Foreign Policy the State
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Transcript of Foreign Policy the State
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The State LevelAnalysisGovernmental, Societal and
Attributes of the State
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State Level-Analysis It involves
examining thefeatures of acountry to see
which of thesefactors affectforeign policy. Thefocus is on what
goes on withinstates thatultimately has aneffect on what goes
between states.
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State Level Analysis
This level examinesthe features of thecountry to determinewhat factors shape theforeign policy. This
level takes intoaccount leaders andthe leadership asimportant factors buttakes into account a
country-specific level.The focus at this levelis what goes within thestate that ultimatelyhas an impact on what
goes on between
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State Level Analysis The underlying assumption
of this level of analysis isthat a certain nationalattribute (or somecombination of attributes)influences the way statesbehave.
States with similarcharacteristics behave in asimilar manner. Personalityvariables and thepsychological make up ofnational leaders arerelatively unimportant sincethe attributes if the stateitself compel decision-makers to act in certainconsistent manner.
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State Level Analysis States vary in their
foreign policy
experiences,perhaps this hassomething to dowith some
fundamentaldifferences in theattributes thatthese states
possess.
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State Level Analysis Governmental type.
Type of economic system.
Certain demographic, cultural,physical, or geographic or nationalattributes.
attributes of the state.
Degree of political instability thatexist in the state.
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Governmental Type There are two broad types
of factors that are examinedat the state level:
Governmental factorstypeof political system, the typeof regime, the division ofpowers, bureaucraticpolitics among governmentagencies, and the size andinstitutionalization of
bureaucracies.
Societal factors-include theeconomic system, history,the ethnic compositionpopulation, interest groups,
media, and public opinion.
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Governmental Structure The structure of
governmentororganizationin which thedecision makers operate.Democratic system ofgovernment with frequentand truly competitiveelection will pose a differentset of opportunities andconstrains than will anauthoritarian regime.
Democratic regime needs tobuild a wider base ofsupport while in anauthoritarian system, agovernment can operate itsforeign policy on anarrower base.
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Societal Characteristics The non-governmental
characteristics of thesociety as whole that affector condition foreign policy
choices. Big countries havemore resources at theirdisposal that enables themproject greater capabilitiesabroad. In contrast, smalland poor countries have
less resources and arelikely to be deeplypenetrated by big andpowerful countries.
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Economic System:Capitalism and businesscycles
John Hobson and V.I.Lenins theories ofimperialism.
The business cycletheorythe foreignpolicy of a country is
large influenced byeconomic distress anddepression.
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Power, Size, andDevelopment Large and powerful states
behave differently frommiddle and small sizestates.
Large states tend to bemore active in global affairsas they get involve inconflicts, they participatemore in internationalorganizations and
multilateral organizationsand have more internationalcommitments, and havegreater capacity to act ininternational affairs thansmall states.
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Power, Size, andDevelopment Large states are
more likely to feel aresponsibility in theinternational arena-to affect thebalance of power
and manage theinternationalpolitical economy.
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Power, Size, andDevelopment Leaders of large states
are also more likely tohold and values their
national roleconceptions, whichpicture their states asresponsible formaintaining certain
international values,defending the statusquo, and ensuring theworld order.
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National Self-Image It refers to the idealized
stereotypes of the in-nationthat is culturally shared andperpetuated. It contains amessage (implicit or explicit)
about those outside thenationour nation is the best,therefore other nations are notas good. This culturally sharedand perpetuated belief iscomplemented by the belief
that the nation is alone in theworld, that it cannot expectany help from other societiesin times of crises or needs.
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Attributes of the State: Scapegoat theory of
foreign policystatesthat are beset with
deteriorating economicconditions, ethnicdivisions, increasingpolitical opposition orcivil strife will have a
different foreign policycompared to statesthat have stabledomestic conditions.
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Attributes of the State Revolutionary states and
their foreign policystatesthat have undergone arevolutionary or violentstruggles and a radical
transformation of itsancient regime will have adifferent foreign policy thatstable states. This isbecause they are likely toreceive a chilly welcome
from the internationalcommunity and politicalelites of these states mayperceive the internationalenvironment has hostile orthreatening.
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Limits of the Second LevelAnalysis Harold and Margaret Sprout
rejected the idea that thebehavior of the nation isdetermined primarily byobjective environmental
factors such as states size,geographical position, ortype of government. This isbecause these state-levelanalyses must first beperceived and taken into
account by the decision-makers, thus emphasizingthe importance ofperception and national roleconception as importantmechanism in the conductof foreign policy.
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Do state-level variablesmatter? State-level factors can only
affect foreign policy if theyare actually perceived andtaken into account by
decision-makers.
State-level factors can limit,restrain, and controloutcomes of foreign policydecisions made byindividual decision-makers.
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Yes they do, but A comprehensive theory of
foreign policy will requiretaking into accountvariables at different levelsof analysis. Certain state-
level variables, such as sizeand power , may affectforeign decisions only ifdecision-makers take theminto account. Thisindividual-level variables,
such as perception andnational role conceptions,operate as mechanismthrough which these state-level factor can operate toaffect foreign policy.