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Foreign Area Officer (FAO) Heritage Display Chronological History Exhibit Narratives

CABINET 1 (History) Timeline Wall (Section 1 of 3): 19th Century – Early FAO Program Roots

Timeline Wall (Section 2 of 3):

Comment [A1]: Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark (first Strategic Scouts) led the Corps of Discovery across much of the North American continent. Their mission was to conduct diplomacy with and gather information about the various nations of American Indians they would encounter on their journey. During the course of the expedition, with the assistance of guide and interpreter Toussaint Charbonneau and his wife, Sacajawea, contact was made with at least 55 different native cultural groups.

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Timeline Wall (Section 2 of 3) / Two-Part Part I Title: Early 20th Century to End of WWII

1903 – CPT John J. Pershing, USA, assigned to pacify

1904 - COL Charles Young, USA - first African-American military attaché serves as attaché in Haiti and twice in Liberia (1912-1915 and 1919-22).

1905 –Pershing serves as attaché to Japan; observes Russo-Japanese War with Gen Arthur MacArthur (Pershing photo of Japanese troops)

1918 – 1922 - US Army of Occupation administers US Zone in Germany

1935: General Warren Stilwell nicknamed, “Uncle Joe,” began first of three tours as attaché to China. Considered the first China FAO, General Stillwell became the Chief of Staff to former Chinese Kuomintang or Chinese Nationalist Party leader, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek, and was commander of the China Burma India Theater responsible for all Lend-Lease supplies going to China.

** Later, the book, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-45 written by Barbara W. Tuchman, was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1972.

1940: The U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) Small Wars Manual was published addressing attitude and bearing of Marines interacting with foreign cultures.

OSS Input: World War II was also responsible for the rapid and extensive growth of both U.S. civilian and military intelligence organizations. Link to Lieutenant General Samuel Vaughan Wilson (FAO who served on OSS), former DIA Director http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_V._Wilson

Nov 1, 1941: The Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center (DLIFLC) traces its roots to the eve of America’s entry into World War II, when the U.S. Army established a secret school at the Presidio of San Francisco to teach the Japanese language. Classes began with four instructors and 60 students in an abandoned airplane hangar at Crissy Field. More than 6,000 graduates served throughout the Pacific Theater during the war and the subsequent occupation of Japan. Later in 1946, the school moved to the historic Presidio of Monterey.

1945: U.S. Military Government established in Italy, Germany, Austria, Japan and Korea

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Timeline Wall (Section 2 of 3): Part II Title: Post WWII-End of Cold War - FAO Beginnings for DoD SCENESETTER QUOTE: By 1945 the U.S./Allied victory from WWII and Nazi war tribunals had begun, the Charter of the UN was established, the North Atlantic Treaty was signed forming NATO, and creation of the Arabian American Oil Company paved the way of making Saudi Arabia known for having the world’s largest reserve of oil. In 1956, the U.S. had 166 Attaché posts in 71 countries: 68 Army, 45 Navy, and 53 Air Force in contrast to sixty (60) foreign countries that had established 121 Attaches in Washington D.C. ORIGINS OF A FORMAL FAO PROGRAM Primary Roles of the FAO: Security Assistance, Intelligence, and Political Military Affairs

1946: US Army Military Group– Greece (USAMGG) - first U.S. security assistance program established; later Joint US Military Advisory and Planning Group (JUSMAPG)

- School of the Americas established at Ft Benning, GA

1950: Korean Military Assistance Group (KMAG) established;

1953: The U.S. Army Language and Area Training Program was re-designated Foreign Area Specialist Training (FAST) to provide officers with high level staff potential with knowledge of language and areas to form sound intelligence estimates and to provide command decisions. The program required four years of training; language school, graduate degree from a civilian university, and two years overseas in, or near, the region of specialization. Program was expanded to Expanded to other functional areas like psychological warfare, the Attaché system, and civil affairs and military government. 1

December 12, 1964: Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara announced the decision to designate a Senior Defense Attaché in each country and established the Defense Attaché System.

1969: To implement the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, the U.S. Army created the Military Assistance Officer Program (MAOP), which focused on aspects of military advisory duty, stability operations, and civic action having social, political, economic and psychological impact. Shortly following in 1971, the Defense Security Assistance Agency (DSAA) was formed.

1972: Army demobilization continued through FY72. Operational Force constructs were realigned in the Pacific and Far East including engagement of five-year program to upgrade the Republic of Korea’s armed forces. Sustained NATO land defenses and active in Panama Canal Zone, provided military assistance training in Latin America.

1 Pike, Verner N. (Ret. LTG), Military Police Corps, “Study Project: The Role of the Foreign Area Officer in National Security

Policymaking in the 1980s,” U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, PA. 18 May 1979.

Comment [A2]: Gather any documentation/memo establishing DAS. Have a good photo of Col Vernon Walters escorting SECDEF and Italian Minister of Defense during Pentagon tour in Sept 1962. Breakout display of FAO personality: Gen Vernon Walters.

Comment [A3]: To increase FMS in line with greater Pentagon objectives, the Army suggested and began to dispatch briefing teams from DSAA, military departments, and industry to orient and instruct U.S. country teams and host country representatives on the various aspects of FMS.

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In comparison, prior to 1972, the UN had deployed ten security and observation peacekeeping missions; three that are still active today in Jerusalem, Cyprus, and India and Pakistan, in addition to over forty (40) other missions established after 1972 to include high threat/conflict countries like Yemen, Somalia, and Afghanistan.

March 10, 1972: The U.S. Army Chief of Staff approved the MAOP and FAST were merger to form the Foreign Area Officer (FAO) Management System. As the year closed, an estimated 900 FAO positions were identified.

Photo: International Affairs Symposium FAO Course at the US Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center.2

On-Site Inspection Agency formed in 1988 to carry out the on-site inspection and escorting responsibilities of the U.S. government under the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.

Timeline Wall (Section 3 of 3): Post Cold War to 9/11 SCENESETTER QUOTE: After victories in two major world wars, “Containment Policy” contingencies in Vietnam and Korea, and decolonization for independence throughout the continent of Africa including U.S. involvement in OPERATION RESTORE HOPE (Somalia, 1992-1994), the FAO was faced with a new kind of threat unlike what was experienced in the former Soviet Union, Grenada, Panama, and Haiti.

June 5, 1993: EUCOM Commander in Chief Gen. John M. Shalikashvili hosted the ceremony officially dedicating the Marshall Center in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. The center was given the charter of stabilizing and thereby strengthening post-Cold War Europe. Specifically hosts the Eurasian FAO Program that prepares U.S. military officers and officers of allied nations to be leading regional experts and to serve in key political-military assignments throughout Eurasia. www.marshallcenter.org/mcpublicweb/en/nav-mc-about-history.html

17 October 1995: FAO Association Formed – Side-Breakout of FAOA

February 22, 1997, Deputy Secretary of Defense John P. White signed DoD Directive 1315.17, Service FAO Programs. Starting on pg 103 of Thesis: USAF, USMC, and USN Programs (FAO Proponents)

1998: Following the passage of the International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act (AECA) of 1976, which changed the title of the 1968 Foreign Military Sales (FMS) Act to the AECA, due to a new term introduced as a result of 1997 Defense Reform Initiative, DSAA converted to Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) Image: DSCA seal evolution on display

2 Becton, Julius W., LTG (Ret), Director, Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance, U.S. Agency for International Development,

“Plenary Address of Twenty-Sixth International Affairs Symposium: Aiding the Less Developed Countries-an International Dilemma,” U.S. Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center, Fort Bragg, N.C., FAO Course 1-84, 30 May to 1 June 1984.

Comment [A4]: Compare to establishment of U.S. Army G3/5/7 U.S. Military Observer Group www.g357extranet.army.pentagon.mil/usmog-w/

Comment [A5]: Copy of original FAO Mgt System Memo from DA or other documentation like a study.

Comment [A6]: Better info/background. Have a good class photo from the 26th Symposium, May 1984. Includes picture of former FAOA President and Defense Attaché Hall of Fame FAO in the photo.

Comment [A7]: Coordination with DTRA. Do we need this or perhaps we could include in image collage (FAOs in Action, recognizing DTRA and their FAO program for the 21st Century) DTRA’s rich legacy extends back to the Manhattan Engineering Project that was created to develop the world’s first atomic bomb during World War II. After the war, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project was established to conduct military training in nuclear weapon operations. The organization changed over the years (Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, 1947-1959, Defense Atomic Support Agency, 1959-1971, Defense Nuclear Agency, 1971-1996, Defense Special Weapons Agency 1996-1998) and was called the Defense Special Weapons Agency, the Department of Defense’s center for nuclear and advanced weapons effects expertise, when it became part of DTRA. www.dtra.mil/about/History.aspx

Comment [A8]: Commonwealth of VA Incorporation paperwork

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OPERATION DESERT STORM (Persian Gulf War/Iraq): 1990-1991

o Initial World Trade Center attack: 1993 and Khobar Towers: 1996

1998: OPERATION INFINITE REACH. One of the first attacks in response to U.S. Embassy bombings involving terrorist tactics affiliated with America’s new enemy, Al Qaeda.

OPERATION ALLIED FORCE (Kosovo War): 1999

2000: The demands of the post-Cold War world on the DFLP remained high throughout the 1990s, primarily in the languages of Russian, Arabic, Korean, Chinese, and Spanish. IG researchers identified three key issues of concern to all the DoD and intelligence community foreign language managers interviewed:

1. Foreign language requirements and shortfalls were determined by a dated billet [Cold

War] structure that could not address fluctuating, real-world contingency needs;

2. There existed an “ad hoc” approach to address issues pertaining to the DFLP; and

3. Minimal manning and guidance by functional managers did not meet the requirements of Directive 5160.41.

By the year 2000, DoD utilized over thirty thousand military, civilian, and contracted linguists in eighty languages in areas spanning military diplomacy, coalition building, partnerships for peace programs, peacetime intelligence, and readiness for conflict. In comparison, between 1965-1973, more than 20,000 service personnel studied Vietnamese through the DLI programs, many taking a special eight-week military adviser ‘survival course.’

In response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, DLIFLC created the Emerging Language Task Force which served as the Institute’s quick-response language team to meet emerging needs for the Global war on Terrorism. Research DLI data on new language demands: Farsi, Dari, Pashto, Arabic, other Middle Eastern.

www.dliflc.edu/historyofdli.html

Department of State History Office: POLAD Program. Coord with DoS History office. http://history.state.gov

February 2005: The Defense Language Transformation Roadmap was published

“The 21st century really requires that we figure out how to get economic, diplomatic, political

and military elements of power synchronized and coordinated against specific problems

wherever they exist.” ” Gen. John P. Abizaid, Commander CENTCOM, December 2006

September 28, 2007: DoD Instruction 1315.20, Management of FAO Programs signed

Comment [A9]: For each of these, research FAO involvement/links.

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BACK-UP RESEARCH Summary of Major Events/Milestones

World War I: 1914-1918

World War II: 1939-1945 o United Nations (UN) created along with first peacekeeping missions

North Atlantic Treaty Signed to form NATO: April 4, 1949

Cold War: 1947-1991 (Containment Policy against Communism / Arms Race and Nuclear Age) o Korean War: 1950-1953 o Vietnam War: 1957-1975

African/Asian country independence (decolonization) – alignments with US, USSR, or China

URGENT FURY (Grenada): 1983

Iran-Iraq War: 1987-1988

Tiananmen Square (China): 1989

OPERATION JUST CAUSE (Panama): 1989-1990

East Germany/West Germany Reunified Following Fall of Berlin Wall: 1990

OPERATION DESERT STORM (Persian Gulf War/Iraq): 1990-1991

Maastricht Treaty Creates European Union (EU): 1993

OPERATION RESTORE HOPE (Somali Civil War): 1992-1994

OPERATION DELIBERATE FORCE (Bosnian War): 1992-1995

OPERATION UPHOLD DEMOCRACY (Haiti): 1994-1995

OPERATION INFINITE REACH (Response to Embassy Bombings): 1998

OPERATION ALLIED FORCE (Kosovo War): 1999

Comment [A10]: Marshall Center and PACOM History. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Society input/formed during WW II. Also, Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center (DLIFLC) traces its roots to the eve of America’s entry into World War II. Coordinate with DLI. www.dliflc.edu/historyofdli.html www.dliflc.edu/commandhistoryof.html

Comment [A11]: One of first attacks in response to terror affiliated with Al Qaeda/radical Islam (Afghanistan and Sudan) Initial World Trade Center attack: 1993 Khobar Towers: 1996