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Transcript of Forest management in Finland Marko Mäki-Hakola Research manager Central union of agricultural...
Forest management in FinlandForest management in Finland
Marko Mäki-Hakola Research manager
Central union of agricultural producers and forest owners (MTK)
[email protected], +358 40 5026810
Slovakia 7.11.2006
2
This presentationThis presentation
1. Finnish forest sector and family forestry in Finland
2. Forest legislation and forest policy
3. Nature protection
4. Everyman’s right
5. Something to remember
4Source: Pellervo Economic Research Institute (PTT), Statistics Finland, 2005
Publishing and printing are incorporated in the pulp and paper industry because in some provinces separating these would endanger information security. The contribution of these towards the GNP of the whole country’s forest sector is approximately 15 percent.
Well-being from Forests Is Spread Far and WideWell-being from Forests Is Spread Far and Wide
In 2003 the forest sector was responsible for 7,3 % of the country’s GNP.
In monetary terms this came to over 9 billion euros.
The highest
The second highest
In terms of primaryproduction and industrial branches theforest sector’s GNP is
6
FINLANDA Land of 188 000 LakesFINLANDA Land of 188 000 Lakes
Forest area (FAO): 22 million hectares 73 % of land area (EU-25: 36 % of land area)
Utilized agricultural area: 2.2 million hectares 6 % of land area (EU-25: 42 % of land area)
Water area: 3.4 million hectares 10 % of total area
TOTAL AREA 33. 8 million hectares
Population density (land area): 17 persons/km2 (EU-25: 117/km2)
7
1955 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 050
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100mill.m3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100mill.m3
Total drain Growth, 5-yr. average
TOTAL DRAIN
GROWTH
Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute
Wood Production Is the Backbone of Sustainable Forestry
Wood Production Is the Backbone of Sustainable Forestry
*Logging + Natural*Logging + Natural
**
8
* = according to an inventory of 2004-2005Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute
Forest Ownership Structure in Finland(according to an inventory of 1996-2003)Forest Ownership Structure in Finland(according to an inventory of 1996-2003)
86
68 6760
9
17 2026
510 8 95 5 5
COMMERCIALFELLINGS/year
54 MILL. M3
* ANNUALINCREMENT97 MILJ. M3
* VOLUME OFGROWING STOCK
2176 MILJ. M3
* PRODUCTIONFOREST AREA
20 MILJ. HA
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Private
State
ForestIndustry
Others
10
Average size of private forest holdings (ha)Average size of private forest holdings (ha)
Average size in Finland 31,4 ha
21
22
27
25
27 25
26 33
34
3332
4738
64
Entrepreneurs 3,7 %
Pensioners 19,8%
Wage & Salary earners 15,5 %
Others4,9%
State 24,4 %
Forest Industry 8,9 %
Farmers 20,4 %
Entrepreneurs 3,7 %Entrepreneurs 3,7 %
Pensioners 19,8%Pensioners 19,8%
Wage & Salary earners 15,5 %Wage & Salary earners 15,5 %
Others4,9%
State 24,4 %State 24,4 %
Forest Industry 8,9 %Forest Industry 8,9 %
Farmers 20,4 %Farmers 20,4 %
Forest ownership:
11
Family Forestry is characterised byFamily Forestry is characterised by
Multiobjectivity family forestry incorporates multiple values
and functions
Over-generational thinking the needs of future generations are
constantly borne in mind and the forest holding is handed down to the next generation in a further improved condition
Various benefits and services provided to the society
e.g. Everyman's Right - the forests and waters are free for everyone to visit and enjoy
12
MTK promotes sustainable family forestry in accordance with the following principles:
Landowners’ constitutional rights are respected Forest owners have the right and the opportunity
to manage and use their forests in compliance with their objectives
Forestry is economically profitable Forests are managed in compliance with the
principles of sustainable forestry.
Family Forest Owners' PrioritiesFamily Forest Owners' Priorities
Sustainable Forest
Management SFM
EcologicalDimension
SocialDimension
EconomicDimension
CulturalDimension
13
In Finland the Forest Management Association is forest owners’ own association
In Finland the Forest Management Association is forest owners’ own association
There are 154 Forest Management
Associations in Finland
more than 300 offices, i.e. one in everymunicipality
more than 1100 forestry professionals and 750 forest workers, additional contractors and entrepreneurs employed by the associations
FMA serves the forest owners in all matters relating to forest: e.g. planting, harvesting, ownership issues
14
Forest Management Association at forest owners serviceForest Management Association at forest owners service
FMAs are members of regional Forest Owners’ Unions
The Unions are members of the Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners (MTK).
This ensures the protection of forest owners’ interests on all levels: national, regional and local
The certification of the Finnish family forests is organised through the FMAs
15
FMA is financed and controlledby the forest ownersFMA is financed and controlledby the forest owners
Forestry management fee is statutory
Forestry management fee ensures the
possibility to all forest owners to get guidance, training and services in any matters relating to the forest
Every fee-paying forest owner is a member of the local FMA
The Council of the Association is the highest decision- making body. Members elect the Council, every member has one voice.
16
Public Support to Private ForestryPublic Support to Private Forestry
Act on Financing of Sustainable Forestry sustainability of timber production and vitality of
forests maintenance of biological diversity of forests forest ecosystem management
Support to long-term investments non-productive investments environmental investments government subsidies increase also private
investments in forests
17
p = preliminary data
1963
1966
1969
1972
1975
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
p
0
50
100
150
200
250Mill. euros Total costs Own input State grants State loans
Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute
Investments in Silvicultural and Forest-Improvement Works in Nonindustrial Private Forests
real prices (cost-of-living index, year 2005)
Investments in Silvicultural and Forest-Improvement Works in Nonindustrial Private Forests
real prices (cost-of-living index, year 2005)
18
Ownership structure and sustainable forest managementOwnership structure and sustainable forest management
Sustainability- Long term commitments – long term property rights and secure ownership
Family forestry (private forestry) each generation hands forests to the next generation in an even better
condition that they inherited the property. Needs an effective forest owners’ organization and cooperation Economic viability is a precondition to SFM in private forests Extremely important in rural areas, incomes, employment Multi-objectivity from roundwood production to nature values Market-based action, private forestry often increases the effectivity and
productivity and expands forest resources Respects the forests and their many values
State forestry Is the over generation thinking possible? Often many pressures Suitable when the goal is primarily to produce conservation or other public
goods.
”The success and suitability of forest ownership models is largely dependant on a number of factors ranging from historical political stability, economic development, cultural traditions and other considerations which vary among countries” (R. Toivonen, PTT)
20
Forest Legislation in FinlandForest Legislation in Finland
framework for forest owners’ decision-making forest owners need to be involved in
development and decision-making processes The Forest Act (1997):
wood production and biodiversity have equal importance
utilisation of forest resources written in the law - important for forest owners
National Forest Programme 2010 (update 2007) economic, ecological, social sustainability goals
Has developed from sustainable wood production to sustainable forest management
21
Development of Finnish Forest Policy in the 1990sDevelopment of Finnish Forest Policy in the 1990s
Environmental Programme for Forestry (1994) and its monitoring (1995-97)
Environmentally friendlier forest management recommendations (1994)
new Forest and Park Service Act (1994) National Criteria & Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management
(1995) based on the Pan- European process Old-growth Forest Protection Programme (1996) new Forest Act on Forest Centres (1996) new Forest Act (1997) new Act on the Financing of Sustainable Forest Management
(1997) new Nature Conservation Act (1997) Development of Forest Certification (1997-1998) new Act on Forest Management Associations (1999) National Forest Programme 2010 (1999)
22
Act on Financing of Sustainable ForestryAct on Financing of Sustainable Forestry
sustainability of timber production andvitality of forests: forest regeneration (not following
conventional final cutting) prescribed burning tending of young forest stand harvesting of energy wood remedial forest fertilisation remedial ditching forest road construction public support 62 million euros yearly
23
Act on Financing of Sustainable ForestryAct on Financing of Sustainable Forestry
maintenance of biological diversity of
forests : if maintenance of biological diversity is
taken into account more extensively than what is provided in the Forest Act
if additional costs or economic losses related to the maintenance of biological diversity are significant (environmental aid)
contract between the forest owner and Forest Centre
compensation for forest owner
24
Act on Financing of Sustainable ForestryAct on Financing of Sustainable Forestry
Forest ecosystem management: management and restoration of the
important habitats landscape management other significant undertakings
emphasising ecosystem management, multiple use of forests, landscape, cultural and recreational values
based on contract between the forest owner and regional Forest Centre
25
Family forestry manage for both wood production and biodiversityFamily forestry manage for both wood production and biodiversity
Forest owners invest 50-65 million € per year in forest environment and biodiversity.
Forest Act, §10: Habitats of special importance for biodiversity shall be preserved
100 000 sites in family forests 60 000 ha not included in the statistics on protected area
Evaluation of environmental quality of forest operation 2003: 94 % excellent or good
27
Three ways of forest nature protectionThree ways of forest nature protection
1. Nature conservation programs ”The old way”
2. New voluntary based conservation methods
3. ensuring the preservation of biodiversity in commercially managed forests
Some lessons learned from the NATURA process: Are the NATURA areas been chosen in right way The importance of transparency is high Even one ”wrong” species may have great
influence
28
Voluntary forest protectionVoluntary forest protection
METSO, The Forest Biodiversity Programme for Southern Finland 2003-2007, is experimenting with several new methods based on voluntary action by the forest owner
forest owners can offer their forests for protection in natural value trading;
authorities can put out competitive tenders to forest owners for rare biotopes;
forest owners can create joint action networks with local stakeholders to protect biodiversity
the State supports projects financially; protected areas are returned to their natural state in order to
increase natural values by, for exampleincreasing dead woodprescribed burning of forestsblocking existing drains on mires. forest owners can offer
their forests for protection in natural value trading;
29
The Forest Biodiversity Programme for Southern Finland METSO
The Forest Biodiversity Programme for Southern Finland METSO
Responds to the forest owners' values and priorities, attitudes of the Forest Owners towards Forest Conservation are positive if:
the ownership remainsvoluntaryfully compensatedno “grey areas“ are formed in commercial forests the work done is appreciated
corresponds to the MTK's Forest Biodiversity Action Plan has gained forest owners' support and active
participation, there is no way back to old methods,
30
Acceptability of Conservation Important factors to acceptability of conservation contract
Acceptability of Conservation Important factors to acceptability of conservation contract
32
42
47
57
62
65
69
74
78
78
80
82
92
0 20 40 60 80 100
Importance on national scale
Local employment effect
Achieve the goal of conservation
Initiator of conservation project
Distribution of compensation over time
Continuation of contract
Restrictions on forest use
Duration of contract
Form of compensation
Cancellation policy
Determination of compensation
Amount of compensation
Property rights and sovereignty
% of respondents
Source: Paula Horne/Finnish Forest Research Institute
31
Agreements and laws for safeguarding biodiversity Agreements and laws for safeguarding biodiversity
Constitution: responsibility for nature and its biodiversity, the environment, and cultural heritage lies with every citizen.
Forest Act applies to managed forests, requires ecological, social and economic
sustainability and specifies especially important habitats whose natural values must not be weakened.
Nature Conservation Act applies to strictly protected areas.EU regulations Natura 2000 protected area network based on the Habitats and Birds
Directives.Natural management methods for managed forests are incorporated
in the Forest Act; recommendations for good forest practices; forest certification
95 percent of Finland’s forests have been certified; landscape ecological planning and natural resource planning in State
forests and regional multipurpose planning in forests belonging to forest companies.
32
Effect of additional protection of forests in southern FinlandEffect of additional protection of forests in southern Finland
Studies reveal that forest protection reduces both harvesting and jobs. Sawlogs harvesting in general is reduced more than
pulpwood harvesting. Problems would especially increase for small and
medium sized sawmills. Because protection in practice is never dispersed
evenly over an area to be appraised, the problems are all brought to bear on certain mills.
A harvesting reduction of one million cubic metres would mean the loss of 1,600 jobs overall. If no timber is available to replace this, the loss of one forestry job due to protection would lead to the loss of three jobs in the forest industry and three other jobs elsewhere in the community.
33
Voluntary forest protectionVoluntary forest protection
Voluntary protection would considerably relieve the adverse effects on the economy and employment. For example, the loss of jobs would be reduced by one
half.
The effects of voluntary protection on the economy and employment are generally less harmful than with compulsory protection.
Voluntary protection is more cost-effective.
Citizens and forest owners prefer voluntary protection.
Taxpayers are willing to pay for it.
34
Public interests – common goodsPublic interests – common goods
Land Use Planning Impacts on Forest Uses
Forests Protect Water Systems Soil Protection Is Part Of Forest
Management Forests are Efficient Carbon Sinks
35
Family forests are open to all – everyman’s righteFamily forests are open to all – everyman’s righte
Everyman.s rights mean that everyone is entitled to enjoy the bounties of nature, including picking of wild berries and wild mushrooms irrespective of whose land they happen to grow on.
Forest owners provide this opportunity free of charge.
There are two fundamental preconditions for making use of everyman.s rights:
– they need to be occasional or temporary – must not cause nuisance or damage.
Everyman.s rights are so-called yielding rights. – One cannot demand that a landowner should restrict
his legal operation in his forests, e.g. felling operationsand forest regeneration, for the sake everyman.s rights.
36
Something to rememberSomething to remember
I would like You to remember two fine examples from Finland
1. Sustainable family forestry and the role of forest management associations
2. Voluntary based forest conservation - METSO