6 97 - - - - 229 171 171

414 Apodytes dimidiata 601 231 231 54.4 - - - - - 140 44 47 91

232 Balnites wilsoniana 1,480 1,579 3,303 6,325 11,207 24.1 5,902 9,628 27.2 4,483 6,325 37.6 1,661 9,766 1,441 1,441

416 Balsamocitrus dawei

179 103 103 100.0 - - - - - 103 103

807 Baphia capparidupt 38 38 100.0 - - - - - 38

708 Bathiopsis paviflora 142 - - - - - -

418 Beilschmiedia ugandensis

807 539 539 38.5 132 - - - - 100 110 329 439

711 Bersama abbysinica

218 457 457 46.2 43 - - - - 457

420 Blighia unijugata 1,001 3,425 2,869 1,469 7,763 16.3 5,287 4,338 23.2 2,359 1,469 50.7 9 2,414 4,117 1,232 5,349

49

Species Diameter class (cm) Quality (40cm+)

Code Botanical name 10-40 40-70 70-90+ 90++ 40+ SE% RME 70+ SE% RME 90++ SE% RME Relict Fair Good Total (F+G)

421 Blighia welwitschii 43 187 315 502 73.0 - 315 100.0 - 315 100.0 - 315 187 502

423 Bosquiea phoberos 8,427 2,606 888 3,494 26.1 1,704 888 72.7 - - - 415 2,667 412 3,079

557 Bragglia longipedicellata

18 - - - - - -

603 Bridelia brideliifolia 241 - - - - - -

425 Bridelia micrantha 1,102 27 27 100.0 - - - - - 27 27

564 Caloncoba schweinfurthii

78 46 46 100.0 - - - - - 46 46

233 Canarium schweinfurthii

117 117 100.0 - - - - - 117 117

804 Canthium vulgare 11 - - - - - -

206 Carapa grandiflora 933 2,662 860 3,523 23.5 1,898 860 49.1 32 - - 1,138 2,103 281 2,384

426 Casearia battiscombei

14 - - - - - -

427 Casearia engleri 179 - - - - - -

234 Cassia mannii 31 109 109 100.0 - - - - - 109 109

717 Cassine aethiopica 70 - - - - - -

718 Cassine buchananii 156 173 173 70.9 - - - - - 173 173

430 Cassipaurea gummifera

1,709 - - - - - -

429 Cassipourea melanosa

245 - - - - - -

716 Cassipourea rwensorensis

3,173 203 203 50.4 2 - - - - 155 49 49

235 Cathormion altissimum

162 162 100.0 - - - - - 162 162

236 Celtis adolfi-frederici

102 41 41 100.0 - - - - - 41 41

237 Celtis africana 1,273 2,732 3,720 1,545 7,997 21.8 4,573 5,265 30.5 2,116 1,545 59.4 - 2,523 3,355 2,119 5,474

238 Celtis durandii 28,304 35,568 6,831 3,383 45,783 8.3 38,336 10,215 22.9 5,635 3,383 53.6 - 18,232 20,624 6,927 27,551

239 Celtis integrifolia 32 - - - - - -

240 Celtis mildbraedii 482 3,050 1,685 763 5,498 26.5 2,635 2,448 45.2 275 763 100.0 - 909 979 3,610 4,589

242 Celtis wightii 79 197 197 100.0 - 197 100.0 - - - 197

241 Celtis zenkeri 2,932 8,040 5,447 5,250 18,737 20.9 11,051 10,697 33.6 3,656 5,250 58.8 - 2,932 6,064 9,740 15,805570 Chaetacme aristata 1,240 822 822 35.1 256 - - - - 822

243 Chrysophyllum albidum

12,014 12,915 5,810 2,245 20,970 11.5 16,245 8,055 22.6 4,485 2,245 45.2 253 2,735 11,263 6,972 18,235

244 Chrysophyllum gorungosanum

1,012 1,012 100.0 - 1,012 100.0 - 1,012 100.0 - 1,012 1,012

245 Chrysophyllum mnerense

168 144 287 431 70.8 - 287 100.0 - - - 287 144 431

247 Chrysophyllum perpulchrum

14 - - - - - -

50

Species Diameter class (cm) Quality (40cm+)

Code Botanical name 10-40 40-70 70-90+ 90++ 40+ SE% RME 70+ SE% RME 90++ SE% RME Relict Fair Good Total (F+G)

588 Cleistanthus polystachus

57 - - - - - -

439 Cleistopholis patens

903 108 108 100.0 - - - - - 108 108

558 Coffea spp 358 - - - - - -

442 Cola gigantea 63 - - - - - -

571 Combretum spp 33 - - - - - -

132 Cordia millenii 949 1,537 661 1,797 3,995 30.9 1,571 2,458 47.8 153 1,797 61.4 - 2,144 1,646 205 1,851

598 Craterispermum laurinum

1,653 433 433 100.0 - 433 100.0 - 433 100.0 - 433

444 Croton macrostachys

2,180 964 624 1,588 44.2 212 624 100.0 - 624 100.0 - 81 392 1,114 1,507

445 Croton megalocarpus

72 54 54 100.0 - - - - - 54 54

604 Croton oxypetalus (sylivaticus)

943 313 313 45.7 32 - - - - 129 139 45 184

249 Cynometra alexandrii

8,558 8,830 5,838 38,368 53,036 12.0 40,589 44,207 13.7 32,355 38,368 14.8 27,196 32,400 15,458 5,179 20,637

253 Dambeya goetzenii 6 - - - - - -

569 Dichrostachy cinerea

476 38 38 100.0 - - - - - 38

565 Dictyndra arborescens

190 - - - - - -

250 Diospyros abyssinica

22,648 16,465 2,088 18,553 10.1 14,863 2,088 42.0 366 - - 5,226 3,527 9,800 13,326

251 Diospyros mespiliforms

7 119 119 100.0 - - - - - 119 119

136 Diphasia angolensis

199 86 86 100.0 - - - - - 86

134 Discoglypremna caloneura

15 - - - - - -

252 Dombeya bagshawei

28 - - - - - -

254 Dombeya mukole 889 747 201 947 33.6 324 201 100.0 - - - 396 303 248 551

255 Drypetes spp 1,572 423 976 886 2,285 44.9 270 1,862 54.3 - 886 100.0 - 66 1,781 438 2,219

456 Ehretia cymosa 888 1,161 125 1,287 32.4 469 125 100.0 - - - 1,161 125 125

801 Entanda abyssinica 28 60 60 100.0 - - - - - 60 60

103 Entandrophragma angolense

16 - - - - - -

104 Entandrophragma cylindricum

40 - - - - - -

105 Entandrophragma excelsa

313 222 222 51.0 - - - - - 50 40 133 173

51

Species Diameter class (cm) Quality (40cm+)

Code Botanical name 10-40 40-70 70-90+ 90++ 40+ SE% RME 70+ SE% RME 90++ SE% RME Relict Fair Good Total (F+G)

106 Entandrophragma utile

155 - - - - - -

258 Erythrina abyssinica

567 260 260 51.3 - - - - - 260

259 Erythrina excelsa 65 65 100.0 - - - - - 65 65

261 Erythrophleum sauveolens

35 35 100.0 - - - - - 35

248 Eucalyptus grandis 270 656 656 46.9 52 - - - - 162 495 656

207 Eucalyptus robusta 325 325 100.0 - - - - - 325 325

463 Euphorbia obovalifolia

84 - - - - - -

107 Fagara leprieurii 239 593 242 834 43.1 129 242 100.0 - - - 320 515 515

108 Fagara macrophylla

831 1,378 197 1,575 30.6 629 197 100.0 - - - 475 990 110 1,100

109 Fagara mildbraedii 54 - - - - - -

210 Fagaropisis angolensis

47 411 411 63.8 - - - - - 49 362 362

208 Fagaropsis angolensis

299 1,440 1,078 2,518 28.8 1,093 1,078 52.0 - - - 1,248 1,030 240 1,270

465 Ficus spp 2,170 2,734 3,237 10,394 16,366 28.1 7,356 13,632 33.5 4,667 10,394 43.1 1,598 14,702 575 1,089 1,664

737 Flacourtia indica 80 - - - - - -

263 Funtumia africana 59,361 12,975 12,975 10.1 10,394 - - - - 616 3,929 8,430 12,359

264 Funtumia elastica 1,396 - - - - - -

738 Galiniera coffeodes 83 - - - - - -

470 Greenwayodendron suaveolens

1,378 5,537 4,240 892 10,669 16.2 7,285 5,132 24.4 2,678 892 70.7 - 9,259 1,410 1,410

739 Grewia mildbraedii 10 - - - - - -

118 Hagenia abyssinica 42 42 100.0 - - - - - 42

120 Hallea rubrostipulata

34 137 137 100.0 - - - - - 137

121 Hallea stipulosa 936 623 398 1,021 46.4 92 398 70.7 - - - 726 294 294

474 Haronga madagascariensis

138 - - - - - -

742 Harrisonia occidentalis

46 - - - - - -

119 Holoptelea grandis 248 599 1,173 1,772 53.7 - 1,772 53.7 - 1,173 73.1 - 314 424 1,034 1,458

599 Kigelia africana 712 187 187 71.7 - - - - - 187

477 Lannea welwitschii 53 39 39 100.0 - - - - - 39 39

567 Lasiodiscus mildbraedii

494 - - - - - -

744 Lepidotrichilia volukensii

37 - - - - - -

560 Linociera johnsonii 1,143 532 532 33.3 184 - - - - 484 48 48

52

Species Diameter class (cm) Quality (40cm+)

Code Botanical name 10-40 40-70 70-90+ 90++ 40+ SE% RME 70+ SE% RME 90++ SE% RME Relict Fair Good Total (F+G)

114 Lovoa swynnertonii 299 660 426 1,086 39.9 236 426 72.6 - - - 426 363 297 660

113 Lovoa trichiliodes 14 - - - - - -

482 Lychnodiscus cerospermus

28 - - - - - -

266 Macaranga kilimandscharica

35 - - - - - -

267 Macaranga lancifolia

387 - - - - - -

268 Macaranga monandra

163 124 124 78.5 - - - - - 124

750 Macaranga pyneartii

100 100 100.0 - - - - - 100 100

269 Macaranga schweinfurthii

3,004 929 929 36.3 268 - - - - 379 464 85 549

583 Maerua duchensii 484 - - - - - -

211 Maesopsis eminii 1,612 936 753 1,689 42.4 285 753 80.1 - - - 1,689 1,689

487 Majidea fosteri 38 38 38 100.0 - - - - - 38 38

488 Mammea africana 18 - - - - - -

491 Manilkara dawei 35 - - - - - -

212 Markhamia lutea 8,293 7,833 1,397 247 9,476 12.3 7,197 1,643 39.4 372 247 100.0 - 5,981 3,225 270 3,495 779 Melanodiscus sp 11 - - - - - -

492 Melletia dura 2,012 740 740 32.9 262 - - - - 562 178 178

102 Milicia excelsa 19 - - - - - -

493 Mimusops bagshawei

156 1,006 921 2,130 4,057 28.1 1,818 3,051 35.7 916 2,130 45.5 227 821 2,440 796 3,236

494 Monodora myristica 88 515 480 995 43.7 143 480 71.0 - - - 835 160 160

271 Morinda lucida 10 - - - - - -

272 Morus mesozygia 32 198 651 849 80.1 - 849 80.1 - 651 100.0 - 849 849 273 Musanga

cacropoides 59 49 49 100.0 - - - - - 49 49

147 Myrianthus aborsii 25 - - - - - -

274 Myrianthus holstii 457 163 163 64.4 - - - - - 163

501 Neoboutonia macrocalyx

588 450 450 43.6 65 - - - - 33 282 135 417

216 Newtonia buchananii

525 304 1,087 2,194 3,585 51.5 - 3,281 56.1 - 2,194 78.5 - 935 2,599 50 2,650

123 Olea africana 16 - - - - - -

115 Olea welwitschii 6,925 19,288 13,574 9,841 42,702 9.0 35,189 23,415 12.8 17,514 9,841 20.6 5,854 14,126 21,805 6,772 28,577

504 Olinia usambarensis

134 134 100.0 - - - - - 134 134

574 Oncoba spp 7 - - - - - -

780 Oxynthus sp 85 - - - - - -

505 Pachystela 16 895 895 100.0 - 895 100.0 - 895 100.0 - 895 895

53

Species Diameter class (cm) Quality (40cm+)

Code Botanical name 10-40 40-70 70-90+ 90++ 40+ SE% RME 70+ SE% RME 90++ SE% RME Relict Fair Good Total (F+G)

brevipes

762 Pancovia turbinata 270 32 32 100.0 - - - - - 32

277 Parinari excelsa 515 2,937 5,611 10,315 18,862 20.0 11,455 15,926 22.8 8,796 10,315 29.9 4,272 1,502 5,810 11,551 17,361278 Parkia filicoidea 13 66 66 100.0 - - - - - 66 66

595 Pauridiantha holstii 33 - - - - - -

138 Pauridiantha viridiflora

7 - - - - - -

219 Peptadeniastrum africanum

136 233 233 77.8 - - - - - 170 63 233

510 Phyllanthus discoideus

1,751 1,600 398 412 2,410 22.0 1,370 810 45.7 83 412 70.5 - 967 1,285 158 1,443

593 Pittosporum ripicolum

86 - - - - - -

589 Pittosporum spathicalys

32 - - - - - -

512 Pittosporum viridiflorum

23 - - - - - -

152 Pleocarpa pycnantha

191 - - - - - -

126 Podocarpus milanjianus

6 - - - - - -

279 Polyscia fulva 407 266 266 44.4 34 - - - - 122 145 266

280 Premna angolensis 4,597 11,711 6,289 1,704 19,705 10.6 15,598 7,993 19.5 4,938 1,704 52.3 - 14,410 5,001 294 5,295

220 Prunus africana 3,638 3,334 1,229 568 5,132 21.3 2,991 1,797 52.0 - 568 100.0 - 1,344 2,871 916 3,788

281 Pseudospondias microcarpa

669 389 1,248 1,058 2,694 32.6 973 2,306 37.4 613 1,058 63.7 - 2,283 372 39 411

282 Pterygota mildbraedii

95 987 1,637 337 2,961 36.4 849 1,974 36.4 566 337 100.0 - 118 543 2,300 2,843

283 Pycnanthus angolensis

433 263 263 71.7 - - - - - 109 153 153

518 Rauvolfia oxyphylla 219 102 102 58.3 - - - - - 73 29 29

769 Rauvolfia vomitora 47 - - - - - -

783 Rawsonia spp 52 - - - - - -

148 Rinorea ardicifolia 11 - - - - - -

520 Rinorea ilicifolia 23 19 19 100.0 - - - - - 19

561 Ritchiea albersii 928 333 333 46.5 29 - - - - 333

153 Rothamania urcelliformis

78 - - - - - -

521 Sapium ellipticum 19,315 23,457 5,159 3,211 31,828 9.6 25,851 8,370 28.3 3,717 3,211 57.1 - 21,090 9,359 1,378 10,737

523 Schefflera volkensii 48 - - - - - -

285 Schrebera arborea 270 515 249 765 49.9 16 249 100.0 - - - 74 288 402 690

141 Scolopia rhamnophylla

48 439 439 100.0 - 439 100.0 - 439 100.0 - 439

54

Species Diameter class (cm) Quality (40cm+)

Code Botanical name 10-40 40-70 70-90+ 90++ 40+ SE% RME 70+ SE% RME 90++ SE% RME Relict Fair Good Total (F+G)

286 Spathodea campanulata

3,694 5,412 5,412 17.9 3,513 - - - - 1,584 2,880 948 3,828

770 Stauditia kamerunensis

17 - - - - - -

528 Staudtia stipitata 102 58 58 100.0 - - - - - 58

287 Sterculia dawei 544 989 1,534 55.3 - 1,534 55.3 - 989 74.3 - 399 1,134 1,534

778 Stereospermum canthium

7 - - - - - -

288 Steruculia setigera 35 - - - - - -

404 Strombosia scheffleri

4,678 7,673 3,168 1,694 12,536 17.2 8,296 4,862 35.2 1,502 1,694 86.7 - 4,899 4,467 3,169 7,636

596 Strombosia toroensis

47 - - - - - -

530 Strychnos mitis 564 381 381 46.3 35 - - - - 267 114 114

221 Symphonia globulifera

29 345 302 648 56.2 - 302 100.0 - 302 100.0 - 442 205 205

289 Syzigium guineense

2,038 676 348 1,024 44.7 125 348 100.0 - 348 100.0 - 763 168 93 261

532 Tabernaemontana holstii

3,534 - - - - - -

533 Tabernaemontana johnstonii

46 - - - - - -

534 Tabernaemontana usambarensis

24 - - - - - -

536 Tapura fischeri 686 419 419 55.6 - - - - - 419

610 Tarenna spp 84 - - - - - -

605 Teclea angolensis 45 - - - - - -

537 Teclea nobilis 2,558 509 651 1,160 63.0 - 651 100.0 - 651 100.0 - 996 164 164

538 Terminalia brownii 8 - - - - - -

290 Tetrapleura tetraptera

27 - - - - - -

540 Tetrorchidium didymostemon

2,095 1,162 1,162 25.6 580 - - - - 326 327 510 836

146 Thecocaris lucida 55 55 100.0 - - - - - 55

541 Treculia africana 103 123 123 75.0 - - - - - 39 83 83

542 Trema orientalis 1,503 823 4,354 5,177 84.3 - 4,354 100.0 - 4,354 100.0 - 237 4,515 424 4,939 222 Trichilia dregeana 117 116 708 824 63.7 - 708 72.2 - - - 280 428 116 544

543 Trichilia emetica 67 512 512 100.0 - 512 100.0 - 512 100.0 - 512

544 Trichilia mantineana

29 29 100.0 - - - - - 29

545 Trichilia prieuriana 182 30 232 263 89.2 - 232 100.0 - - - 263

546 Trichilia rubenscens

1,874 34 34 100.0 - - - - - 34 34

55

Species Diameter class (cm) Quality (40cm+)

Code Botanical name 10-40 40-70 70-90+ 90++ 40+ SE% RME 70+ SE% RME 90++ SE% RME Relict Fair Good Total (F+G)

773 Trichoscypha ulugurensis

37 463 463 85.6 - - - - - 73 390 390

562 Turraea floribunda 504 - - - - - -

547 Turraenthus africanus

584 380 1,027 1,407 39.8 308 1,027 51.9 - - - 360 709 338 1,047

777 unknown 421 636 156 765 1,557 76.9 - 921 84.8 - 765 100.0 - 236 1,165 156 1,321

549 Uvariopsis congensis

1,235 361 361 53.1 - - - - - 144 217 217

578 Vangueria spp 576 - - - - - -

800 Vernonia conferta 177 - - - - - -

550 Vitex amboniensis 86 33 33 100.0 - - - - - 33

551 Voacanga thonarsii 193 341 207 548 54.0 - 207 100.0 - - - 256 293 293

291 Warbugia ugandensis

269 269 100.0 - 269 100.0 - - - 269 269

555 Xymalos monospora

2,253 927 927 35.1 289 - - - - 493 434 434

556 Zanha golungensis 217 217 100.0 - 217 100.0 - - - 217

- - - - - - TOTAL 280,328 239,180 101,621 122,369 463,170 3.0 435,719 223,990 5.6 199,265 122,369 9.2 100,272 197,075 166,137 99,959 266,096Sampling error % 1.5% 2.6% 5.7% 9.2% 3.0% 5.6% 9.2% 4.6% 4.9% 6.7% RME (P=95.0%) 271,823 227,204 90,343 100,272 435,719 199,265 100,272 179,119 150,175 86,918

Muhangi Forest Reserve: Stand table of Total volume (m3) for Total (1,975.0 ha, 952 plots)

Species Diameter class (cm) Quality (40cm+)

Code Botanical name 10-40 40-70 70-90+

90++ 40+ SE% RME 70+ SE% RME 90++ SE% RME Relict Fair Good Total (F+G)

292 Acacia spp 113 148 47 195 47.3 14 47 100.0 - - - 195

223 Alangium chinense 14 27 27 100.0 - - - - - 27 27

201 Albizia coriaria 8 40 78 119 70.4 - 78 100.0 - - - 104 14 14

225 Albizia glaberrima 493 181 706 1,153 2,039 44.4 263 1,858 48.3 97 1,153 58.0 - 60 1,050 929 1,979

203 Albizia grandibracteata

195 69 69 71.1 - - - - - 69

204 Albizia gummifera 82 244 432 785 1,462 44.3 191 1,218 52.1 - 785 71.4 - 448 527 487 1,014

205 Albizia zygia 730 234 397 632 66.9 - 397 100.0 - 397 100.0 - 17 201 413 614

781 Alconia sp 792 - - - - - -

405 Allanblackia kimbiliensis

3 - - - - - -

705 Allophylus dummeri 90 - - - - - -

228 Alstonia boonei 75 509 1,318 847 2,674 36.3 769 2,165 39.2 501 847 71.1 - 681 1,722 271 1,992

229 Aningeria adolfi- 19 137 47 92 275 61.6 - 138 100.0 - 92 100.0 - 275 275

56

Species Diameter class (cm) Quality (40cm+) Code Botanical name 10-40 40-70 70-

90+ 90++ 40+ SE% RME 70+ SE% RME 90++ SE% RME Relict Fair Good Total

(F+G)

friederici

230 Aningeria altissima 37 155 552 221 928 43.2 141 773 50.6 5 221 100.0 - 374 319 235 554

410 Anthocleista grandiflora

68 - - - - - -

231 Antiaris toxicaria 110 87 305 392 79.1 - 305 100.0 - - - 50 342 342

412 Antrocaryon micraster

7 - - - - - -

413 Aphania senegalensis

534 129 129 45.1 15 - - - - 57 71 71

414 Apodytes dimidiata 110 82 82 67.1 - - - - - 65 17 17

232 Balnites wilsoniana 233 179 370 1,527 2,076 48.6 94 1,897 52.7 - 1,527 64.3 - 1,769 307 307

416 Balsamocitrus dawei

5 38 38 100.0 - - - - - 38 38

807 Baphia capparidupt 162 14 14 100.0 - - - - - 14

708 Bathiopsis paviflora 294 - - - - - -

418 Beilschmiedia ugandensis

186 31 31 70.6 - - - - - 16 15 31

711 Bersama abbysinica

70 46 46 71.1 - - - - - 46

420 Blighia unijugata 185 246 673 682 1,601 28.1 718 1,355 32.2 497 682 54.1 - 657 765 179 944 421 Blighia welwitschii 22 164 164 100.0 - 164 100.0 - 164 100.0 - 164 164

423 Bosquiea phoberos 1,595 1,045 462 1,507 30.7 598 462 72.7 - - - 199 1,162 146 1,308

557 Bragglia longipedicellata

15 - - - - - -

603 Bridelia brideliifolia 54 - - - - - -

425 Bridelia micrantha 187 10 10 100.0 - - - - - 10 10

564 Caloncoba schweinfurthii

76 76 76 70.7 - - - - - 38 38 38

804 Canthium vulgare 4 - - - - - -

206 Carapa grandiflora 354 1,111 231 1,341 23.7 718 231 54.3 - - - 442 829 70 900

427 Casearia engleri 7 - - - - - -

717 Cassine aethiopica 3 - - - - - -

718 Cassine buchananii 106 90 90 70.9 - - - - - 90 90

430 Cassipaurea gummifera

845 - - - - - -

429 Cassipourea melanosa

192 - - - - - -

716 Cassipourea rwensorensis

1,078 76 76 58.0 - - - - - 50 25 25

236 Celtis adolfi-frederici

15 15 100.0 - - - - - 15 15

237 Celtis africana 78 320 733 754 1,807 33.9 604 1,486 40.2 313 754 61.2 - 375 825 606 1,431

238 Celtis durandii 8,458 10,707 2,742 1,412 14,862 10.7 11,738 4,154 27.2 1,935 1,412 62.1 - 5,571 6,441 2,849 9,290

57

Species Diameter class (cm) Quality (40cm+) Code Botanical name 10-40 40-70 70-

90+ 90++ 40+ SE% RME 70+ SE% RME 90++ SE% RME Relict Fair Good Total

(F+G)

240 Celtis mildbraedii 1,063 4,705 2,694 1,922 9,321 19.0 5,852 4,616 30.6 1,841 1,922 59.6 - 1,042 1,919 6,361 8,279

242 Celtis wightii 25 73 73 100.0 - 73 100.0 - - - 73

241 Celtis zenkeri 6,045 11,698 6,491 3,885 22,074 12.9 16,483 10,376 22.8 5,724 3,885 45.9 387 3,950 9,623 8,502 18,124 570 Chaetacme aristata 595 544 544 35.5 165 - - - - 544

243 Chrysophyllum albidum

3,455 4,573 2,435 1,172 8,180 14.5 5,847 3,607 25.5 1,803 1,172 46.9 93 936 4,040 3,204 7,244

244 Chrysophyllum gorungosanum

173 173 100.0 - - - - - 173 173

245 Chrysophyllum mnerense

54 78 237 315 77.2 - 237 100.0 - - - 237 78 315

247 Chrysophyllum perpulchrum

5 - - - - - -

588 Cleistanthus polystachus

30 - - - - - -

558 Coffea spp 160 - - - - - -

442 Cola gigantea 40 - - - - - -

571 Combretum spp 9 - - - - - -

132 Cordia millenii 220 469 124 855 1,447 43.9 199 979 62.7 - 855 71.1 - 709 662 76 738

598 Craterispermum laurinum

197 161 161 100.0 - 161 100.0 - 161 100.0 - 161

444 Croton macrostachys

818 843 190 1,032 30.0 425 190 100.0 - - - 115 415 503 918

445 Croton megalocarpus

27 20 20 100.0 - - - - - 20 20

604 Croton oxypetalus (sylivaticus)

493 184 184 56.8 - - - - - 168 17 17

249 Cynometra alexandrii

11,894 13,954 18,833 57,054 89,841 6.9 77,599 75,887 7.8 64,269 57,054 9.5 46,412 54,466 31,211 4,165 35,376

253 Dambeya goetzenii 2 - - - - - -

569 Dichrostachy cinerea

151 14 14 100.0 - - - - - 14

565 Dictyndra arborescens

73 - - - - - -

250 Diospyros abyssinica

3,784 5,039 778 5,817 13.7 4,252 778 52.6 - - - 1,550 942 3,325 4,267

251 Diospyros mespiliforms

3 99 99 100.0 - - - - - 99 99

136 Diphasia angolensis

32 42 42 100.0 - - - - - 42

134 Discoglypremna caloneura

8 - - - - - -

252 Dombeya bagshawei

14 - - - - - -

58

Species Diameter class (cm) Quality (40cm+) Code Botanical name 10-40 40-70 70-

90+ 90++ 40+ SE% RME 70+ SE% RME 90++ SE% RME Relict Fair Good Total

(F+G)

254 Dombeya mukole 617 686 395 1,080 33.4 373 395 71.6 - - - 551 414 116 529

255 Drypetes spp 693 124 169 293 45.0 35 169 70.6 - - - 24 139 130 269

456 Ehretia cymosa 82 162 47 209 45.3 23 47 100.0 - - - 162 47 47 801 Entanda abyssinica 34 22 22 100.0 - - - - - 22 22

104 Entandrophragma cylindricum

29 - - - - - -

105 Entandrophragma excelsa

160 83 83 51.0 - - - - - 18 15 49 64

106 Entandrophragma utile

54 - - - - - -

258 Erythrina abyssinica

114 91 91 60.6 - - - - - 91

259 Erythrina excelsa 57 24 24 100.0 - - - - - 24 24

261 Erythrophleum sauveolens

116 334 450 77.5 - 334 100.0 - 334 100.0 - 13 437 437

248 Eucalyptus grandis 115 277 277 46.3 25 - - - - 68 208 277

463 Euphorbia obovalifolia

35 - - - - - -

107 Fagara leprieurii 39 - - - - - -

108 Fagara macrophylla

273 179 179 54.1 - - - - - 113 66 66

109 Fagara mildbraedii 32 - - - - - -

210 Fagaropisis angolensis

28 146 146 77.3 - - - - - 41 105 105

208 Fagaropsis angolensis

22 130 351 482 55.0 - 351 71.6 - - - 230 252 252

465 Ficus spp 937 848 600 3,610 5,058 34.9 1,589 4,210 41.6 774 3,610 47.9 217 4,262 753 43 796

737 Flacourtia indica 10 - - - - - -

263 Funtumia africana 15,617 3,243 1,214 4,457 28.9 1,927 1,214 100.0 - 1,214 100.0 - 264 847 3,346 4,193

738 Galiniera coffeodes 86 - - - - - -

470 Greenwayodendron suaveolens

559 1,523 1,506 464 3,493 20.0 2,122 1,970 28.8 857 464 70.7 - 3,148 345 345

120 Hallea rubrostipulata

26 - - - - - -

121 Hallea stipulosa 347 283 207 489 45.6 51 207 70.7 - - - 278 161 50 211

474 Haronga madagascariensis

3 - - - - - -

741 Harrisonia abysinica.

12 - - - - - -

742 Harrisonia occidentalis

17 - - - - - -

119 Holoptelea grandis 305 740 751 970 2,461 38.1 622 1,720 48.1 98 970 73.1 - 355 765 1,341 2,106 599 Kigelia africana 139 29 29 100.0 - - - - - 29

59

Species Diameter class (cm) Quality (40cm+) Code Botanical name 10-40 40-70 70-

90+ 90++ 40+ SE% RME 70+ SE% RME 90++ SE% RME Relict Fair Good Total

(F+G)

406 Klainedoxa gabonensis

6 - - - - - -

477 Lannea welwitschii 15 15 100.0 - - - - - 15 15

567 Lasiodiscus mildbraedii

1,997 69 223 292 79.7 - 223 100.0 - 223 100.0 - 36 33 223 256

744 Lepidotrichilia volukensii

11 - - - - - -

560 Linociera johnsonii 353 174 174 42.0 30 - - - - 149 25 25

114 Lovoa swynnertonii 107 209 61 270 46.2 25 61 100.0 - - - 61 85 124 209

113 Lovoa trichiliodes 62 62 100.0 - - - - - 62 62

482 Lychnodiscus cerospermus

38 - - - - - -

266 Macaranga kilimandscharica

80 - - - - - -

267 Macaranga lancifolia

8 - - - - - -

268 Macaranga monandra

63 88 88 62.9 - - - - - 46 42 42

750 Macaranga pyneartii

37 37 100.0 - - - - - 37 37

269 Macaranga schweinfurthii

447 276 276 44.7 34 - - - - 79 166 32 197

583 Maerua duchensii 470 - - - - - - 211 Maesopsis eminii 566 350 65 416 38.4 103 65 100.0 - - - 416 416

487 Majidea fosteri 42 31 31 100.0 - - - - - 31 31

491 Manilkara dawei 20 91 91 100.0 - - - - - 91 91

212 Markhamia lutea 2,732 2,190 109 92 2,391 17.2 1,583 200 59.8 - 92 100.0 - 1,336 921 134 1,055

779 Melanodiscus sp 4 - - - - - -

492 Melletia dura 209 47 47 73.8 - - - - - 47

493 Mimusops bagshawei

40 466 116 603 1,185 34.2 390 720 49.6 19 603 57.6 - 279 529 377 906

494 Monodora myristica 22 348 114 462 53.2 - 114 100.0 - - - 267 195 195

272 Morus mesozygia 16 164 339 503 74.9 - 503 74.9 - 339 100.0 - 503 503

273 Musanga cacropoides

28 25 25 100.0 - - - - - 25 25

147 Myrianthus aborsii 3 - - - - - -

274 Myrianthus holstii 287 26 26 71.0 - - - - - 26

501 Neoboutonia macrocalyx

311 12 12 100.0 - - - - - 12

216 Newtonia buchananii

180 304 304 47.2 23 - - - - 235 69 304

115 Olea welwitschii 672 2,224 1,801 1,134 5,159 14.4 3,706 2,935 21.3 1,707 1,134 39.4 257 1,171 2,668 1,320 3,988

780 Oxynthus sp 65 - - - - - -

60

Species Diameter class (cm) Quality (40cm+) Code Botanical name 10-40 40-70 70-

90+ 90++ 40+ SE% RME 70+ SE% RME 90++ SE% RME Relict Fair Good Total

(F+G)

505 Pachystela brevipes

8 466 466 100.0 - 466 100.0 - 466 100.0 - 466 466

762 Pancovia turbinata 205 56 56 81.4 - - - - - 12 44 44

277 Parinari excelsa 160 919 2,014 4,753 7,685 21.6 4,420 6,767 23.6 3,633 4,753 30.1 1,950 502 3,082 4,101 7,183

278 Parkia filicoidea 8 25 25 100.0 - - - - - 25 25

595 Pauridiantha holstii 15 - - - - - -

138 Pauridiantha viridiflora

3 - - - - - -

219 Peptadeniastrum africanum

55 131 131 84.0 - - - - - 131 131

510 Phyllanthus discoideus

675 364 43 407 31.2 158 43 100.0 - - - 80 275 52 327

152 Pleocarpa pycnantha

46 - - - - - -

126 Podocarpus milanjianus

2 - - - - - -

279 Polyscia fulva 112 83 83 59.9 - - - - - 44 39 83

280 Premna angolensis 1,200 2,101 1,457 100 3,657 15.0 2,578 1,557 28.4 689 100 100.0 - 3,065 430 163 593

220 Prunus africana 612 891 891 24.1 470 - - - - 126 453 312 765

281 Pseudospondias microcarpa

256 176 276 180 632 33.4 217 456 42.4 77 180 73.3 - 499 113 21 133

282 Pterygota mildbraedii

72 816 1,063 279 2,158 38.6 523 1,342 37.5 354 279 100.0 - 97 449 1,611 2,060

283 Pycnanthus angolensis

53 90 90 100.0 - - - - - 90

518 Rauvolfia oxyphylla 95 82 82 60.2 - - - - - 27 55 55

769 Rauvolfia vomitora 2 - - - - - -

148 Rinorea ardicifolia 6 - - - - - -

520 Rinorea ilicifolia 7 7 100.0 - - - - - 7

561 Ritchiea albersii 167 57 57 74.8 - - - - - 57

153 Rothamania urcelliformis

41 - - - - - -

521 Sapium ellipticum 2,716 2,867 384 749 4,000 17.4 2,635 1,133 48.0 66 749 62.5 - 2,227 1,625 149 1,774

523 Schefflera volkensii 7 - - - - - -

285 Schrebera arborea 125 158 206 364 62.2 - 206 100.0 - - - 32 332 364

141 Scolopia rhamnophylla

12 163 163 100.0 - 163 100.0 - 163 100.0 - 163

286 Spathodea campanulata

882 1,318 1,318 25.5 658 - - - - 85 986 248 1,234

770 Stauditia kamerunensis

9 - - - - - -

528 Staudtia stipitata 93 21 21 100.0 - - - - - 21

287 Sterculia dawei 328 818 1,145 56.9 - 1,145 56.9 - 818 74.3 - 208 938 1,145

61

Species Diameter class (cm) Quality (40cm+) Code Botanical name 10-40 40-70 70-

90+ 90++ 40+ SE% RME 70+ SE% RME 90++ SE% RME Relict Fair Good Total

(F+G)

404 Strombosia scheffleri

1,944 4,592 1,901 843 7,336 14.6 5,240 2,744 27.5 1,264 843 63.8 - 2,109 3,422 1,804 5,226

596 Strombosia toroensis

4 - - - - - -

530 Strychnos mitis 426 394 394 44.7 48 - - - - 127 208 59 267

221 Symphonia globulifera

11 128 112 240 56.2 - 112 100.0 - 112 100.0 - 164 76 76

289 Syzigium guineense

1,491 695 129 824 45.6 87 129 100.0 - 129 100.0 - 648 141 35 176

532 Tabernaemontana holstii

737 - - - - - -

533 Tabernaemontana johnstonii

43 - - - - - -

534 Tabernaemontana usambarensis

27 - - - - - -

536 Tapura fischeri 437 389 389 55.7 - - - - - 389

610 Tarenna spp 33 - - - - - - 605 Teclea angolensis 23 - - - - - -

537 Teclea nobilis 285 105 105 76.7 - - - - - 105

538 Terminalia brownii 3 - - - - - -

290 Tetrapleura tetraptera

87 - - - - - -

540 Tetrorchidium didymostemon

711 431 431 30.2 176 - - - - 128 142 161 303

146 Thecocaris lucida 20 20 100.0 - - - - - 20

541 Treculia africana 4 46 46 75.0 - - - - - 15 31 31

542 Trema orientalis 643 264 1,617 1,881 86.2 - 1,617 100.0 - 1,617 100.0 - 164 1,644 72 1,717

222 Trichilia dregeana 57 210 210 59.9 - - - - - 167 43 210

543 Trichilia emetica 30 - - - - - -

544 Trichilia mantineana

11 11 100.0 - - - - - 11

545 Trichilia prieuriana 116 84 121 205 69.0 - 121 100.0 - - - 205

546 Trichilia rubenscens

849 129 129 59.3 - - - - - 101 28 28

562 Turraea floribunda 654 80 512 593 86.9 - 512 100.0 - - - 38 554 554

547 Turraenthus africanus

197 71 513 417 1,001 49.9 21 930 53.5 - 417 100.0 - 94 314 593 906

777 unknown 556 217 58 275 41.0 53 58 100.0 - - - 85 132 58 190

549 Uvariopsis congensis

270 27 27 100.0 - - - - - 27 27

578 Vangueria spp 149 - - - - - -

800 Vernonia conferta 42 - - - - - -

550 Vitex amboniensis 44 12 12 100.0 - - - - - 12

62

Species Diameter class (cm) Quality (40cm+) Code Botanical name 10-40 40-70 70-

90+ 90++ 40+ SE% RME 70+ SE% RME 90++ SE% RME Relict Fair Good Total

(F+G)

551 Voacanga thonarsii 36 40 40 73.0 - - - - - 25 15 15

291 Warbugia ugandensis

100 100 100.0 - 100 100.0 - - - 100 100

555 Xymalos monospora

647 141 141 45.8 14 - - - - 43 98 98

- - - - - - TOTAL 94,287 92,484 55,980 92,690 241,154 3.4 225,254 148,670 5.2 133,485 92,690 7.6 78,925 99,689 88,004 53,461 141,465 Sampling error % 2.1% 3.2% 6.1% 7.6% 3.4% 5.2% 7.6% 5.5% 5.6% 7.2% RME (P=95.0%) 90,328 86,760 49,239 78,925 225,254 133,485 78,925 88,895 78,357 45,877

62

Appendix 3: Monitoring & Evaluation Framework for the FMP for Itwara Group of CFRs

Management Objectives

Baseline Objectively Verifiable Indicators

Means & Sources of Verification

Frequency of Monitoring

Responsible for Monitoring

Vision: Sustainably managed forest resources contributing to better community livelihoods and national development Mission: Improved forest management to raise the stocking and socio-economic values of the forest resource base in the MPA

Mataa, Nyaburongo, Bundikeki, and Kabango - Muntandi are mostly encroached

75% of formerly encroached areas being re-forested by end of period

Annual reports; field verification exercises

Once a year NFA Board of Directors

No deliberate programme to manage environmentally sensitive areas

75% of area in production PFE that has been identified as environmentally sensitive being protected and managed in accordance with existing legislation & guidelines by EOP

Annual reports; field verification exercises

Once a year NFA Board of Directors

Harvesting is preceded by ISSMI, carried out through NFA's system of log-grading and selling graded logs through public auction

Production Zones being managed in accordance with NFA guidelines by end of year (EOY) 5

Annual reports; field verification exercises

Once a year NFA Board of Directors

The baseline will be one of the first activities in implementation of this FMP

The value of benefits accruing to local communities increased by 20% by EOP

An evaluation study

Mid-term review & end of FMP period

NFA Board of Directors

Management

63

Objectives

Conservation of the forest biodiversity and ecological conditions

Only biodiversity conservation Zones in Itwara mapped but not well known on the ground

High conservation value forests or parts thereof being managed according to existing laws & guidelines

Stakeholder Forum

Once a year NFA Monitoring Team

No deliberate programme to manage biodiversity in PZs

20% of the production zones/forests set aside for biodiversity conservation

Annual reports; Field verification exercise

Once a year NFA Monitoring Team

Production of timber and non-timber products in the natural forests, grasslands and woodlands to the benefit of the people of Uganda

Guidelines have been produced but deliberate implementation not yet fully embraced

NFA guidelines for harvesting & silviculture in natural forests being implemented in all production areas by EOY5

Independent audit of application of NFA standards & guidelines

Once a year Short-term consultant

Guidelines being partially implemented because of erratic release of money to the field

All forest plantations in the MPA being managed according to NFA guidelines by EOY3

Independent audit of application of NFA standards & guidelines

Once a year Short-term consultant

Restoration of the functions of the degraded forests and deforested parts/reserves

Very little reforestation work is being done because of the intransigent encroachment

700 ha of formerly encroached areas and degraded forests being actively reforested by EOY5

Annual reports; Field verification exercise

Once a year NFA Monitoring Team

Most of the forest management related conflicts between NFA & the communities being solved the NFA way or going to courts of law

75% of the conflicts related to forest management & protection amicably resolved through CFM arrangements

Annual reports; Field verification exercise

Once a year NFA Monitoring Team

64

Enhancement of partnerships with communities surrounding the forests in the management of the reserves

CFM work has been initiated in N. Rwenzori & Itwara CFR

Collaborative forest management arrangements fully operational over 50% of the forest estate by EOP

Annual reports; Field verification exercise

Once a year NFA Monitoring Team

The baseline will be one of the first activities in implementation of this FMP

Value of community contribution to forest management & protection increased by 50% by EOP

Independent audit of application of NFA standards & guidelines

mid-term review & end of period

Short-term consultant

The baseline will be one of the first activities in implementation of this FMP

20 profitable forest-based enterprises fully functional by EOP

Independent audit of application of NFA standards & guidelines

mid-term review & end of period

Short-term consultant

Advancement of knowledge in forest management and the resultant benefits to stakeholders (local, national & global)

There is very little on local managers initiation of research

A research agenda based on local forest managers innovations & initiative being implemented by EOY3

Research agenda; Annual reports; Field verification exercise

Once a year NFA Monitoring Team

Local community meetings take place as the need arises

at least one workshop bringing in stakeholder representatives from all the MPA conducted once a year to enhance information & ideas

Workshop proceedings

Once a year NFA Monitoring Team

65

Map 3: Itwara Central Forest Reserve – Compartments

4

21

9

5

6

7

8

10

3

Sog

ahi

Wam

i se

Kamulusula

Nya

kib u

guta

Nyakabale

Nya

kibug

u ta

Sogahi

Sogahi

Nyakabale

Wam

ise

Sog

ahi

Nya

kaba

l e

Sogahi

Sogahi

Nyak ibu

guta

Sogahi

Sogahi

Nyakibuguta

Sogahi

Wam

i se

Wam

ise

Sog

ahi

Sogahi

Sogahi

Nya

kibu

g ut a

Sogahi

Nyakibuguta

4 0 4 Kilometers

ITWARA CENTRAL FOREST RESERVE - Compartments

Compartment Boundaries

RoadsRivers

212000

212000

214000

214000

216000

216000

218000

218000

220000

220000

222000

222000

224000

224000

820

00 82

000

840

00 84

000

860

00 86

000

880

00 88

000

900

00 90

000

920

00 92

000

940

00 94

000

960

00 96

000

N

66

Map 4: Muhangi Central forest Reserve - Compartments

4

2

3

1

5

MUHANGI CENTRAL FOREST RESERVE - Compartments

230000

230000

232000

232000

234000

234000

236000

236000

238000

238000

24

24

960

00

980

00

100

000

102

000

104

000

Compartment Boundaries

RoadsRivers

2 0 2 4 Kilometers