Forest, Carbon and REDD
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Forest, Carbon and REDD+ Peter Holmgren, FAO ABSTRACT Expectations are high that REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) will decrease human impact on the climate and at the same time improve livelihoods and biodiversity conservation in the tropics. The UNFCCC negotiations has advanced well on REDD+. While an overall climate change agreement between countries is still missing, there is widespread consensus on REDD+., including mitigation activities and governance safeguards. However, less attention has been given to the operationalisation of REDD+, that is how can REDD+ strategies be implemented alongside other national development objectives. Further, in the local scale, how can the practical implementation of REDD+ , taking into account synergies and trade-offs with other management objectives. From this overview perspective, the presentation will review requirements of forest monitoring for REDD+ implementation, including preliminary experiences with countries. Needs for integrated monitoring across development objectives is emphasized. The different information requirements at strategic and operational levels are illustrated. Issues and gaps in forest monitoring research will be highlighted. *** DISCUSSION after the presentation concerned the difference between IPCC estimates and FAO estimates, and the fact that many climate models have a tendency to overestimate the level of current deforestation.
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This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
Transcript of Forest, Carbon and REDD
Forest, Carbon and REDD+Peter Holmgren, FAO
ABSTRACT
Expectations are high that REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)will decrease human impact on the climate and at the same time improve livelihoods and biodiversityconservation in the tropics.
The UNFCCC negotiations has advanced well on REDD+. While an overall climate change agreementbetween countries is still missing, there is widespread consensus on REDD+., including mitigationactivities and governance safeguards. However, less attention has been given to theoperationalisation of REDD+, that is how can REDD+ strategies be implemented alongside othernational development objectives. Further, in the local scale, how can the practical implementation ofREDD+ , taking into account synergies and trade-offs with other management objectives. From thisoverview perspective, the presentation will review requirements of forest monitoring for REDD+implementation, including preliminary experiences with countries. Needs for integrated monitoringacross development objectives is emphasized. The different information requirements at strategicand operational levels are illustrated. Issues and gaps in forest monitoring research will behighlighted.
***DISCUSSION after the presentation concerned the difference between IPCC estimates and FAOestimates, and the fact that many climate models have a tendency to overestimate the level ofcurrent deforestation.
Outline
1. Perspectives2. REDD+ basics3. REDD+ in Africa4. MRV & Monitoring
Issued25 September 2010
100 years in the Nordic countries
Sweden: stem volume since 1920, by species
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1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
YearM
m3
PineSpruceBroad-leavedTotal
Long-term effort
Overlaps, Synergies and Trade-offs
National ->International
National ->Local
Climate
UNFCCC“Carbon”
Biodiversity
CBD“Species”
Food Security
WSFS“Calories”
+ Human rights,Health, Trade, Education, .....
LOCALREALITIES
GLOBAL OBJECTIVES
Two Goals of Our Time1. Achieving Food Security
– 1 billion hungry– Overall food production to increase 70% by
2050– Adaptation to Climate Change critical
2. Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change– ”2 degree goal” requires major emission cuts– Agriculture and Land use = 30% of emissions..– ..and needs to be part of the solution
Climate Change and Food Security
Climate Change, Food and Security
Keep it simple – SFM suggestion
Standingstock
Monetary income from all products and services
2. REDD+ Basics
Current REDD+ construction
Deforestation
Forest Degradation
Conservation
Sustainable management
Enhancement
Consistent
Transparent & Effective Governance
Rights of Communities
Stakeholder Participation
Conservation
Reversals
Displacement
Country-driven
National circumstances
Consistent with development goals
Consistent with adaptation needs
Equitable etc. financing
Results-based
Principles Emission activities Safeguards
Overall DevelopmentAll Forest
Management No Harm
Relative importance of REDD+
International National Local
Carbon
Other Benefits and Impacts
Scale
The right REDD focus?
No. ‘It’s the agriculture, stu....’
REDD+ arrangements
• 4.5 b$ in interim finance (pre-2012)– UN-REDD Programme– Forest Carbon Partnership Facility– Forest Investment Programme– Congo Basin Forest Fund– Bilateral arrangements
• Much more expected for transformation phase
• Operational potential > 30 b$/yr
3. REDD+ in Africa
Africa particulars
• Low deforestation rate – relatively low potential for the 1st “D” in REDD+
• High levels of forest/land degradation, largely due to small-scale agriculture– relatively high potential for the 2nd “D”
• Very high potential for increased C storage (especially outside “forests”)– case for Terrestrial Carbon approach
COMESA views pre-Copenhagen... Africa should push for the inclusion of AFOLU in the
Climate Change negotiations for the following reasons:• Current CDM arrangements are not facilitating greater
African participation.• Smallholder land activities in the agricultural sector are
largely responsible for deforestation and forest degradation in Africa.
• Tenure and ownership is less controversial in small farm/land holdings than forest areas.
• Agriculture and other land uses would potentially yield more cobenefits than REDD alone.
• Carbon markets are growing and currently estimated at US $118 billion globally and Africa can take advantage of this opportunity.
4. MRV & Monitoring
A solution?
What is the scope of a“National Monitoring System for REDD+”?
Carbon
(Emission activities)
Benefits & Impacts(Services, Products)
Governance
(Safeguards)
Strategic level (Internationalcommitments,National policies)
Operational level (In-country implementation)
Must have: High Accuracy, known Precision
Expensive measurements -> Sampling approaches
No need for full cover data
Must have: Complete coverage -> Payments/Enforcement
Must be low cost per measurement -> Remote sensing
No need for high accuracy -> instead: proxies
How to carry out the monitoring
Carbon
(Emission activities)
Benefits & Impacts(Services, Products)
Governance
(Safeguards)
Strategic level (Internationalcommitments,National policies)
Operational level (In-country implementation)
Strategic level example: Zambia national inventory
Zambia: Biomass by tract
Zambia Distribution of biomass
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1 191
Inventory tracts
biom
ass,
t/ha
Series1
Zambia: Total C depends on choice of estimation models
Operational level example:DRC 1990 - 2005
10 km
1991 - 2002
10 km
100 years
