Foreign Policy and National Security

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Foreign Policy and National SecurityForeign Policy and National SecuritySection 1: Goals and Principles of U.S.

Foreign Policy

Section 2: Making Foreign Policy

Section 3: History of U.S. Foreign Policy

Section 4: Foreign Aid and Alliances

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Section 1: Goals and Principles of U.S. Foreign Policy

Objectives:What are the goals of U.S. foreign policy? How have factors such as location and geographic

characteristics influenced U.S. policies toward a place?

What principles have historically guided U.S. foreign policy?

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Section 1: Goals and Principles of U.S. Foreign Policy

Goals of U.S. foreign policy:maintaining national securitysupporting democracypromoting world peaceproviding aid to people in needestablishing free and open trade

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Section 1: Goals and Principles of U.S. Foreign Policy

Effects of factors such as location and geographic qualities on U.S. foreign policies: can affect which type of relations are established—

foreign aid or military action can influence diplomatic and trade relationships with

a specific global region

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Section 1: Goals and Principles of U.S. Foreign Policy

Principles of U.S. foreign policy:isolationismrealismneoisolationismidealism

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Section 2: Making Foreign Policy

Objectives:Why does the executive branch have the greatest

influence over foreign policy?How does the U.S. Department of State affect foreign

policy decisions?How is the U.S. Department of Defense organized?What are the roles of the Central Intelligence Agency

and Congress in making foreign policy?

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Section 2: Making Foreign Policy

Why the president has the greatest influence over foreign policy:because people believe it is part of the president’s role

because of the president’s role as commander in chief

to take military action without congressional approvalbecause the president can make foreign policy without

Congress’s approval through executive agreements

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Section 2: Making Foreign Policy

Influence of the U.S. Department of State on foreign policy decisions:has diplomatic relations with 180 countries globallymaintains embassies and consulates worldwide to

represent and promote U.S. interestsissues passports and visas to allow international travel

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Section 2: Making Foreign Policy

Organization of the U.S. Department of Defense:the president as commander in chief the secretary of defense the deputy secretary of defensea secretary from the Army, Navy, and Air Forcejoint chiefs of staff—military advisers made up of the

chair, the Army chief of staff, the chief of naval operations, the Air Force chief of staff, and the Marine Corps commandant

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Section 2: Making Foreign Policy

Roles of the Central Intelligence Agency and Congress in making foreign policy:The CIA provides information about other

governments to the president.Congress can declare war, approve defense and

foreign aid funding, ratify treaties, and confirm the president’s diplomatic appointments.

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Section 3: History of U.S. Foreign Policy

Objectives:What are the principles that shaped U.S. leaders’

foreign policy decisions in the early years of the United States?

What was the policy of containment?What significance did the expansion of communism

have on U.S. foreign policy?

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Section 3: History of U.S. Foreign Policy

Principles that shaped early U.S. foreign policy: neutrality, or isolationism, in the early 1800s, from

the Spanish-American War until World War I, and between World War I and World War II

internationalism in the late 1800s

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Section 3: History of U.S. Foreign Policy

The policy of containment:reflected idealist and realist principlescalled for the stop of Soviet communist expansion

during the Cold Warbased on a theory that if Soviet expansion stopped,

then communism might fall

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Section 3: History of U.S. Foreign Policy

The expansion of communism led to a U.S. foreign policy of containment, which lasted more than 40 years and marked the Cold War.

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Section 4: Foreign Aid and Alliances

Objectives:How does providing aid to other nations help the

United States?What are the defense alliances that the United States

maintains today? What factors determine alliance selections?

How do alliances and foreign-aid programs promote the public good?

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Section 4: Foreign Aid and Alliances

U.S. benefits of providing foreign aid:creates markets for U.S. goodspromotes peace and stabilityhelps the U.S. public good by promoting the public

good of foreign countries

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Section 4: Foreign Aid and Alliances

U.S. defense alliances:NATOthe Rio Pactthe OAS

Factors that determine alliance selections:whether it is an agreement of mutual defense signed

by several countries whether it is a security agreement between two

countrieswhether it is to resolve military or economic disputes

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Section 4: Foreign Aid and Alliances

Advantages of alliances and foreign-aid programs to the public good:collective securityincreased economic and military cooperation among

countries internationally

Foreign Policy and National Security

Interpreting US Foreign PolicyObjectives of US Foreign PolicyForeign policies are made in the name of national

interestFour core goals/elements of national interest (the “4

Ps” framework)PowerPeaceProsperityPrinciples

A particular policy can be seen to pursue one, several or all of the “Ps.”

Foreign Policy and National Security Interpreting US Foreign Policy

Power as the objectiveA most basic goal since power :

Is key to a strong defense and credible deterrenceEnhances influence over other actorsAdvances own interest and aggressiveness.

Realists perception“International politics is a struggle for power.”Competition and conflicts are constantCooperation among states is limitedThe world is a self-help system; it is “jungle” States pursue power enlargement

for survival.

Foreign Policy and National Security Interpreting US Foreign Policy

Power as the objectiveRealists perceptionIndicators of a realist foreign policy

Coercive diplomacyBig military spendingalliance against a mutual enemy

Peace as the objectivePerception of International institutionalism

World politics is “a cultivable ‘garden’”Cooperation is possible and reduces tensions.Diplomacy works better than military means International institutions serve to sustain cooperation

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Interpreting US Foreign PolicyPeace as the objectivePerception of International institutionalism

Anarchy cannot be eliminated; but can be tempered or regulated via int’l organizations, negotiations, treaties.

Indicators of a peace-oriented policyActing as “peace broker”

“shuttle diplomacy” in the Mideast by Dr. Kissinger The Camp David accord between Egypt and Israel in 1978 The 1995 Dayton accord ending the war in Bosnia

Diplomacy over military means US participation in the “six-party” talk on North Korea

Foreign Policy and National Security Interpreting US Foreign Policy

Prosperity as the objectiveForeign policy: serves the general economic interest of the nationStrives for a favorable balance of tradePursues a strong growthMaintains a healthy macro economy

Reflections in foreign policy:Granting of most favored nation statusSupport of free trade