Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or...
-
Upload
lilian-lewis -
Category
Documents
-
view
226 -
download
1
Transcript of Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or...
![Page 1: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Forensic Science
Questioned Documents
![Page 2: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Questioned DocumentsQuestioned Documents
Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity is in doubt is considered a questioned document.
![Page 3: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Questioned DocumentsQuestioned Documents
These include:
LettersChecksDriver’s licenseContractsWillsPassportsLottery tickets
![Page 4: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Questioned DocumentsQuestioned Documents
Questioned documents may also include writings or markings found on walls, windows, doors, etc.
![Page 5: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Questioned DocumentsQuestioned DocumentsThe document examiner must ascertain the authenticity or source of a document through handwriting examination and the use of microscopy, photography, chromatography to note any change or alterations.
The examiner must be able to recognize erasures and overwriting in attempt to change the original meaning of a document.
The examiner must be able to reconstruct charred or burned paper.
![Page 6: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Handwriting ComparisonsHandwriting Comparisons
Although no two individuals write exactly alike, there may be resemblances is their general style.As a student learns and practices their handwriting, they are making a conscious effort to copy a standard letter form.The two most widely used methods taught in nearly all fifty states in the U.S. are the Palmer method (1880) and the Zaner-Blosser method (1895).
![Page 7: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Palmer Method Zaner-Blosser Method
![Page 8: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Handwriting Handwriting ComparisonsComparisons
Unconscious handwriting of two different individuals can never be identical.Several factors, such as, mechanical, physical, and mental functions, make reproduction of another’s handwriting unlikely.Variations of angularity, slope, speed, pressure, letter and word spacing,relative dimensions, connections,pen movement, writing skill, andfinger dexterity are distinguish.
![Page 9: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Handwriting ComparisonsHandwriting ComparisonsMargins, spacing, crowding, insertions,and alignment arepersonal habits.
Spelling, punctuation, phraseology, and
grammar individualize each writer.
A final conclusion of comparison betweentwo documents must be based on asufficient number of commoncharacteristics.
![Page 10: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Handwriting ComparisonsHandwriting Comparisons
Circumstances may prevent a positive conclusion:
Insufficient number of known handwriting samples are available
Questioned writing may contain only a few words, deliberately written in disguise
Drugs and alcohol can alter writing habits
![Page 11: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Collection of Handwriting Collection of Handwriting ExemplarsExemplars
In gathering known writing samples for comparison, or exemplars: Known writing should resemble the questioned document
Should contain some of the words and combinations of letters present
Give the range of natural variations
Should be fairly recent, usually within 2-3 years
![Page 12: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Collection of Handwriting Collection of Handwriting ExemplarsExemplars
When handwriting exemplars can not be obtained for comparison, a voluntary submittal from the suspect is requested.To help minimize attempts at deception, investigators can:Require several pages of writingWriting of dictationAllow the writer to sit comfortablyFurnished with pen and paper similar to the questioned documentGive no instructions on grammar or punctuation
![Page 13: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
There are several mechanical devices and machines a document examiner encounters
Computers TypewritersTypewriter ribbonPhotocopiersPrintersFax machines
Typescript comparisonsTypescript comparisons
![Page 14: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Alterations, Erasures, and Alterations, Erasures, and ObliterationsObliterations
The most common way to alter a document is erasure, either using an Indian rubber erasure, or with chemicals.
These changes can be seen under a microscope using direct or side lighting.
![Page 15: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Alterations, Erasures, and Alterations, Erasures, and ObliterationsObliterations
Examiners often use Infrared Luminescence.When some inks are exposed to blue-green light, they absorb the radiation and reradiate infrared light, making any alterations visible with infrared sensitivefilm.
Infrared luminescencecan also reveal writing that has been erased.
![Page 16: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Infrared Luminescence Infrared Luminescence examplesexamples
![Page 17: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Alterations, Erasures, and Alterations, Erasures, and ObliterationsObliterations
Obliteration is the act of blotting or smearing over a writing or printing to make the original unreadable.
The contents of a charred document can sometimesBe revealed through infrared photography.
![Page 18: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Other Document ProblemsOther Document Problems
Indented writings are the impressions left on papers positioned under a piece of paper that has been written on.
Sometimes the document is readable
with oblique lighting, or angling thedocument againstthe light.
![Page 19: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Other Document ProblemsOther Document Problems
Electrostatic charge can beapplied to the surface if theindented document, thenlayered with toner powder to produce an image.
![Page 20: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Other Document ProblemsOther Document Problems
An examiner may also compare the chemical composition of the ink present in both documents using thin-layer chromatography.Using a hypodermic blunt tip needle, ink can be extracted and analyzed.Usually 10 plugs are sufficient.
Two samples of black ink from two different manufacturers run using paper chromatography
![Page 21: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Other Document ProblemsOther Document Problems
The paper on which thedocument is written orprinted on is alsoanalyzed by the examiner.
Handwriting sample of George W. Bush
![Page 22: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Other Document ProblemsOther Document Problems
Paper can vary by
Appearance Color
Weight Watermarks
True watermark Fake watermark
![Page 23: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Other Document ProblemsOther Document ProblemsPaper examined under a microscope can reveal:
Fibers Fillers
Pigments Additives
Non-coated Coated
![Page 24: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Handwriting Handwriting IdentificationIdentification
“ACE” Analysis of the “knowns” with a determination
of the characteristics found in the known Analysis of the questioned or unknown writing
and determination of its characteristics Comparison of the questioned writing with the
known writing. Evaluation of the evidence, including the
similarities and dissimilarities between the “questioned” and “known” writing.
![Page 25: Forensic Science Questioned Documents. Questioned Documents Any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d205503460f949f5764/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
CRAZY CRIMINALSCRAZY CRIMINALSAccording to Point of View, a magazine According to Point of View, a magazine
published by the Alameda county District published by the Alameda county District Attorney’s office, a guy walked into an Attorney’s office, a guy walked into an Oakland bank and handed the teller a Oakland bank and handed the teller a note reading, note reading, “this is a stikkup. Hand “this is a stikkup. Hand over all yer money fast.”over all yer money fast.”
Guessing from this that the guy was no Guessing from this that the guy was no rocket scientist, the teller replied, “I’ll rocket scientist, the teller replied, “I’ll hand over the cash as long as you sign hand over the cash as long as you sign for it. It’s a bank policy that all robbers for it. It’s a bank policy that all robbers have to sign for their money.”have to sign for their money.”
The guy thought this over, then said “Uh, I The guy thought this over, then said “Uh, I guess that’s OK.” He signed his full name guess that’s OK.” He signed his full name and address. That’s where the cops and address. That’s where the cops found him a few hours later.found him a few hours later.